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Ramani P, Cauteruccio S, Licandro E, Baldoli C. Synthesis of luminescent 2,3-diphenylmaleimide-labelled peptide nucleic acid oligomers. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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2
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Calzada V, Moreno M, Newton J, González J, Fernández M, Gambini JP, Ibarra M, Chabalgoity A, Deutscher S, Quinn T, Cabral P, Cerecetto H. Development of new PTK7-targeting aptamer-fluorescent and -radiolabelled probes for evaluation as molecular imaging agents: Lymphoma and melanoma in vivo proof of concept. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:1163-1171. [PMID: 28089349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that recognize molecular targets with high affinity and specificity. Aptamer that selectively bind to the protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7) receptor, overexpressed on many cancers, has been labelled as probes for molecular imaging of cancer. Two new PTK7-targeting aptamer probes were developed by coupling frameworks from the fluorescent dye AlexaFluor647 or the 6-hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC) chelator-labelled to 99mTc. The derivatizations via a 5'-aminohexyl terminal linker were done at room temperature and under mild buffer conditions. Physicochemical and biological controls for both imaging agents were performed verifying the integrity of the aptamer-conjugates by HPLC. Recognition of melanoma (B16F1) and lymphoma (A20) mouse cell lines by the aptamer was studied using cell binding, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Finally, in vivo imaging studies in tumour-bearing mice were performed. The new probes were able to bind to melanoma and lymphoma cell lines in vitro, the in vivo imaging in tumour-bearing mice showed different uptake behaviours showing for the fluorescent conjugate good uptake by B cell lymphoma while the radiolabelled conjugate did not display tumour uptake due to its high extravascular distribution, and both showed rapid clearance properties in tumour-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Calzada
- Área de Radiofarmacia-Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Moreno
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico-Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jessica Newton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S Truman Veterans' Administration Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Joel González
- Laboratorio de Experimentación Animal-Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo Fernández
- Laboratorio de Experimentación Animal-Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Pablo Gambini
- Centro de Medicina Nuclear-Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Manuel Ibarra
- Centro de Evaluación de Biodisponibilidad y Bioequivalencia de Medicamentos, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Chabalgoity
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico-Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Susan Deutscher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S Truman Veterans' Administration Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thomas Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S Truman Veterans' Administration Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pablo Cabral
- Área de Radiofarmacia-Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Área de Radiofarmacia-Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Jadhav S, Käkelä M, Bourgery M, Rimpilä K, Liljenbäck H, Siitonen R, Mäkilä J, Laitala-Leinonen T, Poijärvi-Virta P, Lönnberg H, Roivainen A, Virta P. In Vivo Bone-Targeting of Bis(phosphonate)-Conjugated Double Helical RNA Monitored by Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2588-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Jadhav
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Meeri Käkelä
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Matthieu Bourgery
- Department
of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kiira Rimpilä
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Turku
Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Siitonen
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Mäkilä
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Department
of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Harri Lönnberg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Turku
Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pasi Virta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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4
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Boutorine AS, Novopashina DS, Krasheninina OA, Nozeret K, Venyaminova AG. Fluorescent probes for nucleic Acid visualization in fixed and live cells. Molecules 2013; 18:15357-97. [PMID: 24335616 PMCID: PMC6270009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyses the literature concerning non-fluorescent and fluorescent probes for nucleic acid imaging in fixed and living cells from the point of view of their suitability for imaging intracellular native RNA and DNA. Attention is mainly paid to fluorescent probes for fluorescence microscopy imaging. Requirements for the target-binding part and the fluorophore making up the probe are formulated. In the case of native double-stranded DNA, structure-specific and sequence-specific probes are discussed. Among the latest, three classes of dsDNA-targeting molecules are described: (i) sequence-specific peptides and proteins; (ii) triplex-forming oligonucleotides and (iii) polyamide oligo(N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole) minor groove binders. Polyamides seem to be the most promising targeting agents for fluorescent probe design, however, some technical problems remain to be solved, such as the relatively low sequence specificity and the high background fluorescence inside the cells. Several examples of fluorescent probe applications for DNA imaging in fixed and living cells are cited. In the case of intracellular RNA, only modified oligonucleotides can provide such sequence-specific imaging. Several approaches for designing fluorescent probes are considered: linear fluorescent probes based on modified oligonucleotide analogs, molecular beacons, binary fluorescent probes and template-directed reactions with fluorescence probe formation, FRET donor-acceptor pairs, pyrene excimers, aptamers and others. The suitability of all these methods for living cell applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre S. Boutorine
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR 7196, INSERM, U565, 57 rue Cuvier, B.P. 26, Paris Cedex 05, F-75231, France; E-Mail:
| | - Darya S. Novopashina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; E-Mails: (D.S.N.); (O.A.K.); (A.G.V.)
| | - Olga A. Krasheninina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; E-Mails: (D.S.N.); (O.A.K.); (A.G.V.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Karine Nozeret
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR 7196, INSERM, U565, 57 rue Cuvier, B.P. 26, Paris Cedex 05, F-75231, France; E-Mail:
| | - Alya G. Venyaminova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; E-Mails: (D.S.N.); (O.A.K.); (A.G.V.)
