1
|
Tezcan ME, Uğur C, Can Ü, Uçak EF, Ekici F, Duymuş F, Korucu AT. Are decreased cocaine- and amphetamine regulated transcript and Agouti- related peptide levels associated Eating behavior in medication-free children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110907. [PMID: 38043633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate plasma levels of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), agouti-related protein (AgRP), cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY) and their relationship with eating behaviors among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls. A total of 94 medication-free children with ADHD and 82 controls aged 8-14 years were included in this study. The Plasma levels of CART, AgRP, CCK and PYY were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) was used to assess eating behaviors in children. CART and AgRP levels were found to be significantly lower in the ADHD group than in the control group, while CCK levels were found to be significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in PYY levels between the groups. Compared to controls, those with ADHD demonstrated significantly higher scores on the CEBQ subscales of food responsiveness, emotional overeating, desire to drink, enjoyment of food, and food fussiness, and significantly lower scores on the slowness of eating subscale. CART was significantly correlated with emotional overeating and enjoyment of food scores, while AgRP was significantly correlated with emotional undereating scores. Covariance analysis was performed by controlling potential confounders such as body mass index, age and sex, and the results were found to be unchanged. It was concluded that CART, AgRP, and CCK may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Esad Tezcan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya City Hospital, Karatay-Konya, 42020, Turkey.
| | - Cüneyt Uğur
- Department of Pediatrics, Konya City Health Application and Research, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Karatay-Konya, 42020, Turkey
| | - Ümmügülsüm Can
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Konya City Health Application and Research, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Karatay-Konya, 42020, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Furkan Uçak
- Department of Psychiatry, Konya City Hospital, Karatay-Konya, 42020, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ekici
- Department of Psychiatry, Konya City Hospital, Karatay-Konya, 42020, Turkey
| | - Fahrettin Duymuş
- Department of Medical Genetics, Konya City Hospital, Karatay-Konya, 42020, Turkey
| | - Agah Tuğrul Korucu
- Faculty of Computer and Instructional Technologies, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram-Konya, 42005, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cogan B, Cooper JA. Differential effects of nutritive and non-nutritive sweet mouth rinsing on appetite in adults with obesity. Appetite 2024; 193:107133. [PMID: 38000768 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive added sugar intake has been associated with obesity; however, the effect of dietary sweetness on energy intake (EI) and appetite in adults with and without obesity has not yet been determined. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of mouth rinses with and without energy and sweetness on measures of appetite, and to compare responses between subjects with body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2 or ≥30 kg/m2. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind crossover study, 39 subjects (age 23±5y; 17 male, 22 female; BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2: n = 21; ≥30 kg/m2: n = 18) performed modified sham-feeding (MSF) with a mouth rinse containing either sucrose, sucralose, maltodextrin, or water for 2min before expectorating the solution. Blood sampling and subjective appetite assessments occurred at baseline (-5) and 15, 30, 60, and 90min post-MSF. After, EI was assessed at a buffet meal and post-meal appetite ratings were assessed hourly for 3h. RESULTS Post-MSF ghrelin increased for water vs. maltodextrin (water: p = 0.03). Post-MSF cholecystokinin increased following maltodextrin-MSF (p = 0.03) and sucralose-MSF (p = 0.005) vs. sucrose for those with BMI:18.5-24.9 kg/m2 only. There was greater post-MSF desire to eat in response to water vs. sucrose (p = 0.03) and reduced fullness with sucralose for those with BMI≥30 vs. 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 (p < 0.001). There was no difference in EI at the buffet meal by mouth rinse (p = 0.98) or by BMI (p = 0.12). However, there was greater post-meal fullness following sucralose-MSF vs. water (p = 0.03) and sucrose (p = 0.004) for those with BMI≥30 vs. 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. CONCLUSION Sucralose rinsing led to greater cephalic phase CCK release in adults with a BMI:18.5-24.9 kg/m2 only; however, ghrelin responses to unsweetened rinses were energy-specific for all adults. As subsequent EI was unaffected, further investigation of cephalic phase appetite is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Cogan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prahm AP, Hvistendahl MK, Brandt CF, Blanche P, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Jeppesen PB. Post-prandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) after carbohydrate-, fat- or protein enriched meals in healthy subjects. Peptides 2023; 169:171091. [PMID: 37640265 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is an important regulator of intestinal growth and function. In adherable mixed meals the macronutrient composition with the best potential for stimulating GLP-2 secretion is not known. We compared the effect of 3 iso-energetic meals, where approximately 60 % of the energy ratio was provided as either carbohydrate, fat, or protein, respectively, on the post-prandial endogenous GLP-2 secretion. The responses were compared to secretion profiles of peptide YY (PYY), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). Ten healthy subjects were admitted on three occasions, at least a week apart, after a night of fasting. In an open-label, crossover design, they were randomized to receive a high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) or high protein (HP) meal. The meals were approximately ∼3.9 MJ. Venous blood was collected for 240 min, and plasma concentrations of GLP-2, GIP and PYY were measured with specific radioimmunoassays. Mean GLP-2 levels peaked already at 30 min for the HC meal, however the HP meal induced the highest mean GLP-2 peaking levels, resulting in significantly higher mean GLP-2 area under the curve (AUC) from baseline of 7279 pmol*min/L, 95 %-CI [6081;8477] compared to the HC meal: 4764 pmol*min/L, 95 %-CI [3498;6029], p = 0.020 and the HF meal: 4796 pmol*min/L, [3385;6207], p = 0.011. Findings were similar for the PYY. The HC meal provided a greater AUC for GIP compared to the HP- and HF meals. The HP meal was most effective with respect to stimulation of the postprandial GLP-2 and PYY secretion, whereas the HC meal was more effective for GIP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- August Pilegaard Prahm
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mark Krogh Hvistendahl
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher Filtenborg Brandt
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Blanche
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, Panum Institute 12.2, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, Panum Institute 12.2, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Bekker Jeppesen
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu X, Zhou W, Tian X, Jiang Z, Fu X, Cao J, Sun Y, Yang B, Li X, Li Y, Zhang C, Liu G. Peptide YY inhibits transcription and replication of hepatitis B virus by suppressing promoter/enhancer activity. Virus Genes 2023; 59:678-687. [PMID: 37380814 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a noteworthy cause of liver diseases, especially cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas. However, the interaction between the host and HBV has not been fully elucidated. Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino-acid gastrointestinal hormone that is mainly involved in the regulation of the human digestive system. This study found that PYY expression was reduced in HBV-expressing hepatocytes and HBV patients. Overexpression of PYY could significantly inhibit HBV RNA, DNA levels, and the secretion of HBsAg. In addition, PYY inhibits HBV RNA dependent on transcription through reducing the activities of CP/Enh I/II, SP1 and SP2. Meanwhile, PYY blocks HBV replication independent on core, polymerase protein and ε structure of pregenomic RNA. These results suggest that PYY can impair HBV replication by suppressing viral promoters/enhancers in hepatocytes. Our data shed light on a novel role for PYY as anti-HBV restriction factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolun Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongjia Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuanhe Fu
- Department of Immunology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueqian Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunmeng Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Ani Z, Ko J, Petrov MS. Intra-pancreatic fat deposition across the pancreatitis spectrum and the influence of gut hormones. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:1081-1090. [PMID: 36878840 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) often represent parts of the spectrum of disease. While growing evidence indicates that intra-pancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, no study of living individuals has investigated IPFD in both AP and CP. Further, the associations between IPFD and gut hormones remain to be elucidated. The aims were to investigate the associations of IPFD with AP, CP, and health; and to study whether gut hormones affect these associations. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging on the same 3.0 Tesla scanner was used to determine IPFD in 201 study participants. These participants were arranged into the health, AP, and CP groups. Gut hormones (ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, gastric inhibitory peptide, peptide YY, and oxyntomodulin) were measured in blood, both after an 8-hour overnight fasting and after ingestion of a standardised mixed meal. A series of linear regression analyses was run, accounting for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, glycated haemoglobin, and triglycerides. RESULTS Both the AP group and CP group had significantly higher IPFD in comparison with the health group, consistently across all models (p for trend 0.027 in the most adjusted model). Ghrelin in the fasted state had a significant positive association with IPFD in the AP group (but not the CP or health group), consistently across all models (p = 0.019 in the most adjusted model). None of the studied gut hormones in the postprandial state was significantly associated with IPFD. CONCLUSION Fat deposition in the pancreas is similarly high in individuals with AP and those with CP. The gut-brain axis, and more specifically overexpression of ghrelin, may contribute to increased IPFD in individuals with AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zena Al-Ani
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juyeon Ko
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maxim S Petrov
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei B, Xiao H, Xu B, Kuca K, Qin Z, Guo X, Wu W, Wu Q. Emesis to trichothecene deoxynivalenol and its congeners correspond to secretion of peptide YY and 5-HT. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113874. [PMID: 37286030 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The type B trichothecenes pollute food crops and have been associated to alimentary toxicosis resulted in emetic reaction in human and animal. This group of mycotoxins consists deoxynivalenol (DON) and four structurally related congeners: 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV) and 4-acetyl-nivalenol (fusarenon X, FX). While emesis induced by intraperitoneally dosed to DON in the mink has been related to plasma up-grading of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and neurotransmitters peptide YY (PYY), the impact of oral dosing with DON or its four congeners on secretion of these chemical substances have not been established. The aim of this work was to contraste emetic influence to type B trichothecene mycotoxins by orally dosing and involve these influence to PYY and 5-HT. All five toxins attracted marked emetic reaction that are relevant to elevated PYY and 5-HT. The reduction in vomiting induced by the five toxins and PYY was due to blocking of the neuropeptide Y2 receptor. The inhibition of the induced vomiting response by 5-HT and all five toxins is regulated by the 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor granisetron. In a word, our results indicate that PYY and 5-HT take a key role in the emetic reaction evoked by type B trichothecenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wei
