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Venkateswaran S, Gwynne PJ, Wu M, Hardman A, Lilienkampf A, Pernagallo S, Blakely G, Swann DG, Bradley M, Gallagher MP. High-throughput Identification of Bacteria Repellent Polymers for Medical Devices. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27842360 PMCID: PMC5226084 DOI: 10.3791/54382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical devices are often associated with hospital-acquired infections, which place enormous strain on patients and the healthcare system as well as contributing to antimicrobial resistance. One possible avenue for the reduction of device-associated infections is the identification of bacteria-repellent polymer coatings for these devices, which would prevent bacterial binding at the initial attachment step. A method for the identification of such repellent polymers, based on the parallel screening of hundreds of polymers using a microarray, is described here. This high-throughput method resulted in the identification of a range of promising polymers that resisted binding of various clinically relevant bacterial species individually and also as multi-species communities. One polymer, PA13 (poly(methylmethacrylate-co-dimethylacrylamide)), demonstrated significant reduction in attachment of a number of hospital isolates when coated onto two commercially available central venous catheters. The method described could be applied to identify polymers for a wide range of applications in which modification of bacterial attachment is important.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mei Wu
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh
| | - Ailsa Hardman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | | | | | - Garry Blakely
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | - David G Swann
- Critical Care, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh;
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2
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Venturato A, MacFarlane G, Geng J, Bradley M. Understanding Polymer-Cell Attachment. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1864-1872. [PMID: 27779357 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of polymeric materials with cell adhesion abilities requires an understanding of cell-surface interactions which vary with cell type. To investigate the correlation between cell attachment and the nature of the polymer, a series of random and block copolymers composed of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate are synthesized through single electron transfer living radical polymerization. The polymers are synthesized with highly defined and controlled monomer compositions and exhibited narrow polydispersity indices. These polymers are examined for their performance in the attachment and growth of HeLa and HEK cells, with attachment successfully modeled on monomer composition and polymer chain length, with both cell lines found to preferentially attach to moderately hydrophobic functional materials. The understanding of the biological-material interactions assessed in this study will underpin further investigations of engineered polymer scaffolds with predictable cell binding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Venturato
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3KJ, UK
| | - Gillian MacFarlane
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3KJ, UK
| | - Jin Geng
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3KJ, UK
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3KJ, UK
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3
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Ock J, Li W. Fabrication of a three-dimensional tissue model microarray using laser foaming of a gas-impregnated biodegradable polymer. Biofabrication 2015; 6:024110. [PMID: 24999514 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/024110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A microarray containing three-dimensional (3D) tissue models is a promising substitute for the two-dimensional (2D) cell-based microarrays currently available for high throughput, tissue-based biomedical assays. A cell culture microenvironment similar to in vivo conditions could be achieved with biodegradable porous scaffolds. In this study, a laser foaming technique is developed to create an array of micro-scale 3D porous scaffolds. The effects of major process parameters and the morphology of the resulting porous structure were investigated. For comparison, cell culture studies were conducted with both foamed and unfoamed samples using T98G cells. The results show that by laser foaming gas-impregnated polylactic acid it is possible to generate an array of inverse cone shaped wells with porous walls. The size of the foamed region can be controlled with laser power and exposure time, while the pore size of the scaffold can be manipulated with the saturation pressure. T98G cells grow well in the foamed scaffolds, forming clusters that have not been observed in 2D cell cultures. Cells are more viable in the 3D scaffolds than in the 2D cell culture cases. The 3D porous microarray could be used for parallel studies of drug toxicity, guided stem cell differentiation, and DNA binding profiles.