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5
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Velikyan I. Prospective of ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceutical development. Theranostics 2013; 4:47-80. [PMID: 24396515 PMCID: PMC3881227 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experienced accelerated development and has become an established method for medical research and clinical routine diagnostics on patient individualized basis. Development and availability of new radiopharmaceuticals specific for particular diseases is one of the driving forces of the expansion of clinical PET. The future development of the ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceuticals must be put in the context of several aspects such as role of PET in nuclear medicine, unmet medical needs, identification of new biomarkers, targets and corresponding ligands, production and availability of ⁶⁸Ga, automation of the radiopharmaceutical production, progress of positron emission tomography technologies and image analysis methodologies for improved quantitation accuracy, PET radiopharmaceutical regulations as well as advances in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The review presents the prospects of the ⁶⁸Ga-based radiopharmaceutical development on the basis of the current status of these aspects as well as wide range and variety of imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- 1. Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden
- 2. PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- 3. Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Liu M, Wang RF, Yan P, Zhang CL, Cui YG. Molecular imaging and pharmacokinetics of (99m) Tc-hTERT antisense oligonucleotide as a potential tumor imaging probe. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 57:97-101. [PMID: 24307558 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeting and visualization of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) represents a promising approach for providing diagnostic value. The uptake kinetics and imaging results of (99m) Tc-hTERT antisense oligonucleotides (ASON) in hTERT-expressing cells were examined in vitro and in vivo. The pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity studies of (99m) Tc-hTERT ASON were also performed. The labeling efficiencies of radiolabeled oligonucleotide reached 76 ± 5%, the specific activity was up to 1850 kBq/µg, and the radiochemical purity was above 96%. Radioactivity accumulated to a higher concentration in hTERT-expressing cells with antisense probe than with sense control (p < 0.05). Lipid carrier incorporation significantly increased the transmembrane delivery of radiolabeled probes (p < 0.05). hTERT-expressing xenografts in nude mice were clearly visualized at 6 h postinjection of the antisense probe but not the sense control probe. However, liposome did not increase the radioactivity accumulation of probes in tumors for either antisense or sense probe (p > 0.05). Radioactivity counts per minute versus time profiles for (99m) Tc-hTERT ASON were biphasic, indicative of a three-compartment model. The pharmacokinetics parameters of half-life of distribution (T1/2α ), half-life of elimination (T1/2β ), total apparent volume of distribution (Vd), and total rate of clearance were 2.04 ± 0.48 min, 24 ± 4.8 min, 109.83 ± 17.20 mL, and 3.19 ± 0.17 mL/min, respectively. The acute toxicity study results showed the safe application of (99m) Tc-hTERT ASON in vivo. This study provides further evidences that (99m) Tc-hTERT ASON should be developed as a safe, potential molecular image-guided diagnostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8, Xishiku St., West District, Beijing, 100034, China
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7
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Shin SJ, Beech JR, Kelly KA. Targeted nanoparticles in imaging: paving the way for personalized medicine in the battle against cancer. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:29-42. [PMID: 22790418 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20047c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The way we view cancer has advanced greatly in the past few decades from simplistic approaches to finely honed systems. This transition has been made possible because of advancements on two fronts: the first is the rapidly expanding knowledge base of the mechanisms and characteristics of cancer; the second is innovation in imaging agent design. Rapid advancements in imaging and therapeutic agents are being made through the evolution from one-dimensional molecules to multi-functional nanoparticles. Powerful new agents that have high specificity and minimal toxicity are being developed for in vivo imaging. Here we detail the unique characteristics of cancer that allow differentiation from normal tissue and how they are exploited in nanoparticle imaging development. Firstly, genetic alterations, either endogenous or induced through gene therapy, are one such class of characteristics. Proteomic differences such as overexpressed surface receptors is another targetable feature used for enhanced nanoparticle retention. Increased need for nutrients and specific growth signals to sustain proliferation and angiogenesis are further examples of how cancer can be targeted. Lastly, migration and invasion through a unique microenvironment are two additional traits that are exploitable, due to differences in metalloproteinase concentrations and other factors. These differences are guiding current nanoparticle design to better target, image and treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo J Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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8
