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Zhao K, Zhu H, Huang L, Yang N, Othman SMA, Shi W, Hua H, Liang H, Xu Q. Formation Mechanisms, Interrelationships, and Effects of Cognitive Factors on Diet and Physical Activity During the Post-Bariatric Surgery Period: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Compensatory Carry-Over Action Model. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:1887-1901. [PMID: 38711676 PMCID: PMC11070847 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s455913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diet and physical activity (PA) are pivotal behaviors for managing energy balance post-bariatric surgery. Given the need for dual behavioral management, understanding the interplay of cognitive factors influencing these behaviors is crucial. This study applied the compensatory carry-over action model (CCAM) to explore the impact of cognitive factors on behaviors and their subsequent effects on subjective health outcomes. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients at the third month after bariatric surgery in China. Data on diet and PA status, behavioral cognitive factors (intention, self-efficacy, compensatory belief, transfer cognition), and subjective health outcomes (perceived stress, well-being, quality of life) were collected. Structural equation model (SEM) was employed to test hypotheses in CCAM and assess mediation relationships. Results Analysis of data from 239 patients revealed the following: (1) Among antecedent cognitive factors, only compensatory belief significantly influenced diet (P<0.001). (2) Intention and self-efficacy directly correlated with their respective behaviors, while compensatory belief affected intention, and transfer cognition impacted self-efficacy (P<0.05), aligning with CCAM hypotheses. (3) PA demonstrated significant influence only on perceived stress (P=0.004), whereas diet significantly affected all subjective health outcomes (P<0.05). (4) Mediation analysis indicated intention partially mediated the relationship between compensatory belief and diet and fully mediated the relationship between compensatory belief and PA. Self-efficacy completely mediated the relationship between transfer cognition and diet and PA. Conclusion Transfer cognition's carry-over effect did not directly influence behaviors among antecedent cognitions. Interventions should primarily target improving diet by mitigating compensatory belief. Moreover, diet exhibited a more pronounced impact on overall health compared to PA. Consequently, prioritizing dietary intervention over PA intervention is warranted based on the analysis of CCAM and the aim of promoting joint behaviors post-bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhao
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanfei Zhu
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lidong Huang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningli Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Wenbing Shi
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Hua
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Xu
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Sumi D, Okazaki K, Goto K. Gastrointestinal function following endurance exercise under different environmental temperatures. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1601-1608. [PMID: 38172425 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the effects of different environmental temperatures on exercise-induced gastrointestinal (GI) damage and delayed gastric emptying (GE) rate. METHODS Eleven trained males completed three trials on different days, consisting of (1) exercise in a thermoneutral environment (CON, 23 °C), (2) exercise in a hot environment (HOT, 35 °C), and (3) exercise in a cold environment (COLD, 10 °C). The subjects performed high-intensity interval-type endurance exercises in all trials. Blood intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) levels was determine before and after exercise. We evaluated Tmax (time when the 13C-excretion/h reached a maximum level) as an indication of the GE rate during post-exercise. RESULTS Rectal temperature during exercise was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the HOT (38.7 ± 0.3 °C) trial compared with the CON (38.2 ± 0.3 °C) and COLD (38.2 ± 0.3 °C) trials, with no significant difference between the CON and COLD trials. Plasma I-FABP level after exercise (relative to the pre-exercise level) were significantly greater (P = 0.005) in the HOT trial (92.9 ± 69.6%) than in the CON (37.2 ± 31.6%) and COLD (37.6 ± 41.8%) trials. However, there was no significant difference between the CON and COLD trials. Moreover, the Tmax was delayed significantly (P = 0.006) in the HOT trial compared with the CON and COLD trials, with no significant difference between the CON and COLD trials. CONCLUSION GI function following endurance exercise was similar between thermoneutral and cold environments, while endurance exercise in a hot environment exacerbated GI function compared with thermoneutral and cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sumi
- Institute of Sport Science, ASICS Corporation, Kobe, Japan
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Okazaki
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Scrivin R, Slater G, Mika A, Rauch C, Young P, Martinez I, Costa RJS. The impact of 48 h high carbohydrate diets with high and low FODMAP content on gastrointestinal status and symptoms in response to endurance exercise, and subsequent endurance performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024. [PMID: 38359412 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a high carbohydrate diet, with varied fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharide and polyol (FODMAP) content, before endurance exercise on gastrointestinal integrity, motility, and symptoms; and subsequent exercise performance. Twelve endurance athletes were provided with a 48 h high carbohydrate (mean ± SD: 12.1 ± 1.8 g kg day-1) diet on two separate occasions, composed of high (54.8 ± 10.5 g day-1) and low FODMAP (3.0 ± 0.2 g day-1) content. Thereafter, participants completed a 2 h steady-state running exercise at 60% of V ˙ O 2 max (22.9 ± 1.2 °C, 46.4 ± 7.9% RH), followed by a 1 h distance performance test. Pre-exercise and every 20 min during steady-state exercise, 100 mL maltodextrin (10% w/v) solution was consumed. A 150 mL lactulose (20 g) solution was consumed 30 min into the distance performance test to determine orocecal transit time (OCTT) during exercise. Blood was collected pre- and post exercise to determine gastrointestinal integrity biomarkers (i.e., I-FABP, sCD14, and CRP). Breath hydrogen (H2) and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) were determined pre-exercise, every 15 min, during and throughout recovery. No differences in gastrointestinal integrity biomarkers, OCTT, or distance completed were observed between trials. Pre-exercise total-GIS (1.3 ± 2.9 vs. 4.3 ± 4.4), gut discomfort (9.9 ± 8.1 vs. 15.8 ± 9.0), and upper-GIS (2.8 ± 2.6 vs. 5.7 ± 4.8) during exercise were less severe on high carbohydrate low FODMAP (HC-LFOD) versus high carbohydrate high FODMAP (HC-HFOD) (p < 0.05). Gut discomfort (3.4 ± 4.4 vs. 0.2 ± 0.6) and total-GIS (4.9 ± 6.8 vs. 0.2 ± 0.6) were higher during recovery on HC-LFOD versus HC-HFOD (p < 0.05). The FODMAP content of a 48 h high carbohydrate diet does not impact gastrointestinal integrity or motility in response to endurance exercise. However, a high FODMAP content exacerbates GIS before and during exercise, but this does not impact performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Scrivin
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Alice Mika
- Faculty of Medicine Nursing & Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Rauch
- Faculty of Medicine Nursing & Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pascale Young
- Faculty of Medicine Nursing & Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Isabel Martinez
- Faculty of Medicine Nursing & Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Faculty of Medicine Nursing & Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Henningsen K, Martinez I, Costa RJS. Exertional Stress-induced Pathogenic Luminal Content Translocation - Friend or Foe? Int J Sports Med 2024. [PMID: 38286406 DOI: 10.1055/a-2235-1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of perturbed gastrointestinal integrity, as well as resulting systemic immune responses and gastrointestinal symptoms, otherwise known as exercised-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS), is common among individuals who partake in prolonged exercise. EIGS may cause the translocation of pathogenic material, including whole bacteria and bacterial endotoxins, from the lumen into circulation, which may progress into clinical consequences such as sepsis, and potentially subsequent fatality. However, further investigation is warranted to assess the possibility of food allergen and/or digestive enzyme luminal to circulatory translocation in response to exercise, and the clinical consequences. Findings from this narrative literature review demonstrate evidence that whole bacteria and bacterial endotoxins translocation from the gastrointestinal lumen to systemic circulation occurs in response to exercise stress, with a greater propensity of translocation occurring with accompanying heat exposure. It has also been demonstrated that food allergens can translocate from the lumen to systemic circulation in response to exercise stress and initiate anaphylaxis. To date, no research investigating the effect of exercise on the translocation of digestive enzymes from the lumen into systemic circulation exists. It is evident that EIGS and consequential pathogenic translocation presents life-threatening clinical implications, warranting the development and implementation of effective management strategies in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Henningsen
- Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Isabel Martinez
- Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Notting Hill, Australia
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Couper RT. The Colon Moves in Mysterious Ways. J Nutr 2024; 154:1-2. [PMID: 37716609 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tl Couper
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Jensen MM, Pedersen HE, Clemmensen KKB, Ekblond TS, Ried-Larsen M, Færch K, Brock C, Quist JS. Associations Between Physical Activity and Gastrointestinal Transit Times in People with Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obesity. J Nutr 2024; 154:41-48. [PMID: 37315794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid gastric emptying is associated with obesity and overeating, whereas delayed gastric emptying is associated with anorexia. Acute effects of exercise on gastric emptying have been investigated extensively, but the influence of habitual physical activity on gastric emptying and transit time in other regions of the gastrointestinal tract is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate associations between objectively measured habitual physical activity and gastrointestinal transit times in adults with varying degrees of adiposity. METHODS 50 adults (58% women) were included in this cross-sectional study. Physical activity was measured by an accelerometer placed on the lower back for 7 d. Gastric emptying time, small bowel transit time, colonic transit time, and whole gut transit time were simultaneously evaluated by a wireless motility capsule, which was ingested together with a standardized mixed meal. Linear regression models were applied to assess the associations of total activity counts and time spent at different intensities-sedentary activity (0-100 counts/min), low light activity (101-759 counts/min), high light activity (760-1951 counts/min); moderate and vigorous activity (≥1952 counts/min)) with gastrointestinal transit times. RESULTS Median [Q1; Q3] age was 56.5 [46.6-65.5] y, and body mass index (BMI) was 32.1 [28.5-35.1] kg/m2. For every additional hour spent performing high light intensity physical activity, colonic transit time was 25.5 % [95% CI: 3.10, 42.7] more rapid (P = 0.028), and whole gut transit time was 16.2 % [95% CI: 1.84, 28.4] more rapid (P = 0.028) when adjusted for sex, age, and body fat. No other associations were observed. CONCLUSIONS More time spent on physical activity at high light intensity was associated with more rapid colonic and whole gut transit time, independent of age, sex, and body fat, whereas other intensities of physical activity and gastrointestinal transit times were not associated. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov IDs (NCT03894670, NCT03854656).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M Jensen
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Hanne E Pedersen
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kim K B Clemmensen
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Trine S Ekblond
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- the Center of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Center for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kristine Færch
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Brock
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jonas S Quist
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Yamaguchi K, Hayashi N, Sumi D, Ono M, Koizumi T, Sato W, Takeuchi F, Adachi Y, Goto K. Sodium L-Aspartate Supplementation Improves Repeated-Sprint Performance. Nutrients 2023; 15:5117. [PMID: 38140376 PMCID: PMC10746991 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspartate supplementation has been reported to improve endurance performance by facilitating the tricarboxylic acid cycle flux. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of aspartate supplementation on repeated-sprint performance and blood pH. Following an overnight fast, fourteen healthy males completed three sets of 10 × 6 s maximal sprints after consuming sodium L-aspartate (ASP) or placebo (PLA), in a double-blind manner. Both supplements were taken twice on each test day (2 × 4.5 g). Exercise performance (e.g., cadence and power output) and blood variables (e.g., pH and plasma amino acid levels) were measured. The ASP trial evidenced significantly higher plasma aspartate concentration during the first (ASP, 45.3 ± 9.2 μM; PLA, 6.1 ± 0.8 μM) and the second exercise sets (ASP, 24.2 ± 4.5 μM; PLA, 6.6 ± 0.9 μM) and peak cadence during the second set (ASP, 153 ± 3 rpm; PLA, 152 ± 3 rpm) compared with the PLA trial (all p < 0.05). The peak power output during the second exercise set (ASP, 743 ± 32 W; PLA, 734 ± 31 W; p = 0.060) and the blood pH immediately before (ASP, 7.280 ± 0.020; PLA, 7.248 ± 0.016; p = 0.087) and after the third exercise set (ASP, 7.274 ± 0.019; PLA, 7.242 ± 0.018; p = 0.093) tended to be higher in the ASP than in the PLA trial. In conclusion, ASP supplementation partially improved repeated-sprint performance (peak cadence during the second exercise set). However, it did not affect the mean power output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
- Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
- Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Miho Ono
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | | | - Wataru Sato
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
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Ternhamar T, Møller A, Martinussen C, Svane MS, Hindsø M, Jørgensen NB, Dirksen C, Jensen JEB, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Kiens B, Madsbad S, Bojsen-Møller KN. The effects of postprandial exercise and meal glycemic index on plasma glucose and glucoregulatory hormone responses after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E540-E551. [PMID: 37755455 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00176.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial hypoglycemia is a complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), but the effects of postprandial exercise and meal glycemic index (GI) on postprandial glucose and glucoregulatory hormone responses are unknown. Ten RYGB-operated and 10 age and weight-matched unoperated women completed four test days in random order ingesting mixed meals with high GI (HGI, GI = 93) or low GI (LGI, GI = 54), but matched on energy and macronutrient content. Ten minutes after meal completion, participants rested or cycled for 30 min at 70% of maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Blood was collected for 4 h. Postprandial exercise did not lower plasma nadir glucose in RYGB after HGI (HGI/rest 3.7 ± 0.5 vs. HGI/Ex 4.1 ± 0.4 mmol/L, P = 0.070). Replacing HGI with LGI meals raised glucose nadir in RYGB (LGI/rest 4.1 ± 0.5 mmol/L, P = 0.034) and reduced glucose excursions (Δpeak-nadir) but less so in RYGB (-14% [95% CI: -27; -1]) compared with controls (-33% [-51; -14]). Insulin responses mirrored glucose concentrations. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses were greater in RYGB versus controls, and higher with HGI versus LGI. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses were greater after HGI versus LGI in both groups. Postexercise glucagon responses were lower in RYGB than controls, and noradrenaline responses tended to be lower in RYGB, whereas adrenaline responses were similar between groups. In conclusion, moderate intensity cycling shortly after meal intake did not increase the risk of postprandial hypoglycemia after RYGB. The low GI meal increased nadir glucose and reduced glucose excursions compared with the high GI meal. RYGB participants had lower postexercise glucagon responses compared with controls.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigate the effect of moderate exercise after a high or a low glycemic index meal on nadir glucose and glucoregulatory hormones in gastric bypass-operated individuals and in matched unoperated controls. Cycling shortly after meal intake did not increase the risk of hypoglycemia in operated individuals. The low glycemic index meal increased glucose nadir and reduced excursions compared with the high glycemic index meal. Operated individuals had lower postexercise glucagon responses compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tummas Ternhamar
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Andreas Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Morten Hindsø
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Nils B Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens-Erik Beck Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Rezamand G, Joukar F, Amini-Salehi E, Delam H, Zare R, Samadi A, Mavadati S, Hassanipour S, Mansour-Ghanaei F. The effectiveness of walking exercise on the bowel preparation before colonoscopy: a single blind randomized clinical trial study. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:351. [PMID: 37814210 PMCID: PMC10561431 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Bowel preparation is a crucial factor affecting the diagnostic accuracy of colonoscopy, and few randomized control trials evaluated enhancement in bowel preparation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of walking exercises on bowel preparation before a colonoscopy procedure. METHODS The present study is a single-blind randomized controlled trial involving 262 patients scheduled for colonoscopy procedures. These patients were randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group (n = 131) and a control group (n = 131). In the intervention group, participants followed a predetermined plan that included the consumption of specific liquids and foods, bisacodyl pills, polyethylene glycol powder, and a regimen of walking exercises in preparation for their colonoscopy. Conversely, individuals in the control group followed the same regimen but were not instructed to engage in walking exercises. On the day of the colonoscopy, both groups were assessed for their level of physical activity using a foot counter. Additionally, an experienced gastroenterologist evaluated and compared the bowel preparation between the two groups using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). RESULTS The number of footsteps recorded in the two groups exhibited a significant difference (P < 0.001). Although there was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of mean BBPS scores (6.26 ± 1.9 vs. 6.29 ± 1.9, P = 0.416), individuals who took more than 6900 steps had significantly higher BBPS scores compared to those with fewer than 6900 footsteps (6.62 ± 1.8 vs. 5.92 ± 1.9, P = 0.003).In the univariate analysis, BBPS was found to be significantly associated with individuals under the age of 50 (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.30-4.61, P = 0.006) and smoking status (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.17-0.94, P = 0.043). In the multivariate analysis, the relationship between BBPS and age below 50 and smoking remained significant (OR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.30-4.70, P = 0.005, and OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16-0.93, P = 0.034, respectively). CONCLUSION A higher number of footsteps taken especially more than 6900 can significantly enhance bowel preparation; however, walking exercise as an intervention before colonoscopy is not significantly associated with BBPS. Also, older people and smokers seem to have fewer benefits from walking exercises for bowel preparation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN32724024 (Registration date:22/08/2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Rezamand
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ehsan Amini-Salehi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamed Delam
- Student Research Committee, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Reza Zare
- Student Research Committee, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Alireza Samadi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Soheil Hassanipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Rogers EM, Banks NF, Jenkins NDM. Acute effects of daily step count on postprandial metabolism and resting fat oxidation: a randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:812-822. [PMID: 37560764 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00052.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the effects of daily step count on same-day fat oxidation and postprandial metabolic responses to an evening high-fat mixed meal (HFMM). Ten healthy participants (5 females, 30 ± 7 yr) completed four different daily step counts-2,000 (2 K), 5,000 (5 K), 10,000 (10 K), and 15,000 (15 K) steps-on separate days in randomized order. On experimental days, participants ate the same meals and walked all steps on an indoor track at a pace of 100 steps/min in three roughly equal bouts throughout the day. After the final walking bout, participants' resting energy expenditure (REE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and fat oxidation rate (FATOX) were measured. Blood samples were obtained before (BL) and 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 240-min following consumption of an HFMM (960 kcal; 48% fat) to measure triglycerides (i.e., postprandial lipemia; PPL), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), insulin, and glucose. Two-way ANOVAs indicated condition effects where PPL was significantly higher after 2 K versus 10 K (+23 ± 8 mg/dL, P = 0.027), and NEFAs were significantly higher after 15 K versus 2 K (+86 ± 23 µmol/L; P = 0.006). No differences were found for insulin, glucose, or REE among conditions (all P > 0.124). Similarly, RER (P = 0.054; ηp2 = 0.24) and FATOX (P = 0.071; ηp2 = 0.23) were not significantly different among conditions. In young adults, 10 K steps elicited the greatest decrease in PPL, an established cardiovascular disease risk factor. NEFA levels were highest after the 15 K condition, likely due to alterations in adipose tissue lipolysis or lipoprotein lipase activity with increased activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This randomized controlled trial demonstrated that walking 10,000, compared with 2,000, steps/day significantly reduced postprandial lipemia (PPL), an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) following same-day evening meal consumption. These experimental data support walking 10,000 steps/day to lower CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rogers
- Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Nile F Banks
- Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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11
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Valicente VM, Peng CH, Pacheco KN, Lin L, Kielb EI, Dawoodani E, Abdollahi A, Mattes RD. Ultraprocessed Foods and Obesity Risk: A Critical Review of Reported Mechanisms. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:718-738. [PMID: 37080461 PMCID: PMC10334162 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence supports a positive association between ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption and body mass index. This has led to recommendations to avoid UPFs despite very limited evidence establishing causality. Many mechanisms have been proposed, and this review critically aimed to evaluate selected possibilities for specificity, clarity, and consistency related to food choice (i.e., low cost, shelf-life, food packaging, hyperpalatability, and stimulation of hunger/suppression of fullness); food composition (i.e., macronutrients, food texture, added sugar, fat and salt, energy density, low-calorie sweeteners, and additives); and digestive processes (i.e., oral processing/eating rate, gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit time, and microbiome). For some purported mechanisms (e.g., fiber content, texture, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit time), data directly contrasting the effects of UPF and non-UPF intake on the indices of appetite, food intake, and adiposity are available and do not support a unique contribution of UPFs. In other instances, data are not available (e.g., microbiome and food additives) or are insufficient (e.g., packaging, food cost, shelf-life, macronutrient intake, and appetite stimulation) to judge the benefits versus the risks of UPF avoidance. There are yet other evoked mechanisms in which the preponderance of evidence indicates ingredients in UPFs actually moderate body weight (e.g., low-calorie sweetener use for weight management; beverage consumption as it dilutes energy density; and higher fat content because it reduces glycemic responses). Because avoidance of UPFs holds potential adverse effects (e.g., reduced diet quality, increased risk of food poisoning, and food wastage), it is imprudent to make recommendations regarding their role in diets before causality and plausible mechanisms have been verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Valicente
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ching-Hsuan Peng
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kathryn N Pacheco
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Luotao Lin
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth I Kielb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elina Dawoodani
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Afsoun Abdollahi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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12
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Caballero-Mateos AM, Ruiz-Rodríguez AJ, Roa-Colomo A, García-Márquez J, Vidal-Vílchez B. β-Endorphins are not responsible for delayed gastric emptying of digestible solids after exercise in professional cyclists. A preliminary study. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 46:419-424. [PMID: 35964812 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been reported that professional cyclists had an accelerated solid gastric emptying which decreased by increasing the exercise intensity. That could be explained by a predominance of stress-dependent motility inhibitors such gastrointestinal hormones, neurotransmitters and or the predominance of the gastric inhibitory vagal motor circuit. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the role of β-endorphins, inhibitors of gastric motility, in these findings. METHODS Gastric emptying of solids marked with Tc99 while resting and plasmatic levels of β-endorphins were evaluated in 27 healthy controls and 19 professional cyclists (day 1). Besides, gastric emptying of solids was also assessed in cyclists when they reached 50% (day 1) and 75% (day 2) of the maximum oxygen consumption (low and high, respectively), during exercise on the cycle-ergometer. The third day, naloxone was administered in cyclists in order to block the β-endorphins receptors and gastric emptying was measured when they reached 75% of the maximum oxygen consumption. RESULTS Basal β-endorphin levels were lower in cyclists vs controls (p<0.05) and they increased with the exercise intensity (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in gastric emptying of solids with or without naloxone when 75% of the maximum oxygen consumption was reached. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of the exercise in the gastric emptying of solids does not seem to be secondary to the action of β-endorphins, that leaves the gastric inhibitory vagal motor circuit a more likely predominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amparo Roa-Colomo
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
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13
