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Parwez S, Chaurasia A, Mahapatra PP, Ahmed S, Siddiqi MI. Integrated machine learning-based virtual screening and biological evaluation for identification of potential inhibitors against cathepsin K. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10845-5. [PMID: 38662177 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a type of cysteine proteinase that is primarily expressed in osteoclasts and has a key role in the breakdown of bone matrix protein during bone resorption. Many studies suggest that the deficiency of cathepsin K is concomitant with a suppression of osteoclast functioning, therefore rendering the resorptive properties of cathepsin K the most prominent target for osteoporosis. This innovative work has identified a novel anti-osteoporotic agent against Cathepsin K by using a comparison of machine learning and deep learning-based virtual screening followed by their biological evaluation. Out of ten shortlisted compounds, five of the compounds (JFD02945, JFD02944, RJC01981, KM08968 and SB01934) exhibit more than 50% inhibition of the Cathepsin K activity at 0.1 μM concentration and are considered to have a promising inhibitory effect against Cathepsin K. The comprehensive docking, MD simulation, and MM/PBSA investigations affirm the stable and effective interaction of these compounds with Cathepsin K to inhibit its function. Furthermore, the compounds RJC01981, KM08968 and SB01934 are represented to have promising anti-osteoporotic properties for the management of osteoporosis owing to their significantly well predicted ADMET properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Parwez
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Animesh Chaurasia
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pinaki Parsad Mahapatra
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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2
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Akram M, Hameed S, Hassan A, Khan KM. Development in the Inhibition of Dengue Proteases as Drug Targets. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2195-2233. [PMID: 37723635 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230918110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infections continue to increase morbidity and mortality severely. The flavivirus genus has fifty different species, including the dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses that can infect 40% of individuals globally, who reside in at least a hundred different countries. Dengue, one of the oldest and most dangerous human infections, was initially documented by the Chinese Medical Encyclopedia in the Jin period. It was referred to as "water poison," connected to flying insects, i.e., Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. DENV causes some medical expressions like dengue hemorrhagic fever, acute febrile illness, and dengue shock syndrome. OBJECTIVE According to the World Health Organization report of 2012, 2500 million people are in danger of contracting dengue fever worldwide. According to a recent study, 96 million of the 390 million dengue infections yearly show some clinical or subclinical severity. There is no antiviral drug or vaccine to treat this severe infection. It can be controlled by getting enough rest, drinking plenty of water, and using painkillers. The first dengue vaccine created by Sanofi, called Dengvaxia, was previously approved by the USFDA in 2019. All four serotypes of the DENV1-4 have shown re-infection in vaccine recipients. However, the usage of Dengvaxia has been constrained by its adverse effects. CONCLUSION Different classes of compounds have been reported against DENV, such as nitrogen-containing heterocycles (i.e., imidazole, pyridine, triazoles quinazolines, quinoline, and indole), oxygen-containing heterocycles (i.e., coumarins), and some are mixed heterocyclic compounds of S, N (thiazole, benzothiazine, and thiazolidinediones), and N, O (i.e., oxadiazole). There have been reports of computationally designed compounds to impede the molecular functions of specific structural and non-structural proteins as potential therapeutic targets. This review summarized the current progress in developing dengue protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shehryar Hameed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75720, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75720, Pakistan
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3
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Ezz MA, Takahashi M, Rivera RM, Balboula AZ. Cathepsin L regulates oocyte meiosis and preimplantation embryo development. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13526. [PMID: 37417221 PMCID: PMC10771118 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early embryonic loss, caused by reduced embryo developmental competence, is the major cause of subfertility in humans and animals. This embryo developmental competence is determined during oocyte maturation and the first embryo divisions. Therefore, it is essential to identify the underlying molecules regulating these critical developmental stages. Cathepsin L (CTSL), a lysosomal cysteine protease, is involved in regulating cell cycle progression, proliferation and invasion of different cell types. However, CTSL role in mammalian embryo development is unknown. Using bovine in vitro maturation and culture systems, we show that CTSL is a key regulator for embryo developmental competence. We employed a specific CTSL detection assay in live cells to show that CTSL activity correlates with meiotic progression and early embryo development. Inhibiting CTSL activity during oocyte maturation or early embryo development significantly impaired oocyte and embryo developmental competence as evidenced by lower cleavage, blastocyst and hatched blastocyst rates. Moreover, enhancing CTSL activity, using recombinant CTSL (rCTSL), during oocyte maturation or early embryo development significantly improved oocyte and embryo developmental competence. Importantly, rCTSL supplementation during oocyte maturation and early embryo development significantly improved the developmental competence of heat-shocked oocytes/embryos which are notoriously known for reduced quality. Altogether, these results provide novel evidence that CTSL plays a pivotal role in regulating oocyte meiosis and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aboul Ezz
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
- Division of Animal SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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4
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Nazish I, Mamais A, Mallach A, Bettencourt C, Kaganovich A, Warner T, Hardy J, Lewis PA, Pocock J, Cookson MR, Bandopadhyay R. Differential LRRK2 Signalling and Gene Expression in WT-LRRK2 and G2019S-LRRK2 Mouse Microglia Treated with Zymosan and MLi2. Cells 2023; 13:53. [PMID: 38201257 PMCID: PMC10778119 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene cause autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), with the most common causative mutation being the LRRK2 p.G2019S within the kinase domain. LRRK2 protein is highly expressed in the human brain and also in the periphery, and high expression of dominant PD genes in immune cells suggests involvement of microglia and macrophages in inflammation related to PD. LRRK2 is known to respond to extracellular signalling including TLR4, resulting in alterations in gene expression, with the response to TLR2 signalling through zymosan being less known. Here, we investigated the effects of zymosan, a TLR2 agonist and the potent and specific LRRK2 kinase inhibitor MLi-2 on gene expression in microglia from LRRK2-WT and LRRK2 p.G2019S knock-in mice by RNA-sequencing analysis. We observed both overlapping and distinct zymosan and MLi-2 mediated gene expression profiles in microglia. At least two candidate genome-wide association (GWAS) hits for PD, CathepsinB (Ctsb) and Glycoprotein-nmb (Gpnmb), were notably downregulated by zymosan treatment. Genes involved in inflammatory response and nervous system development were up and downregulated, respectively, with zymosan treatment, while MLi-2 treatment particularly exhibited upregulated genes for ion transmembrane transport regulation. Furthermore, we observed that the top twenty most significantly differentially expressed genes in LRRK2 p.G2019S microglia show enriched biological processes in iron transport and response to oxidative stress. Overall, these results suggest that microglial LRRK2 may contribute to PD pathogenesis through altered inflammatory pathways. Our findings should encourage future investigations of these putative avenues in the context of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Nazish
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Movement neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK (T.W.)
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Anna Mallach
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 1PJ, UK; (A.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Conceicao Bettencourt
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (C.B.); (J.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.K.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Thomas Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Movement neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK (T.W.)
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (C.B.); (J.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (C.B.); (J.H.); (P.A.L.)
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Jennifer Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 1PJ, UK; (A.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.K.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Movement neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK (T.W.)