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Huiping Xiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Baocai Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Zihui Qin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Xinyi Guo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bitarafan V, Fitzgerald PCE, Poppitt SD, Ingram JR, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intraduodenal or intragastric administration of a bitter hop extract (Humulus lupulus L.), on upper gut motility, gut hormone secretion and energy intake in healthy-weight men. Appetite 2023; 184:106490. [PMID: 36781111 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal functions, particularly pyloric motility and the gut hormones, cholecystokinin and peptide YY, contribute to the regulation of acute energy intake. Bitter tastants modulate these functions, but may, in higher doses, induce GI symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of both dose and delivery location of a bitter hop extract (BHE) on antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY, appetite perceptions, gastrointestinal symptoms and energy intake in healthy-weight men. The study consisted of two consecutive parts, with part A including n = 15, and part B n = 11, healthy, lean men (BMI 22.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2, aged 25 ± 3 years). In randomised, double-blind fashion, participants received in part A, BHE in doses of either 100 mg ("ID-BHE-100") or 250 mg ("ID-BHE-250"), or vehicle (canola oil; "ID-control") intraduodenally, or in part B, 250 mg BHE ("IG-BHE-250") or vehicle ("IG-control") intragastrically. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, hormones, appetite and symptoms were measured for 180 min, energy intake from a standardised buffet-meal was quantified subsequently. ID-BHE-250, but not ID-BHE-100, had modest, and transient, effects to stimulate pyloric pressures during the first 90 min (P < 0.05), and peptide YY from t = 60 min (P < 0.05), but did not affect antral or duodenal pressures, cholecystokinin, appetite, gastrointestinal symptoms or energy intake. IG-BHE-250 had no detectable effects. In conclusion, BHE, when administered intraduodenally, in the selected higher dose, modestly affected some appetite-related gastrointestinal functions, but had no detectable effects when given in the lower dose or intragastrically. Thus, BHE, at none of the doses or routes of administration tested, has appetite- or energy intake-suppressant effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John R Ingram
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu M, Kong Z, Shi Q, Nie J. Acute effect of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on appetite-regulating gut hormones in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13129. [PMID: 36747559 PMCID: PMC9898666 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise intensity has been suggested to influence acute appetite-regulating gut hormone responses after exercise. High intensity interval training (HIIT) with near maximal to maximal intensity or sprint interval training (SIT) with supramaximal intensity might induce greater effects on gut hormones compared to moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), while current findings were inconsistent regarding the effects of these popular training methods. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesis the findings in the literature and explore the impact of exercise modality on acylated ghrelin (AG), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Methods After searching the major databases (PubMed, Web of science and ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library) to find articles published up to May 2022, twelve studies that compared hormone responses to HIIT/SIT and MICT were identified and included in the analysis. Results A random-effects meta-analysis showed that HIIT/SIT and MICT decreased AG concentration and increased GLP-1 and PYY concentration compared with no exercise control group, while interval training protocols, especially SIT protocols, elicited greater effect sizes in suppressing AG levels at all of the analysed time points and PYY immediately post-exercise compared to MICT. Conclusion Acute SIT with lower exercise volume appears to be a more advantageous approach to decrease plasma AG concentration and potentially suppress hunger to a greater extent compared to MICT, despite the similar effects of HIIT/SIT compared to MICT in increasing anorectic hormones (i.e., GLP-1 and PYY). Future studies are needed to further investigate the impact of moderators (e.g., gender, body composition and exercise mode) on the variability of changes in gut hormones after interval trainings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- University of Macau, Macao, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Qingde Shi
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Langley DB, Schofield P, Jackson J, Herzog H, Christ D. Crystal structures of human neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY). Neuropeptides 2022; 92:102231. [PMID: 35180645 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) form the evolutionarily conserved pancreatic polypeptide family. While the fold is widely utilized in nature, crystal structures remain elusive, particularly for the human forms, with only the structure of a distant avian form of PP reported. Here we utilize a crystallization chaperone (antibody Fab fragment), specifically recognizing the amidated peptide termini, to solve the structures of human NPY and human PYY. Intriguingly, and despite limited sequence identity (~50%), the structure of human PYY closely resembles that of avian PP, highlighting the broad structural conservation of the fold throughout evolution. Specifically, the PYY structure is characterized by a C-terminal amidated α-helix, preceded by a backfolded poly-proline N-terminus, with the termini in close proximity to each other. In contrast, in the structure of human NPY the N-terminal component is disordered, while the helical component of the peptide is observed in a four-helix bundle type arrangement, consistent with a propensity for multimerization suggested by NMR studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Langley
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jenny Jackson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gomes AS, Lygre E, Harboe T, Zimmermann F, Jordal AEO, Hamre K, Rønnestad I. The role of cholecystokinin and peptide YY in feed intake in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) larvae. Neuropeptides 2022; 91:102202. [PMID: 34741845 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Control of appetite and feed intake in fish larvae are still largely unexplored. Two of the key players in controlling vertebrate's feed intake are cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY). Here we investigated the mRNA expression of pyy, cck and cck receptors (cckr) in the brain (head) and gut of Atlantic halibut larvae in response to three consecutive meals. We used Artemia nauplii cysts that are commonly ingested by halibut larvae when present as inert feed, and three water-soluble extracts as attractants to stimulate appetite. Cyst intake was not affected by the use of attractants and overall ingestion rate was low. Differences in mRNA expression of cck and pyy were observed between the halibut larvae that had eaten and those that had not despite readily available feed (cysts), supporting that mechanisms for control of feed intake are at least partly functional. All genes analysed were present in the brain and gut, however the different expression profiles between paralogues suggest potential divergent functions. In the gut, cck2 and pyyb mRNA expression was significantly higher in the larvae that ate cysts compared to larvae that decided to not eat, indicating that these genes play a satiety function in the halibut larvae similar to the general vertebrate scheme. However, cck2, cck2r1, and pyy mRNA expression in the brain were lower in the fed-filled larvae group compared to larvae before eating, which contrasts with the presumable anorectic function of these genes. Further research is required to fully evaluate how PYY and CCK affect the feeding biology in halibut larvae, contributing to formulate inert diets that can stimulate appetite and feed intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Endre Lygre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll, Norway; Sogn Aqua AS, Bjordal, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shantavasinkul PC, Omotosho P, Muehlbauer MJ, Natoli M, Corsino L, Tong J, Portenier D, Torquati A. Metabolic profiles, energy expenditures, and body compositions of the weight regain versus sustained weight loss patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2021; 17:2015-25. [PMID: 34635422 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight regain (WR) has been an emerging problem after Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and little is known about the mechanisms of WR after RYGB. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mechanisms of WR after RYGB through the postprandial gut hormones response, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which regulates appetite control, energy expenditure, body composition, physical activities, dietary intake, and psychological factors. SETTING Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. METHODS A cross sectional study of 34 patients who underwent RYGB at least 2 years and achieved ≥50% of excess weight loss at 1year was conducted. The subjects were categorized into WR group or sustained weight loss group, based upon whether their WR was ≥15% of postoperative lowest weight. RESULTS The WR group had less augmented postprandial GLP-1 response but exaggerated hyperinsulinemia. Postprandial peptide YY, ghrelin, and glucose were not different between group. Patients who regained weight required less weight-adjusted energy expenditure and had more percentage body fat and less percentage lean mass. The caloric intake and diet composition were comparable between groups; however, the WR group had higher depression scores, binge eating scales, and hunger rating and spent significantly less time on vigorous exercise. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms of WR in patients who were initially successful after RYGB are complex and involved not only the role of postprandial gut hormone response but are also related to energy expenditure adaptation and body composition changes. Moreover, food preference and physical activity may play roles in weight control after bariatric surgery. Further prospective controlled trial is needed to explore the mechanisms of WR.
Collapse
|
12
|
Näätänen M, Kolehmainen M, Laaksonen DE, Herzig KH, Poutanen K, Karhunen L. Post-weight loss changes in fasting appetite- and energy balance-related hormone concentrations and the effect of the macronutrient content of a weight maintenance diet: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2603-2616. [PMID: 33263788 PMCID: PMC8275499 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of the macronutrient composition of diets with differing satiety values on fasting appetite-related hormone concentrations after weight loss and examined whether the hormone secretion adapted to changes in body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) during the weight maintenance period (WM). METHODS Eighty-two men and women with obesity underwent a 7-week very-low-energy diet (VLED) and were then randomised to a higher-satiety food (HSF) group or a lower-satiety food (LSF) group during 24-weeks of the WM. The groups consumed isoenergetic foods with different satiety ratings and macronutrient compositions. RESULTS During the WM, the HSF group consumed more protein and dietary fibre and less fat than the LSF group, but the groups showed similar changes in body weight and fasting appetite-related hormones. In the whole study sample, VLED induced 12 kg (p < 0.001) weight loss. At the end of the WM, weight regain was 1.3 kg (p = 0.004), ghrelin concentration increased, whereas leptin, insulin, and glucose concentrations decreased compared to pre-VLED levels (p < 0.001 for all). Peptide YY did not differ from pre-VLED levels. Changes in ghrelin levels were inversely associated with changes in FFM during weeks 0-12 of the WM (p = 0.002), while changes in leptin and insulin levels were positively associated with changes in FM during weeks 0-12 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.038, respectively) and weeks 12-24 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.022) of the WM. CONCLUSIONS The macronutrient composition of an isoenergetic WM diet did not affect fasting appetite-related hormone concentrations. Leptin and insulin adjusted to the reduced FM, whereas ghrelin reflected FFM during the first months of the WM. TRIAL REGISTRATION isrctn.com, ID 67529475.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Näätänen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David E Laaksonen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kaisa Poutanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Leila Karhunen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
al'Absi M, DeAngelis B, Nakajima M, Hatsukami D, Allen S. Early life adversity and appetite hormones: The effects of smoking status, nicotine withdrawal, and relapse on ghrelin and peptide YY during smoking cessation. Addict Behav 2021; 118:106866. [PMID: 33640833 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) modulate stress responses and the rewarding effects of drugs, although no research has examined the impact of exposure to early life stress on these hormones in smokers nor during smoking cessation. This study examined the relationships between early life adversity (ELA) and circulating ghrelin and PYY during ad libitum smoking and early withdrawal in tobacco smokers (N = 98) who were interested in cessation. We also included a comparison group of nonsmokers (N = 36). We prospectively compared levels of hormones between smokers who were successful in quitting within a 2-week period, smokers who relapsed during that period, and nonsmokers. Results showed that ELA was positively associated with elevated ghrelin in nonsmokers. Among those reporting no ELA, successful quitters had higher ghrelin levels than nonsmokers during ad libitum smoking, while relapsers had higher ghrelin levels than nonsmokers during withdrawal. In addition, having no ELA was associated with a decline in ghrelin from the ad libitum to abstinence sessions in successful quitters; this withdrawal-related decline was not found in relapsers. Although effects of ELA, smoking group, and time on PYY were not significant, greater PYY was associated with reduced urges to smoke during withdrawal. These findings suggest the importance of considering changes in appetite-related hormones in individuals who are dependent on tobacco. This research provides additional indications for effects of ELA on appetite-stimulating hormones.