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Martinez IG, Mika AS, Biesiekierski JR, Costa RJS. The Effect of Gut-Training and Feeding-Challenge on Markers of Gastrointestinal Status in Response to Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Literature Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:1175-1200. [PMID: 37061651 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition during exercise is vital in sustaining prolonged activity and enhancing athletic performance; however, exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) and exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (Ex-GIS) are common issues among endurance athletes. Despite this, there has been no systematic assessment of existing trials that examine the impact of repetitive exposure of the gastrointestinal tract to nutrients before and/or during exercise on gastrointestinal integrity, function, and/or symptoms. OBJECTIVE This systematic literature review aimed to identify and synthesize research that has investigated the impact of 'gut-training' or 'feeding-challenge' before and/or during exercise on markers of gastrointestinal integrity, function, and symptoms. METHODS Five databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science Core Collection, and SPORTDiscus) were searched for literature that focused on gut-training or feeding-challenge before and/or during exercise that included EIGS and Ex-GIS variables. Quality assessment was conducted in duplicate and independently using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk-of-bias (RoB 2) tool. RESULTS Overall, 304 studies were identified, and eight studies were included after screening. Gut-training or feeding-challenge interventions included provision of carbohydrates only (n = 7) in various forms (e.g., gels or liquid solutions) during cycling or running, or carbohydrate with protein (n = 1) during intermittent exercise, over a varied duration (4-28 days). Gut discomfort decreased by an average of 47% and 26% with a 2-week repetitive carbohydrate feeding protocol (n = 2) and through repeated fluid ingestion over five trials (n = 1), respectively. Repetitive carbohydrate feeding during exercise for 2 weeks resulted in the reduction of carbohydrate malabsorption by 45-54% (n = 2), but also led to no significant change (n = 1). The effect of gut-training and feeding-challenges on the incidence and severity of Ex-GIS were assessed using different tools (n = 6). Significant improvements in total, upper, and lower gastrointestinal symptoms were observed (n = 2), as well as unclear results (n = 4). No significant changes in gastric emptying rate (n = 2), or markers of intestinal injury and permeability were found (n = 3). Inconclusive results were found in studies that investigated plasma inflammatory cytokine concentration in response to exercise with increased carbohydrate feeding (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS Overall, gut-training or feeding-challenge around exercise may provide advantages in reducing gut discomfort, and potentially improve carbohydrate malabsorption and Ex-GIS, which may have exercise performance implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel G Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Alice S Mika
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jessica R Biesiekierski
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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14
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Liu HW, Cheng HC, Tsai SH, Shao YT. Effects of acute resistance exercise with different loads on appetite, appetite hormones and autonomic nervous system responses in healthy young men. Appetite 2023; 182:106428. [PMID: 36539159 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on the appetite has been widely explored, the influence of resistance exercise (RE) with different variables, including training loads, training volume, and inter-set rest, on appetite responses requires further investigation. This study examined the importance of training load in RE-induced appetite regulation, with the total training volume and inter-set rest equalized. In total, 11 healthy young men (age = 23 ± 2 years, body mass index = 22 ± 2 kg/m2) were included. Participants completed 3 trials, namely moderate-load RE (MOD; 4 sets of 8 repetitions at 85% 8RM), low-load RE (LOW; 4 sets of 15 repetitions at 45% 8RM), and a control (CON; no exercise), in a randomized, crossover design. Subjective appetite ratings; concentrations of ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and lactate; and the autonomic nervous system activity were evaluated before exercise and 1 h after exercise. The hunger and predicted food consumption ratings, and ghrelin concentrations immediately after exercise were significantly lower in the MOD and LOW trials (p < 0.05 vs. CON). The PYY and lactate concentrations immediately after exercise were significantly higher in the MOD and LOW trials (p < 0.05 vs. CON). Heart rate variability recovery was slower in the MOD trial. These findings suggest that both moderate-load and low-load RE at equal training volumes and inter-set rest induce similar responses on hunger suppression and orexigenic signals, except for the slower recovery of autonomic modulation after moderate-load RE. Our results suggest that when individuals aim to potentiate appetite suppression after a bout of RE, both moderate- and low-load RE could be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Chien Cheng
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Hsi Tsai
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Te Shao
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan
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15
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Hu M, Nie J, Lei OK, Shi Q, Kong Z. Acute effect of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on appetite perception: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite 2023; 182:106427. [PMID: 36565929 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interval training protocols have gained popularity over the years, but their impact on appetite sensation compared to officially recommended training method, moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) is not well understood. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare a single session of high intensity interval training (HIIT) including sprint interval training (SIT) with MICT on appetite perception measured by the visual analog scale (VAS). After searching up articles published up to September 2021, 13 randomized controlled studies were included in the meta-analysis. Outcomes of meta-analysis demonstrated that both acute sessions of HIIT/SIT and MICT suppressed appetite compared to no-exercise control groups immediately post exercise but there were no significant effects 30-90 min post exercise or in AUC values, indicating a transient effect of exercise on appetite sensations. Moreover, differences in appetite sensations between HIIT/SIT and MICT were negligible immediately post exercise, but HIIT/SIT suppressed hunger (MD = -6.347 [-12.054, -0.639], p = 0.029) to a greater extent than MICT 30- to 90-min post exercise, while there was a lack of consistency other VAS subscales of appetite. More studies that address the impact of exercising timing, nutrient compositions of energy intake (energy intake (EI)) and differences in participants' characteristics and long-term studies analyzing chronic effects are needed to comprehensively examine the differences between HIIT/SIT and MICT on appetite and EI. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO], Identifier [CRD42021284898].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Hu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China.
| | - On Kei Lei
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Qingde Shi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China.
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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16
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Macedo Silva V, Lima Capela T, Freitas M, Arieira C, Xavier S, Boal Carvalho P, Rosa B, Moreira MJ, Cotter J. Stepping it up: Physical activity is associated with a lower incidence of prolonged gastric transit time in capsule endoscopy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:404-409. [PMID: 36409269 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Physical activity has been proposed as a potential factor influencing capsule endoscopy (CE) gastric transit time (GTT). However, there is no reported factual evidence confirming this association. We aimed to prospectively assess the effect of physical activity in the first hour of CE in the occurrence of prolonged GTT. METHODS This is a prospective study including consecutive patients undergoing CE. For each patient, a step counter was attached to the CE register. The number of steps during the first hour of the procedure was registered. The main outcome was prolonged GTT (CE remaining in the stomach for > 1 h). Outcomes were adjusted for possible confounders by multivariate analysis. RESULTS We included 100 patients, 60% undergoing small bowel CE and 40% colon CE. The mean number of steps in the first hour was significantly lower in patients with prolonged GTT (2009 ± 1578 steps) comparatively with those without prolonged GTT (3597 ± 1889 steps) (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis including significant confounders, steps in the first hour were an independent predictor of prolonged GTT (P = 0.018). Single-handedly, the number of steps taken in the first hour had a good acuity for predicting prolonged GTT (area under the curve = 0.74; P < 0.001), with an optimal cut-off of 2000 steps (sensitivity 81.3% and specificity 70%). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity during the first hour of CE significantly decreased the occurrence of prolonged GTT. These findings pave the way for further definition of clear instructions to give to patients undergoing CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Macedo Silva
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of Our Lady of Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tiago Lima Capela
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of Our Lady of Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marta Freitas
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of Our Lady of Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cátia Arieira
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of Our Lady of Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sofia Xavier
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of Our Lady of Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Boal Carvalho
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of Our Lady of Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Rosa
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of Our Lady of Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreira
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of Our Lady of Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Cotter
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of Our Lady of Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
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17
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Hu M, Kong Z, Shi Q, Nie J. Acute effect of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on appetite-regulating gut hormones in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13129. [PMID: 36747559 PMCID: PMC9898666 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise intensity has been suggested to influence acute appetite-regulating gut hormone responses after exercise. High intensity interval training (HIIT) with near maximal to maximal intensity or sprint interval training (SIT) with supramaximal intensity might induce greater effects on gut hormones compared to moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), while current findings were inconsistent regarding the effects of these popular training methods. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesis the findings in the literature and explore the impact of exercise modality on acylated ghrelin (AG), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Methods After searching the major databases (PubMed, Web of science and ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library) to find articles published up to May 2022, twelve studies that compared hormone responses to HIIT/SIT and MICT were identified and included in the analysis. Results A random-effects meta-analysis showed that HIIT/SIT and MICT decreased AG concentration and increased GLP-1 and PYY concentration compared with no exercise control group, while interval training protocols, especially SIT protocols, elicited greater effect sizes in suppressing AG levels at all of the analysed time points and PYY immediately post-exercise compared to MICT. Conclusion Acute SIT with lower exercise volume appears to be a more advantageous approach to decrease plasma AG concentration and potentially suppress hunger to a greater extent compared to MICT, despite the similar effects of HIIT/SIT compared to MICT in increasing anorectic hormones (i.e., GLP-1 and PYY). Future studies are needed to further investigate the impact of moderators (e.g., gender, body composition and exercise mode) on the variability of changes in gut hormones after interval trainings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- University of Macau, Macao, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Qingde Shi
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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18
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Gaskell SK, Burgell R, Wiklendt L, Dinning PG, Costa RJS. Impact of exercise duration on gastrointestinal function and symptoms. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:160-171. [PMID: 36476157 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00393.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the impact of exercise duration on gastrointestinal functional responses and gastrointestinal symptoms (GISs) in response to differing exercise durations. Endurance runners (n = 16) completed three trials on separate occasions, randomized to 1 h (1-H), 2 h (2-H), and 3 h (3-H) of running at 60% V̇o2max in temperate ambient temperature. Orocecal transit time (OCTT) was determined by lactulose challenge, with concomitant breath hydrogen (H2) determination. Gastric slow wave activity was recorded using cutaneous electrogastrography (cEGG) before and after exertion. GIS was determined using a modified visual analog scale (mVAS). OCTT response was classified as very slow on all trials (∼93-101 min) with no trial difference observed (P = 0.895). Bradygastria increased postexercise on all trials (means ± SD: 1-H: 10.9 ± 11.7%, 2-H: 6.2 ± 9.8%, and 3-H: 13.2 ± 21.4%; P < 0.05). A reduction in the normal gastric slow wave activity (2-4 cycles/min) was observed postexercise on 1-H only (-10.8 ± 17.6%; P = 0.039). GIS incidence and gut discomfort was higher on 2-H (81% and 12 counts) and 3-H (81% and 18 counts), compared with 1-H (69% and 6 counts) (P = 0.038 and P = 0.006, respectively). Severity of gut discomfort, total-GIS, upper-GIS, and lower-GIS increased during exercise on all trials (P < 0.05). Steady-state exercise in temperate ambient conditions for 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h instigates perturbations in gastric slow wave activity compared with rest and hampers OCTT, potentially explaining the incidence and severity on exercise-associated GIS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise stress per se appears to instigate perturbations to gastric myoelectrical activity, resulting in an increase in bradygastria frequency, inferring a reduction in gastric motility. The perturbations to gastrointestinal functional responses instigated by exercise per se, likely contribute to the high incidence and severity level of exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Cutaneous electrogastrography is not commonly used in exercise gastroenterology research, however, may be a useful aid in providing an overall depiction of gastrointestinal function. Particularly relating to gastrointestinal motility and concerning gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Gaskell