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Zhu L, Zeng Q, Wang J, Deng F, Jin S. Cathepsin V drives lung cancer progression by shaping the immunosuppressive environment and adhesion molecules cleavage. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:13961-13979. [PMID: 38078882 PMCID: PMC10756122 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin V (CTSV) is a cysteine cathepsin protease that plays a crucial role in extracellular matrix degradation. CTSV is correlated with poor prognosis in various cancers, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we observed that CSTV is upregulated in lung cancer and is a poor prognosis factor for lung cancer. CTSV acts as a driver in the metastasis of lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo. CTSV promotes lung cancer metastasis by downregulating adhesion molecules, including fibronectin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin. Our data revealed that CTSV functions by mediating the fragmentation of fibronectin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin in cleavage, remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM). The rationally designed antibody targeting CTSV blocks its cleaving ability towards fibronectin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin, suppressing migration and invasion. Furthermore, we found that CTSV expression is negatively correlated with immune cell infiltration and immune scores and inhibits T cell activity. Targeting CTSV with specific antibodies effectively suppressed lung cancer metastasis in a mouse model. Our study demonstrates the critical role of CTSV in the immunity and metastasis of lung cancer, suggesting that the CTSV-targeting approach is a promising strategy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Precision Medicine Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shi Jin
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
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Abdelaziz RF, Hussein AM, Kotob MH, Weiss C, Chelminski K, Studenik CR, Aufy M. The Significance of Cathepsin B in Mediating Radiation Resistance in Colon Carcinoma Cell Line (Caco-2). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16146. [PMID: 38003335 PMCID: PMC10671642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins (Caths) are lysosomal proteases that participate in various physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence suggests that caths play a multifaceted role in cancer progression and radiotherapy resistance responses. Their proteolytic activity influences the tumor's response to radiation by affecting oxygenation, nutrient availability, and immune cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment. Cathepsin-mediated DNA repair mechanisms can promote radioresistance in cancer cells, limiting the efficacy of radiotherapy. Additionally, caths have been associated with the activation of prosurvival signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and NF-κB, which can confer resistance to radiation-induced cell death. However, the effectiveness of radiotherapy can be limited by intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms in cancer cells. In this study, the regulation and expression of cathepsin B (cath B) in the colon carcinoma cell line (caco-2) before and after exposure to radiation were investigated. Cells were exposed to escalating ionizing radiation doses (2 Gy, 4 Gy, 6 Gy, 8 Gy, and 10 Gy). Analysis of protein expression, in vitro labeling using activity-based probes DCG04, and cath B pull-down revealed a radiation-induced up-regulation of cathepsin B in a dose-independent manner. Proteolytic inhibition of cathepsin B by cathepsin B specific inhibitor CA074 has increased the cytotoxic effect and cell death due to ionizing irradiation treatment in caco-2 cells. Similar results were also obtained after cathepsin B knockout by CRISPR CAS9. Furthermore, upon exposure to radiation treatment, the inhibition of cath B led to a significant upregulation in the expression of the proapoptotic protein BAX, while it induced a significant reduction in the expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-2. These results showed that cathepsin B could contribute to ionizing radiation resistance, and the abolishment of cathepsin B, either by inhibition of its proteolytic activity or expression, has increased the caco-2 cells susceptibility to ionizing irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan F. Abdelaziz
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (A.M.H.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Str. 5, 1400 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ahmed M. Hussein
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (A.M.H.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohamed H. Kotob
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (A.M.H.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Christina Weiss
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (A.M.H.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Chelminski
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Str. 5, 1400 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christian R. Studenik
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (A.M.H.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Aufy
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (A.M.H.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
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Stoka V, Vasiljeva O, Nakanishi H, Turk V. The Role of Cysteine Protease Cathepsins B, H, C, and X/Z in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15613. [PMID: 37958596 PMCID: PMC10650516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases are composed of 11 human cysteine cathepsins, originally located in the lysosomes. They exhibit broad specificity and act as endopeptidases and/or exopeptidases. Among them, only cathepsins B, H, C, and X/Z exhibit exopeptidase activity. Recently, cysteine cathepsins have been found to be present outside the lysosomes and often participate in various pathological processes. Hence, they have been considered key signalling molecules. Their potentially hazardous proteolytic activities are tightly regulated. This review aims to discuss recent advances in understanding the structural aspects of these four cathepsins, mechanisms of their zymogen activation, regulation of their activities, and functional aspects of these enzymes in neurodegeneration and cancer. Neurodegenerative effects have been evaluated, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Cysteine cathepsins also participate in tumour progression and metastasis through the overexpression and secretion of proteases, which trigger extracellular matrix degradation. To our knowledge, this is the first review to provide an in-depth analysis regarding the roles of cysteine cathepsins B, H, C, and X in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Further advances in understanding the functions of cysteine cathepsins in these conditions will result in the development of novel, targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Stoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olga Vasiljeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan;
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Gul I, Abbas MN, Kausar S, Luo J, Gao X, Mu Y, Fan W, Cui H. Insight into crustacean cathepsins: Structure-evolutionary relationships and functional roles in physiological processes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108852. [PMID: 37295735 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins belong to a group of proteins that are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and have an extremely high degree of evolutionary conservation. These proteins are functionally active in extracellular environments as soluble enzymatic proteins or attached to plasma membrane receptors. In addition, they occur in cellular secretory vesicles, mitochondria, the cytosol, and within the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Cathepsins are classified into various groups based on their sequence variations, leading to their structural and functional diversification. The molecular understanding of the physiology of crustaceans has shown that proteases, including cathepsins, are expressed ubiquitously. They also contain one of the central regulatory systems for crustacean reproduction, growth, and immune responses. This review focuses on various aspects of the crustaceans cathepsins and emphasizes their biological roles in different physiological processes such as reproduction, growth, development, and immune responses. We also describe the bioactivity of crustaceans cathepsins. Because of the vital biological roles that cathepsins play as cellular proteases in physiological processes, they have been proposed as potential novel targets for the development of management strategies for the aquaculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isma Gul
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Saima Kausar
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jili Luo
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xinyue Gao
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yuhang Mu
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing Ninth People's Hospital, Chongqing, 400700, China.
| | - Honghuan Cui
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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9
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Arafet K, Royo S, Schirmeister T, Barthels F, González FV, Moliner V. Impact of the Recognition Part of Dipeptidyl Nitroalkene Compounds on the Inhibition Mechanism of Cysteine Proteases Cruzain and Cathepsin L. ACS Catal 2023; 13:6289-6300. [PMID: 37180968 PMCID: PMC10167892 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases (CPs) are an important class of enzymes, many of which are responsible for several human diseases. For instance, cruzain of protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is responsible for the Chagas disease, while the role of human cathepsin L is associated with some cancers or is a potential target for the treatment of COVID-19. However, despite paramount work carried out during the past years, the compounds that have been proposed so far show limited inhibitory action against these enzymes. We present a study of proposed covalent inhibitors of these two CPs, cruzain and cathepsin L, based on the design, synthesis, kinetic measurements, and QM/MM computational simulations on dipeptidyl nitroalkene compounds. The experimentally determined inhibition data, together with the analysis and the predicted inhibition constants derived from the free energy landscape of the full inhibition process, allowed describing the impact of the recognition part of these compounds and, in particular, the modifications on the P2 site. The designed compounds and, in particular, the one with a bulky group (Trp) at the P2 site show promising in vitro inhibition activities against cruzain and cathepsin L for use as a starting lead compound in the development of drugs with medical applications for the treatment of human diseases and future designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemel Arafet
- Dipartimento
di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- BioComp
Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM),
Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Santiago Royo
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Barthels
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florenci V. González
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Vicent Moliner
- BioComp
Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM),
Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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10
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Gu Y, Wang H, Jiang M, Zhao S, Qing H, Ni J. Cathepsin H: molecular characteristics and clues to function and mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115585. [PMID: 37148981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin H (CatH) is a lysosomal cysteine protease with a unique aminopeptidase activity that is extensively expressed in the lung, pancreas, thymus, kidney, liver, skin, and brain. Owing to its specific enzymatic activity, CatH has critical effects on the regulation of biological behaviours of cancer cells and pathological processes in brain diseases. Moreover, a neutral pH level is optimal for CatH activity, so it is expected to be active in the extra-lysosomal and extracellular space. In the present review, we describe the expression, maturation, and enzymatic properties of CatH, and summarize the available experimental evidence that mechanistically links CatH to various physiological and pathological processes. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potentials of CatH inhibitors in CatH-induced disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Aerospace Medical Center, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yebo Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Shuxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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11