Collapse
|
14
|
Louzao MC, Costas C, Abal P, Suzuki T, Watanabe R, Vilariño N, Carrera C, Boente-Juncal A, Vale C, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Serotonin involvement in okadaic acid-induced diarrhoea in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2797-2813. [PMID: 34148100 PMCID: PMC8298366 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of contaminated shellfish with okadaic acid (OA) group of toxins leads to diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning (DSP) characterized by a set of symptoms including nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. These phycotoxins are Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitors, which produce hyperphosphorylation in cellular proteins. However, this inhibition does not fully explain the symptomatology reported and other targets could be relevant to the toxicity. Previous studies have indicated a feasible involvement of the nervous system. We performed a set of in vivo approaches to elucidate whether neuropeptide Y (NPY), Peptide YY (PYY) or serotonin (5-HT) was implicated in the early OA-induced diarrhoea. Fasted Swiss female mice were administered NPY, PYY(3-36) or cyproheptadine intraperitoneal prior to oral OA treatment (250 µg/kg). A non-significant delay in diarrhoea onset was observed for NPY (107 µg/kg) and PYY(3-36) (1 mg/kg) pre-treatment. On the contrary, the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine was able to block (10 mg/kg) or delay (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) diarrhoea onset suggesting a role of 5-HT. This is the first report of the possible involvement of serotonin in OA-induced poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Celia Costas
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Watanabe
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Andrea Boente-Juncal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu Q, Guo D, Jia H, Nepovimova E, Wu W, Kuca K. The trichothecene neosolaniol stimulates an emetic response through neuropeptide Y2 and serotonin 3 receptors in mink. Toxicology 2021; 452:152718. [PMID: 33581213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Type A trichothecene neosolaniol (NEO) is considered a potential risk to human and animal health by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). To date, available data do not allow making conclusions about the toxicological properties of this toxin. Trichothecenes have been previously demonstrated to induce emetic responses in mink, and this response has been associated with neurotransmitter peptide YY (PYY) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). The goal of this study was to compare emetic effects of NEO administered by intraperitoneal and oral routes and relate these effects to PYY and 5-HT. The effective doses resulting in emetic events in 50% of the animals following intraperitoneal and oral exposure to NEO were 0.4 and 0.09 mg/kg bw, respectively. This emetic response corresponded to elevated PYY and 5-HT levels. Blocking the neuropeptide Y2 receptor diminished emesis induction by PYY and NEO. The 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor granisetron completely restrained the induction of emesis by 5-HT and NEO. To summarize, our findings demonstrate that PYY and 5-HT play important roles in the NEO-induced emetic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Dawei Guo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Hui Jia
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212499, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guimarães M, Pereira SS, Monteiro MP. From Entero-Endocrine Cell Biology to Surgical Interventional Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1307:273-297. [PMID: 32016913 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The physiological roles of the enteroendocrine system in relation to energy and glucose homeostasis regulation have been extensively studied in the past few decades. Considerable advances were made that enabled to disclose the potential use of gastro-intestinal (GI) hormones to target obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The recognition of the clinical relevance of these discoveries has led the pharmaceutical industry to design several hormone analogues to either to mitigate physiological defects or target pharmacologically T2D.Amongst several advances, a major breakthrough in the field was the unexpected observation that enteroendocrine system modulation to T2D target could be achieved by surgically induced anatomical rearrangement of the GI tract. These findings resulted from the widespread use of bariatric surgery procedures for obesity treatment, which despite initially devised to induce weight loss by limiting the systemic availably of nutrients, are now well recognized to influence GI hormone dynamics in a manner that is highly dependent on the type of anatomical rearrangement produced.This chapter will focus on enteroendocrine system related mechanisms leading to improved glycemic control in T2D after bariatric surgery interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Guimarães
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Pereira
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lewis JE, Miedzybrodzka EL, Foreman RE, Woodward ORM, Kay RG, Goldspink DA, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Selective stimulation of colonic L cells improves metabolic outcomes in mice. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1396-1407. [PMID: 32342115 PMCID: PMC7286941 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Insulin-like peptide-5 (INSL5) is found only in distal colonic L cells, which co-express glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). GLP-1 is a well-known insulin secretagogue, and GLP-1 and PYY are anorexigenic, whereas INSL5 is considered orexigenic. We aimed to clarify the metabolic impact of selective stimulation of distal colonic L cells in mice. METHODS Insl5 promoter-driven expression of Gq-coupled Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) was employed to activate distal colonic L cells (LdistalDq). IPGTT and food intake were assessed with and without DREADD activation. RESULTS LdistalDq cell stimulation with clozapine N-oxide (CNO; 0.3 mg/kg i.p.) increased plasma GLP-1 and PYY (2.67- and 3.31-fold, respectively); INSL5 was not measurable in plasma but was co-secreted with GLP-1 and PYY in vitro. IPGTT (2 g/kg body weight) revealed significantly improved glucose tolerance following CNO injection. CNO-treated mice also exhibited reduced food intake and body weight after 24 h, and increased defecation, the latter being sensitive to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor 3 inhibition. Pre-treatment with a GLP1 receptor-blocking antibody neutralised the CNO-dependent improvement in glucose tolerance but did not affect the reduction in food intake, and an independent group of animals pair-fed to the CNO-treatment group demonstrated attenuated weight loss. Pre-treatment with JNJ-31020028, a neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 antagonist, abolished the CNO-dependent effect on food intake. Assessment of whole body physiology in metabolic cages revealed LdistalDq cell stimulation increased energy expenditure and increased activity. Acute CNO-induced food intake and glucose homeostasis outcomes were maintained after 2 weeks on a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that selective distal colonic L cell stimulation has beneficial metabolic outcomes. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Rachel E Foreman
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Orla R M Woodward
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Deborah A Goldspink
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tam FI, Seidel M, Boehm I, Ritschel F, Bahnsen K, Biemann R, Weidner K, Roessner V, Ehrlich S. Peptide YY3-36 concentration in acute- and long-term recovered anorexia nervosa. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3791-9. [PMID: 32166384 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The gut–brain axis could be a possible key factor in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. The neuropeptide peptide YY3–36, secreted by endocrine L cells of the gastrointestinal tract, is a known regulator of appetite and food intake. The objective of this study was to investigate peptide YY3–36 plasma concentrations at different stages of anorexia nervosa in a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal design to differentiate between effects of acute undernutrition and more enduring characteristics. Methods We measured fasting plasma peptide YY3–36 concentrations in young patients with acute anorexia nervosa (n = 47) and long-term recovered patients (n = 35) cross-sectionally in comparison to healthy control participants (n = 58), and longitudinally over the course of inpatient treatment. Physical activity was controlled as it may modulate peptide YY secretion. Results There was no group difference in peptide YY3–36 concentration among young acutely underweight anorexia nervosa patients, long-term recovered anorexia nervosa patients, and healthy control participants. Longitudinally, there was no change in peptide YY3–36 concentration after short-term weight rehabilitation. For acute anorexia nervosa patients at admission to treatment, there was a negative correlation between peptide YY3–36 concentration and body mass index. Conclusions The current study provides additional evidence for a normal basal PYY3–36 concentration in AN. Future studies should study multiple appetite-regulating peptides and their complex interplay and also use research designs including a food challenge. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-020-02210-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zygulska AL, Furgala A, Kaszuba-Zwoińska J, Krzemieniecki K, Gil K. Changes in plasma levels of cholecystokinin, neurotensin, VIP and PYY in gastric and colorectal cancer - Preliminary results. Peptides 2019; 122:170148. [PMID: 31541684 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physiological roles of enterohormones such as secretion, absorption and digestion were supported by clinical data. Overexpression of cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotensin (NT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors occur in gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. The aim of the paper was to compare plasma levels of CCK, peptide YY (PYY), VIP and NT in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies and healthy controls. The study included 80 patients (37 men and 43 women) with GI malignancies (20 with gastric and 60 with colorectal cancers). Median age of the patients was 62.9 years (range: 40-85 years). Control group was comprised of 30 healthy persons with median age 59.8 years (range: 40-82 years). Fasting plasma concentrations of CKK, PYY, NT, and VIP were determined at rest, using ELISA kits for automated systems. Comparative analysis of enterohormone levels in patients with various types of gastrointestinal malignancies demonstrated presence of some cancer-specific alterations. Patients with gastric cancers presented with lower plasma concentrations of CCK than healthy controls and individuals from colorectal cancers (p = 0.02). The highest plasma concentrations of neurotensin was found in colorectal cancer patients in comparison to gastric (p = 0.02). The plasma levels of VIP observed in gastric cancer group were lower than in colorectal cancer patients (p = 0.01). Patients with GI malignancies may present with tumor-specific alterations in plasma enterohormone levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Lidia Zygulska
- Department of Oncology, Krakow University Hospital, 10 Sniadeckich St., 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agata Furgala
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Kaszuba-Zwoińska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Krzemieniecki