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Burgell
- Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Prahan, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Health, Prahan, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Sumi D, Nagatsuka H, Matsuo K, Okazaki K, Goto K. The Impact of Heat Acclimation on Gastrointestinal Function following Endurance Exercise in a Hot Environment. Nutrients 2023; 15. [PMID: 36615873 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of heat acclimation on gastrointestinal (GI) damage and the gastric emptying (GE) rate following endurance exercise in a hot environment. Fifteen healthy men were divided into two groups: endurance training in hot (HOT, 35 °C, n = 8) or cool (COOL, 18 °C, n = 7) environment. All subjects completed 10 days of endurance training (eight sessions of 60 min continuous exercise at 50% of the maximal oxygen uptake (V·O2max). Subjects completed a heat stress exercise tests (HST, 60 min exercise at 60% V·O2max) to evaluate the plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) level and the GE rate following endurance exercise in a hot environment (35 °C) before (pre-HST) and after (post-HST) the training period. We assessed the GE rate using the 13C-sodium acetate breath test. The core temperature during post-HST exercise decreased significantly in the HOT group compared to the pre-HST (p = 0.004) but not in the COOL group. Both the HOT and COOL groups showed exercise-induced plasma I-FABP elevations in the pre-HST (p = 0.002). Both groups had significantly attenuated exercise-induced I-FABP elevation in the post-HST. However, the reduction of exercise-induced I-FABP elevation was not different significantly between both groups. GE rate following HST did not change between pre- and post-HST in both groups, with no significant difference between two groups in the post-HST. Ten days of endurance training in a hot environment improved thermoregulation, whereas exercise-induced GI damage and delay of GE rate were not further attenuated compared with training in a cool environment.
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Rauch CE, Mika AS, McCubbin AJ, Huschtscha Z, Costa RJS. Effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on gastrointestinal outcomes in healthy adults and active adults at rest and in response to exercise-A systematic literature review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1003620. [PMID: 36570133 PMCID: PMC9768503 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1003620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A systematic literature search was undertaken to assess the impact of pre-, pro-, and syn-biotic supplementation on measures of gastrointestinal status at rest and in response to acute exercise. Methods Six databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cinahl, SportsDISCUS, Web of Science, and Scopus) were used. Included were human research studies in healthy sedentary adults, and healthy active adults, involving supplementation and control or placebo groups. Sedentary individuals with non-communicable disease risk or established gastrointestinal inflammatory or functional diseases/disorders were excluded. Results A total of n = 1,204 participants were included from n = 37 papers reported resting outcomes, and n = 13 reported exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) outcomes. No supplement improved gastrointestinal permeability or gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS), and systemic endotoxemia at rest. Only modest positive changes in inflammatory cytokine profiles were observed in n = 3/15 studies at rest. Prebiotic studies (n = 4/5) reported significantly increased resting fecal Bifidobacteria, but no consistent differences in other microbes. Probiotic studies (n = 4/9) increased the supplemented bacterial species-strain. Only arabinoxylan oligosaccharide supplementation increased total fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and butyrate concentrations. In response to exercise, probiotics did not substantially influence epithelial injury and permeability, systemic endotoxin profile, or GIS. Two studies reported reduced systemic inflammatory cytokine responses to exercise. Probiotic supplementation did not substantially influence GIS during exercise. Discussion Synbiotic outcomes resembled probiotics, likely due to the minimal dose of prebiotic included. Methodological issues and high risk of bias were identified in several studies, using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. A major limitation in the majority of included studies was the lack of a comprehensive approach of well-validated biomarkers specific to gastrointestinal outcomes and many included studies featured small sample sizes. Prebiotic supplementation can influence gut microbial composition and SCFA concentration; whereas probiotics increase the supplemented species-strain, with minimal effect on SCFA, and no effect on any other gastrointestinal status marker at rest. Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation does not substantially reduce epithelial injury and permeability, systemic endotoxin and inflammatory cytokine profiles, or GIS in response to acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Rauch
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Alice S. Mika
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan J. McCubbin
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoya Huschtscha
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. S. Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Ricardo J. S. Costa
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21
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Fujihira K, Takahashi M, Shimamura K, Hayashi N. Effects of different temperatures of carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks on gastric emptying rate after exercise in healthy young men: randomized crossover trial. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:37. [PMID: 36284342 PMCID: PMC9594951 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study examined the effects of different temperatures of carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks after exercise on the subsequent gastric emptying rate in healthy young men. Methods Twelve healthy young men completed two, 1-day trials in random order. In both trials, the participants completed intermittent cycling exercise for 20 min, consisting of a 120% heart rate peak for 20 s, followed by 25 W for 40 s. Participants consumed 400 mL of carbohydrate-protein-containing drink (0.85 MJ) at 4 °C (EX + 4 °C) or 60 °C (EX + 60 °C) over a 5-min period after exercise. The participants sat on a chair for 2.5 h to measure their gastric emptying rate using the 13C-sodium acetate breath test. Subjective feelings of gastrointestinal discomfort and appetite were measured using a visual analog scale. Interstitial fluid glucose levels after drinking were measured using a continuous glucose-monitoring device. Results The percentage excretion of 13CO2 tended to be higher at EX + 60 °C than at EX + 4 °C from the start of the test until 30 min after drink ingestion (5.7 ± 0.5 vs. 6.5 ± 0.4%dose/h for the EX + 4 °C and EX + 60 °C trials, respectively; effect sizes [ES] = 0.277, p = 0.065). The time of maximum 13CO2 emissions per hour (Tmax-calc) and the time of half 13CO2 emissions per hour (T1/2) did not differ between trials. Subjective gastrointestinal discomfort was lower at EX + 60 °C compared to EX + 4 °C (ES = 0.328, p = 0.041). There were no significant differences in interstitial fluid glucose levels between the different temperatures of carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks after exercise (p = 0.698). Conclusions Consumption of warm carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks after exercise may accelerate gastric emptying in the very early phase and may reduce gastric discomfort. Trial registration University Hospital Medical Information Network, UMIN000045626. Registered on June 10, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Fujihira
- grid.54432.340000 0001 0860 6072Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Department of Social and Human Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Shimamura
- grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Department of Social and Human Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hayashi
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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22
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Kojima C, Ishibashi A, Ebi K, Goto K. Exogenous glucose oxidation during endurance exercise under low energy availability. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276002. [PMID: 36223366 PMCID: PMC9555626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of endurance exercise under low energy availability (EA) on exogenous glucose oxidation during endurance exercise. Ten active males (21.4 ± 0.6 years, 170.4 ± 1.4 cm, 62.4 ± 1.5 kg, 21.5 ± 0.4 kg/m2) completed two trials, consisting of two consecutive days (days 1 and 2) of endurance training under low EA (19.9 ± 0.2 kcal/kg fat free mass [FFM]/day, LEA trial) or normal EA (46.4 ± 0.1 kcal/kg FFM/day, NEA trial). The order of these two trials was randomized with at least a 1-week interval between trials. As an endurance training, participants performed 60 min of treadmill running at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake ( V˙O2max) during two consecutive days (on days 1 and 2). On day 1, the endurance training was performed with consumed individually manipulated meals. During the endurance exercise on day 2, exogenous glucose oxidation was evaluated using 13C-labeled glucose, and respiratory gas samples were collected. In addition, blood glucose and lactate concentrations were measured immediately after exercise on day 2. Body composition, blood parameters, and resting respiratory gas variables were evaluated under overnight fasting on days 1 and 2. Body weight was significantly reduced in the LEA trial on day2 (day1: 61.8 ± 1.4 kg, day 2: 61.3 ± 1.4 kg, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between trials in 13C excretion (P = 0.33) and area under the curve during the 60 min of exercise (LEA trial: 40.4 ± 3.1 mmol•60min, NEA trial: 40.4 ± 3.1 mmol•60min, P = 0.99). However, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER, LEA trial: 0.88 ± 0.01, NEA trial: 0.90 ± 0.01) and carbohydrate oxidation (LEA trial: 120.1 ± 8.8 g, NEA trial: 136.8 ± 8.6 g) during endurance exercise showed significantly lower values in the LEA trial than in the NEA trial (P = 0.01 for RER and carbohydrate oxidation). Serum insulin and total ketone body concentrations were significantly changed after a day of endurance training under low EA (P = 0.04 for insulin, P < 0.01 for total ketone). In conclusion, low EA during endurance exercise reduced systemic carbohydrate oxidation; however, exogenous glucose oxidation (evaluated by 13C excretion) remained unchanged during exercise under low EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kojima
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Nishigaoka, Kitaku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Ishibashi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ebi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
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23
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Gaskell SK, Burgell R, Wiklendt L, Dinning P, Costa RJ. Does exertional heat stress impact gastrointestinal function and symptoms? J Sci Med Sport 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Costa RJS, Young P, Gill SK, Snipe RMJ, Gaskell S, Russo I, Burke LM. Assessment of Exercise-Associated Gastrointestinal Perturbations in Research and Practical Settings: Methodological Concerns and Recommendations for Best Practice. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:387-418. [PMID: 35963615 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise is synonymous with disturbing gastrointestinal integrity and function, subsequently prompting systemic immune responses and exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms, a condition established as "exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome." When exercise stress and aligned exacerbation factors (i.e., extrinsic and intrinsic) are of substantial magnitude, these exercise-associated gastrointestinal perturbations can cause performance decrements and health implications of clinical significance. This potentially explains the exponential growth in exploratory, mechanistic, and interventional research in exercise gastroenterology to understand, accurately measure and interpret, and prevent or attenuate the performance debilitating and health consequences of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. Considering the recent advancement in exercise gastroenterology research, it has been highlighted that published literature in the area is consistently affected by substantial experimental limitations that may affect the accuracy of translating study outcomes into practical application/s and/or design of future research. This perspective methodological review attempts to highlight these concerns and provides guidance to improve the validity, reliability, and robustness of the next generation of exercise gastroenterology research. These methodological concerns include participant screening and description, exertional and exertional heat stress load, dietary control, hydration status, food and fluid provisions, circadian variation, biological sex differences, comprehensive assessment of established markers of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome, validity of gastrointestinal symptoms assessment tool, and data reporting and presentation. Standardized experimental procedures are needed for the accurate interpretation of research findings, avoiding misinterpreted (e.g., pathological relevance of response magnitude) and overstated conclusions (e.g., clinical and practical relevance of intervention research outcomes), which will support more accurate translation into safe practice guidelines.