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Behring L, Ruiz-Gómez G, Trapp C, Morales M, Wodtke R, Köckerling M, Kopka K, Pisabarro MT, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Dipeptide-Derived Alkynes as Potent and Selective Irreversible Inhibitors of Cysteine Cathepsins. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3818-3851. [PMID: 36867428 PMCID: PMC10041539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of designing irreversible alkyne-based inhibitors of cysteine cathepsins by isoelectronic replacement in reversibly acting potent peptide nitriles was explored. The synthesis of the dipeptide alkynes was developed with special emphasis on stereochemically homogeneous products obtained in the Gilbert-Seyferth homologation for C≡C bond formation. Twenty-three dipeptide alkynes and 12 analogous nitriles were synthesized and investigated for their inhibition of cathepsins B, L, S, and K. Numerous combinations of residues at positions P1 and P2 as well as terminal acyl groups allowed for the derivation of extensive structure-activity relationships, which were rationalized by computational covalent docking for selected examples. The determined inactivation constants of the alkynes at the target enzymes span a range of >3 orders of magnitude (3-10 133 M-1 s-1). Notably, the selectivity profiles of alkynes do not necessarily reflect those of the nitriles. Inhibitory activity at the cellular level was demonstrated for selected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Behring
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gloria Ruiz-Gómez
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Trapp
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maryann Morales
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Köckerling
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Teresa Pisabarro
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Sumithaa C, Ganeshpandian M. Half-Sandwich Ruthenium Arene Complexes Bearing Clinically Approved Drugs as Ligands: The Importance of Metal-Drug Synergism in Metallodrug Design. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1453-1479. [PMID: 36802711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy in metallodrug discovery today is incorporating clinically approved drugs into metal complexes as coordinating ligands. Using this strategy, various drugs have been repurposed to prepare organometallic complexes to overcome the resistance of drugs and to design promising alternatives to currently available metal-based drugs. Notably, the combination of organoruthenium moiety and clinical drug in a single molecule has been shown, in some instances, to enhance pharmacological activity and reduce toxicity in comparison to the parent drug. Thus, for the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in exploiting metal-drug synergism to develop multifunctional organoruthenium drug candidates. Herein, we summarized the recent reports of rationally designed half-sandwich Ru(arene) complexes containing different FDA-approved drugs. This review also focuses on the mode of coordination of drugs, ligand-exchange kinetics, mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationship of organoruthenated complexes containing drugs. We hope this discussion may serve to shed light on future developments in ruthenium-based metallopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chezhiyan Sumithaa
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, India
| | - Mani Ganeshpandian
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, India
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13
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Bisset S, Sobhi W, Attoui A, Lamaoui T, Jardan YAB, Das S, Alam M, Kanouni KE, Rezgui A, Ferdjioui S, Derradji Y, Khenchouche A, Benguerba Y. Targeting Oxidative Stress Markers, Xanthine Oxidase, TNFRSF11A and Cathepsin L in Curcumin-Treated Collagen-Induced Arthritis: A Physiological and COSMO-RS Study. Inflammation 2023; 46:432-452. [PMID: 36227522 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of curcumin in preventing and treating collagen-induced inflammatory arthritis (CIA) in rats and oxidative stress in rats was investigated. We investigated curcumin's curative and preventive effects on paw edema, arthritic size, body weight, and radiologic and histological joint abnormalities. It has been shown that curcumin may dramatically lower the risk of developing arthritis. In addition, the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the body has dropped, which is a strong indication that curcumin has anti-inflammatory characteristics. A follow-up theoretical investigation of curcumin molecular docking on xanthine oxidase (XO) was carried out after the properties of curcumin were determined using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) theory. Because of the interaction between curcumin and the residues on XO named Ile264, Val259, Asn351, and Leu404, XO may be suppressed by this molecule. Curcumin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may be responsible for the anti-arthritic effects that have been seen on oxidative stress markers and XO. On the other hand, more research is being conducted to understand its function better in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To determine whether or not curcumin interacts with AR targets, a molecular docking study was conducted using MVD software against TNFRSF11A and cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seghira Bisset
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mohamed Boudiaf University, 28000, M'sila, Algeria.,Celluar and Molecular Immuno-Biochemistry, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, 19000, Setif, Algeria
| | - Widad Sobhi
- Celluar and Molecular Immuno-Biochemistry, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, 19000, Setif, Algeria. .,Research Center of Biotechnology (CRBt), Ali Mendjli, 25000, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Ayoub Attoui
- Celluar and Molecular Immuno-Biochemistry, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, 19000, Setif, Algeria
| | - Tarek Lamaoui
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie Et Pharmacotechnie (LBPT), Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, Setif, Algeria
| | - Yousef A Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shobhan Das
- Department of Biostatistics Epidemiology and Environmental Health Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Manawwer Alam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalil Errahmane Kanouni
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie Et Pharmacotechnie (LBPT), Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, Setif, Algeria
| | - Abdelmalek Rezgui
- Research Center of Biotechnology (CRBt), Ali Mendjli, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Siham Ferdjioui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat ABBAS Setif 1 University, 19000, Setif, Algeria
| | - Yacine Derradji
- Celluar and Molecular Immuno-Biochemistry, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, 19000, Setif, Algeria.,Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Nature and Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider Biskra University, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Abdelhalim Khenchouche
- Celluar and Molecular Immuno-Biochemistry, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, 19000, Setif, Algeria
| | - Yacine Benguerba
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie Et Pharmacotechnie (LBPT), Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, Setif, Algeria.
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14
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Huang H, Zhang Y, Xu X, Liu Y, Zhao J, Ma L, Lei J, Ge W, Li N, Ma E, Li Y, Yuan L. Design and synthesis of dual cathepsin L and S inhibitors and antimetastatic activity evaluation in pancreatic cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 80:129087. [PMID: 36427655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the migration and invasion of cancer cells remain the main factors of poor prognosis in the majority of cancer patients. Developing an effective antimetastatic agent is crucial for cancer therapy. Our recent research revealed that Cat L and S are expressed concurrently in metastatic pancreatic cancer cells. Asperphenamate analog ASPER-29, which exhibits dual Cat L and S inhibitory potency, showed a definite antimetastatic effect on pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells. To further improve the antimetastatic ability of asperphenamate-type molecules, 24 derivatives were designed and synthesized by a scaffold-hopping strategy. The cathepsin inhibitory activity assay results showed that most of the derivatives exhibited dual inhibitory effects on Cat L and S. Among all derivatives, Compound B1a showed the strongest inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 4.10 ± 0.14 μM and 1.79 ± 0.11 μM, which were 1.5-fold and 2.8-fold more potent than those of positive drugs against Cat L and S, respectively. Further wound-healing and transwell chamber assays demonstrated that B1a presented significant antimetastatic ability in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Center for Drug Evaluation, NMPA, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Yongzheng Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Juanping Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jie Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Wentao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Enlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Lei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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15
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Bigot P, Chesseron S, Saidi A, Sizaret D, Parent C, Petit-Courty A, Courty Y, Lecaille F, Lalmanach G. Cleavage of Occludin by Cigarette Smoke-Elicited Cathepsin S Increases Permeability of Lung Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010005. [PMID: 36670867 PMCID: PMC9854811 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an irreversible disease mainly caused by smoking. COPD is characterized by emphysema and chronic bronchitis associated with enhanced epithelial permeability. HYPOTHESIS Lung biopsies from smokers revealed a decreased expression level of occludin, which is a protein involved in the cohesion of epithelial tight junctions. Moreover, the occludin level correlated negatively with smoking history (pack-years), COPD grades, and cathepsin S (CatS) activity. Thus, we examined whether CatS could participate in the modulation of the integrity of human lung epithelial barriers. METHODS AND RESULTS Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) triggered the upregulation of CatS by THP-1 macrophages through the mTOR/TFEB signaling pathway. In a co-culture model, following the exposure of macrophages to CSE, an enhanced level of permeability of lung epithelial (16HBE and NHBE) cells towards FITC-Dextran was observed, which was associated with a decrease in occludin level. Similar results were obtained using 16HBE and NHBE cells cultured at the air-liquid interface. The treatment of THP-1 macrophages by CatS siRNAs or by a pharmacological inhibitor restored the barrier function of epithelial cells, suggesting that cigarette smoke-elicited CatS induced an alteration of epithelial integrity via the proteolytic injury of occludin. CONCLUSIONS Alongside its noteworthy resistance to oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke oxidants and its deleterious elastin-degrading potency, CatS may also have a detrimental effect on the barrier function of epithelial cells through the cleavage of occludin. The obtained data emphasize the emerging role of CatS in smoking-related lung diseases and strengthen the relevance of targeting CatS in the treatment of emphysema and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bigot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Simon Chesseron
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Damien Sizaret
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, The University Hospital Center of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Christelle Parent
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Aerosol therapy and Biotherapeutics for Respiratory Diseases”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Agnès Petit-Courty
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Yves Courty
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-47-36-61-51
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16