- Department of Oncology, Krakow University Hospital, 10 Sniadeckich St., 31-531, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oncology, Jagiellonian University, 10 Sniadeckich St., 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ahn CH, Bae JH, Cho YM. Premeal Consumption of a Protein-Enriched, Dietary Fiber-Fortified Bar Decreases Total Energy Intake in Healthy Individuals. Diabetes Metab J 2019; 43:879-892. [PMID: 31339008 PMCID: PMC6943273 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A premeal load of protein can increase satiety and reduce energy intake. Dietary fiber also conveys metabolic benefits by modulating energy intake. We made a protein-enriched, dietary fiber-fortified bar (PFB) and aimed to investigate its effects on food intake and gut hormone secretion in healthy individuals. METHODS Twenty subjects with normal glucose tolerance were enrolled. On three separate visits, the subjects received, in a randomized order, one of the following: a PFB containing 73 kcal with 10.7 g of protein and 12.7 g of dietary fiber; a usual bar (UB) containing the same calories as the PFB but only 0.9 g of protein and no dietary fiber; or water (control). After 15 minutes, the subjects had ad libitum intake of a test meal. Food consumption, appetite, and plasma gut hormone levels were measured. RESULTS Total energy intake, including the bar and the test meal, was significantly reduced with the PFB preload compared to the water (904.4±534.9 kcal vs. 1,075.0±508.0 kcal, P=0.016). With the UB preload, only the intake of the test meal was reduced (P=0.044) but not the total energy intake (P=0.471) than the water. Fullness was also significantly increased after the PFB. In addition, postprandial glucose levels decreased and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels increased with the PFB compared with both the UB and water. CONCLUSION In healthy individuals, a premeal supplementation of PFB reduced total energy intake and decreased postprandial glucose excursion. This finding necessitates long-term studies regarding clinical use in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Bae
- Department of internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Min Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hara A, Nakagawa Y, Nakao K, Tamaki M, Ikemoto T, Shimada M, Matsuhisa M, Mizukami H, Maruyama N, Watada H, Fujitani Y. Development of monoclonal mouse antibodies that specifically recognize pancreatic polypeptide. Endocr J 2019; 66:459-468. [PMID: 30842364 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a 36-amino acid peptide encoded by the Ppy gene, which is produced by a small population of cells located in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans. Owing to the high amino acid sequence similarity among neuropeptide Y family members, antibodies against PP that are currently available are not convincingly specific to PP. Here we report the development of mouse monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to PP. We generated Ppy knockout (Ppy-KO) mice in which the Ppy-coding region was replaced by Cre recombinase. The Ppy-KO mice were immunized with mouse PP peptide, and stable hybridoma cell lines producing anti-PP antibodies were isolated. Firstly, positive clones were selected in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for reactivity with PP coupled to bovine serum albumin. During the screening, hybridoma clones producing antibodies that cross-react to the peptide YY (PYY) were excluded. In the second screening, hybridoma clones in which their culture media produce no signal in Ppy-KO islets but detect specific cells in the peripheral region of wild-type islets, were selected. Further studies demonstrated that the selected monoclonal antibody (23-2D3) specifically recognizes PP-producing cells, not only in mouse, but also in human and rat islets. The monoclonal antibodies with high binding specificity for PP developed in this study will be fundamental for future studies towards elucidating the expression profiles and the physiological roles of PP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Hara
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Metabolism, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Tamaki
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Munehide Matsuhisa
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | | | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Center for Identification of Diabetic Therapeutic Targets, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Metabolism, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zapata RC, McMillan C, Tong J, Chelikani PK. Short communication: Expression of transcripts for proglucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, peptide YY, and their cognate receptors, in feline peripheral tissues. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:223-227. [PMID: 30928654 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal hormone based therapies are being investigated for treating diabetes in cats; however, the tissue distribution of these hormones and their cognate receptors remain largely understudied. We determined the distribution of transcripts for the gut hormones proglucagon (Gcg), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (Gip), peptide YY (Pyy), and their receptors (Glp1r, Gipr, Npy2r), in feline peripheral tissues. The Gcg, Gip and Pyy mRNA were expressed in the gut, with higher Gcg and Pyy abundance in the lower gut. Interestingly, Glp1r and Npy2r mRNA were expressed in multiple peripheral tissues including the gut, pancreas and liver, whereas, Gipr mRNA was restricted to the stomach and adipose tissues. The localized mRNA expression of Gcg and Pyy in the gut, but the extensive distribution of Glp1r and Npy2r in several peripheral tissues suggests that these hormones may have pleiotropic physiological functions in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chantal McMillan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jesse Tong
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gheller BJ, Blum JE, Merritt EK, Cummings BP, Thalacker-Mercer AE. Peptide YY (PYY) Is Expressed in Human Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Expanding Human Muscle Progenitor Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 10:188. [PMID: 30890955 PMCID: PMC6412030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) is considered a gut peptide with roles in post-prandial appetite and glucose regulation. Circulating PYY protein levels increase during aerobic exercise. Furthermore, people who have greater increases in muscle progenitor cells (hMPCs), the adult stem cell population responsible for skeletal muscle (SkM) repair, after resistance training have higher PYY transcript levels in SkM prior to training. Currently, examination of PYY expression patterns in SkM and/or hMPCs is lacking. Our objective was to identify the expression patterns of PYY in SkM and hMPCs. PYY and the associated Y receptors were analyzed in SkM biopsy tissue and cultured hMPCs from young and old human participants. Additional experiments to assess the role and regulation of PYY in hMPCs were performed. In SkM, PYY and one of the three Y receptors (Y1r) were detectable, but expression patterns were not affected by age. In expanding hMPCs, PYY and all three Y receptor (Y1r, Y2r, and Y5r) proteins were expressed in a temporal fashion with young hMPCs having greater levels of Y receptors at various time points. Exogenous PYY did not affect hMPC population expansion. hMPC PYY levels increased following the metabolic stimulus, 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), but were not affected by the inflammatory stimulus, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). In conclusion, PYY and Y receptor expression are not impacted by age in SkM tissue but are reduced in old vs. young expanding hMPCs. Furthermore, endogenous PYY production is stimulated by low energy states and thus may be integral for skeletal muscle and hMPC responses to metabolic stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Gheller
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jamie E Blum
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Edward K Merritt
- Department of Kinesiology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, United States
| | - Bethany P Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Farzi A, Hassan AM, Zenz G, Holzer P. Diabesity and mood disorders: Multiple links through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 66:80-93. [PMID: 30513310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabesity is on the rise, and the clinical, social and economic health burden arising from this epidemic is aggravated by a significant co-morbidity of diabesity with neuropsychiatric disease, particularly depression. Importantly, not only is the prevalence of mood disorders elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes, depressed patients are also more prone to develop diabetes. This reciprocal relationship calls for a molecular and systemic analysis of diabesity-brain interactions to guide preventive and therapeutic strategies. The analysis we are presenting in this review is modelled on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which provides the brain with information from the gut not only via the nervous system, but also via a continuous stream of microbial, endocrine, metabolic and immune messages. This communication network offers important clues as to how obesity and diabetes could target the brain to provoke neuropsychiatric disease. There is emerging evidence that the gut microbiota is orchestrating a multiplicity of bodily functions that are intimately related to the immune, metabolic and nervous systems and that gut dysbiosis spoils the homeostasis between these systems. In our article we highlight two groups of molecular links that seem to have a significant bearing on the impact of diabesity on the brain. On the one hand, we focus on microbiota-related metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, immune stimulants and endocannabinoids that are likely to play a mediator role. On the other hand, we discuss signalling molecules that operate primarily in the brain, specifically neuropeptide Y, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and γ-amino butyric acid, that are disturbed by microbial factors, obesity and diabetes and are relevant to mental illness. Finally, we address the usefulness of diet-related interventions to suspend the deleterious relationship between diabesity and mood disorders.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hu T, Yang Z, Li MD. Pharmacological Effects and Regulatory Mechanisms of Tobacco Smoking Effects on Food Intake and Weight Control. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:453-466. [PMID: 30054897 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Beyond promoting smoking initiation and preventing smokers from quitting, nicotine can reduce food intake and body weight and thus is viewed as desirable by some smokers, especially many women. During the last several decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying the inverse correlation between smoking and body weight have been investigated extensively in both animals and humans. Nicotine's weight effects appear to result especially from the drug's stimulation of α3β4 nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are located on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), leading to activation of the melanocortin circuit, which is associated with body weight. Further, α7- and α4β2-containing nAChRs have been implicated in weight control by nicotine. This review summarizes current understanding of the regulatory effects of nicotine on food intake and body weight according to the findings from pharmacological, molecular genetic, electrophysiological, and feeding studies on these appetite-regulating molecules, such as α3β4, α7, and α4β2 nAChRs; neuropeptide Y (NPY); POMC; melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R); agouti-related peptide (AgRP); leptin, ghrelin, and protein YY (PYY).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Remmel L, Tillmann V, Purge P, Lätt E, Jürimäe J. Associations of serum leptin, ghrelin and peptide YY levels with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescent boys with different BMI values. Biol Sport 2017; 34:345-52. [PMID: 29472737 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.69822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in associations of serum acylated and des-acylated ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and leptin levels with physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CReF) in adolescent boys (mean age of 14.0 years) with overweight (OWB; n=55) and with normal weight (NWB; n=154). METHODS Total PA was measured by 7-day accelerometry (counts/min) and CReF by peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak/kg). RESULTS No differences were found in serum PYY, acylated ghrelin or des-acyl ghrelin levels, whereas mean leptin (11.6±10.6 vs. 2.0±2.7 ng/ml; p<0.05) and insulin (18.1±8.7 vs. 11.0±6.2 mU/l; p<0.05) levels were significantly higher in OWB compared to NWB. Mean CReF was significantly lower in OWB compared to NWB (39.7±8.7 vs. 50.5±6.8 ml/min/kg; p<0.05). Leptin was negatively correlated with CReF in both groups (r=-0.43; p<0.05), des-acylated ghrelin with CReF only in OWB (r =-0.36; p<0.05). In OWB leptin was negatively correlated with total PA (r=-0.32; p<0.05) and positively with sedentary time of PA (r=0.35; p<0.05). In NWB 28.1% of the variability of CReF was determined by leptin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), whereas in OWB 71.9% was determined by trunk FM and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Leptin concentration was inversely associated with CReF in adolescent boys independently of BMI in both groups, while des-acylated ghrelin was associated with CReF only in OWB. Low PA in OWB was associated with high serum leptin level.