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25
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von Gerichten J, Elnesr MH, Prollins JE, De Mel IA, Flanagan A, Johnston JD, Fielding BA, Short M. The [ 13 C]octanoic acid breath test for gastric emptying quantification: A focus on nutrition and modeling. Lipids 2022; 57:205-219. [PMID: 35799422 PMCID: PMC9546385 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastric emptying (GE) is the process of food being processed by the stomach and delivered to the small intestine where nutrients such as lipids are absorbed into the blood circulation. The combination of an easy and inexpensive method to measure GE such as the CO2 breath test using the stable isotope [13C]octanoic acid with semi‐mechanistic modeling could foster a wider application in nutritional studies to further understand the metabolic response to food. Here, we discuss the use of the [13C]octanoic acid breath test to label the solid phase of a meal, and the factors that influence GE to support mechanistic studies. Furthermore, we give an overview of existing mathematical models for the interpretation of the breath test data and how much nutritional studies could benefit from a physiological based pharmacokinetic model approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna von Gerichten
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Marwan H Elnesr
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Joe E Prollins
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Ishanki A De Mel
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan Flanagan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Michael Short
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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26
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Rossi PAQ, Panissa VLG, Silveira R, Takito MY, Lima FS, Rossi FE, Franchini E. Post-exercise energy intake: do the intensity and mode of exercise matter? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing high-intensity interval with moderate-intensity continuous protocols. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 76:929-942. [PMID: 34675403 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-01026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the impact of exercise intensity and mode (high-intensity interval exercise-HIIE or sprint interval exercise-SIE versus moderate-intensity continuous exercise-MICE) on post-exercise ad libitum energy intake. The studies were required to have at least two exercise conditions (HIIE or SIE vs MICE). Overall, 642 manuscripts were initially identified and 17 met the eligibility criteria. The random effect meta-analysis did not reveal differences for absolute energy intake (28 pairwise comparisons) between HIIE (p = 0.54; 95% Confidence Interval - CI: -0.14 to 0.26; 22 pairwise comparisons) or SIE (p = 0.08; 95% CI -0.65 to 0.03; 6 pairwise comparisons) versus MICE, neither for relative energy intake (p = 0.97; 95% CI: -0.35 to 0.10 for HIIE; p = 0.28; 95% CI: -1.03 to 0.06 for SIE) with five and one pairwise comparisons, respectively. Subgroup analyses for methods to evaluate ad libitum energy intake, body mass, sex, volume, and timing of exercise were non-significant. Inspecting each study, two pairwise comparisons reported lower post-exercise absolute energy intake in HIIE compared to control (CRTL), and three pairwise comparisons reported lower absolute energy intake after SIE compared to MICE. None pairwise comparison reported differences between protocols (HIIE or SIE versus MICE) for relative energy intake. In conclusion, the meta-analysis did not show differences between protocols for absolute and relative energy intake; five pairwise comparisons from 28 demonstrated lower absolute energy intake in HIIE or SIE compared to CRTL or MICE. Further studies are needed to address the key relevant variables in which exercise intensity and mode may impact energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Almeida Queiroz Rossi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Leme Gonçalves Panissa
- High-intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group; Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Silveira
- High-intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group; Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Yuri Takito
- High-intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group; Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Santos Lima
- High-intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group; Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Eduardo Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Professor at Graduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- High-intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group; Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Freitas MCD, Ricci-Vitor AL, de Oliveira JVNS, Quizzini GH, Vanderlei LCM, Silva BSA, Zanchi NE, Cholewa JM, Lira FS, Rossi FE. Appetite Is Suppressed After Full-Body Resistance Exercise Compared With Split-Body Resistance Exercise: The Potential Influence of Lactate and Autonomic Modulation. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2532-2540. [PMID: 31145383 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Conrado de Freitas, M, Ricci-Vitor, AL, de Oliveira, JVNS, Quizzini, GH, Vanderlei, LCM, Silva, BSA, Zanchi, NE, Cholewa, JM, Lira, FS, and Rossi, FE. Appetite is suppressed after full-body resistance exercise compared with split-body resistance exercise: the potential influence of lactate and autonomic modulation. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2532-2540, 2021-The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of full- vs. split-body resistance training on appetite and leptin response and to verify the potential involvement of lactate and autonomic modulation during this response in trained men. Twelve recreationally resistance-trained men (age = 26.1 ± 5.5 years) performed 3 randomized trials in 3 conditions: upper body (UB), lower body (LB), and full body (FB). The subjective rating of hunger was obtained through a visual analog scale. Leptin and lactate concentration were evaluated at rest, immediately after exercise, and during recovery. Heart rate variability in the time and frequency domains was recorded at baseline and during recovery (until 60 minutes after exercise) to assess autonomic modulation. The FB condition induced lower subjective hunger ratings than the UB at Post-1 hour (p < 0.05) and a significant difference in the area under the curve between conditions (p = 0.028) with lower hunger sensation for FB in relation to UB (p = 0.041). The FB presented greater lactate concentration and induced slower heart rate variability recovery in relation to UB and LB conditions (p < 0.05), and heart rate variability remained lower until 60 minutes after exercise compared with rest only in the FB condition. There was a significant negative correlation between subjective hunger ratings and lactate concentration only for the FB condition (r = -0.72, p = 0.028). Full-body resistance exercise induced lower subjective hunger ratings after exercise in relation to UB resistance exercise. The FB also induced higher lactate production and slower recovery of autonomic modulation compared with the UB and LB conditions. Future research is necessary to investigate a mechanistic relationship between lactate concentrations and hunger suppression after resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Conrado de Freitas
- Department of Physical Education, Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L Ricci-Vitor
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joao Vitor N S de Oliveira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Henrique Quizzini
- Department of Physical Education, Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz C M Vanderlei
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna S A Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil
| | - Jason M Cholewa
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina
| | - Fabio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Eduardo Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil ; and
- Associate Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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28
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Caballero Mateos AM, Roa-Colomo A, Vidal Vílchez B. Changes in gastric emptying of digestible solids in professional cyclists: relationship with exercise intensity. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2021; 113:304. [PMID: 32755151 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2020.7214/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We share the preliminary results of a study we are conducting about the relation between gastric emptying and physical activity. It is a subject not well known, and so far studied with different methodologies and with discordant results. The aim of this letter is to communicate our results, which can be very useful in future nutritional programs in athletes.
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McCubbin AJ, Zhu A, Gaskell SK, Costa RJS. Hydrogel Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage Does Not Improve Glucose Availability, Substrate Oxidation, Gastrointestinal Symptoms or Exercise Performance, Compared With a Concentration and Nutrient-Matched Placebo. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:25-33. [PMID: 31629348 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution with sodium alginate and pectin for hydrogel formation (CES-HGel), was compared to a standard CES with otherwise matched ingredients (CES-Std), for blood glucose, substrate oxidation, gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS; nausea, belching, bloating, pain, regurgitation, flatulence, urge to defecate, and diarrhea), and exercise performance. Nine trained male endurance runners completed 3 hr of steady-state running (SS) at 60% V˙O2max, consuming 90 g/hr of carbohydrate from CES-HGel or CES-Std (53 g/hr maltodextrin, 37 g/hr fructose, 16% w/v solution) in a randomized crossover design, followed by an incremental time to exhaustion (TTE) test. Blood glucose and substrate oxidation were measured every 30 min during SS and oxidation throughout TTE. Breath hydrogen (H2) was measured every 30 min during exercise and every 15 min for 2 hr postexercise. GIS were recorded every 15 min throughout SS, immediately after and every 15-min post-TTE. No differences in blood glucose (incremental area under the curve [mean ± SD]: CES-HGel 1,100 ± 96 mmol·L-1·150 min-1 and CES-Std 1,076 ± 58 mmol·L-1·150 min-1; p = .266) were observed during SS. There were no differences in substrate oxidation during SS (carbohydrate: p = .650; fat: p = .765) or TTE (carbohydrate: p = .466; fat: p = .633) and no effect of trial on GIS incidence (100% in both trials) or severity (summative rating score: CES-HGel 29.1 ± 32.6 and CES-Std 34.8 ± 34.8; p = .262). Breath hydrogen was not different between trials (p = .347), nor was TTE performance (CES-HGel 722 ± 182 s and CES-Std: 756 ± 187 s; p = .08). In conclusion, sodium alginate and pectin added to a CES consumed during endurance running does not alter the blood glucose responses, carbohydrate malabsorption, substrate oxidation, GIS, or TTE beyond those of a CES with otherwise matched ingredients.