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4
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Favretto ME, Krieg A, Schubert S, Schubert US, Brock R. Multifunctional poly(methacrylate) polyplex libraries: A platform for gene delivery inspired by nature. J Control Release 2015; 209:1-11. [PMID: 25862514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based gene delivery systems have enormous potential in biomedicine, but their efficiency is often limited by poor biocompatibility. Poly(methacrylate)s (PMAs) are an interesting class of polymers which allow to explore structure-activity relationships of polymer functionalities for polyplex formation in oligonucleotide delivery. Here, we synthesized and tested a library of PMA polymers, containing functional groups contributing to the different steps of gene delivery, from oligonucleotide complexation to cellular internalization and endosomal escape. By variation of the molar ratios of the individual building blocks, the physicochemical properties of the polymers and polyplexes were fine-tuned to reduce toxicity as well as to increase activity of the polyplexes. To further enhance transfection efficiency, a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-like functionality was introduced on the polymeric backbone. With the ability to synthesize large libraries of polymers in parallel we also developed a workflow for a mid-to-high throughput screening, focusing first on safety parameters that are accessible by high-throughput approaches such as blood compatibility and toxicity towards host cells and only at a later stage on more laborious tests for the ability to deliver oligonucleotides. To arrive at a better understanding of the molecular basis of activity, furthermore, the effect of the presence of heparan sulfates on the surface of host cells was assessed and the mechanism of cell entry and intracellular trafficking investigated for those polymers that showed a suitable pharmacological profile. Following endocytic uptake, rapid endosomal release occurred. Interestingly, the presence of heparan sulfates on the cell surface had a negative impact on the activity of those polyplexes that were sensitive to decomplexation by heparin in solution. In summary, the screening approach identified two polymers, which form polyplexes with high stability and transfection capacity exceeding the one of poly(ethylene imine) also in the presence of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Favretto
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Krieg
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - U S Schubert
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - R Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
In the postgenomic era, DNA and protein arrays are increasing the speed at which knowledge is gathered on gene expression in cells and tissues. At the same time, researchers realize that a miniaturized and parallelized analysis of whole cells may equally expedite the acquisition of data describing cellular properties and function. Researchers are starting to explore means of generating and using cell microarrays to investigate cells at higher throughput. In this initial phase of exploration, cell microarrays are being developed for various cellular analyses including the effects of gene expression, cellular reactions to the biomolecular environment, and profiling of cell surface molecules. This article will provide an overview of different types of eukaryotic cell microarrays described to date, how they are generated, and their fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Angres
- Department of Cellular Assay Systems, NMI Natural & Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany.
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Unciti-Broceta A, Díaz-Mochón JJ, Sánchez-Martín RM, Bradley M. The use of solid supports to generate nucleic acid carriers. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1140-52. [PMID: 22390230 DOI: 10.1021/ar200263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are the foundation stone of all cellular processes. Consequently, the use of DNA or RNA to treat genetic and acquired disorders (so called gene therapy) offers enormous potential benefits. The restitution of defective genes or the suppression of malignant genes could target a range of diseases, including cancers, inherited diseases (cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, etc.), and viral infections. However, this strategy has a major barrier: the size and charge of nucleic acids largely restricts their transit into eukaryotic cells. Potential strategies to solve this problem include the use of a variety of natural and synthetic nucleic acid carriers. Driven by the aim and ambition of translating this promising therapeutic approach into the clinic, researchers have been actively developing advanced delivery systems for nucleic acids for more than 20 years. A decade ago we began our investigations of solid-phase techniques to construct families of novel nucleic acid carriers for transfection. We envisaged that the solid-phase synthesis of polycationic dendrimers and derivatized polyamimes would offer distinct advantages over solution phase techniques. Notably in solid phase synthesis we could take advantage of mass action and streamlined purification procedures, while simplifying the handling of compounds with high polarities and plurality of functional groups. Parallel synthesis methods would also allow rapid access to libraries of compounds with improved purities and yields over comparable solution methodologies and facilitate the development of structure activity relationships. We also twisted the concept of the solid-phase support on its head: we devised miniaturized solid supports that provided an innovative cell delivery vehicle in their own right, carrying covalently conjugated cargos (biomolecules) into cells. In this Account, we summarize the main outcomes of this series of chemically related projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
- Deliverics Ltd, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Juan José Díaz-Mochón
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de la Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3JJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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7