Collapse
|
27
|
Oh TJ, Lee HJ, Cho YM. Ileal Transposition Decreases Plasma Lipopolysaccharide Levels in Association with Increased L Cell Secretion in Non-obese Non-diabetic Rats. Obes Surg 2016; 26:1287-95. [PMID: 26334758 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributes to metabolic abnormalities, but there has been no study to evaluate plasma LPS levels after ileal transposition (IT). We examined the effect of IT on gut hormone secretion and plasma LPS levels and their correlation with metabolic parameters. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either IT or sham operation. After 4 weeks, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed and fasting plasma LPS and gut histology were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, food intake and body weight decreased, and insulin sensitivity increased in the IT group. During the OGTTs, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, and peptide YY (PYY) were significantly higher in the IT group than the sham group. The villi length, muscle thickness, and the density of GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide co-expressing cells (K/L-cells) increased in the transposed ileum compared with the ileum of the sham group. Fasting plasma LPS levels were lower in the IT group than the sham group (5.6 ± 0.2 vs. 6.8 ± 0.1 EU/ml, P = 0.002) and significantly correlated with insulin resistance (r = 0.755, P < 0.001). Plasma LPS levels were negatively correlated with PYY secretion (r = -0.710, P = 0.001), and GLP-2 secretion (r = -0.561, P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS IT surgery decreased plasma LPS levels in a non-obese non-diabetic rat model, which was associated with improved insulin sensitivity and increased L-cell secretion.
Collapse
|
28
|
Jorsal T, Rhee NA, Pedersen J, Wahlgren CD, Mortensen B, Jepsen SL, Jelsing J, Dalbøge LS, Vilmann P, Hassan H, Hendel JW, Poulsen SS, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Enteroendocrine K and L cells in healthy and type 2 diabetic individuals. Diabetologia 2018; 61:284-294. [PMID: 28956082 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Enteroendocrine K and L cells are pivotal in regulating appetite and glucose homeostasis. Knowledge of their distribution in humans is sparse and it is unknown whether alterations occur in type 2 diabetes. We aimed to evaluate the distribution of enteroendocrine K and L cells and relevant prohormone-processing enzymes (using immunohistochemical staining), and to evaluate the mRNA expression of the corresponding genes along the entire intestinal tract in individuals with type 2 diabetes and healthy participants. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 12 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 12 age- and BMI-matched healthy individuals underwent upper and lower double-balloon enteroscopy with mucosal biopsy retrieval from approximately every 30 cm of the small intestine and from seven specific anatomical locations in the large intestine. RESULTS Significantly different densities for cells positive for chromogranin A (CgA), glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, peptide YY, prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 and PC2 were observed along the intestinal tract. The expression of CHGA did not vary along the intestinal tract, but the mRNA expression of GCG, GIP, PYY, PCSK1 and PCSK2 differed along the intestinal tract. Lower counts of CgA-positive and PC1/3-positive cells, respectively, were observed in the small intestine of individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with healthy participants. In individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with healthy participants, the expression of GCG and PYY was greater in the colon, while the expression of GIP and PCSK1 was greater in the small intestine and colon, and the expression of PCSK2 was greater in the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings provide a detailed description of the distribution of enteroendocrine K and L cells and the expression of their products in the human intestinal tract and demonstrate significant differences between individuals with type 2 diabetes and healthy participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03044860.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jorsal
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Nicolai A Rhee
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla D Wahlgren
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Brynjulf Mortensen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Sara L Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Louise S Dalbøge
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Vilmann
- Endoscopic Unit, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Gastrounit, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Hazem Hassan
- Endoscopic Unit, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Gastrounit, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob W Hendel
- Endoscopic Unit, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Gastrounit, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Steen S Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Niida A, Kanematsu-Yamaki Y, Asakawa T, Ishimura Y, Fujita H, Matsumiya K, Nishizawa N, Adachi Y, Mochida T, Tsuchimori K, Yoneyama-Hirozane M, Sakamoto J, Hirabayashi H, Fukui H, Takekawa S, Asami T. Antiobesity and emetic effects of a short-length peptide YY analog and its PEGylated and alkylated derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:566-572. [PMID: 29279243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2R) agonism is an important anorectic signal and a target of antiobesity drug discovery. Recently, we synthesized a short-length Y2R agonist, PYY-1119 (4-imidazolecarbonyl-[d-Hyp24,Iva25,Pya(4)26,Cha27,36,γMeLeu28,Lys30,Aib31]PYY(23-36), 1) as an antiobesity drug candidate. Compound 1 induced marked body weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice; however, 1 also induced severe vomiting in dogs at a lower dose than the minimum effective dose administered to DIO mice. The rapid absorption of 1 after subcutaneous administration caused the severe vomiting. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)- and alkyl-modified derivatives of 1 were synthesized to develop Y2R agonists with improved pharmacokinetic profiles, i.e., lower maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and longer time at maximum concentration (Tmax). Compounds 5 and 10, modified with 20 kDa PEG at the N-terminus and eicosanedioic acid at the Lys30 side chain of 1, respectively, showed high Y2R binding affinity and induced significant body weight reduction upon once-daily administration to DIO mice. Compounds 5 and 10, with their relatively low Cmax and long Tmax, partially attenuated emesis in dogs compared with 1. These results indicate that optimization of pharmacokinetic properties of Y2R agonists is an effective strategy to alleviate emesis induced by Y2R agonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Niida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kanematsu-Yamaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Asakawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Ishimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Fujita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsumiya
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishizawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Adachi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taisuke Mochida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mariko Yoneyama-Hirozane
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Junichi Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukui
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taiji Asami
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Noh HK, Kwon BS, Kim YH, Lee NK, Choi KU, Suh DS, Lee DH, Kim KH. Peptide YY producing strumal carcinoid tumor of the ovary in a postmenopausal woman: a rare cause of chronic constipation. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2017; 60:602-7. [PMID: 29184871 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2017.60.6.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Strumal carcinoid tumor of the ovary is a rare subtype of ovarian carcinoid tumors; it is characterized by an intimate mixture of thyroid and carcinoid tissues. We present a case of a 64-year-old woman who presented with the chief complaint of persistent, severe constipation for over 5 years; she was later found to have an ovarian strumal carcinoid tumor. Computed tomography showed a well-defined solid mass measuring 6.4 cm at the right adnexa. The patient underwent right salpingo-oophorectomy and was histopathologically diagnosed as having a strumal carcinoid tumor. Immunohistochemical examination showed immunoreactivity for peptide YY (PYY), which exerts an inhibitory effect on the peristaltic actions of the distal intestine. After surgery, the patient's constipation resolved rapidly, suggesting a correlation between PYY producing ovarian carcinoid tumor and constipation. This is the first case report of PYY producing primary strumal carcinoid tumor of the ovary associated with persistent, severe constipation from Korea.