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Tan W, Donovan MJ, Jiang J. Aptamers from cell-based selection for bioanalytical applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2842-62. [PMID: 23509854 PMCID: PMC5519293 DOI: 10.1021/cr300468w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
- Center For Research at Bio/nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Michael J. Donovan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
- Center For Research at Bio/nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jianhui Jiang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
- Center For Research at Bio/nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Abstract
Development of new radiopharmaceuticals and their availability are crucial factors influencing the expansion of clinical nuclear medicine. The number of new (68)Ga-based imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) is increasing greatly. (68)Ga has been used for labeling of a broad range of molecules (small organic molecules, peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides) as well as particles, thus demonstrating its potential to become a PET analog of the legendary generator-produced gamma-emitting (99m)Tc but with added value of higher sensitivity and resolution as well as quantitation and dynamic scanning. Further, the availability of technology for GMP-compliant automated tracer production can facilitate the introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals and enable standardized, harmonized multicenter studies to be conducted for regulatory approval. This chapter presents some examples of tracers for targeted, pretargeted, and nontargeted imaging with emphasis on the potential of (68)Ga to facilitate clinically practical PET development and to promote the PET technique worldwide for earlier and better diagnostics, and personalized medicine with the ultimate objective of improved therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
During the last decade, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) have procured advances in research and clinical application of fusion imaging. The recent introduction of systems that combine PET and MRI opens new horizons for multimodality molecular imaging. These systems offer simultaneous morphologic, functional, and molecular information of a living system. Moreover, other combinations of anatomic and functional imaging modalities (for example CT and MRI or PET and optical imaging) are emerging, holding promise in basic medical research or in clinical medicine. These developments are paralleled by advances in the field of biomolecules and particles, to provide new agents useful for more than one imaging modality and to facilitate the study of the same target by different imaging devices. In the near future PET/MRI may emerge as a new powerful multimodality technique in clinical oncology, offering considerable potential for imaging applications beyond correlation of functional and anatomic images. Future developments should include the simultaneous acquisition of multifunctional data such as PET tracer uptake, MR spectroscopy, or fMRI along with high-resolution anatomic MRI.
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11
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Yaghoubi SS, Campbell DO, Radu CG, Czernin J. Positron emission tomography reporter genes and reporter probes: gene and cell therapy applications. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:374-91. [PMID: 22509201 PMCID: PMC3326723 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging reporter genes (IRGs) and PET reporter probes (PRPs) are amongst the most valuable tools for gene and cell therapy. PET IRGs/PRPs can be used to non-invasively monitor all aspects of the kinetics of therapeutic transgenes and cells in all types of living mammals. This technology is generalizable and can allow long-term kinetics monitoring. In gene therapy, PET IRGs/PRPs can be used for whole-body imaging of therapeutic transgene expression, monitoring variations in the magnitude of transgene expression over time. In cell or cellular gene therapy, PET IRGs/PRPs can be used for whole-body monitoring of therapeutic cell locations, quantity at all locations, survival and proliferation over time and also possibly changes in characteristics or function over time. In this review, we have classified PET IRGs/PRPs into two groups based on the source from which they were derived: human or non-human. This classification addresses the important concern of potential immunogenicity in humans, which is important for expansion of PET IRG imaging in clinical trials. We have then discussed the application of this technology in gene/cell therapy and described its use in these fields, including a summary of using PET IRGs/PRPs in gene and cell therapy clinical trials. This review concludes with a discussion of the future direction of PET IRGs/PRPs and recommends cell and gene therapists collaborate with molecular imaging experts early in their investigations to choose a PET IRG/PRP system suitable for progression into clinical trials.