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Hansen A, Zhang R, Bradley M. Fabrication of Arrays of Polymer Gradients Using Inkjet Printing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1114-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Wu M, Bridle H, Bradley M. Targeting Cryptosporidium parvum capture. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:1715-1722. [PMID: 22257929 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polymer microarrays offer a high-throughput approach to the screening and assessment of a large number of polymeric materials. Here, we report the first study of protozoan-polymer interactions using a microarray approach. Specifically, from screening hundreds of synthetic polymers, we identified materials that either trap the waterborne protozoan parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, or prevent its adhesion, both of which have major practical applications. Comparison of array results revealed differences in the adhesion characteristics of viable and non-viable C. parvum oocysts. Material properties, including polymer composition, wettability and surface chemistry, allowed correlation of binding and identification of structure function relationships. Understanding C. parvum binding interactions could assist in improved water treatment processes and the identified polymers could find applications in sensor and filter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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9
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Barua S, Ramos J, Potta T, Taylor D, Huang HC, Montanez G, Rege K. Discovery of cationic polymers for non-viral gene delivery using combinatorial approaches. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2012; 14:908-24. [PMID: 21843141 DOI: 10.2174/138620711797537076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is an attractive treatment option for diseases of genetic origin, including several cancers and cardiovascular diseases. While viruses are effective vectors for delivering exogenous genes to cells, concerns related to insertional mutagenesis, immunogenicity, lack of tropism, decay and high production costs necessitate the discovery of non-viral methods. Significant efforts have been focused on cationic polymers as non-viral alternatives for gene delivery. Recent studies have employed combinatorial syntheses and parallel screening methods for enhancing the efficacy of gene delivery, biocompatibility of the delivery vehicle, and overcoming cellular level barriers as they relate to polymer-mediated transgene uptake, transport, transcription, and expression. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in combinatorial syntheses and parallel screening of cationic polymer libraries for the discovery of efficient and safe gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Barua
- Chemical Engineering, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 303, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, USA
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10
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Pickering H, Wu M, Bradley M, Bridle H. Analysis of Giardia lamblia interactions with polymer surfaces using a microarray approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2179-2186. [PMID: 22303893 DOI: 10.1021/es203637e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of the waterborne protozoan parasite, Giardia lamblia, with polymeric materials was investigated by microarray screening of 652 polymers. Polymers were identified which either bound G. lamblia cysts or prevented their binding. Correlation of material properties such as wettability and surface roughness with cyst attachment revealed no influence of these factors upon Giardia adhesion. However, the study of polymer composition allowed the correlation of binding and generation of polymer structure function relationships; glycol and aromatic functionalities appeared to prevent adhesion, whereas secondary amine groups promoted adhesion, in agreement with previous literature. A significant reduction in attachment was observed following both cyst treatments with proteinase K and performing experiments at extremes of pH (2 and 12). It is suggested that proteinase K removes the proteins needed for specific surface interactions, whereas extremes of pH influence either protonation of the polymer or the surface charge of the cysts. The mechanism by which the protozoa attach to polymeric surfaces is proposed to be through ion-pair interactions. Improved understanding of G. lamblia surface interactions could assist in predicting transport and fate behavior in the environment and contribute to better design of water treatment processes, while the polymers identified in this work could find use in sensor applications and membrane filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pickering
- Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
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11
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Szymański P, Markowicz M, Mikiciuk-Olasik E. Adaptation of high-throughput screening in drug discovery-toxicological screening tests. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:427-52. [PMID: 22312262 PMCID: PMC3269696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) is one of the newest techniques used in drug design and may be applied in biological and chemical sciences. This method, due to utilization of robots, detectors and software that regulate the whole process, enables a series of analyses of chemical compounds to be conducted in a short time and the affinity of biological structures which is often related to toxicity to be defined. Since 2008 we have implemented the automation of this technique and as a consequence, the possibility to examine 100,000 compounds per day. The HTS method is more frequently utilized in conjunction with analytical techniques such as NMR or coupled methods e.g., LC-MS/MS. Series of studies enable the establishment of the rate of affinity for targets or the level of toxicity. Moreover, researches are conducted concerning conjugation of nanoparticles with drugs and the determination of the toxicity of such structures. For these purposes there are frequently used cell lines. Due to the miniaturization of all systems, it is possible to examine the compound's toxicity having only 1-3 mg of this compound. Determination of cytotoxicity in this way leads to a significant decrease in the expenditure and to a reduction in the length of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, Lodz 90-151, Poland; E-Mails: (P.S.); (E.M.-O.)
| | - Magdalena Markowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, Lodz 90-151, Poland; E-Mails: (P.S.); (E.M.-O.)
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, Lodz 90-151, Poland; E-Mails: (P.S.); (E.M.-O.)