Collapse
|
31
|
Reid AMA, Wilson PW, Caughey SD, Dixon LM, D'Eath RB, Sandilands V, Boswell T, Dunn IC. Pancreatic PYY but not PPY expression is responsive to short-term nutritional state and the pancreas constitutes the major site of PYY mRNA expression in chickens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 252:226-235. [PMID: 28694054 PMCID: PMC5576917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PP-fold peptides such as peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PPY) are known to play key roles in vertebrate energy homeostasis. Until recently, no gene sequence was available for avian PYY and therefore a gap in knowledge of regulation of its expression exists in avian species. Here we further evidence the mRNA sequence for chicken PYY and show that the pancreas is the major site of its mRNA expression, with a secondary peak of expression around the distal jejunum, in contrast to mammals where the large intestine is the major site of PYY expression. We also demonstrate that pancreatic PYY expression is responsive to short-term and long-term nutritional state, increasing within hours of feeding, in contrast to intestinal PYY which does not fluctuate to the same extent, and pancreatic PPY which appears to be primarily determined by long-term energy state. Both pancreatic PYY and PPY expression were found to exhibit ontogeny, being evenly distributed throughout the pancreas in young (2wk) chicks but having a decreasing splenic to duodenal gradient by adolescence (12wk).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus M A Reid
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter W Wilson
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D Caughey
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Dixon
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rick B D'Eath
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Sandilands
- SRUC Avian Science Research Centre, Auchincruive, KA6 5HW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Boswell
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, England, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C Dunn
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Blanco AM, Bertucci JI, Valenciano AI, Delgado MJ, Unniappan S. Ghrelin suppresses cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the intestine, and attenuates the anorectic effects of CCK, PYY and GLP-1 in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Horm Behav 2017; 93:62-71. [PMID: 28506816 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an important gut-derived hormone with an appetite stimulatory role, while most of the intestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are appetite-inhibitors. Whether these important peptides with opposing roles on food intake interact to regulate energy balance in fish is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the putative crosstalk between ghrelin and CCK, PYY and GLP-1 in goldfish (Carassius auratus). We first determined the localization of CCK, PYY and GLP-1 in relation to ghrelin and its main receptor GHS-R1a (growth hormone secretagogue 1a) in the goldfish intestine by immunohistochemistry. Colocalization of ghrelin/GHS-R1a and CCK/PYY/GLP-1 was found primarily in the luminal border of the intestinal mucosa. In an intestinal explant culture, a significant decrease in prepro-cck, prepro-pyy and proglucagon transcript levels was observed after 60min of incubation with ghrelin, which was abolished by preincubation with the GHS-R1a ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (except for proglucagon). The protein expression of PYY and GLP-1 was also downregulated by ghrelin. Finally, intraperitoneal co-administration of CCK, PYY or GLP-1 with ghrelin results in no modification of food intake in goldfish. Overall, results of the present study show for the first time in fish that ghrelin exerts repressive effects on enteric anorexigens. It is likely that these interactions mediate the stimulatory effects of ghrelin on feeding and metabolism in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marinos Km. 8,2, 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Isabel Valenciano
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fakhry J, Wang J, Martins P, Fothergill LJ, Hunne B, Prieur P, Shulkes A, Rehfeld JF, Callaghan B, Furness JB. Distribution and characterisation of CCK containing enteroendocrine cells of the mouse small and large intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:245-253. [PMID: 28413860 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is general consensus that enteroendocrine cells, EEC, containing the enteric hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) are confined to the small intestine and predominate in the duodenum and jejunum. Contrary to this, EEC that express the gene for CCK have been isolated from the large intestine of the mouse and there is evidence for EEC that contain CCK-like immunoreactivity in the mouse colon. However, the human and rat colons do not contain CCK cells. In the current study, we use immunohistochemistry to investigate CCK peptide presence in endocrine cells, PCR to identify cck transcripts and chromatography to identify CCK peptide forms in the mouse small and large intestine. The colocalisation of CCK and 5-HT, hormones that have been hypothesised to derive from cells of different lineages, was also investigated. CCK immunoreactivity was found in EEC throughout the mouse small and large intestine but positive cells were rare in the rectum. Immunoreactive EEC were as common in the caecum and proximal colon as they were in the duodenum and jejunum. CCK gene transcripts were found in the mucosa throughout the intestine but mRNA for gastrin, a hormone that can bind some anti-CCK antibodies, was only found in the stomach and duodenum. Characterisation of CCK peptides of the colon by extraction, chromatographic separation and radioimmunoassay revealed bioactive amidated and sulphated forms, including CCK-8 and CCK-33. Moreover, CCK-containing EEC in the large intestine bound antibodies that target the biologically active sulfated form. Colocalisation of CCK and 5-HT occurred in a proportion of EEC throughout the small intestine and in the caecum but these hormones were not colocalised in the colon, where there was CCK and PYY colocalisation. It is concluded that authentic, biologically active, CCK occurs in EEC of the mouse large intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Fakhry
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joyce Wang
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Patricia Martins
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Pierre Prieur
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kojima SI, Kojima K, Fujita T. Investigation of 5-HT 3 receptor-triggered serotonin release from guinea-pig isolated colonic mucosa: a role of PYY-containing endocrine cell. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 799:196-200. [PMID: 28189582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a 5-HT3 receptor-selective agonist SR57227A was investigated on the outflow of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) from isolated muscle layer-free mucosal preparations of guinea-pig colon. The mucosal preparations were incubated in vitro and the outflow of 5-HT from these preparations was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. SR57227A (100μM) produced a tetrodotoxin-resistant and sustained increase in the outflow of 5-HT from the mucosal preparations. The SR57227A-evoked sustained 5-HT outflow was completely inhibited by the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ramosetron (1μM). The neuropeptide Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304 (100nM) partially inhibited the SR57227A-evoked sustained 5-HT outflow, but the Y2 receptor antagonist BIIE0246 (1μM) or the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist exendin-(9-39) (1μM), showed a minimal effect on the SR57227A-evoked sustained 5-HT outflow. In the presence of BIBO3304 (100nM) and exendin-(9-39) (1μM), SR57227A (100μM) failed to produce a sustained increase in the outflow of 5-HT. The Y1 receptor agonist [Leu31, Pro34]-neuropeptide Y (10nM), but not GLP-1-(7-36) amide (100nM), produced a sustained increase in the outflow of 5-HT. We found that 5-HT3 receptor-triggered 5-HT release from guinea-pig colonic mucosa is mediated by the activation of 5-HT3 receptors located at endocrine cells (enterochromaffin cells and peptide YY (PYY)-containing endocrine cells). The activation of both Y1 and GLP-1 receptors appears to be required for the maintenance of 5-HT3 receptor-triggered 5-HT release. It is therefore considered that 5-HT3 receptors located at colonic mucosa play a crucial role in paracrine signaling between enterochromaffin cells and PYY-containing endocrine cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ichi Kojima
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
| | - Ken Kojima
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Tomoe Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lemieux AM, al'Absi M. Changes in circulating peptide YY and ghrelin are associated with early smoking relapse. Biol Psychol 2017; 131:43-48. [PMID: 28300626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) during ad libitum smoking have been associated with decreased reported craving (ghrelin) and increased positive affect (PYY), and higher baseline ghrelin levels predicted subsequent increased risk of smoking relapse. The current study assessed PYY and ghrelin during ad libitum smoking and again after the initial 48h of a smoking cessation attempt. The data compared smokers who abstained for 28days (n=37), smokers who relapsed (n=54), and nonsmokers (n=37). Plasma samples and subjective measures assessing craving and mood were collected at the beginning of each session. Results showed that relapsers experienced greater levels of distress (ps <0.01). While nonsmokers and abstainers showed no change in ghrelin across the initial 48h, relapsers declined (p <0.01). With PYY, relapsers increased (p <0.05) across the early abstinent phase. PYY and ghrelin may be useful predictors of relapse, specifically in reference to early withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrine M Lemieux
- Duluth Medical Research Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA.
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- Duluth Medical Research Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Aoki K, Kondo M, Okuda M, Saneyasu T, Honda K, Kamisoyama H. Identification, expression analysis, and functional characterization of peptide YY in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 242:11-17. [PMID: 27118705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) functions as a postprandial satiety signal in mammals. However, the genomic information and physiological roles of chicken PYY have not yet been clarified, although PYY peptide was isolated from chicken intestines in 1992. In this study, we identified a full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence encoding the chicken PYY precursor. The deduced amino acid sequence of chicken PYY was completely consistent with the previously identified peptide sequence. PYY mRNA was abundantly expressed in the small intestine compared with the large intestine. PYY mRNA levels in the jejunum were significantly higher during ad libitum feeding compared with fasting, suggesting that intestinal PYY expression is altered in response to nutritional status in chicks. Intravenous administration of PYY significantly suppressed food intake in chicks. Furthermore, neuropeptide Y receptor Y2, a possible target of PYY, was expressed in various brain regions including the appetite-regulating centers in chicks. This is the first evidence that the intestinal hormone PYY may function as an anorexigenic hormone in chicks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Aoki
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Kondo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mika Okuda
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takaoki Saneyasu
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Honda
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kamisoyama
