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Peng Y, Jin H, Xue YH, Chen Q, Yao SY, Du MQ, Liu S. Current and future therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease: an overview of drug development bottlenecks. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1206572. [PMID: 37600514 PMCID: PMC10438465 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1206572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common chronic neurodegenerative disease worldwide. It causes cognitive dysfunction, such as aphasia and agnosia, and mental symptoms, such as behavioral abnormalities; all of which place a significant psychological and economic burden on the patients' families. No specific drugs are currently available for the treatment of AD, and the current drugs for AD only delay disease onset and progression. The pathophysiological basis of AD involves abnormal deposition of beta-amyloid protein (Aβ), abnormal tau protein phosphorylation, decreased activity of acetylcholine content, glutamate toxicity, autophagy, inflammatory reactions, mitochondria-targeting, and multi-targets. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved five drugs for clinical use: tacrine, donepezil, carbalatine, galantamine, memantine, and lecanemab. We have focused on the newer drugs that have undergone clinical trials, most of which have not been successful as a result of excessive clinical side effects or poor efficacy. Although aducanumab received rapid approval from the FDA on 7 June 2021, its long-term safety and tolerability require further monitoring and confirmation. In this literature review, we aimed to explore the possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of AD. We focused on anti-Aβ and anti-tau drugs, mitochondria-targeting and multi-targets, commercially available drugs, bottlenecks encountered in drug development, and the possible targets and therapeutic strategies for future drug development. We hope to present new concepts and methods for future drug therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-hui Xue
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Shun-yu Yao
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Miao-qiao Du
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
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Gorin BI, Tukhovskaya EA, Ismailova AM, Slashcheva GA, Lenina OA, Petrov KA, Kazeev IV, Murashev AN. Differences in bioavailability and cognitive-enhancing activity exerted by different crystal polymorphs of latrepirdine (Dimebon ®). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1091858. [PMID: 36909182 PMCID: PMC9992171 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1091858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pharmacokinetic characteristics as well as cognitive-enhancing nootropic activity of latrepirdine (Dimebon®) in relationship with its polymorphic forms have been studied in SD and Wistar rats. Methods: The pharmacokinetics of six polymorphs (A, B, C, D, E, F) of latrepirdine were studied in male SD rats after 7 days of oral administration in corn oil at a dose of 10 mg/kg once a day. Blood and brain samples were taken on the 7th day of administration at 15 min, 30 min, 60 min and 120 min after administration and analyzed for latrepirdine content by LC-MS. The cognitive-enhancing nootropic effect was studied in male and female Wistar rats after 9 days of oral administration in corn oil at a dose of 10 mg/kg, after prior administration of scopolamine, an agent that causes memory impairment similar to that in Alzheimer's disease. The animals' cognitive function was studied in the passive avoidance test. Results: When studying the pharmacokinetics, the highest bioavailability both in the blood and in the brain was demonstrated by polymorph E, whose AUC was the highest relative to other polymorphs. In the study of the cognitive-enhancing nootropic effect, polymorph E also showed the highest activity, whose values of the latent period of entering the dark chamber did not differ from control animals, and differed from other polymorphs. Conclusion: Thus, the crystal structure has been shown to play a key role in the bioavailability and efficacy of latrepirdine, and polymorph E has also been shown to be a promising drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases associated with memory impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena A Tukhovskaya
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alina M Ismailova
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Gulsara A Slashcheva
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Oksana A Lenina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilya V Kazeev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. N.N. Blokhin» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arkady N Murashev
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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Multipharmacophore strategy in medicinal chemistry for the design of drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and some other neurodegenerative diseases. Russ Chem Bull 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-023-3718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Conjugates of Methylene Blue with Cycloalkaneindoles as New Multifunctional Agents for Potential Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213925. [PMID: 36430413 PMCID: PMC9697446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) would provide effective therapy of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) with complex and nonclear pathogenesis. A promising method to create such potential drugs is combining neuroactive pharmacophoric groups acting on different biotargets involved in the pathogenesis of ND. We developed a synthetic algorithm for the conjugation of indole derivatives and methylene blue (MB), which are pharmacophoric ligands that act on the key stages of pathogenesis. We synthesized hybrid structures and performed a comprehensive screening for a specific set of biotargets participating in the pathogenesis of ND (i.e., cholinesterases, NMDA receptor, mitochondria, and microtubules assembly). The results of the screening study enabled us to find two lead compounds (4h and 4i) which effectively inhibited cholinesterases and bound to the AChE PAS, possessed antioxidant activity, and stimulated the assembly of microtubules. One of them (4i) exhibited activity as a ligand for the ifenprodil-specific site of the NMDA receptor. In addition, this lead compound was able to bypass the inhibition of complex I and prevent calcium-induced mitochondrial depolarization, suggesting a neuroprotective property that was confirmed using a cellular calcium overload model of neurodegeneration. Thus, these new MB-cycloalkaneindole conjugates constitute a promising class of compounds for the development of multitarget neuroprotective drugs which simultaneously act on several targets, thereby providing cognitive stimulating, neuroprotective, and disease-modifying effects.