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Altıntop MD, Özdemir A, Temel HE, Demir Cevizlidere B, Sever B, Kaplancıklı ZA, Akalın Çiftçi G. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of arylidene indanones as small molecules for targeted therapy of non-small cell lung carcinoma and prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Biasizzo M, Javoršek U, Vidak E, Zarić M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: A long and winding road towards clinics. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101150. [PMID: 36283280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research often focuses on properties that differentiate between diseased and healthy tissue; one of the current focuses is elevated expression and altered localisation of proteases. Among these proteases, dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins can frequently be observed in inflammation-associated diseases, which tips the functional balance from normal physiological to pathological manifestations. Their overexpression and secretion regularly exhibit a strong correlation with the development and progression of such diseases, making them attractive pharmacological targets. But beyond their mostly detrimental role in inflammation-associated diseases, cysteine cathepsins are physiologically highly important enzymes involved in various biological processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and responding to different stimuli. Consequently, several challenges have emerged during the efforts made to translate basic research data into clinical applications. In this review, we present both physiological and pathological roles of cysteine cathepsins and discuss the clinical potential of cysteine cathepsin-targeting strategies for disease management and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biasizzo
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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18
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Lecaille F, Chazeirat T, Saidi A, Lalmanach G. Cathepsin V: Molecular characteristics and significance in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101086. [PMID: 35305807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins form a family of eleven proteases (B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, X/Z) that play important roles in a considerable number of biological and pathophysiological processes. Among them, cathepsin V, also known as cathepsin L2, is a lysosomal enzyme, which is mainly expressed in cornea, thymus, heart, brain, and skin. Cathepsin V is a multifunctional endopeptidase that is involved in both the release of antigenic peptides and the maturation of MHC class II molecules and participates in the turnover of elastin fibrils as well in the cleavage of intra- and extra-cellular substrates. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that cathepsin V may contribute to the progression of diverse diseases, due to the dysregulation of its expression and/or its activity. For instance, increased expression of cathepsin V is closely correlated with malignancies (breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, or colorectal cancer) as well vascular disorders (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, hypertension) being the most prominent examples. This review aims to shed light on current knowledge on molecular aspects of cathepsin V (genomic organization, protein structure, substrate specificity), its regulation by protein and non-protein inhibitors as well to summarize its expression (tissue and cellular distribution). Then the core biological and pathophysiological roles of cathepsin V will be depicted, raising the question of its interest as a valuable target that can open up pioneering therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
| | - Thibault Chazeirat
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
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19
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Milićević D, Hlaváč J. Triple-FRET multi-purpose fluorescent probe for three-protease detection. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28780-28787. [PMID: 36320525 PMCID: PMC9549473 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05125g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A new, robust and reliable methodology for three-protease screening in a single-enzyme mode has been developed and verified, employing a multi-purpose peptide probe with three selectively cleavable sites furnished with four fluorophores. A triple-FRET-based single-excitation quadruple-emission concept for unambiguous sensing of trypsin, chymotrypsin and caspase-8 in the lowest detectable concentrations of 0.5 ng mL-1, 0.2 μg mL-1, and 2 U mL-1, respectively, has been applied and graphically depicted. Then the developed 4-dye probe has been also studied from the perspective of simultaneous two-protease screening, which was found only partially feasible, primarily due to unselective chymotrypsin cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Milićević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc17. Listopadu 12771 46 OlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Jan Hlaváč
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc17. Listopadu 12771 46 OlomoucCzech Republic
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20
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Milanowski LM, Hou X, Bredenberg JM, Fiesel FC, Cocker LT, Soto-Beasley AI, Walton RL, Strongosky AJ, Faroqi AH, Barcikowska M, Boczarska-Jedynak M, Dulski J, Fedoryshyn L, Janik P, Potulska-Chromik A, Karpinsky K, Krygowska-Wajs A, Lynch T, Olszewska DA, Opala G, Pulyk A, Rektorova I, Sanotsky Y, Siuda J, Widlak M, Slawek J, Rudzinska-Bar M, Uitti R, Figura M, Szlufik S, Rzonca-Niewczas S, Podgorska E, McLean PJ, Koziorowski D, Ross OA, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Springer W, Wszolek ZK. Cathepsin B p.Gly284Val Variant in Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7086. [PMID: 35806091 PMCID: PMC9266886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is generally considered a sporadic disorder, but a strong genetic background is often found. The aim of this study was to identify the underlying genetic cause of PD in two affected siblings and to subsequently assess the role of mutations in Cathepsin B (CTSB) in susceptibility to PD. A typical PD family was identified and whole-exome sequencing was performed in two affected siblings. Variants of interest were validated using Sanger sequencing. CTSB p.Gly284Val was genotyped in 2077 PD patients and 615 unrelated healthy controls from the Czech Republic, Ireland, Poland, Ukraine, and the USA. The gene burden analysis was conducted for the CTSB gene in an additional 769 PD probands from Mayo Clinic Florida familial PD cohort. CTSB expression and activity in patient-derived fibroblasts and controls were evaluated by qRT-PCR, western blot, immunocytochemistry, and enzymatic assay. The CTSB p.Gly284Val candidate variant was only identified in affected family members. Functional analysis of CTSB patient-derived fibroblasts under basal conditions did not reveal overt changes in endogenous expression, subcellular localization, or enzymatic activity in the heterozygous carrier of the CTSB variant. The identification of the CTSB p.Gly284Val may support the hypothesis that the CTSB locus harbors variants with differing penetrance that can determine the disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz M. Milanowski
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (L.M.M.); (A.J.S.); (J.D.); (R.U.); (Z.K.W.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.J.); (A.P.-C.); (M.F.); (S.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Jenny M. Bredenberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Fabienne C. Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Liam T. Cocker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Alexandra I. Soto-Beasley
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Ronald L. Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Audrey J. Strongosky
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (L.M.M.); (A.J.S.); (J.D.); (R.U.); (Z.K.W.)
| | - Ayman H. Faroqi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Maria Barcikowska
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Extrapyramidal Disorders and Alzheimer’s Outpatient Clinic, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Warsaw, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Boczarska-Jedynak
- Department of Neurology and Restorative Medicine, Health Institute dr Boczarska-Jedynak, 32-600 Oswiecim, Poland;
| | - Jaroslaw Dulski
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (L.M.M.); (A.J.S.); (J.D.); (R.U.); (Z.K.W.)
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Ltd., 80-462 Gdansk, Poland;
- Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lyuda Fedoryshyn
- Lviv Regional Clinical Hospital, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine; (L.F.); (Y.S.)
| | - Piotr Janik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.J.); (A.P.-C.); (M.F.); (S.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Anna Potulska-Chromik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.J.); (A.P.-C.); (M.F.); (S.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Katherine Karpinsky
- Uzhhorod Regional Clinical Centre of Neurosurgery and Neurology, 88018 Uzhhorod, Ukraine;
| | - Anna Krygowska-Wajs
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tim Lynch
- The Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 W7XF Dublin, Ireland; (T.L.); (D.A.O.)
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Diana A. Olszewska
- The Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 W7XF Dublin, Ireland; (T.L.); (D.A.O.)
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Grzegorz Opala
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (G.O.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Irena Rektorova
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, 601-77 Brno, Czech Republic;
- St. Anne’s University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 601-77 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yanosh Sanotsky
- Lviv Regional Clinical Hospital, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine; (L.F.); (Y.S.)
| | - Joanna Siuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (G.O.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Jaroslaw Slawek
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Ltd., 80-462 Gdansk, Poland;
- Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Rudzinska-Bar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Ryan Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (L.M.M.); (A.J.S.); (J.D.); (R.U.); (Z.K.W.)
| | - Monika Figura
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.J.); (A.P.-C.); (M.F.); (S.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Stanislaw Szlufik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.J.); (A.P.-C.); (M.F.); (S.S.); (D.K.)
| | | | - Elzbieta Podgorska
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Pamela J. McLean
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Dariusz Koziorowski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.J.); (A.P.-C.); (M.F.); (S.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Owen A. Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Dorota Hoffman-Zacharska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Zbigniew K. Wszolek
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (L.M.M.); (A.J.S.); (J.D.); (R.U.); (Z.K.W.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (X.H.); (J.M.B.); (F.C.F.); (L.T.C.); (A.I.S.-B.); (R.L.W.); (A.H.F.); (P.J.M.); (O.A.R.)
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21
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Recombinant Cathepsin L of Tribolium castaneum and Its Potential in the Hydrolysis of Immunogenic Gliadin Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137001. [PMID: 35806001 PMCID: PMC9266932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat gliadins contain a large amount of glutamine- and proline-rich peptides which are not hydrolyzed by human digestive peptidases and can cause autoimmune celiac disease and other forms of gluten intolerance in predisposed people. Peptidases that efficiently cleave such immunogenic peptides can be used in enzyme therapy. The stored product insect pest Tribolium castaneum efficiently hydrolyzes gliadins. The main digestive peptidase of T. castaneum is cathepsin L, which is from the papain C1 family with post-glutamine cleavage activity. We describe the isolation and characterization of T. castaneum recombinant procathepsin L (rpTcCathL1, NP_001164001), which was expressed in Pichia pastoris cells. The activation of the proenzyme was conducted by autocatalytic processing. The effects of pH and proenzyme concentration in the reaction mixture on the processing were studied. The mature enzyme retained high activity in the pH range from 5.0 to 9.0 and displayed high pH-stability from 4.0 to 8.0 at 20 °C. The enzyme was characterized according to electrophoretic mobility under native conditions, activity and stability at various pH values, a sensitivity to various inhibitors, and substrate specificity, and its hydrolytic effect on 8-, 10-, 26-, and 33-mer immunogenic gliadins peptides was demonstrated. Our results show that rTcCathL1 is an effective peptidase that can be used to develop a drug for the enzyme therapy of various types of gluten intolerance.