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Yan F, Li X, Jin Q, Chen J, Shandas R, Wu J, Li L, Ling T, Yang W, Chen Y, Liu X, Zheng H. Ultrasonic imaging of endothelial CD81 expression using CD81-targeted contrast agents in in vitro and in vivo studies. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2012; 38:670-80. [PMID: 22341598 PMCID: PMC3612703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study is designed to investigate the feasibility for molecular imaging of endothelial CD81 expression in vitro and in vivo using the CD81-targeted ultrasound contrast agents (UCA). In the in vitro study, murine bEnd.3 cells were stimulated with phenazine methosulfate (PMS), an oxidative stress inducer. Changes in CD81 expression after stimulation were confirmed by Western blotting, tracked by using the targeted UCA and further imaged under ultrasound imaging system with 5 MHz transmit frequency. In the in vivo study, expression of endothelial CD81 proteins in murine carotid artery vessels was studied using high-frequency ultrasound system with 40 MHz transmit frequency. Our results showed that endothelial CD81 expression was gradually up-regulated with the increase of PMS concentration. Correspondingly, the accumulation of targeted UCA was gradually improved and could be inhibited significantly upon addition of free anti-CD81 antibodies. The mean video intensity (grey-level) of stimulated cells and vessels from backscatter of the CD81-targeted UCA was 17.2 (interquartile range [IQR] 15.4-19.8) and 27.2 (IQR 22.4-29.8), significantly greater than that of non-stimulated cells with 9.0 (IQR 8.6-10.8) (p < 0.01) and non-stimulated vessels with 11.3 (IQR 10.4-13.2) (p < 0.01), respectively. In conclusion, CD81-targeted UCA allows noninvasive assessment of the expression levels of CD81 on the vascular endothelium and may provide potential insights into early atherosclerotic plaque detection and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaofeng Jin
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Robin Shandas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Junru Wu
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Ling
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen Hospital of Peingking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Shrestha R, Shen Y, Pollack KA, Taylor JSA, Wooley KL. Dual peptide nucleic acid- and peptide-functionalized shell cross-linked nanoparticles designed to target mRNA toward the diagnosis and treatment of acute lung injury. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:574-85. [PMID: 22372643 PMCID: PMC3321742 DOI: 10.1021/bc200629f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, multifunctional biosynthetic hybrid nanostructures were prepared and studied for their potential utility in the recognition and inhibition of mRNA sequences for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which are overexpressed at sites of inflammation, such as in cases of acute lung injury. Shell cross-linked knedel-like polymer nanoparticles (SCKs) that present peptide nucleic acids, for binding to complementary mRNAs, and cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), to gain cell entry, along with fluorescent labels and sites for radiolabeling, were prepared by a series of robust, efficient, and versatile synthetic steps that proceeded from monomers to polymers to functional nanoparticles. Amphiphilic block graft copolymers having combinations of methoxy- and thioacetyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and DOTA-lysine units grafted from the backbone of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and extending with a backbone segment of poly(octadecyl acrylate-co-decyl acrylate) (P(ODA-co-DA)) were prepared by a combination of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and chemical modification reactions, which were then used as the building blocks for the formation of well-defined SCKs decorated with reactive thiols accessible to the surface. Fluorescent labeling with Alexa Fluor 633 hydrazide was then accomplished by amidation with residual acrylic acid residues within the SCK shells. Finally, the PNAs and CPP units were covalently conjugated to the SCKs via Michael addition of thiols on the SCKs to maleimide units on the termini of PNAs and CPPs. Confirmation of the ability of the PNAs to bind selectively to the target iNOS mRNAs when tethered to the SCK nanoparticles was determined by in vitro competition experiments. When attached to the SCKs having a hydrodynamic diameter of 60 ± 16 nm, the K(d) values of the PNAs were ca. an order of magnitude greater than the free PNAs, while the mismatched PNA showed no significant binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Shrestha
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
| | - Yuefei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Kevin A. Pollack
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
| | - John-Stephen A. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
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14
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Abstract
In the post-genomic era, epigenetic factors-literally those that are "over" or "above" genetic ones and responsible for controlling the expression and function of genes-have emerged as important mediators of development and aging; gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions; and the pathophysiology of complex disease states. Here, we provide a brief overview of the major epigenetic mechanisms (ie, DNA methylation, histone modifications and chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA regulation). We highlight the nearly ubiquitous profiles of epigenetic dysregulation that have been found in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. We also review innovative methods and technologies that enable the characterization of individual epigenetic modifications and more widespread epigenomic states at high resolution. We conclude that, together with complementary genetic, genomic, and related approaches, interrogating epigenetic and epigenomic profiles in neurodegenerative diseases represent important and increasingly practical strategies for advancing our understanding of and the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.