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McCubbin AJ, Allanson BA, Caldwell Odgers JN, Cort MM, Costa RJS, Cox GR, Crawshay ST, Desbrow B, Freney EG, Gaskell SK, Hughes D, Irwin C, Jay O, Lalor BJ, Ross MLR, Shaw G, Périard JD, Burke LM. Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Nutrition for Exercise in Hot Environments. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:83-98. [PMID: 31891914 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of Sports Dietitians Australia (SDA) that exercise in hot and/or humid environments, or with significant clothing and/or equipment that prevents body heat loss (i.e., exertional heat stress), provides significant challenges to an athlete's nutritional status, health, and performance. Exertional heat stress, especially when prolonged, can perturb thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. Heat acclimation or acclimatization provides beneficial adaptations and should be undertaken where possible. Athletes should aim to begin exercise euhydrated. Furthermore, preexercise hyperhydration may be desirable in some scenarios and can be achieved through acute sodium or glycerol loading protocols. The assessment of fluid balance during exercise, together with gastrointestinal tolerance to fluid intake, and the appropriateness of thirst responses provide valuable information to inform fluid replacement strategies that should be integrated with event fuel requirements. Such strategies should also consider fluid availability and opportunities to drink, to prevent significant under- or overconsumption during exercise. Postexercise beverage choices can be influenced by the required timeframe for return to euhydration and co-ingestion of meals and snacks. Ingested beverage temperature can influence core temperature, with cold/icy beverages of potential use before and during exertional heat stress, while use of menthol can alter thermal sensation. Practical challenges in supporting athletes in teams and traveling for competition require careful planning. Finally, specific athletic population groups have unique nutritional needs in the context of exertional heat stress (i.e., youth, endurance/ultra-endurance athletes, and para-sport athletes), and specific adjustments to nutrition strategies should be made for these population groups.
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31
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Smith KA, Pugh JN, Duca FA, Close GL, Ormsbee MJ. Gastrointestinal pathophysiology during endurance exercise: endocrine, microbiome, and nutritional influences. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2657-2674. [PMID: 34131799 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms are abundant among athletes engaging in endurance exercise, particularly when exercising in increased environmental temperatures, at higher intensities, or over extremely long distances. It is currently thought that prolonged ischemia, mechanical damage to the epithelial lining, and loss of epithelial barrier integrity are likely contributors of gastrointestinal (GI) distress during bouts of endurance exercise, but due to the many potential causes and sporadic nature of symptoms this phenomenon has proven difficult to study. In this review, we cover known factors that contribute to GI distress symptoms in athletes during exercise, while further attempting to identify novel avenues of future research to help elucidate mechanisms leading to symptomology. We explore the link between the intestinal microbiome, the integrity of the gut epithelia, and add detail on gut hormone and peptide secretion that could potentially contribute to GI distress symptoms in athletes. The influence of nutrition and dietary supplementation strategies are also detailed, where much research has opened up new ideas and potential mechanisms for understanding gut pathophysiology during exercise. The etiology of gastrointestinal symptoms during endurance exercise is multi-factorial with neuroendocrine, microbial, and nutritional factors likely contributing to specific, individualized symptoms. Recent work in previously unexplored areas of both microbiome and gut peptide secretion are pertinent areas for future work, and the numerous supplementation strategies explored to date have provided insight into physiological mechanisms that may be targetable to reduce the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jamie N Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UA, UK
| | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UA, UK
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA. .,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
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Fujihira K, Hamada Y, Haramura M, Suzuki K, Miyashita M. The effects of different temperatures of post-exercise protein-containing drink on gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men. Br J Nutr 2021;:1-9. [PMID: 33902763 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of different temperatures of protein-containing drink after exercise on subsequent gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men. Twelve healthy young men completed three, 1-d trials in a random order. In all trials, the subjects ran on a treadmill for 30 min at 80% of maximum heart rate. In exercise + cold drink (2°C) and exercise + hot drink (60°C) trials, the subjects consumed 300 ml of protein-containing drink (0·34 MJ) at 2°C or 60°C over a 5-min period after exercise. In the exercise (i.e. no preload) trial, the subjects sat on a chair for 5 min after exercise. Then, the subjects sat on a chair for 30 min to measure their gastric motility with an ultrasound imaging system in all trials. Thereafter, the subjects consumed a test meal until they felt comfortably full. Energy intake in the exercise + hot drink trial was 14 % and 15 % higher than the exercise (P = 0·046, 95% CI 4·010, 482·538) trial and exercise + cold drink (P = 0·001, 95% CI 160·089, 517·111) trial, respectively. The frequency of the gastric contractions in the exercise + hot drink trial was higher than the exercise (P = 0·023) trial and exercise + cold drink (P = 0·007) trial. The total frequency of gastric contractions was positively related to energy intake (r = 0·386, P = 0·022). These findings demonstrate that consuming protein-containing drink after exercise at 60°C increases energy intake and that this increase may be related to the modulation of the gastric motility.
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Cifuentes L, Camilleri M, Acosta A. Gastric Sensory and Motor Functions and Energy Intake in Health and Obesity-Therapeutic Implications. Nutrients 2021; 13:1158. [PMID: 33915747 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory and motor functions of the stomach, including gastric emptying and accommodation, have significant effects on energy consumption and appetite. Obesity is characterized by energy imbalance; altered gastric functions, such as rapid gastric emptying and large fasting gastric volume in obesity, may result in increased food intake prior to reaching usual fullness and increased appetite. Thus, many different interventions for obesity, including different diets, anti-obesity medications, bariatric endoscopy, and surgery, alter gastric functions and gastrointestinal motility. In this review, we focus on the role of the gastric and intestinal functions in food intake, pathophysiology of obesity, and obesity management.
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McCarthy DG, Bostad W, Powley FJ, Little JP, Richards DL, Gibala MJ. Increased cardiorespiratory stress during submaximal cycling after ketone monoester ingestion in endurance-trained adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:986-993. [PMID: 33646860 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the effect of exogenous ketone body supplementation on exercise responses and performance. The limited studies to date have yielded equivocal data, likely due in part to differences in dosing strategy, increase in blood ketones, and participant training status. Using a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced design, we examined the effect of ingesting a ketone monoester (KE) supplement (600 mg/kg body mass) or flavour-matched placebo in endurance-trained adults (n = 10 males, n = 9 females; V̇O2peak = 57 ± 8 mL/kg/min). Participants performed a 30-min cycling bout at ventilatory threshold intensity (71 ± 3% V̇O2peak), followed 15 min later by a 3 kJ/kg body mass time-trial. KE versus placebo ingestion increased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration before exercise (3.9 ± 1.0 vs 0.2 ± 0.3 mM, p < 0.0001, dz = 3.4), ventilation (77 ± 17 vs 71 ± 15 L/min, p < 0.0001, dz = 1.3) and heart rate (155 ± 11 vs 150 ± 11 beats/min, p < 0.001, dz = 1.2) during exercise, and rating of perceived exertion at the end of exercise (15.4 ± 1.6 vs 14.5 ± 1.2, p < 0.01, dz = 0.85). Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration remained higher after KE vs placebo ingestion before the time-trial (3.5 ± 1.0 vs 0.3 ± 0.2 mM, p < 0.0001, dz = 3.1), but performance was not different (KE: 16:25 ± 2:50 vs placebo: 16:06 ± 2:40 min:s, p = 0.20; dz = 0.31). We conclude that acute ingestion of a relatively large KE bolus dose increased markers of cardiorespiratory stress during submaximal exercise in endurance-trained participants. Novelty: Limited studies have yielded equivocal data regarding exercise responses after acute ketone body supplementation. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced design, we found that ingestion of a large bolus dose of a commercial ketone monoester supplement increased markers of cardiorespiratory stress during cycling at ventilatory threshold intensity in endurance-trained adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin G McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - William Bostad
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fiona J Powley
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Karl JP, Hatch-mcchesney A, Allen JT, Fagnant HS, Radcliffe PN, Finlayson G, Gwin JA, Margolis LM, Hennigar SR, Mcclung JP, Pasiakos SM. Effects of energy balance on appetite and physiological mediators of appetite during strenuous physical activity: secondary analysis of a randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Energy deficit is common during prolonged periods of strenuous physical activity and limited sleep, but the extent to which appetite suppression contributes is unclear. The aim of this randomised crossover study was to determine the effects of energy balance on appetite and physiological mediators of appetite during a 72-h period of high physical activity energy expenditure (about 9·6 MJ/d (2300 kcal/d)) and limited sleep designed to simulate military operations (SUSOPS). Ten men consumed an energy-balanced diet while sedentary for 1 d (REST) followed by energy-balanced (BAL) and energy-deficient (DEF) controlled diets during SUSOPS. Appetite ratings, gastric emptying time (GET) and appetite-mediating hormone concentrations were measured. Energy balance was positive during BAL (18 (sd 20) %) and negative during DEF (–43 (sd 9) %). Relative to REST, hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption ratings were all higher during DEF (26 (sd 40) %, 56 (sd 71) %, 28 (sd 34) %, respectively) and lower during BAL (–55 (sd 25) %, −52 (sd 27) %, −54 (sd 21) %, respectively; Pcondition < 0·05). Fullness ratings did not differ from REST during DEF, but were 65 (sd 61) % higher during BAL (Pcondition < 0·05). Regression analyses predicted hunger and prospective consumption would be reduced and fullness increased if energy balance was maintained during SUSOPS, and energy deficits of ≥25 % would be required to elicit increases in appetite. Between-condition differences in GET and appetite-mediating hormones identified slowed gastric emptying, increased anorexigenic hormone concentrations and decreased fasting acylated ghrelin concentrations as potential mechanisms of appetite suppression. Findings suggest that physiological responses that suppress appetite may deter energy balance from being achieved during prolonged periods of strenuous activity and limited sleep.