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22
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Silva R, Malcangio M. Fractalkine/CX 3CR 1 Pathway in Neuropathic Pain: An Update. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 2:684684. [PMID: 35295489 PMCID: PMC8915718 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.684684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the nervous system can result in a debilitating neuropathic pain state that is often resistant to treatment with available analgesics, which are commonly associated with several side-effects. Growing pre-clinical and clinical evidence over the last two decades indicates that immune cell-mediated mechanisms both in the periphery and in the Central Nervous System (CNS) play significant roles in the establishment and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Specifically, following peripheral nerve injury, microglia, which are CNS resident immune cells, respond to the activity of the first pain synapse in the dorsal horn of spinal cord and also to neuronal activity in higher centres in the brain. This microglial response leads to the production and release of several proinflammatory mediators which contribute to neuronal sensitisation under neuropathic pain states. In this review, we collect evidence demonstrating the critical role played by the Fractalkine/CX3CR1 signalling pathway in neuron-to-microglia communication in neuropathic pain states and explore how strategies that include components of this pathway offer opportunities for innovative targets for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marzia Malcangio
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Characterization of Cysteine Cathepsin Expression in the Central Nervous System of Aged Wild-Type and Cathepsin-Deficient Mice. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The association of cathepsin proteases in neurobiology is increasingly recognized. Our previous studies indicated that cathepsin-K-deficient (Ctsk−/−) mice have learning and memory impairments. Alterations in cathepsin expression are known to result in compensatory changes in levels of related cathepsins. To gain insight into the therapeutic usefulness of cathepsin inhibitors in aging individuals with osteoporosis or neurodegenerative diseases, we studied for variations in cathepsin expression and activity in aged (18–20 months) versus young (5–7 months) wild-type (WT) and cathepsin-deficient mice brains. There were age-dependent increases in cathepsin B, D, and L and cystatin C protein levels in various brain regions, mainly of WT and Ctsk−/− mice. This corresponded with changes in activity levels of cathepsins B and L, but not cathepsin D. In contrast, very little age-dependent variation was observed in cathepsin-B- and cathepsin-L-deficient mouse brain, especially at the protein level. The observed alterations in cathepsin protein amounts and activity are likely contributing to changes in important aging-related processes such as autophagy. In addition, the results provide insight into the potential impact of cathepsin inhibitor therapy in aged individuals, as well as in long-term use of cathepsin inhibitor therapy.
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24
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Exploring the role of cathepsin in rheumatoid arthritis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:402-410. [PMID: 35002435 PMCID: PMC8716961 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease which is marked by leukocytes infiltration inside synovial tissue, joints and also inside synovial fluid which causes progressive destruction of joint cartilage. There are numerous genetical and lifestyle factors, responsible for rheumatoid arthritis. One such factor can be cysteine cathepsins, which act as proteolytic enzymes. These proteolytic enzyme gets activated at acidic pH and are found in lysosomes and are also termed as cysteine proteases. These proteases belong to papain family and have their elucidated role in musculoskeletal disorders. Numerous cathepsins have their targeted role in rheumatoid arthritis. These proteases are secreted through various cell types which includes matrix metalloproteases and papain like cysteine proteases. These proteases can potentially lead to bone and cartilage destruction which causes an immune response in case of inflammatory arthritis.
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25
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Overall CM. A Flickering Light at the End of the Pandemic Tunnel. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:5223-5226. [PMID: 34856807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Overall
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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26
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Gureeva TA, Timoshenko OS, Kugaevskaya EV, Solovyova NI. [Cysteine cathepsins: structure, physiological functions and their role in carcinogenesis]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2021; 67:453-464. [PMID: 34964439 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216706453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (Cts) also known as thiol proteinases belong to the superfamily of cysteine proteinases (EC 3.4.22). Cts are known as lysosomal proteases responsible for the intracellular proteins degradation. All Cts are synthesized as zymogens, activation of which occurs autocatalytically. Their activity is regulated by endogenous inhibitors. Cts can be secreted into the extracellular environment, which is of particular importance in tumor progression. Extracellular Cts not only hydrolyze extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, but also contribute to ECM remodeling, processing and/or release of cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. In cancer, the expression and activity of Cts sharply increase both in cell lysosomes and in the intercellular space, which correlates with neoplastic transformation, invasion, metastasis and leads to further tumor progression. It has been shown that Cts expression depends on the cells type, therefore, their role in the tumor development differs depending on their cellular origin. The mechanism of Cts action in cancer is not limited only by their proteolytic action. The Cts influence on signal transduction pathways associated with cancer development, including the pathway involving growth factors, which is mediated through receptors tyrosine kinases (RTK) and various signaling mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), has been proven. In addition, Cts are able to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by activating signal transduction pathways such as Wnt, Notch, and the pathway involving TGF-β. So, Ctc perform specific both destructive and regulatory functions, carrying out proteolysis, both inside and outside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gureeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Cathepsin C Regulates Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis in β-Cell Model Systems. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111694. [PMID: 34828301 PMCID: PMC8622156 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that several of the lysosomal cathepsin proteases are genetically associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and participate in immune-mediated destruction of the pancreatic β cells. We previously reported that the T1D candidate gene cathepsin H is downregulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines in human pancreatic islets and regulates β-cell function, apoptosis, and disease progression in children with new-onset T1D. In the present study, the objective was to investigate the expression patterns of all 15 known cathepsins in β-cell model systems and examine their role in the regulation of cytokine-induced apoptosis. Real-time qPCR screening of the cathepsins in human islets, 1.1B4 and INS-1E β-cell models identified several cathepsins that were expressed and regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Using small interfering RNAs to knock down (KD) the cytokine-regulated cathepsins, we identified an anti-apoptotic function of cathepsin C as KD increased cytokine-induced apoptosis. KD of cathepsin C correlated with increased phosphorylation of JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and elevated chemokine CXCL10/IP-10 expression. This study suggests that cathepsin C is a modulator of β-cell survival, and that immune modulation of cathepsin expression in islets may contribute to immune-mediated β-cell destruction in T1D.
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28
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Li H, Lee CH, Shin I. A triple-targeting delivery system carrying two anticancer agents. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8009-8013. [PMID: 34236071 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To improve tumor selectivity, a triple-targeting delivery system (Oct-FK(PBA-Az)-Dox) carrying two anticancer agents (apoptozole (Az) and doxorubicin (Dox)) was designed and synthesized. The results showed that both anticancer agents in Oct-FK(PBA-Az)-Dox are liberated in the presence of both H2O2 and cathepsin B, which are normally present at high levels in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Novel lysosome-targeted anticancer fluorescent agents used in zebrafish and nude mouse tumour imaging. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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Rational construction of genome-reduced Burkholderiales chassis facilitates efficient heterologous production of natural products from proteobacteria. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4347. [PMID: 34301933 PMCID: PMC8302735 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) avails yield improvements and mining of natural products, but it is limited by lacking of more efficient Gram-negative chassis. The proteobacterium Schlegelella brevitalea DSM 7029 exhibits potential for heterologous BGC expression, but its cells undergo early autolysis, hindering further applications. Herein, we rationally construct DC and DT series genome-reduced S. brevitalea mutants by sequential deletions of endogenous BGCs and the nonessential genomic regions, respectively. The DC5 to DC7 mutants affect growth, while the DT series mutants show improved growth characteristics with alleviated cell autolysis. The yield improvements of six proteobacterial natural products and successful identification of chitinimides from Chitinimonas koreensis via heterologous expression in DT mutants demonstrate their superiority to wild-type DSM 7029 and two commonly used Gram-negative chassis Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida. Our study expands the panel of Gram-negative chassis and facilitates the discovery of natural products by heterologous expression.