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Pharmacological sequestration of mitochondrial calcium uptake protects against dementia and β-amyloid neurotoxicity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12766. [PMID: 35896565 PMCID: PMC9329451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
All forms of dementia including Alzheimer's disease are currently incurable. Mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium alterations are shown to be involved in the mechanism of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Previously we have described the ability of compound Tg-2112x to protect neurons via sequestration of mitochondrial calcium uptake and we suggest that it can also be protective against neurodegeneration and development of dementia. Using primary co-culture neurons and astrocytes we studied the effect of Tg-2112x and its derivative Tg-2113x on β-amyloid-induced changes in calcium signal, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial calcium, and cell death. We have found that both compounds had no effect on β-amyloid or acetylcholine-induced calcium changes in the cytosol although Tg2113x, but not Tg2112x reduced glutamate-induced calcium signal. Both compounds were able to reduce mitochondrial calcium uptake and protected cells against β-amyloid-induced mitochondrial depolarization and cell death. Behavioral effects of Tg-2113x on learning and memory in fear conditioning were also studied in 3 mouse models of neurodegeneration: aged (16-month-old) C57Bl/6j mice, scopolamine-induced amnesia (3-month-old mice), and 9-month-old 5xFAD mice. It was found that Tg-2113x prevented age-, scopolamine- and cerebral amyloidosis-induced decrease in fear conditioning. In addition, Tg-2113x restored fear extinction of aged mice. Thus, reduction of the mitochondrial calcium uptake protects neurons and astrocytes against β-amyloid-induced cell death and contributes to protection against dementia of different ethology. These compounds could be used as background for the developing of a novel generation of disease-modifying neuroprotective agents.
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Conjugation of Aminoadamantane and γ-Carboline Pharmacophores Gives Rise to Unexpected Properties of Multifunctional Ligands. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185527. [PMID: 34576998 PMCID: PMC8471380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of conjugates of aminoadamantane and γ-carboline, which are basic scaffolds of the known neuroactive agents, memantine and dimebon (Latrepirdine) was synthesized and characterized. Conjugates act simultaneously on several biological structures and processes involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and some other neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, these compounds inhibit enzymes of the cholinesterase family, exhibiting higher inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), but having almost no effect on the activity of carboxylesterase (anti-target). The compounds serve as NMDA-subtype glutamate receptor ligands, show mitoprotective properties by preventing opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore, and act as microtubule stabilizers, stimulating the polymerization of tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins. Structure–activity relationships were studied, with particular attention to the effect of the spacer on biological activity. The synthesized conjugates showed new properties compared to their prototypes (memantine and dimebon), including the ability to bind to the ifenprodil-binding site of the NMDA receptor and to occupy the peripheral anionic site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which indicates that these compounds can act as blockers of AChE-induced β-amyloid aggregation. These new attributes of the conjugates represent improvements to the pharmacological profiles of the separate components by conferring the potential to act as neuroprotectants and cognition enhancers with a multifunctional mode of action.