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Carbine KA, Anderson J, Larson MJ, LeCheminant JD, Bailey BW. The relationship between exercise intensity and neurophysiological responses to food stimuli in women: A randomized crossover event-related potential (ERP) study. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 158:349-361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Davis J, Camilleri M, Eckert D, Burton D, Joyner M, Acosta A. Physical activity is associated with accelerated gastric emptying and increased ghrelin in obesity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13879. [PMID: 32390274 PMCID: PMC7606341 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid gastric emptying, increased food intake, and alterations in gastrointestinal hormones are associated with obesity. The effect of regular physical activity (PA) on food intake, gastric emptying (GE), gastric accommodation, and gastrointestinal (GI) hormones in adults with obesity remains unclear. Our aim was to compare, at time of presentation, weight trends, eating behavior, GE, and GI hormone levels among individuals with obesity who engage in regular PA compared to those who do not. METHODS In 270 participants with obesity, we performed validated measurements of GI phenotypes: GE of solids and liquids, gastric volume (GV) during fasting and after consumption of 200 mL Ensure®, satiety by kcal intake (T-kcal) during a buffet meal, satiation (volume to fullness [VTF] and maximal tolerated volume [MTV]) of a liquid nutrient, and plasma levels of fasting and postprandial GLP-1, PYY, CCK, and ghrelin. Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire was used to assess whether participants were regularly PA or not. KEY RESULTS PA was associated with lower BMI (Δ 2.01 kg/m2 , P = .001) and body weight (Δ 4.42 kg, P = .0278). GE of solids (T-50% Δ 7.54 min, P = .021) and liquids (T-50% Δ 2.99 min, P = .029%) was significantly more rapid in physically active participants. PA was also associated with relatively higher postprandial ghrelin AUC (Δ 10.4 pg/mL, P = .015). There was no significant difference in postprandial satiation, satiety, GV, or other GI hormones (CCK, PYY, or GLP-1) between groups. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Physical activity is associated with lower BMI, but faster GE and higher postprandial ghrelin levels, two factors that are also associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Davis
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Deborah Eckert
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael Joyner
- Division of Anesthesia Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Andres Acosta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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de Oliveira Santos R, da Silva Cardoso G, da Costa Lima L, de Sousa Cavalcante ML, Silva MS, Cavalcante AKM, Severo JS, de Melo Sousa FB, Pacheco G, Alves EHP, Nobre LMS, Medeiros JVR, Lima-Junior RC, Dos Santos AA, Tolentino M. L-Glutamine and Physical Exercise Prevent Intestinal Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Without Improving Gastric Dysmotility in Rats with Ulcerative Colitis. Inflammation 2020; 44:617-632. [PMID: 33128666 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of glutamine supplementation or exercise on gastric emptying and intestinal inflammation in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC). Strength exercise consisted of jump training 4 × 10 repetitions/5 days a week/8 weeks with progressive overload. Endurance exercise consisted of swimming without overload for a period of 1 h a day/5 days a week/8 weeks. Another group (sedentary) of animals was supplemented with L-glutamine (1 g/kg of body weight) orally for 8 weeks before induction of UC. Colitis was induced by intra-colonic administration of 1 mL of 4% acetic acid. We assessed gastric emptying, macroscopic and microscopic scoring, oxidative stress markers, and IL-1β, IL-6, and (TNF-α) levels. The UC significantly increased (p < 0.05) the gastric emptying compared with the saline control group. We observed a significantly decrease (p < 0.05) in body weight gain in UC rats compared with the control groups. Both exercise interventions and L-glutamine supplementation significantly prevented (p < 0.05) weight loss compared with the UC group. Strength and endurance exercises significantly prevented (p < 0.05) the increase of microscopic scores and oxidative stress (p < 0.05). L-glutamine supplementation in UC rats prevented hemorrhagic damage and improved oxidative stress markers (p < 0.05). Strength and endurance exercises and glutamine decreased the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α compared with the UC group (p < 0.05). Strength and endurance exercises and L-glutamine supplementation prevented intestinal inflammation and improved cytokines and oxidative stress levels without altering gastric dysmotility in rats with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geovane da Silva Cardoso
- Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Lara da Costa Lima
- Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Sousa Silva
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Soares Severo
- Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriella Pacheco
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaiba, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Lívia Maria Soares Nobre
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Cesar Lima-Junior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Armênio Aguiar Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Moisés Tolentino
- Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil.
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Abstract
Lactate, a molecule originally considered metabolic waste, is now associated with a number of important physiological functions. Although the roles of lactate as a signaling molecule, fuel source, and gluconeogenic substrate have garnered significant attention in recent reviews, a relatively underexplored and emerging role of lactate is its control of energy intake (EI). To expand our understanding of the physiological roles of lactate, we present evidence from early infusion studies demonstrating the ability of lactate to suppress EI in both rodents and humans. We then discuss findings from recent human studies that have utilized exercise intensity and/or sodium bicarbonate supplementation to modulate endogenous lactate and examine its impact on appetite regulation. These studies consistently demonstrate that greater blood lactate accumulation is associated with greater suppression of the hunger hormone ghrelin and subjective appetite, thereby supporting a role of lactate in the control of EI. To stimulate future research investigating the role of lactate as an appetite-regulatory molecule, we also highlight potential underlying mechanisms explaining the appetite-suppressive effects of lactate using evidence from rodent and in vitro cellular models. Specifically, we discuss the ability of lactate to 1) inhibit the secretory function of ghrelin producing gastric cells, 2) modulate the signaling cascades that control hypothalamic neuropeptide expression/release, and 3) inhibit signaling through the ghrelin receptor in the hypothalamus. Unravelling the role of lactate as an appetite-regulatory molecule can shed important insight into the regulation of EI, thereby contributing to the development of interventions aimed at combatting overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Pino J, Gómez S, Olivares M, Quera R, Simian D, Escaffi MJ, Ibáñez P. EFECTOS DEL EJERCICIO EN ENFERMEDADES DEL TUBO DIGESTIVO. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Hou P, Zhou X, Yu L, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Chen M, Yi L, Mi M. Exhaustive Exercise Induces Gastrointestinal Syndrome through Reduced ILC3 and IL-22 in Mouse Model. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1710-1718. [PMID: 32079925 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was to investigate the mechanism of intestinal physical and immune barriers in the occurrence of high-intensive exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS An overtraining model of male C57BL/6 mice was established by running-to-exhaustive exercise. Then, the mice were sacrificed, and a series of evaluation indicators, including the routine blood analysis as well as histological examinations, inflammatory factors, ultrastructure observation, and intestinal permeability of the gut, were measured based on this model. The expressions of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α, interferon-γ, and interleukin (IL)-6 as well as the tight junction and adherence junction proteins ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, and E-cadherin were measured, respectively. Furthermore, the mRNA level of IL-22 and the proportion of ILC3 and IL-22 produced in CD4 T cells in lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Besides, the liver glycogen and the expressions of sirtuins-3 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, which were associated with the intestinal metabolism phenotype, were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Exhaustive exercise induced a disrupted intestinal barrier integrity, an aggravated intestinal inflammation, increased gut permeability, and the reduced IL-22 mRNA level. Compared with the nonexercise mice, the IL-22 produced in LPL was reduced followed by exhaustive exercise, whereas the proportion of IL-22 produced in CD4 T cells was still unchanged. Significantly, the proportion of ILC3 in the LPL was decreased obviously, including the NCR ILC3. Furthermore, the intestinal metabolism phenotype assessment showed lower liver glycogen and blood glucose as well as higher blood lactic acid and hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The data indicated that the acute high-intensity running-induced gastrointestinal symptom is closely associated with a reduced percentage of ILC3 and IL-22 level in the LPL, possibly due to the glycogen exhaustion and intestinal mucosa hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hou
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR CHINA
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Kashima H, Kamimura S, Honma A, Endo MY, Miura A, Kobayashi T, Fukuba Y. Timing of Nutrient Ingestion after Mild to Moderate Cycling Exercise Does Not Affect Gastric Emptying Rate in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2118. [PMID: 32708893 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of carbohydrate drink ingestion timing on gastrointestinal tract blood flow and motility after mild cycling exercise. Eight healthy participants were randomly assigned to ingest a liquid solution with 75 g glucose at either 5 min (PE-5) or 30 min (PE-30) after a single bout of leg cycling exercise according to target heart rate (approximately 120 beats/min). As the control trial (Con), participants ingested the same liquid solution without exercise. Celiac artery blood flow (BF), superior mesenteric artery BF, and gastric emptying rate were assessed by ultrasonography before and for 60 min after ingesting the glucose solution. Blood lactate, glucose, and plasma insulin were also measured at baseline and for 60 min after ingesting the glucose solution. Celiac artery BF significantly decreased from resting baseline immediately after exercise in both the PE-5 and PE-30 trials, and then returned to resting baseline just before the ingestion of glucose solution in the PE-30 trial. After ingesting the glucose solution, changes in celiac artery BF, superior mesenteric artery BF, % gastric emptying rate, blood lactate, blood glucose, and plasma insulin were not significantly different among the three trials. The timing of nutrient ingestion after mild exercise does not seem to impact the subsequent gastrointestinal motility, blood flow, and glycemic responses.
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Tong B, Wang M, Yu J, Feng S. Perioperative nursing care of a patient with urogenital sinus malformation who underwent vaginal calculus removal and correction: a case report. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520931319. [PMID: 32552122 PMCID: PMC7303782 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520931319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of urogenital sinus malformation with a huge calculus are complex and rare.
Improper nursing care of these cases can lead to a series of problems. We report here a
23-year-old married woman who was admitted to hospital because of primary amenorrhea and
failed sexual intercourse for 5 years. Through combined diagnosis and treatment of
radiology, ultrasound, urology, gynecology, and other disciplines, the patient was
diagnosed with urogenital sinus malformation, a vaginal calculus, and primary amenorrhea.