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31
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Perišić Nanut M, Pečar Fonović U, Jakoš T, Kos J. The Role of Cysteine Peptidases in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation and Modulation of Immune System Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680279. [PMID: 34335582 PMCID: PMC8322073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are primarily involved in the degradation and recycling of proteins in endo-lysosomal compartments but are also gaining recognition as pivotal proteolytic contributors to various immune functions. Through their extracellular proteolytic activities within the hematopoietic stem cell niche, they are involved in progenitor cell mobilization and differentiation. Cysteine cathepsins, such as cathepsins L and S contribute to antigen-induced adaptive immunity through major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation whereas cathepsin X regulates T-cell migration. By regulating toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine secretion cysteine cathepsins activate innate immune cells and affect their functional differentiation. Cathepsins C and H are expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells and are involved in processing of pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms. Cytoplasmic activities of cathepsins B and L contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the adaptive immune response by regulating cell death of T and B lymphocytes. The expression pattern, localization, and activity of cysteine cathepsins is tightly connected to their function in immune cells. Furthermore, cysteine cathepsins together with their endogenous inhibitors, serve as mediators in the interplay between cancer and immune cells that results in immune cell anergy. The aim of the present article is to review the mechanisms of dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in relation to immune dysfunction to address new possibilities for regulation of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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32
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Arafet K, González FV, Moliner V. Elucidating the Dual Mode of Action of Dipeptidyl Enoates in the Inhibition of Rhodesain Cysteine Proteases. Chemistry 2021; 27:10142-10150. [PMID: 33852187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A computational study of the two possible inhibition mechanisms of rhodesain cysteine protease by the dipeptidyl enoate Cbz-Phe-Leu-CH=CH-CO2 C2 H5 has been carried out by means of molecular dynamics simulations with hybrid QM/MM potentials. The low free energy barriers confirm that the Cys25 residue can attack both Cβ and C1 atoms of the inhibitor, confirming a dual mode of action in the inhibition of the rhodesain by enoates. According to the results, the inhibition process through the Cys25 attack on the Cβ atom of the inhibitor is an exergonic and irreversible process, while the inhibition process when Cys25 attacks on the C1 atom of the inhibitor is and exergonic but reversible process. The interactions between the inhibitor and rhodesain suggest that P2 is the most important fragment to consider in the design of new efficient inhibitors of rhodesain. These results may be useful for the design of new inhibitors of rhodesain and other related cysteine proteases based on dipeptidyl enoates scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemel Arafet
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Florenci V González
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
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33
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Bollavaram K, Leeman TH, Lee MW, Kulkarni A, Upshaw SG, Yang J, Song H, Platt MO. Multiple sites on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are susceptible to proteolysis by cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1131-1143. [PMID: 33786919 PMCID: PMC8138523 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 is the coronavirus responsible for the COVID‐19 pandemic. Proteases are central to the infection process of SARS‐CoV‐2. Cleavage of the spike protein on the virus's capsid causes the conformational change that leads to membrane fusion and viral entry into the target cell. Since inhibition of one protease, even the dominant protease like TMPRSS2, may not be sufficient to block SARS‐CoV‐2 entry into cells, other proteases that may play an activating role and hydrolyze the spike protein must be identified. We identified amino acid sequences in all regions of spike protein, including the S1/S2 region critical for activation and viral entry, that are susceptible to cleavage by furin and cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V using PACMANS, a computational platform that identifies and ranks preferred sites of proteolytic cleavage on substrates, and verified with molecular docking analysis and immunoblotting to determine if binding of these proteases can occur on the spike protein that were identified as possible cleavage sites. Together, this study highlights cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V for consideration in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and presents methodologies by which other proteases can be screened to determine a role in viral entry. This highlights additional proteases to be considered in COVID‐19 studies, particularly regarding exacerbated damage in inflammatory preconditions where these proteases are generally upregulated. PDB Code(s): 6VYB, 4Z2A, 5F02, 4P6E, 5TUN, 2IPP and 3H6S;
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Affiliation(s)
- Keval Bollavaram
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tiffanie H Leeman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maggie W Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Akhil Kulkarni
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sophia G Upshaw
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiabei Yang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hannah Song
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manu O Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Purification and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Papain Inhibitor from Moringa oleifera with Antimicrobial and Anticoagulant Properties. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040512. [PMID: 33917878 PMCID: PMC8068210 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cystatins (or phytocystatins) comprise a large superfamily of natural bioactive small proteins that typically act as protein inhibitors of papain-like cysteine proteases. In this report, we present the purification and characterization of the first phytocystatin isolated from Moringa oleifera (MoPI). MoPI has a molecular mass of 19 kDa and showed an extraordinary physicochemical stability against acidic pHs and high temperatures. Our findings also revealed that MoPI is one of the most potent cysteine protease inhibitors reported to date, with Ki and IC50 values of 2.1 nM and 5.7 nM, respectively. More interestingly, MoPI presents a strong antimicrobial activity against human pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, MoPI also showed important anticoagulant activity, which is an unprecedented property for this family of protease inhibitors. These results highlight the pharmaceutical potential of this plant and its derived bioactive molecules.
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Roe K. Potential New Treatments for Kawasaki Disease, Its Variations, and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 3:1076-1080. [PMID: 33786417 PMCID: PMC7993892 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-00872-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The causation of Kawasaki disease has been a medical mystery for over 54 years. However, the causations of Kawasaki disease, its variations, and COVID-19-associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome have been recently explained to involve high replication rate viral infections. In a subset of patients, the extensive antigen-antibody immune complexes that are not quickly cleared by phagocytosis will create a type III hypersensitivity immune reaction. The subsequent release of proteases and other enzymes and the expression or exposure of new immunogenic antigens due to protease attacks on basement membranes of epithelial cells or endothelial cells in blood vessels will induce new autoantibodies and cause Kawasaki disease, its variations, and COVID-19-related Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. There is now increasing evidence that a viral infection of a large surface area of tissue, such as the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract or blood vessels, and a resultant type III hypersensitivity immune reaction is the most plausible explanation for the causations of Kawasaki disease, its variations, and COVID-19-related Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. Furthermore, an improved understanding of these causations also suggests several potential new treatments which can be more effective.
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da Costa Fernandes C, Rodríguez VMO, Soares-Costa A, Cirelli JA, Justino DMN, Roma B, Zambuzzi WF, Faria G. Cystatin-like protein of sweet orange (CsinCPI-2) modulates pre-osteoblast differentiation via β-Catenin involvement. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:33. [PMID: 33751248 PMCID: PMC7985097 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytocystatins are endogenous cysteine-protease inhibitors present in plants. They are involved in initial germination rates and in plant defense mechanisms against phytopathogens. Recently, a new phytocystatin derived from sweet orange, CsinCPI-2, has been shown to inhibit the enzymatic activity of human cathepsins, presenting anti-inflammatory potential and pro-osteogenic effect in human dental pulp cells. The osteogenic potential of the CsinCPI-2 protein represents a new insight into plants cysteine proteases inhibitors and this effect needs to be better addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of pre-osteoblasts in response to CsinCPI-2, mainly focusing on cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation mechanisms. Together our data show that in the first hours of treatment, protein in CsinCPI-2 promotes an increase in the expression of adhesion markers, which decrease after 24 h, leading to the activation of Kinase-dependent cyclines (CDKs) modulating the transition from G1 to S phases cell cycle. In addition, we saw that the increase in ERK may be associated with activation of the differentiation profile, also observed with an increase in the B-Catenin pathway and an increase in the expression of Runx2 in the group that received the treatment with CsinCPI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célio da Costa Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Cell Dynamics, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Manuel Ochoa Rodríguez
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Soares-Costa
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Joni Augusto Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara Roma
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Fernando Zambuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Cell Dynamics, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Scarpino A, Petri L, Knez D, Imre T, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Ferenczy GG, Gobec S, Keserű GM. WIDOCK: a reactive docking protocol for virtual screening of covalent inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 35:223-244. [PMID: 33458809 PMCID: PMC7904743 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we present WIDOCK, a virtual screening protocol that supports the selection of diverse electrophiles as covalent inhibitors by incorporating ligand reactivity towards cysteine residues into AutoDock4. WIDOCK applies the reactive docking method (Backus et al. in Nature 534:570–574, 2016) and extends it into a virtual screening tool by introducing facile experimental or computational parametrization and a ligand focused evaluation scheme together with a retrospective and prospective validation against various therapeutically relevant targets. Parameters accounting for ligand reactivity are derived from experimental reaction kinetic data or alternatively from computed reaction barriers. The performance of this docking protocol was first evaluated by investigating compound series with diverse warhead chemotypes against KRASG12C, MurA and cathepsin B. In addition, WIDOCK was challenged on larger electrophilic libraries screened against OTUB2 and NUDT7. These retrospective analyses showed high sensitivity in retrieving experimental actives, by also leading to superior ROC curves, AUC values and better enrichments than the standard covalent docking tool available in AutoDock4 when compound collections with diverse warheads were investigated. Finally, we applied WIDOCK for the prospective identification of covalent human MAO-A inhibitors acting via a new mechanism by binding to Cys323. The inhibitory activity of several predicted compounds was experimentally confirmed and the labelling of Cys323 was proved by subsequent MS/MS measurements. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of WIDOCK as a warhead-sensitive, covalent virtual screening protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scarpino
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Petri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György G Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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Gupta R, Luxami V, Paul K. Insights of 8-hydroxyquinolines: A novel target in medicinal chemistry. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104633. [PMID: 33513476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
8-Hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) is a significant heterocyclic scaffold in organic and analytical chemistry because of the properties of chromophore and is used to detect various metal ions and anions. But from the last 2 decades, this moiety has been drawn great attention of medicinal chemists due to its significant biological activities. Synthetic modification of 8-hydroxyquinoline is under exploration on large scale to develop more potent target-based broad spectrum drug molecules for the treatment of several life-threatening diseases such as anti-cancer, HIV, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Metal chelation properties of 8-hydroxyquinoline and its derivatives also make these potent drug candidates for the treatment of various diseases. This review comprises 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives reported in the literature in last five years (2016-2020) and we anticipate that it will assist medicinal chemists in the synthesis of novel and pharmacologically potent agents for various therapeutic targets, mainly anti-proliferative, anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-viral as well as for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Gupta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147 004, India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147 004, India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147 004, India.