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yan P, Jia J, Yang G, Wang D, Sun C, Li W. Duplication of neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and their roles in food intake regulation. Peptides 2017; 88:97-105. [PMID: 27988351 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family peptides have been recognized as key players in food intake regulation. NPY centrally promotes feeding, while peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) mediate satiety. The teleost tetraploidization is well-known to generate duplicates of both NPY and PYY; however, the functional diversification between the duplicate genes, especially in the regulation of food intake, remains unknown. In this study, we identified the two duplicates of NPY and PYY in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Both NPYa and NPYb were primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), but the mRNA levels of NPYb were markedly lower than those of NPYa. Hypothalamic mRNA expression of NPYa, but not NPYb, decreased after feeding and increased after 7-days of fasting. However, both NPYa and NPYb caused a significant increase in food intake after an intracranial injection of 50ng/g body weight dose. PYYb, one of the duplicates of PYY, had an extremely high expression in the foregut and midgut, whereas another form of duplicate PYYa showed only moderate expression in the CNS. Both hypothalamic PYYa and foregut PYYb mRNA expression increased after feeding and decreased after 7-days of fasting. Furthermore, the intracranial injection of PYYb decreased food intake, but PYYa had no significant effect. Our results suggested that although the mature peptides of NPYa and NPYb can both stimulate food intake, NPYa is the main endogenous functional NPY for feeding regulation. A functional division has been identified in the duplicates of PYY, which deems PYYb as a gut-derived anorexigenic peptide and PYYa as a CNS-specific PYY in Nile tilapia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jirong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guokun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Caiyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gao S, Zhang J, He C, Meng F, Bu G, Zhu G, Li J, Wang Y. Molecular characterization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors (Y1, Y4 and Y6) and investigation of the tissue expression of their ligands (NPY, PYY and PP) in chickens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 240:46-60. [PMID: 27641685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors and its ligands, NPY, peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP), are suggested to regulate many physiological processes including food intake in birds. However, our knowledge regarding this avian NPY system remains rather limited. Here, we examined the tissue expression of NPY, PYY and PP and the gene structure, expression and signaling of three NPY receptors (cY1, cY4 and cY6) in chickens. The results showed that 1) NPY is widely expressed in chicken tissues with abundance noted in the hypothalamus via quantitative real-time PCR, whereas PYY is highly expressed in the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract and various brain regions, and PP is expressed almost exclusively in the pancreas; 2) cY1, cY4 and cY6 contain novel non-coding exon(s) at their 5'-UTR; 3) The wide tissue distribution of cY1 and cY4 and cY6 were detected in chickens by quantitative real-time PCR and their expression is controlled by the promoter near exon 1, which displays strong promoter activity in DF-1 cells as demonstrated by Dual-luciferase reporter assay; 4) Monitored by luciferase reporter assays, activation of cY1 and cY4 expressed in HEK293 cells by chicken NPY1-36, PYY1-37, and PP1-36 treatment inhibits cAMP/PKA and activates MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, while cY6-expressing cells show little response to peptide treatment, indicating that cY1 and cY4, and not cY6, can transmit signals in vitro. Taken together, our study offers novel information about the expression and functionality of cY1, cY4, cY6 and their ligands in birds, and helps to decipher their conserved roles in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong 675000, PR China
| | - Jiannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Chen He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Fengyan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Guixian Bu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Brooks L, Viardot A, Tsakmaki A, Stolarczyk E, Howard JK, Cani PD, Everard A, Sleeth ML, Psichas A, Anastasovskaj J, Bell JD, Bell-Anderson K, Mackay CR, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Frost G, Bewick GA. Fermentable carbohydrate stimulates FFAR2-dependent colonic PYY cell expansion to increase satiety. Mol Metab 2016; 6:48-60. [PMID: 28123937 PMCID: PMC5220466 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dietary supplementation with fermentable carbohydrate protects against body weight gain. Fermentation by the resident gut microbiota produces short-chain fatty acids, which act at free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2). Our aim was to test the hypothesis that FFAR2 is important in regulating the beneficial effects of fermentable carbohydrate on body weight and to understand the role of gut hormones PYY and GLP-1. Methods Wild-type or Ffar2−/− mice were fed an inulin supplemented or control diet. Mice were metabolically characterized and gut hormone concentrations, enteroendocrine cell density measurements were carried out. Intestinal organoids and colonic cultures were utilized to substantiate the in vivo findings. Results We provide new mechanistic insight into how fermentable carbohydrate regulates metabolism. Using mice that lack FFAR2, we demonstrate that the fermentable carbohydrate inulin acts via this receptor to drive an 87% increase in the density of cells that produce the appetite-suppressing hormone peptide YY (PYY), reduce food intake, and prevent diet-induced obesity. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that FFAR2 is predominantly involved in regulating the effects of fermentable carbohydrate on metabolism and does so, in part, by enhancing PYY cell density and release. This highlights the potential for targeting enteroendocrine cell differentiation to treat obesity. Fermentable carbohydrate protects against diet-induced obesity via FFAR2. Fermentable carbohydrate increases GLP-1 cell density independently of FFAR2. FFAR2 signaling increases PYY cell density and circulating PYY concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Brooks
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander Viardot
- Diabetes & Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney-Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Anastasia Tsakmaki
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Emilie Stolarczyk
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jane K Howard
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michelle L Sleeth
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Arianna Psichas
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jelena Anastasovskaj
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kim Bell-Anderson
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mohammad A Ghatei
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Gavin A Bewick
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK; Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The gut microbiota and the brain interact with each other through multiple bidirectional signaling pathways in which neuropeptides and neuroactive peptide messengers play potentially important mediator roles. Currently, six particular modes of a neuropeptide link are emerging. (i) Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters contribute to the mutual microbiota-host interaction. (ii) The synthesis of neuroactive peptides is influenced by microbial control of the availability of amino acids. (iii) The activity of neuropeptides is tempered by microbiota-dependent autoantibodies. (iv) Peptide signaling between periphery and brain is modified by a regulatory action of the gut microbiota on the blood-brain barrier. (v) Within the brain, gut hormones released under the influence of the gut microbiota turn into neuropeptides that regulate multiple aspects of brain activity. (vi) Cerebral neuropeptides participate in the molecular, behavioral, and autonomic alterations which the brain undergoes in response to signals from the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Overduin J, Collet TH, Medic N, Henning E, Keogh JM, Forsyth F, Stephenson C, Kanning MW, Ruijschop RMAJ, Farooqi IS, van der Klaauw AA. Failure of sucrose replacement with the non-nutritive sweetener erythritol to alter GLP-1 or PYY release or test meal size in lean or obese people. Appetite 2016; 107:596-603. [PMID: 27620647 PMCID: PMC5119236 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the effect of foods containing high intensity sweeteners on satiation. However, less is known about low-calorie bulk sweeteners such as erythritol. In this randomized three-way crossover study, we studied 10 lean and 10 obese volunteers who consumed three test meals on separate occasions: (a) control sucrose meal; (b) isovolumic meal with partial replacement of sucrose by erythritol; (c) isocaloric meal which contained more erythritol but equivalent calories to the control meal. We measured gut hormone levels, hunger and satiety scores, ad libitum food intake, sucrose preference and intake after the manipulations. There was a greater post-prandial excursion in glucose and insulin levels after sucrose than after the erythritol meals. There was no difference in GLP-1/PYY levels or subsequent energy intake and sucrose preference between sucrose control and isovolumic erythritol meals. In lean (but not obese) participants, hunger decreased to a greater extent after the isocaloric erythritol meal compared to the control meal (p = 0.003) reflecting the larger volume of this meal. Replacing sucrose with erythritol leads to comparable hunger and satiety scores, GLP-1 and PYY levels, and subsequent sucrose preference and intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tinh-Hai Collet
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nenad Medic
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Faye Forsyth
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Stephenson
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Agatha A van der Klaauw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gonzalez R, Unniappan S. Mass spectrometry-assisted confirmation of the inability of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 to cleave goldfish peptide YY(1-36) and the lack of anorexigenic effects of peptide YY(3-36) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2016; 42:831-844. [PMID: 26676513 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is a serine protease of great interest because it has been shown to modulate the activity of several peptidergic factors including peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1/2. While PYY(1-36) is orexigenic in mammals, PYY(3-36) recently garnered interest as a potent anorexigen. In silico phylogenetic analysis found that the DPP4 cleavage sites are absent in fish PYY sequences. However, no studies were conducted to show that indeed PYY(3-36) is not produced by DPP4 in fish. If DPP4 does not cleave PYY(1-36), is PYY(3-36) an anorexigen in fish? The objectives of this research were to (1) test whether DPP4 cleaves goldfish PYY(1-36) and (2) determine whether PYY(3-36) is an anorexigen in goldfish. First, we identified the highly conserved catalytic region of DPP4 in goldfish. Abundant expression of DPP4 mRNA was found within the gastrointestinal tract. We also report the first MALDI-MS cleavage analysis of DPP4 effects on PYY(1-36) in a non-mammalian vertebrate. Our novel results indicate that DPP4 is unable to cleave goldfish PYY(1-36) to PYY(3-36) in vitro. It also confirms a previously held hypothesis that DPP4 is unable to cleave fish PYY(1-36) that contains N-terminal proline-proline residues. PYY(3-36) had no effects on food intake of goldfish. The appetite inhibitory effects of intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular injections of 10 ng/g body weight gfPYY(1-36) were abolished by coinjections of BIBP3226, a Y1 receptor antagonist. These results are significant because it shows the lack of generation of endogenous PYY(3-36) and its anorectic effects in goldfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hu T, Yao L, Reynolds K, Niu T, Li S, Whelton P, He J, Bazzano L. The effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite: A randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:476-488. [PMID: 26803589 PMCID: PMC4873405 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and appetite is controversial. We examined the effects of a year-long low-carbohydrate diet compared to a low-fat diet on appetite-related hormones and self-reported change in appetite. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 148 adults with a body mass index 30-45 kg/m(2), who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease at baseline were randomly assigned to either a low-carbohydrate diet (carbohydrate [excluding dietary fiber]<40 g/day; N = 75) or a low-fat diet (<30% energy from fat, <7% from saturated fat; N = 73). Participants in both groups attended individual and group dietary counseling sessions where they were provided the same behavioral curriculum and advised to maintain baseline levels of physical activity. Appetite and appetite-related hormones were measured at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months of intervention. At 12 months, mean changes (95% CI) in peptide YY were -34.8 pg/mL (-41.0 to -28.6) and in the low-carbohydrate group and -44.2 pg/mL (-50.4 to -38.0) in the low-fat group (net change: 9.54 pg/mL [0.6 to 18.2]; p = 0.036). Approximately 99% of dietary effects on peptide YY are explained by differences in dietary macronutrient content. There was no difference in change in ghrelin or self-reported change in appetite between the groups. CONCLUSIONS A low-fat diet reduced peptide YY more than a low-carbohydrate diet. These findings suggest that satiety may be better preserved on a low-carbohydrate diet, as compared to a low fat diet. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00609271.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, SL-18, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - L Yao
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S 2nd St, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - K Reynolds
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 100 South Los Robles, 2nd Floor, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - T Niu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, SL-18, Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - S Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, SL-18, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - P Whelton