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12
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Abstract
Cell-based microarrays were first described by Ziauddin and Sabatini in 2001 as a novel method for performing high-throughput screens of gene function. They reported a technique whereby expression vectors containing the open reading frame (ORF) of human genes were printed onto glass microscope slides to form a microarray. Transfection reagents were added pre- or post-spotting and cells grown over the surface of the array. They demonstrated that cells growing in the immediate vicinity of the expression vectors underwent 'reverse transfection' and that subsequent alterations in cell function could then be detected by secondary assays performed on the array. Subsequent publications have adapted the technique to a variety of applications and have also shown that the approach works when arrays are fabricated using siRNAs and compounds. The potential of this method for performing analyses of gene function and identification of novel therapeutic agents has now been clearly demonstrated. Current efforts are focused on improving and harnessing this technology for high-throughput screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Palmer
- Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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13
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Hay DC, Pernagallo S, Diaz-Mochon JJ, Medine CN, Greenhough S, Hannoun Z, Schrader J, Black JR, Fletcher J, Dalgetty D, Thompson AI, Newsome PN, Forbes SJ, Ross JA, Bradley M, Iredale JP. Unbiased screening of polymer libraries to define novel substrates for functional hepatocytes with inducible drug metabolism. Stem Cell Res 2011; 6:92-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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14
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Pernagallo S, Wu M, Gallagher MP, Bradley M. Colonising new frontiers—microarrays reveal biofilm modulating polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01987a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Fernandes TG, Diogo MM, Clark DS, Dordick JS, Cabral JMS. High-throughput cellular microarray platforms: applications in drug discovery, toxicology and stem cell research. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:342-9. [PMID: 19398140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular microarrays are powerful experimental tools for high-throughput screening of large numbers of test samples. Miniaturization increases assay throughput while reducing reagent consumption and the number of cells required, making these systems attractive for a wide range of assays in drug discovery, toxicology, stem cell research and potentially therapy. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging technologies that can be used to generate cellular microarrays, and we highlight recent significant advances in the field. This emerging and multidisciplinary approach offers new opportunities for the design and control of stem cells in tissue engineering and cellular therapies and promises to expedite drug discovery in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago G Fernandes
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Liberska A, Unciti-Broceta A, Bradley M. Very long-chain fatty tails for enhanced transfection. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 7:61-8. [PMID: 19081947 DOI: 10.1039/b815733b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The long chain saturated fatty acids, arachidic (C20) and lignoceric (C24), are found as components of phospholipids within mammalian cellular membranes. Although these lipids have rarely been used as components of transfection reagents, we recently demonstrated that elongation of the fatty tail beyond C18 provide a means of increasing the transfection efficiency of cationic lipids. To investigate this effect further, a new library of single-chained cationic lipids consisting of mono-, di- or tri-arginine residues, a range of amino acid spacers and these long-chain saturated fatty tails were synthesised using an Fmoc solid-phase strategy, which allowed the preparation of 18 compounds, some with remarkable transfection abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Liberska
- School of Chemistry, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK EH9 3JJ
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17
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Pannier AK, Ariazi EA, Bellis AD, Bengali Z, Jordan VC, Shea LD. Bioluminescence imaging for assessment and normalization in transfected cell arrays. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 98:486-97. [PMID: 17486653 PMCID: PMC2648395 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transfected cell arrays (TCAs) represent a high-throughput technique to correlate gene expression with functional cell responses. Despite advances in TCAs, improvements are needed for the widespread application of this technology. We have developed a TCA that combines a two-plasmid system and dual-bioluminescence imaging to quantitatively normalize for variability in transfection and increase sensitivity. The two-plasmids consist of: (i) normalization plasmid present within each spot, and (ii) functional plasmid that varies between spots, responsible for the functional endpoint of the array. Bioluminescence imaging of dual-luciferase reporters (renilla, firefly luciferase) provides sensitive and quantitative detection of cellular response, with minimal post-transfection processing. The array was applied to quantify estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. A plasmid containing an ERalpha-regulated promoter directing firefly luciferase expression was mixed with a normalization plasmid, complexed with cationic lipids and deposited into an array. ER induction mimicked results obtained through traditional assays methods, with estrogen inducing luciferase expression 10-fold over the antiestrogen fulvestrant or vehicle. Furthermore, the array captured a dose response to estrogen, demonstrating the sensitivity of bioluminescence quantification. This system provides a tool for basic science research, with potential application for the development of patient specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Pannier
- Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | - Abigail D. Bellis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd E156, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120; telephone: 847-491-7043; fax: 847-491-3728; e-mail:
| | - Zain Bengali
- Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd E156, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120; telephone: 847-491-7043; fax: 847-491-3728; e-mail:
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Unciti-Broceta A, Díaz-Mochón JJ, Mizomoto H, Bradley M. Combining Nebulization-Mediated Transfection and Polymer Microarrays for the Rapid Determination of Optimal Transfection Substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:179-84. [PMID: 18247582 DOI: 10.1021/cc7001556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan J. Díaz-Mochón
- School of Chemistry, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K
| | - Hitoshi Mizomoto
- School of Chemistry, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K
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How SE, Unciti-Broceta A, Sánchez-Martín RM, Bradley M. Solid-phase synthesis of a lysine-capped bis-dendron with remarkable DNA delivery abilities. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2266-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b804771e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Kehat T, Goren K, Portnoy M. Dendrons on insoluble supports: synthesis and applications. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b617855n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Díaz-Mochón JJ, Tourniaire G, Bradley M. Microarray platforms for enzymatic and cell-based assays. Chem Soc Rev 2006; 36:449-57. [PMID: 17325784 DOI: 10.1039/b511848b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review introduces the uninitiated to the world of microarrays (or so-called chips) and covers a number of basic concepts such as substrates and surfaces, printing and analysis. It then moves on to look at some newer applications of microarray technology, which include enzyme analysis (notably kinases and proteases) as well as the growing enchantment with so-called cell-based microarrays that offer a unique approach to high-throughput cellular analysis. Finally, it looks forwards and highlights future possible trends and directions in the microarray arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Díaz-Mochón
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK
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22
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Tourniaire G, Collins J, Campbell S, Mizomoto H, Ogawa S, Thaburet JF, Bradley M. Polymer microarrays for cellular adhesion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:2118-20. [PMID: 16703126 DOI: 10.1039/b602009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microarray screening of polymer libraries for cellular adhesion was developed utilising a thin film of agarose to allow unsurpassed localisation of cell binding onto the array substrate and the discovery of cell specific polymers.