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Rawat K, Syeda S, Shrivastava A. Neutrophil-derived granule cargoes: paving the way for tumor growth and progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:221-244. [PMID: 33438104 PMCID: PMC7802614 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the key cells of our innate immune system mediating host defense via a range of effector functions including phagocytosis, degranulation, and NETosis. For this, they employ an arsenal of anti-microbial cargoes packed in their readily mobilizable granule subsets. Notably, the release of granule content is tightly regulated; however, under certain circumstances, their unregulated release can aggravate tissue damage and could be detrimental to the host. Several constituents of neutrophil granules have also been associated with various inflammatory diseases including cancer. In cancer setting, their excessive release may modulate tissue microenvironment which ultimately leads the way for tumor initiation, growth and metastasis. Neutrophils actively infiltrate within tumor tissues, wherein they show diverse phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. While most studies are focused at understanding the phenotypic heterogeneity of neutrophils, their functional heterogeneity, much of which is likely orchestrated by their granule cargoes, is beginning to emerge. Therefore, a better understanding of neutrophil granules and their cargoes will not only shed light on their diverse role in cancer but will also reveal them as novel therapeutic targets. This review provides an overview on existing knowledge of neutrophil granules and detailed insight into the pathological relevance of their cargoes in cancer. In addition, we also discuss the therapeutic approach for targeting neutrophils or their microenvironment in disease setting that will pave the way forward for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Rawat
- grid.8195.50000 0001 2109 4999Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Saima Syeda
- grid.8195.50000 0001 2109 4999Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Anju Shrivastava
- grid.8195.50000 0001 2109 4999Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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40
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Roe K. An explanation of the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases in immuno-compromised individuals. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12994. [PMID: 33151588 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Some pathogen infections and immune system deficiencies have been linked to a few autoimmune diseases. However, the pathogenesis of most autoimmune diseases is unknown. An explanatory hypothesis for the pathogenesis of infection-initiated autoimmune diseases is provided. Virulent pathogen infections create extensive pathogen antigens that frequently require antibodies. These antibodies create extensive antigen-antibody immune complexes, which some immuno-compromised individuals will not adequately eliminate. This will cause inflammatory type III hypersensitivity symptoms, including protease releases that destroy epithelium, mesothelium and endothelium basement membranes, express new immunogenic antigens from previously sequestered basement membrane constituents, and ultimately induce new autoantibodies. This can continue after the infection ends, if the first wave of protease attacks on basement membranes induces new autoantibodies that cause new uncleared antigen-antibody immune complexes and type III hypersensitivity reactions. The secreted proteases and other enzymes will have preferred substrates and these proteases or other enzymes by themselves, or by their processed protein substrates, can express immunogenic antigens that induce new autoantibodies and initiate various autoimmune diseases. In summary, several autoimmune diseases can be initiated in immuno-compromised individuals during extensive pathogen infections, if these individuals have two immune problems: (a) slow or weak initial immune responses that result in a reliance on antibodies and (b) an inability to eliminate the resulting antigen-antibody immune complexes by phagocytosis. These two immune problems and the resulting immune system type III hypersensitivity reaction can explain the causation of several autoimmune diseases, including the most common and the rarest autoimmune diseases, both their differences and their similarities.
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Study on enhanced serum protein protecting and anti-cathepsin activities of various curcumin formulations containing traditional excipients and bio-enhancers. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pišlar A, Mitrović A, Sabotič J, Pečar Fonović U, Perišić Nanut M, Jakoš T, Senjor E, Kos J. The role of cysteine peptidases in coronavirus cell entry and replication: The therapeutic potential of cathepsin inhibitors. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009013. [PMID: 33137165 PMCID: PMC7605623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 2 decades, several coronaviruses (CoVs) have crossed the species barrier into humans, causing highly prevalent and severe respiratory diseases, often with fatal outcomes. CoVs are a large group of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, which encode large replicase polyproteins that are processed by viral peptidases to generate the nonstructural proteins (Nsps) that mediate viral RNA synthesis. Papain-like peptidases (PLPs) and chymotrypsin-like cysteine 3C-like peptidase are essential for coronaviral replication and represent attractive antiviral drug targets. Furthermore, CoVs utilize the activation of their envelope spike glycoproteins by host cell peptidases to gain entry into cells. CoVs have evolved multiple strategies for spike protein activation, including the utilization of lysosomal cysteine cathepsins. In this review, viral and host peptidases involved in CoV cell entry and replication are discussed in depth, with an emphasis on papain-like cysteine cathepsins. Furthermore, important findings on cysteine peptidase inhibitors with regard to virus attenuation are highlighted as well as the potential of such inhibitors for future treatment strategies for CoV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Pišlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urša Pečar Fonović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Tanja Jakoš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emanuela Senjor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mazzotta C, Marden G, Farina A, Bujor A, Trojanowski MA, Trojanowska M. FLI1 and ERG protein degradation is regulated via Cathepsin B lysosomal pathway in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12660. [PMID: 32979864 PMCID: PMC7988617 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific, important regulators of endothelial cell homeostasis, are reduced in microvascular endothelial cells in scleroderma patients, and their deficiency has been implicated in disease pathogenesis. The goal of this study was to identify the mechanisms involved in the protein turnover of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific in microvascular endothelial cells. Methods The effects of lysosome and proteosome inhibitors on friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific levels were assessed by Western blotting and capillary morphogenesis. The effect of scleroderma and control sera on the levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific was examined. Results The reduction in the protein levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific in response to interferon α or Poly:(IC) was reversed by blocking either lysosomal (leupeptin and Cathepsin B inhibitor) or proteosomal degradation (MG132). MG132, leupeptin or CTSB‐(i) also counteracted the anti‐angiogenic effects of Poly:(IC) or interferon α. Scleroderma sera reduced protein levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific in comparison to control sera. Treatment with CTSB(i) increased the levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific in a majority of serum‐treated samples. Conclusions Inhibition of cathepsin B was effective in reversing the reduction of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific protein levels after treatment with interferon α or scleroderma sera, suggesting that targeting cathepsin B may have a beneficial effect in SSc vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestina Mazzotta
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Marden
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandra Farina
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreea Bujor
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcin A Trojanowski
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Trojanowska
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Oelschlaegel D, Weiss Sadan T, Salpeter S, Krug S, Blum G, Schmitz W, Schulze A, Michl P. Cathepsin Inhibition Modulates Metabolism and Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092579. [PMID: 32927704 PMCID: PMC7563557 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Stroma-infiltrating tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) play an important role in regulating tumor progression and chemoresistance. Many tumor-infiltrating macrophage populations can be identified by preferential expression of distinct marker genes associated with an M2 phenotype and may execute tumor-promoting functions by enhancing tissue remodeling, facilitating angiogenesis, and suppressing immune responses. In this study, we aimed to characterize the impact of cathepsins in maintaining the TAM phenotype. For this purpose, we investigated the molecular effects of cathepsin inhibition on the viability and polarization of human primary macrophages as well as its metabolic consequences. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsins B, L, and S using a novel inhibitor, GB111-NH2, led to a polarization shift from M2- to M1 macrophages, associated with distinct alterations in lysosomal signaling and lipid metabolism. This could be therapeutically exploited in tumors with strong infiltration of M2-macrophages, thereby possibly reverting M2 polarization, overcoming drug resistance, and improving the prognosis of our patients. Abstract Stroma-infiltrating immune cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), play an important role in regulating tumor progression and chemoresistance. These effects are mostly conveyed by secreted mediators, among them several cathepsin proteases. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that stroma-infiltrating immune cells are able to induce profound metabolic changes within the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we aimed to characterize the impact of cathepsins in maintaining the TAM phenotype in more detail. For this purpose, we investigated the molecular effects of pharmacological cathepsin inhibition on the viability and polarization of human primary macrophages as well as its metabolic consequences. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsins B, L, and S using a novel inhibitor, GB111-NH2, led to changes in cellular recycling processes characterized by an increased expression of autophagy- and lysosome-associated marker genes and reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Decreased cathepsin activity in primary macrophages further led to distinct changes in fatty acid metabolites associated with increased expression of key modulators of fatty acid metabolism, such as fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acid ceramidase (ASAH1). The altered fatty acid profile was associated with an increased synthesis of the pro-inflammatory prostaglandin PGE2, which correlated with the upregulation of numerous NFkB-dependent pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Our data indicate a novel link between cathepsin activity and metabolic reprogramming in macrophages, demonstrated by a profound impact on autophagy and fatty acid metabolism, which facilitates a pro-inflammatory micromilieu generally associated with enhanced tumor elimination. These results provide a strong rationale for therapeutic cathepsin inhibition to overcome the tumor-promoting effects of the immune-evasive tumor micromilieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Oelschlaegel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (D.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Tommy Weiss Sadan
- Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (T.W.S.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Seth Salpeter
- Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (T.W.S.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Sebastian Krug
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (D.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Galia Blum
- Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (T.W.S.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Werner Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (W.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Almut Schulze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (W.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Patrick Michl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (D.O.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-557-2661; Fax: +49-345-557-225
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Montague-Cardoso K, Malcangio M. Cathepsin S as a potential therapeutic target for chronic pain. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 7:100047. [PMID: 32904424 PMCID: PMC7453913 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a distressing yet poorly-treated condition that can arise as a result of diseases and injuries to the nervous system. The development of more efficacious therapies for chronic pain is essential and requires advances in our understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Clinical and preclinical evidence has demonstrated that immune responses play a crucial role in chronic pain. The lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin S (CatS) plays a key role in such immune response. Here we discuss the preclinical evidence for the mechanistic importance of extracellular CatS in chronic pain focussing on studies utilising drugs and other pharmacological tools that target CatS activity. We also consider the use of CatS inhibitors as potential novel antihyperalgesics, highlighting that the route and timing of delivery would need to be tailored to the initial cause of pain in order to ensure the most effective use of such drugs. Cathepsin S plays a key extracellular role in the underlying mechanisms of chronic pain Pharmacological tools provide crucial evidence for this role and the therapeutic potential of targeting Cathepsin S The route of delivery and timing of cathepsin S inhibitor administration should be tailored to specific causes of chronic pain
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli Montague-Cardoso
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | - Marzia Malcangio
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
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Rodrigues EM, Viola KS, Gomes‐Cornélio AL, Soares‐Costa A, Henrique‐Silva F, Rossa‐Junior C, Guerreiro‐Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru‐Filho M. Sugarcane cystatin CaneCPI‐1 promotes osteogenic differentiation in human dental pulp cells: a new insight into cysteine proteases inhibitors. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1485-1493. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Rodrigues
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Dental School of São Paulo State University Araraquara São PauloBrazil
| | - K. S. Viola
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Dental School of São Paulo State University Araraquara São PauloBrazil
| | - A. L. Gomes‐Cornélio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Dental School of São Paulo State University Araraquara São PauloBrazil
| | - A. Soares‐Costa
- Department of Genetic and Evolution Federal University of Sao Carlos São CarlosBrazil
| | - F. Henrique‐Silva
- Department of Genetic and Evolution Federal University of Sao Carlos São CarlosBrazil
| | - C. Rossa‐Junior
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery Dental School of São Paulo State University Araraquara São Paulo Brazil
| | - J. M. Guerreiro‐Tanomaru
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Dental School of São Paulo State University Araraquara São PauloBrazil
| | - M. Tanomaru‐Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Dental School of São Paulo State University Araraquara São PauloBrazil
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Long-term whole-grain rye and wheat consumption and their associations with selected biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial function, and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:123-132. [PMID: 32782386 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Whole-grain (WG) intake has been associated with a lowered risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers in epidemiological studies. Reduced subclinical inflammation could be one important mechanism behind such associations. This study investigated whether high long-term WG rye and wheat intakes were associated with lower concentrations of biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial function, and protein biomarkers associated with cardiovascular disease. SUBJECTS/METHODS We assessed WG intake by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and by measuring alkylresorcinols (ARs) in plasma and adipose tissue, respectively. Selected biomarkers in free-living 109 women and 149 men were analyzed from two clinical subcohort studies (Swedish Mammography Cohort-Clinical (SMC-C) and Cohort of Swedish Men-Clinical (COSM-C), respectively. Total WG rye and wheat (WGRnW) and the ratio of WG rye to WG rye and wheat (WGR/WGRnW) were estimated from FFQs. ARs were measured in plasma and adipose tissue by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the biomarkers by ELISA. RESULTS We found no consistent associations between WG intake assessed by different methods and the selected biomarkers. However, WGRnW intake was inversely associated with cathepsin S (P-trend < 0.05) and total AR and C17:0/C21:0 in plasma were inversely associated with the endostatin concentration (P-trend < 0.05) adjusted for BMI, age, and sex. CONCLUSION The results give limited support to the hypothesis that a high WG wheat and rye intake is associated with lower concentrations of common biomarkers of inflammation and CVD that have previously been reported inversely associated with WG intake or an overall healthy lifestyle.
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Yadati T, Houben T, Bitorina A, Shiri-Sverdlov R. The Ins and Outs of Cathepsins: Physiological Function and Role in Disease Management. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071679. [PMID: 32668602 PMCID: PMC7407943 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are the most abundant lysosomal proteases that are mainly found in acidic endo/lysosomal compartments where they play a vital role in intracellular protein degradation, energy metabolism, and immune responses among a host of other functions. The discovery that cathepsins are secreted and remain functionally active outside of the lysosome has caused a paradigm shift. Contemporary research has unraveled many versatile functions of cathepsins in extralysosomal locations including cytosol and extracellular space. Nevertheless, extracellular cathepsins are majorly upregulated in pathological states and are implicated in a wide range of diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Taking advantage of the differential expression of the cathepsins during pathological conditions, much research is focused on using cathepsins as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. A tailored therapeutic approach using selective cathepsin inhibitors is constantly emerging to be safe and efficient. Moreover, recent development of proteomic-based approaches for the identification of novel physiological substrates offers a major opportunity to understand the mechanism of cathepsin action. In this review, we summarize the available evidence regarding the role of cathepsins in health and disease, discuss their potential as biomarkers of disease progression, and shed light on the potential of extracellular cathepsin inhibitors as safe therapeutic tools.
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Bostan LE, Almqvist S, Pullar CE. A pulsed current electric field alters protein expression creating a wound healing phenotype in human skin cells. Regen Med 2020; 15:1611-1623. [PMID: 32633622 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Pulsed current (PC) electric field (EF) devices promote healing in chronic wounds but the underpinning mechanisms are largely unknown. The gap between clinical evidence and mechanistic understanding limits device uptake in clinics. Materials & methods: Migration, proliferation and gene/protein expression profiles were investigated in the presence/absence of PCEF, in skin: keratinocytes (NHK); dermal fibroblasts (HDF); dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) and macrophages (THP-1). Results: While PCEF had little effect on migration or proliferation, it significantly altered the expression of 31 genes and the secretion of 7 pro-angiogenic and pro-regenerative growth factors using ELISAs. Conclusion: PCEF significantly altered skin cell genomes/proteomes which provides some evidence of how PCEF devices promote healing of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana E Bostan
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sofia Almqvist
- Mölnlycke Health Care AB, (P.O. Box 13080 SE-402 52) Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christine E Pullar
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Bojarski KK, Karczyńska AS, Samsonov SA. Role of Glycosaminoglycans in Procathepsin B Maturation: Molecular Mechanism Elucidated by a Computational Study. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:2247-2256. [PMID: 32155059 PMCID: PMC7588040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Procathepsins
are an inactive, immature form of cathepsins, predominantly
cysteine proteases present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and in
lysosomes that play a key role in various biological processes such
as bone resorption or intracellular proteolysis. The enzymatic activity
of cathepsins can be mediated by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long unbranched
periodic negatively charged polysaccharides found in ECM that take
part in many biological processes such as anticoagulation, angiogenesis,
and tissue regeneration. In addition to the known effects on mature
cathepsins, GAGs can mediate the maturation process of procathepsins,
in particular, procathepsin B. However, the detailed mechanism of
this mediation at the molecular level is still unknown. In this study,
for the first time, we aimed to unravel the role of GAGs in this process
using computational approaches. We rigorously analyzed procathepsin
B–GAG complexes in terms of their dynamics, energetics, and
potential allosteric regulation. We revealed that GAGs can stabilize
the conformation of the procathepsin B structure with the active site
accessible for the substrate and concluded that GAGs most probably
bind to procathepsin B once the zymogen adopts the enzymatically active
conformation. Our data provided a novel mechanistic view of the maturation
process of procathepsin B, while the approaches elaborated here might
be useful to study other procathepsins. Furthermore, our data can
serve as a rational guide for experimental work on procathepsin–GAG
systems that are not characterized in vivo and in vitro yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof K Bojarski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Sergey A Samsonov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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