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15
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la Fougère C, Suchorska B, Bartenstein P, Kreth FW, Tonn JC. Molecular imaging of gliomas with PET: opportunities and limitations. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:806-19. [PMID: 21757446 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging enables the noninvasive evaluation of glioma and is considered to be one of the key factors for individualized therapy and patient management, since accurate diagnosis and demarcation of viable tumor tissue is required for treatment planning as well as assessment of treatment response. Conventional imaging techniques like MRI and CT reveal morphological information but are of limited value for the assessment of more specific and reproducible information about biology and activity of the tumor. Molecular imaging with PET is increasingly implemented in neuro-oncology, since it provides additional metabolic information of the tumor, both for patient management as well as for evaluation of newly developed therapeutics. Different molecular processes have been proposed to be useful, like glucose consumption, expression of amino acid transporters, proliferation rate, membrane biosynthesis, and hypoxia. Thus, PET might help neuro-oncologists gain further insights into tumor biology by "true molecular imaging" as well as understand treatment-related phenomena. This review describes the method of PET acquisition as well as the tracers used to image biological processes in gliomas. Furthermore, it considers the clinical impact of PET on the use of currently available radiotracers, which were shown to be potentially valuable for discrimination between neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissue, as well as on tumor grading, determinination of treatment response, and providing an outlook toward further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian la Fougère
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Munich – Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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16
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Saleem A, Matthews JC, Ranson M, Callies S, André V, Lahn M, Dickinson C, Prenant C, Brown G, McMahon A, Talbot D, Jones T, Price PM. Molecular Imaging and Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carbon-11 Labeled Antisense Oligonucleotide LY2181308 in Cancer Patients. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:290-301. [PMID: 21772926 PMCID: PMC3139194 DOI: 10.7150/thno/v01p0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have potential as anti-cancer agents by specifically modulating genes involved in tumorigenesis. However, little is known about ASO biodistribution and tissue pharmacokinetics (PKs) in humans, including whether sufficient delivery to target tumor tissue may be achieved. In this preliminary study in human subjects, we used combined positron emission and computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging and subsequent modeling analysis of acquired dynamic data, to examine the in vivo biodistribution and PK properties of LY2181308 - a second generation ASO which targets the apoptosis inhibitor protein survivin. Following radiolabeling of LY2181308 with methylated carbon-11 ([(11)C]methylated-LY2181308), micro-doses (<1mg) were administered to three patients with solid tumors enrolled in a phase I trial. Moderate uptake of [(11)C]methylated-LY2181308 was observed in tumors (mean=32.5ng*h /mL, per mg administered intravenously). Highest uptake was seen in kidney and liver and lowest uptake was seen in lung and muscle. One patient underwent repeat analysis on day 15 of multiple dose therapy, during administration of LY2181308 (750mg), when altered tissue PKs and a favorable change in biodistribution was seen. [(11)C]methylated-LY2181308 exposure increased in tumor, lung and muscle, whereas renal and hepatic exposure decreased. This suggests that biological barriers to ASO tumor uptake seen at micro-doses were overcome by therapeutic dosing. In addition, (18)F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) scans carried out in the same patient before and after treatment showed up to 40% decreased tumor metabolism. For the development of anti-cancer ASOs, the results provide evidence of LY2181308 tumor tissue delivery and add valuable in vivo pharmacological information. For the development of novel therapeutic agents in general, the study exemplifies the merits of applying PET imaging methodology early in clinical investigations.
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von Guggenberg E, Shahhosseini S, Koslowsky I, Lavasanifar A, Murray D, Mercer J. In vitro characterization of two novel biodegradable vectors for the delivery of radiolabeled antisense oligonucleotides. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 25:723-31. [PMID: 21204767 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of antisense oligonucleotides suitable for tumor targeting applications is hindered by low stability and bioavailability of oligonucleotides in vivo and by the absence of efficient and safe vectors for oligonucleotide delivery. Stabilization in vivo has been achieved through chemical modification of oligonucleotides by various means, but effective approaches to enhance their intracellular delivery are lacking. This study reports on the characterization in vitro of a fully phosphorothioated 20-mer oligonucleotide, complementary to p21 mRNA, radiolabeled with fluorine-18 using a thiol reactive prosthetic group. The potential of two novel synthetic block copolymers containing grafted polyamines on their hydrophobic blocks for vector-assisted cell delivery was studied in vitro. Extensive cellular uptake studies were performed in human colon carcinoma cell lines with enhanced or deficient p21 expression to evaluate and compare the uptake mechanism of naked and vectorized radiolabeled formulations. Uptake studies with the two novel biodegradable vectors showed a moderate increase in cell uptake of the radiofluorinated antisense oligonucleotide. The two vectors show, however, promising advantages over conventional lipidic vectors regarding their biocompatibility and subcellular distribution.
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López-Colón D, Jiménez E, You M, Gulbakan B, Tan W. Aptamers: turning the spotlight on cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:328-40. [PMID: 21412992 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article is a review of the development and application of aptamer probes for cell imaging. Aptamers selected against whole cells have been modified with different fluorescent dyes and nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, and superparamagnetic iron oxide, for their use as imaging probes of live cells. These probes have been successfully used for cell imaging both in vitro and in vivo by optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron-emission tomography (PET). In this article, we discuss the development of different aptamer-based probes currently available for imaging of live cells and their applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia López-Colón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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