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Bailey SN, Ali SM, Carpenter AE, Higgins CO, Sabatini DM. Microarrays of lentiviruses for gene function screens in immortalized and primary cells. Nat Methods 2006; 3:117-22. [PMID: 16432521 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe lentivirus-infected cell microarrays for the high-throughput screening of gene function in mammalian cells. To create these arrays, we cultured mammalian cells on glass slides 'printed' with lentiviruses pseudotyped as vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, which encode short hairpin RNA or cDNA. Cells that land on the printed 'features' become infected with lentivirus, creating a living array of stably transduced cell clusters within a monolayer of uninfected cells. The small size of the features of the microarrays (300 microm in diameter) allows high-density spotting of lentivirus, permitting thousands of distinct parallel infections on a single glass slide. Because lentiviruses have a wide cellular tropism, including primary cells, lentivirus-infected cell microarrays can be used as a platform for high-throughput screening in a variety of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve N Bailey
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Boudreaux CM, Corstvet RE, Cooper RK, Enright FM. Effects of cecropin B transgene expression on Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 1 colonization of the nasal mucosa of calves. Am J Vet Res 2006; 66:1922-30. [PMID: 16334951 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To express a cecropin B transgene on bovine nasal mucosa and determine the effect on Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 1 (S1) colonization. ANIMALS 27 crossbred beef calves. PROCEDURE The antibacterial efficacy of cecropin B against M. haemolytica S1 was first determined by measuring its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The peptide was also diluted in pooled bovine nasal secretions, and its antibacterial activity was evaluated. The nasal passages of 16 calves were aerosolized with 25, 50, or 100 microg of plasmid DNA/nostril, whereas 11 control calves were aerosolized with only the transfection reagent. In 2 of the experiments, 12 treated and 8 control calves were exposed intranasally with an aerosol of M. haemolytica S1. Nasal swab specimens and secretions were collected and analyzed by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR, ELISA, and bacterial culture. RESULTS In vitro, cecropin B inhibited M. haemolytica S1 at an MIC of 2 microg/mL and its antibacterial activity was not affected by proteolytic activity in nasal secretions. Cecropin B transgene expression was detected in calves transfected with 50 or 100 microg of DNA/nostril. Antibacterial activity against M. haemolytica S1 was observed in all calves transfected with 100 microg of DNA/nostril but in only 2 of the 4 calves transfected with 50 microg of DNA/nostril. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In vitro, cecropin B has an effective antibacterial activity against M. haemolytica S1 and can prevent colonization of the nasal mucosa after transfection of a vector expressing cecropin B in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Boudreaux
- Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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Abstract
Cell-based microarrays were first described by Ziauddin and Sabatini in 2001 as a novel method for performing high-throughput screens of gene function. In this study, expression vectors containing the open reading frame of human genes were printed onto glass microscope slides to form a microarray. Transfection reagents were added pre- or post-spotting, and cells grown over the surface of the array. They demonstrated that cells growing in the immediate vicinity of the expression vectors underwent ‘reverse transfection’, and that subsequent alterations in cell function could then be detected by secondary assays performed on the array. Subsequent publications have adapted the technique to a variety of applications, and have also shown that the approach works when arrays are fabricated using short interfering RNAs and compounds. The potential of this method for performing analyses of gene function and for identifying novel therapeutic agents has been clearly demonstrated, and current efforts are focused on improving and harnessing this technology for high-throughput screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Palmer
- MRC Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics Research (RFCGR), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge. CB10 1SB, UK
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