After full preparation, the patient underwent an operation for extraction of the vaginal
calculus, urethroplasty, vaginoplasty, and hysteroscopy. The calculus of the patient was
removed and the vagina was returned to its normal anatomy. Patients with urogenital sinus
malformation and a huge calculus have complex care requirements and experience a
particular state of vulnerability during the diagnostic phase. By establishing good
communication with patients and providing proper perioperative nursing, physiological and
psychological rehabilitation of these patients can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqin Tong
- Department of Gynaecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meili Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jieqiong Yu
- Department of Gynaecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Suwen Feng
- Department of Gynaecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Parnell JA, Wagner-Jones K, Madden RF, Erdman KA. Dietary restrictions in endurance runners to mitigate exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:32. [PMID: 32522222 PMCID: PMC7288429 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance runners frequently experience exercise-induced gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, negatively impacting their performance. Food choices pre-exercise have a significant impact on the gut's tolerance to running, yet little information is available as to which foods runners restrict prior to exercise. METHODS A questionnaire designed to assess dietary restrictions pre-racing and gastrointestinal symptoms was administered to 388 runners. Fisher's exact tests determined differences in gender, age, performance level, and distance with follow-up multivariable logistic regression modeling. RESULTS Runners regularly avoided meat (32%), milk products (31%), fish/seafood (28%), poultry (24%), and high-fiber foods (23%). Caffeinated beverages were commonly avoided in events 10 km or less (p < .001); whereas in females, increased running distance was a predictor of avoiding high-fiber foods (OR = 6.7; 95% CI = 1.6-28.5). Rates of food avoidance were elevated in younger and more competitive runners. Common GI symptoms included stomach pain/cramps (42%), intestinal pain/discomfort (23%), side ache/stitch (22%), urge to defecate (22%), and bloating (20%). The prevalence of GI symptoms was higher in younger athletes, especially females, which may explain their propensity to avoid foods. Lower recreational athletes were the least likely to report GI symptoms. Diarrhea incidence increased with running distance. CONCLUSIONS Identification of voluntary food restrictions in the pre-running meal highlights trends that can direct further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A. Parnell
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta T3E 6K6 Canada
| | - Kim Wagner-Jones
- Helios Wellness Centres, Teaching, Research, Wellness Building, Suite 402, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Robyn F. Madden
- Faculty of Kinesiology, 2500 University Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Kelly Anne Erdman
- University of Calgary, Sports Medicine Centre, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
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45
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Beaulieu K, Oustric P, Finlayson G. The Impact of Physical Activity on Food Reward: Review and Conceptual Synthesis of Evidence from Observational, Acute, and Chronic Exercise Training Studies. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:63-80. [PMID: 32297126 PMCID: PMC7261263 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review brings together current evidence from observational, acute, and chronic exercise training studies to inform public debate on the impact of physical activity and exercise on food reward. RECENT FINDINGS Low levels of physical activity are associated with higher liking and wanting for high-energy food. Acute bouts of exercise tend to reduce behavioral indices of reward for high-energy food in inactive individuals. A dissociation in liking (increase) and wanting (decrease) may occur during chronic exercise training associated with loss of body fat. Habitual moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with lower liking and wanting for high-fat food, and higher liking for low-fat food. Food reward does not counteract the benefit of increasing physical activity levels for obesity management. Exercise training appears to be accompanied by positive changes in food preferences in line with an overall improvement in appetite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Beaulieu
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Pauline Oustric
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
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Gaskell SK, Taylor B, Muir J, Costa RJ. Impact of 24-h high and low fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharide, and polyol diets on markers of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome in response to exertional heat stress. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:569-580. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effects of 24-h high (HFOD) and low (LFOD) fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP) diets before exertional heat stress on gastrointestinal integrity, function, and symptoms. Eighteen endurance runners consumed a HFOD and a LFOD (double-blind crossover design) before completing 2 h of running at 60% maximal oxygen uptake in 35 °C ambient temperature. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise to determine plasma cortisol and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) concentrations, and bacterial endotoxin and cytokine profiles. Breath hydrogen (H2) and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) were determined pre-exercise, every 15 min during, and in recovery. No differences were observed for plasma cortisol concentration between diets. Plasma I-FABP concentration was lower on HFOD compared with LFOD (p = 0.033). A trend for lower lipopolysaccharide binding protein (p = 0.088), but not plasma soluble CD14 (p = 0.478) and cytokine profile (p > 0.05), responses on HFOD was observed. A greater area under the curve breath H2 concentration (p = 0.031) was observed throughout HFOD (mean and 95% confidence interval: HFOD 2525 (1452–3597) ppm·4 h−1) compared with LFOD (1505 (1031–1978) ppm·4 h−1). HFOD resulted in greater severity of GIS compared with LFOD (pre-exercise, p = 0.017; during, p = 0.035; and total, p = 0.014). A 24-h HFOD before exertional heat stress ameliorates disturbances to epithelial integrity but exacerbates carbohydrate malabsorption and GIS severity in comparison with a LFOD. Novelty Twenty-four-hour high FODMAP diet ameliorated disturbances to gastrointestinal integrity. Twenty-four-hour high FODMAP diet results in greater carbohydrate malabsorption compared with low FODMAP diet. Incidence of GIS during exertional heat stress were pronounced on both low and high FODMAP diets, but greater GIS severity was observed with high FODMAP diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K. Gaskell
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Bonnie Taylor
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jane Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology - The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Ricardo J.S. Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
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47
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Beer NJ, Dimmock JA, Jackson B, Guelfi KJ. Exercise-related factors that influence post-exercise energy intake: A psychological perspective. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1068-1073. [PMID: 32546435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise confers numerous health benefits; however, unhealthy, or excessive food and drink consumption post-exercise may counteract at least some of these benefits. There is emerging evidence that certain exercise-related factors, including the psychological experiences associated with different forms of exercise motivation, may influence post-exercise energy intake. Questions remain, though, about the optimal exercise characteristics that may reduce overconsumption of food/drink post-exercise. DESIGN Narrative review. METHODS In this narrative review, we overview the developing body of literature linking the psychological experiences in exercise with subsequent energy intake, focusing first on the relationship between exercise motivation and food consumption, and then on practical strategies which may be utilised to promote healthier post-exercise food choices. RESULTS Preliminary evidence suggests that psychological experiences associated with high-quality autonomous motivation for exercise may reduce subsequent energy intake. Exercise factors (both psychological and physiological in nature) that have been shown to influence post-exercise energy consumption may interact, resulting in synergistic or antagonistic effects on subsequent food and drink consumption, through mechanisms which have not been considered previously. CONCLUSIONS Exercise experiences may be shaped to promote healthier subsequent eating behaviours and future work is encouraged to enable researchers to identify combinations of exercise conditions and experiences that have the strongest influence on post-exercise food and drink consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya J Beer
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - James A Dimmock
- Department of Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Australia
| | - Ben Jackson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kym J Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
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Mohr AE, Jäger R, Carpenter KC, Kerksick CM, Purpura M, Townsend JR, West NP, Black K, Gleeson M, Pyne DB, Wells SD, Arent SM, Kreider RB, Campbell BI, Bannock L, Scheiman J, Wissent CJ, Pane M, Kalman DS, Pugh JN, Ortega-Santos CP, Ter Haar JA, Arciero PJ, Antonio J. The athletic gut microbiota. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:24. [PMID: 32398103 PMCID: PMC7218537 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract play a significant role in nutrient uptake, vitamin synthesis, energy harvest, inflammatory modulation, and host immune response, collectively contributing to human health. Important factors such as age, birth method, antibiotic use, and diet have been established as formative factors that shape the gut microbiota. Yet, less described is the role that exercise plays, particularly how associated factors and stressors, such as sport/exercise-specific diet, environment, and their interactions, may influence the gut microbiota. In particular, high-level athletes offer remarkable physiology and metabolism (including muscular strength/power, aerobic capacity, energy expenditure, and heat production) compared to sedentary individuals, and provide unique insight in gut microbiota research. In addition, the gut microbiota with its ability to harvest energy, modulate the immune system, and influence gastrointestinal health, likely plays an important role in athlete health, wellbeing, and sports performance. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms in which the gut microbiota could play in the role of influencing athletic performance is of considerable interest to athletes who work to improve their results in competition as well as reduce recovery time during training. Ultimately this research is expected to extend beyond athletics as understanding optimal fitness has applications for overall health and wellness in larger communities. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to summarize current knowledge of the athletic gut microbiota and the factors that shape it. Exercise, associated dietary factors, and the athletic classification promote a more “health-associated” gut microbiota. Such features include a higher abundance of health-promoting bacterial species, increased microbial diversity, functional metabolic capacity, and microbial-associated metabolites, stimulation of bacterial abundance that can modulate mucosal immunity, and improved gastrointestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA
| | | | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | | | - Jeremy R Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Medical Research and Menzies Health Institute of QLD, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Katherine Black
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | | | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4253, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Craig J Wissent
- Jamieson Wellness Inc., 4025 Rhodes Drive, Windsor, Ontario, N8W 5B5, Canada
| | - Marco Pane
- Bioloab Research, Via E. Mattei 3, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Scientific Affairs, Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc. Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie N Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | | | - Paul J Arciero
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
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49
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Freitas AKL, Silva MTB, Silva CMS, Prata MMG, Rodrigues FAP, Siqueira RJB, Lima AAM, Santos AA, Havt A. Alanyl-glutamine protects the intestinal barrier function in trained rats against the impact of acute exhaustive exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9211. [PMID: 32321150 PMCID: PMC7184964 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise triggers deleterious effects on the intestinal epithelium, but their mechanisms are still uncertain. Here, we investigated whether a prolonged training and an additional exhaustive training protocol alter intestinal permeability and the putative effect of alanyl-glutamine (AG) pretreatment in this condition. Rats were allocated into 5 different groups: 1) sedentary; 2 and 3) trained (50 min per day, 5 days per week for 12 weeks) with or without 6 weeks oral (1.5 g/kg) AG supplementation; 4 and 5) trained and subjected to an additional exhaustive test protocol with or without oral AG supplementation. Venous blood samples were collected to determine gasometrical indices at the end of the 12-week protocol or after exhaustive test. Lactate and glucose levels were determined before, during, and after the exhaustive test. Ileum tissue collected after all experimental procedures was used for gene expression analysis of Zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), occludin, claudin-2, and oligopeptide transporter 1 (PepT-1). Intestinal permeability was assessed by urinary lactulose/mannitol test collected after the 12-week protocol or the exhaustive test. The exhaustive test decreased pH and base excess and increased pCO2. Training sessions delayed exhaustion time and reduced the changes in blood glucose and lactate levels. Trained rats exhibited upregulation of PEPT-1, ZO-1, and occludin mRNA, which were partially protected by AG. Exhaustive exercise induced intestinal paracellular leakage associated with the upregulation of claudin-2, a phenomenon protected by AG treatment. Thus, AG partially prevented intestinal training adaptations but also blocked paracellular leakage during exhaustive exercise involving claudin-2 and occludin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K L Freitas
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M T B Silva
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - C M S Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M M G Prata
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F A P Rodrigues
- Departamento de Educação Física e Esporte, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - R J B Siqueira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A A M Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A A Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A Havt
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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50
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Zhang Y, Yan M, Li J, Fu M, Xie L, Tang W, Wang Q. Effects of walking exercise on bowel preparation in patients undergoing colonoscopy: evidence from systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers of Nursing 2020; 7:39-47. [DOI: 10.2478/fon-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of walking exercise on bowel preparation in patients undergoing colonoscopy.
Methods
PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Ovid, The Cochrane Library, Wanfang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and Chinese BioMedical Database were searched from their inception to January 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) examining the effects of walking exercise in patients undergoing colonoscopy were considered for inclusion. After screening literature, extracting data and evaluating methodological quality, RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis.
Results
Five studies (four RCTs and one CCTs) involved 984 participants were included. The results of meta-analysis demonstrated that the walking exercise group showed significantly higher improvements in the rate of adequate bowel preparation than the control group (risk ratio [RR] = 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.03–1.58], P < 0.05). In addition, the walking exercise group had lower incidence of vomiting (RR = 0.39, 95% CI [0.23–0.68], P < 0.01) and abdominal pain (RR = 0.51, 95% CI [0.29–0.90], P < 0.05) with lower heterogeneity.
Conclusions
This systematic review and meta-analysis provided specific evidence that walking exercise during bowel preparation can improve the rate of adequate bowel preparation and reduce the incidence of vomiting and abdominal pain in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Since the conclusion of this meta-analysis was drawn based on the limited number of high-quality RCTs, more rigorous RCTs should be conducted in the future.
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