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, SL-18, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - J He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, SL-18, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - L Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, SL-18, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Feinle-Bisset C. Upper gastrointestinal sensitivity to meal-related signals in adult humans - relevance to appetite regulation and gut symptoms in health, obesity and functional dyspepsia. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:69-82. [PMID: 27013098 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both the stomach and small intestine play important roles in sensing the arrival of a meal, and its physico-chemical characteristics, in the gastrointestinal lumen. The presence of a meal in the stomach provides a distension stimulus, and, as the meal empties into the small intestine, nutrients interact with small intestinal receptors, initiating the release of gut hormones, associated with feedback regulation of gastrointestinal functions, including gut motility, and signaling to the central nervous system, modulating eating behaviours, including energy intake. Lipid appears to have particularly potent effects, also in close interaction with, and modulating the effects of, gastric distension, and involving the action of gut hormones, particularly cholecystokinin (CCK). These findings have not only provided important, and novel, insights into how gastrointestinal signals interact to modulate subjective appetite perceptions, including fullness, but also laid the foundation for an increasing appreciation of the role of altered gastrointestinal sensitivities, e.g. as a consequence of excess dietary intake in obesity, or underlying the induction of gastrointestinal symptoms in functional dyspepsia (a condition characterized by symptoms, including bloating, nausea and early fullness, amongst others, after meals, particularly those high in fat, in the absence of any structural or functional abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract). This paper will review the effects of dietary nutrients, particularly lipid, on gastrointestinal function, and associated effects on appetite perceptions and energy intake, effects of interactions of gastrointestinal stimuli, as well as the role of altered gastrointestinal sensitivities (exaggerated, or reduced) in eating-related disorders, particularly obesity and functional dyspepsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
GLP-1 secretion in response to meals is dramatically increased after gastric bypass operations. GLP-1 is a powerful insulinotropic and anorectic hormone, and analogs of GLP-1 are widely used for the treatment of diabetes and recently approved also for obesity treatment. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that the exaggerated GLP-1 secretion contributes to the antidiabetic and anorectic effects of gastric bypass. Indeed, human experiments with the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, Exendin 9-39, have shown that the improved insulin secretion, which is responsible for part of the antidiabetic effect of the operation, is reduced and or abolished after GLP-1 receptor blockade. Also the postoperative improvement of glucose tolerance is eliminated and or reduced by the antagonist, pointing to a key role for the exaggerated GLP-1 secretion. Indeed, there is evidence that the exaggerated GLP-1 secretion is also responsible for postprandial hypoglycemia sometimes observed after bypass. Other operations (biliopancreatic-diversion and or sleeve gastrectomy) appear to involve different and/or additional mechanisms, and so does experimental bariatric surgery in rodents. However, unlike bypass surgery in humans, the rodent operations are generally associated with increased energy metabolism pointing to an entirely different mechanism of action in the animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Research, the Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ramesh N, Mortazavi S, Unniappan S. Nesfatin-1 stimulates cholecystokinin and suppresses peptide YY expression and secretion in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:201-8. [PMID: 26920055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is an 82 amino acid secreted peptide encoded in the precursor, nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2). It is an insulinotropic anorexigen abundantly expressed in the stomach and hypothalamus. Post-prandial insulin secretion is predominantly regulated by incretins glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Nesfatin-1 was previously reported to modulate GLP-1 and GIP secretion in vitro in an enteroendocrine (STC-1) cell line. Intestine is a source of additional hormones including cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY) that regulate metabolism. We hypothesized that nesfatin-1 modulates CCK and PYY secretion. Immunofluorescence histochemistry showed NUCB2/nesfatin-1 co-localizing CCK and PYY in the intestinal mucosa of mice. Static incubation of STC-1 cells with nesfatin-1 upregulated both CCK mRNA expression (1 and 10 nM) and secretion (0.1, 1 and 10 nM) at 1 h post-incubation. In contrast, nesfatin-1 treatment for 1 h downregulated PYY mRNA expression (all doses tested) and secretion (0.01 and 0.1 nM) in STC-1 cells. Continuous infusion of nesfatin-1 using osmotic mini-pumps for 12 h upregulated CCK mRNA expression in large intestine, and downregulated PYY mRNA expression in both large and small intestines of male C57BL/6J mice. In these tissues, Western blot analysis found a corresponding increase in CCK and a decrease in PYY content. Collectively, we provide new information on the cell specific localization of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in the intestinal mucosa, and a novel function for nesfatin-1 in modulating intestinal CCK and PYY expression and secretion in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Ramesh
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Sima Mortazavi
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nogueira MC, Berbel Júnior AS, Koenigkam-Santos M, Moreira AC, Nonino CB, de Castro M. Nutritional and endocrinologic evaluation of patients with craniopharyngioma. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2015; 10:e213-e218. [PMID: 28531465 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lesions of hypothalamus or adjacent brain structures by the craniopharyngioma (CP) and/or its treatment, as well as changes in orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones, are possible pathogenic factors for the obesity observed in CP patients. This study assessed anthropometric measurements, food intake, and biochemical markers of CP patients. METHODS Weight, height, skinfold thicknesses, circumferences, body composition, food intake evaluation, basal glucose, lipids, insulin, ghrelin, PYY, and HOMA-IR calculation were obtained from CP children (n = 10, 4F, aged 12 ± 4.2yr) and CP adults (n = 27,13F aged 42 ± 13 yr) and from 32 gender and age matched controls. RESULTS Overweight/obesity was observed in 51.4% of the patients at the diagnosis and increased to 86.5% at the time of the study. Obesity was more frequent in patients with grade 2 hypothalamic involvement. Most anthropometric measurements were similar in patients and controls. Caloric intake was lower in CP adults, without difference between children. Lipid intake was higher in CP patients. Carbohydrate and protein intakes were lower in CP children, with no difference between adult groups. There were no differences in micronutrients intake as well as in insulin and PYY levels, and HOMA-IR between patients and controls. HDL-c was lower in CP adults and ghrelin higher in CP children. CONCLUSIONS There is a high rate of overweight/obesity in CP patients at the diagnosis and throughout the follow-up period. Obesity was associated with degree of hypothalamic involvement but not with caloric intake. Obesity and a lipid rich diet may have contributed to the dyslipidemia observed in CP patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Cristina Nogueira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alfredo Sérgio Berbel Júnior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcel Koenigkam-Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ayrton Custódio Moreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carla Barbosa Nonino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vila G, Hopfgartner J, Grimm G, Baumgartner-Parzer SM, Kautzky-Willer A, Clodi M, Luger A. Lactation and appetite-regulating hormones: increased maternal plasma peptide YY concentrations 3-6 months postpartum. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1203-8. [PMID: 26299586 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515002536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast-feeding is associated with maternal hormonal and metabolic changes ensuring adequate milk production. In this study, we investigate the impact of breast-feeding on the profile of changes in maternal appetite-regulating hormones 3-6 months postpartum. Study participants were age- and BMI-matched lactating mothers (n 10), non-lactating mothers (n 9) and women without any history of pregnancy or breast-feeding in the previous 12 months (control group, n 10). During study sessions, young mothers breast-fed or bottle-fed their babies, and maternal blood samples were collected at five time points during 90 min: before, during and after feeding the babies. Outcome parameters were plasma concentrations of ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), leptin, adiponectin, prolactin, cortisol, insulin, glucose and lipid values. At baseline, circulating PYY concentrations were significantly increased in lactating mothers (100·3 (se 6·7) pg/ml) v. non-lactating mothers (73·6 (se 4·9) pg/ml, P=0·008) and v. the control group (70·2 (se 9) pg/ml, P=0·021). We found no differences in ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin values. Baseline prolactin concentrations were over 4-fold higher in lactating mothers (P<0·001). Lactating women had reduced TAG levels and LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio, but increased waist circumference, when compared with non-lactating women. Breast-feeding sessions further elevated circulating prolactin (P<0·001), but induced no acute effects on appetite-regulating hormones. In summary, one single breast-feeding session did not acutely modulate circulating appetite-regulating hormones, but increased baseline PYY concentrations are associated with prolonged lactation. PYY might play a role in the coordination of energy balance during lactation, increasing fat mobilisation from maternal depots and ensuring adequate milk production for the demands of the growing infant.
Collapse
|
49
|
Rhee NA, Wahlgren CD, Pedersen J, Mortensen B, Langholz E, Wandall EP, Friis SU, Vilmann P, Paulsen SJ, Kristiansen VB, Jelsing J, Dalbøge LS, Poulsen SS, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on the distribution and hormone expression of small-intestinal enteroendocrine cells in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2254-8. [PMID: 26186884 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We studied the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on the density and hormonal gene expression of small-intestinal enteroendocrine cells in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Twelve patients with diabetes and 11 age- and BMI-matched controls underwent RYGB followed by enteroscopy ~10 months later. Mucosal biopsies taken during surgery and enteroscopy were immunohistochemically stained for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) and the expression of GCG (encoding preproglucagon), PYY, CCK, GIP, GHRL (encoding ghrelin), SCT (encoding secretin), NTS (encoding neurotensin) and NR1H4 (encoding farnesoid X receptor) was evaluated. RESULTS The density of cells immunoreactive for GLP-1, CCK and GIP increased in patients after RYGB and the density of those immunoreactive for GLP-1, PYY, CCK and PC2 increased in controls. In both groups, GHRL, SCT and GIP mRNA was reduced after RYGB while PYY, CCK, NTS and NR1H4 gene expression was unaltered. GCG mRNA was upregulated in both groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Numerous alterations in the distribution of enteroendocrine cells and their expression of hormonal genes are seen after RYGB and include increased density of GLP-1-, PYY-, CCK-, GIP- and PC2-positive cells, reduced gene expression of GHRL, SCT and GIP and increased expression of GCG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai A Rhee
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Scandinavia AB, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla D Wahlgren
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brynjulf Mortensen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Langholz
- Unit of Enteroscopy, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Erik P Wandall
- Unit of Enteroscopy, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Steffen U Friis
- Unit of Enteroscopy, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Peter Vilmann
- Unit of Enteroscopy, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Gastro Unit D, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Steen S Poulsen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dumont Y, Bastianetto S, Duranton A, Breton L, Quirion R. Immunohistochemical distribution of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity and their receptors in the epidermal skin of healthy women. Peptides 2015; 70:7-16. [PMID: 26002416 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have suggested that neuropeptide Y (NPY) could play an important role in skin functions. However, the expression of NPY, the related peptides, peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and their receptors have not been investigated in human skin. Using specific antisera directed against NPY, PYY, PP and the Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor subtypes, we investigated here the expression of these markers. NPY-like immunoreactivity (ir) in the epidermal skin could not be detected. For the first time we report the presence of positive PP-like ir immunofluorescent signals in epidermal cells, i.e. keratinocytes of skin from three areas (abdomen, breast and face) obtained as surgical left-overs. The immunofluorescent signal of PP-like ir varies from very low to high level in all three areas. In contrast, PYY-like ir is only expressed in some cells and with varied level of intensity. Furthermore and for the first time we observed specific Y1 and Y4 receptor-like ir in all epidermal layers, while the Y2 and Y5 subtypes were absent. Interestingly, as seen in human epidermis, in Episkin, a reconstituted human epidermal layer, we detected the presence of PP-like as well as Y1-like and Y4-like ir. These data have shown the presence and distribution of PYY, PP and Y1 and Y4 receptors in the human skin and Episkin, suggesting possible novel roles of NPY related peptides and their receptors in skin homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Dumont
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Stéphane Bastianetto
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | | | | | - Rémi Quirion
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3.
| |
Collapse
|