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Wu AJ, Tong BCK, Huang AS, Li M, Cheung KH. Mitochondrial Calcium Signaling as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:329-343. [PMID: 31820698 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191210091302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria absorb calcium (Ca2+) at the expense of the electrochemical gradient generated during respiration. The influx of Ca2+ into the mitochondrial matrix helps maintain metabolic function and results in increased cytosolic Ca2+ during intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is tightly regulated by proteins located in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and by the cross-talk with endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ signals. Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondrial Ca2+ overload is a pathological phenotype associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). As intracellular Ca2+ dysregulation can be observed before the appearance of typical pathological hallmarks of AD, it is believed that mitochondrial Ca2+ overload may also play an important role in AD etiology. The high mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake can easily compromise neuronal functions and exacerbate AD progression by impairing mitochondrial respiration, increasing reactive oxygen species formation and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload can damage mitochondrial recycling via mitophagy. This review will discuss the molecular players involved in mitochondrial Ca2+ dysregulation and the pharmacotherapies that target this dysregulation. As most of the current AD therapeutics are based on amyloidopathy, tauopathy, and the cholinergic hypothesis, they achieve only symptomatic relief. Thus, determining how to reestablish mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis may aid in the development of novel AD therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aston J Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin C-K Tong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexis S Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Chaprov K, Rezvykh A, Funikov S, Ivanova TA, Lysikova EA, Deykin AV, Kukharsky MS, Yu Aksinenko A, Bachurin SO, Ninkina N, Buchman VL. A bioisostere of Dimebon/Latrepirdine delays the onset and slows the progression of pathology in FUS transgenic mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:765-775. [PMID: 33754495 PMCID: PMC8193697 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To assess effects of DF402, a bioisostere of Dimebon/Latrepirdine, on the disease progression in the transgenic model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) caused by expression of pathogenic truncated form of human FUS protein. Methods Mice received DF402 from the age of 42 days and the onset of clinical signs, the disease duration and animal lifespan were monitored for experimental and control animals, and multiple parameters of their gait were assessed throughout the pre‐symptomatic stage using CatWalk system followed by a bioinformatic analysis. RNA‐seq was used to compare the spinal cord transcriptomes of wild‐type, untreated, and DF402‐treated FUS transgenic mice. Results DF402 delays the onset and slows the progression of pathology. We developed a CatWalk analysis protocol that allows detection of gait changes in FUS transgenic mice and the effect of DF402 on their gait already at early pre‐symptomatic stage. At this stage, a limited number of genes significantly change expression in transgenic mice and for 60% of these genes, DF402 treatment causes the reversion of the expression pattern. Conclusion DF402 slows down the disease progression in the mouse model of ALS, which is consistent with previously reported neuroprotective properties of Dimebon and its other bioisosteres. These results suggest that these structures can be considered as lead compounds for further optimization to obtain novel medicines that might be used as components of complex ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Chaprov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Alexander Rezvykh
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Sergei Funikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara A Ivanova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Lysikova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Alexei V Deykin
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Genome Editing for Veterinary and Biomedicine, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod region, Russia
| | - Michail S Kukharsky
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Chernogolovka, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alexey Yu Aksinenko
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Natalia Ninkina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Chernogolovka, Russia.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Vladimir L Buchman
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Chernogolovka, Russia.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Belousov DM, Mikhaylenko EV, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. The Dawn of Mitophagy: What Do We Know by Now? Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:170-192. [PMID: 32442087 PMCID: PMC8033973 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200522202319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for healthy eukaryotic cells. They produce energyrich phosphate bond molecules (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation using ionic gradients. The presence of mitophagy pathways in healthy cells enhances cell protection during mitochondrial damage. The PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-dependent pathway is the most studied for mitophage. In addition, there are other mechanisms leading to mitophagy (FKBP8, NIX, BNIP3, FUNDC1, BCL2L13). Each of these provides tethering of a mitochondrion to an autophagy apparatus via the interaction between receptor proteins (Optineurin, p62, NDP52, NBR1) or the proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane with ATG9-like proteins (LC3A, LC3B, GABARAP, GABARAPL1, GATE16). Another pathogenesis of mitochondrial damage is mitochondrial depolarization. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) antioxidant responsive elements (AREs) along with antioxidant genes, including pro-autophagic genes, are all involved in mitochondrial depolarization. On the other hand, mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) and AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) are the major regulatory factors modulating mitophagy at the post-translational level. Protein-protein interactions are involved in controlling other mitophagy processes. The objective of the present review is to analyze research findings regarding the main pathways of mitophagy induction, recruitment of the autophagy machinery, and their regulations at the levels of transcription, post-translational modification and protein-protein interaction that appeared to be the main target during the development and maturation of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cecil E. Kirkland
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, 26426, USA & GALLY International Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;, E-mails: ,
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, 26426, USA & GALLY International Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;, E-mails: ,
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Shevtsova EF, Maltsev AV, Vinogradova DV, Shevtsov PN, Bachurin SO. Mitochondria as a promising target for developing novel agents for treating Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:803-827. [PMID: 32687230 DOI: 10.1002/med.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria-targeting drugs can be conventionally divided into the following groups: those compensating for the energy deficit involved in neurodegeneration, including stimulants of mitochondrial bioenergetics and activators of mitochondrial biogenesis; and neuroprotectors, that are compounds increasing the resistance of mitochondria to opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores. Although compensating for the energy deficit and inhibition of MPT are obvious targets for drugs used in the very early stages of Alzheimer-like pathology, but their use as the monotherapy for patients with severe symptoms is unlikely to be sufficiently effective. It would be optimal to combine targets that would provide the cognitive-stimulating, the neuroprotective effects and the ability to affect specific disease-forming mechanisms. In the design of such drugs, assessment of their potential mitochondrial-targeted effects is of particular importance. The possibility of targeted drug design for simultaneous action on mitochondrial and neurotransmitter's receptors targets is, in particularly, based on the known interplay of various cellular pathways and the presence of common structural components. Of particular interest is directed search for multitarget drugs that would act simultaneously on mitochondrial calcium-dependent functions, the targets (receptors, enzymes, etc.) facilitating neurotransmission, and the molecular targets related to the action of so-called disease-modifying factors, in particular, the formation and overcoming of the toxicity of β-amyloid or hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The examples of such approaches realized on the level of preclinical and clinical trials are presented below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Shevtsova
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey V Maltsev
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Darya V Vinogradova
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Pavel N Shevtsov
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
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Chrishtop VV, Tomilova IK, Rumyantseva TA, Mikhaylenko EV, Avila-Rodriguez MF, Mikhaleva LM, Nikolenko VN, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Bachurin SO, Aliev G. The Effect of Short-Term Physical Activity on the Oxidative Stress in Rats with Different Stress Resistance Profiles in Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3014-3026. [PMID: 32458388 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress associated with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is one of the fundamental factors leading to neurodegenerative diseases. To prevent oxidative stress, physical activity is effective. Physical exercise enables development of rehabilitation techniques that can progressively increase patients' stress resistance. We determined the oxidative stress dynamics in experimental hypoperfusion and modeled rehabilitation measures, comparing sex and stress resistance levels. The experiment was performed on 240 Wistar rats of both sexes over a period of 90 days. Based on behavioral test results obtained using the open field test, the rats were divided into active animals with predicted higher stress resistance (HSR) and passive animals with predicted lower stress resistance (LSR). TBA (thiobarbituric acid) plasma concentration of the active products (malondialdehyde-MDA), blood plasma (NO-X) concentration, and L-citrulline (LC) concentration were determined spectrophotometrically at the corresponding wave length (nm). The intensity of oxidative stress was evaluated using the chemoluminscent method to determine the blood plasma antioxidant activity on the BCL-07 biochemoluminometer. This study revealed two stages of oxidative stress: a less pronounced phase covering the first days after surgery and a main one, which starts from the month after the operation to 3 months. Female sex and a high initial level of stress resistance reduced the severity of oxidative stress. Physical activity commencing a week after the surgery resulted in "reloading" the adaptive mechanisms and slowed the onset of the main stage, leading to a decrease in the free-radical process in all studied subgroups and the greater blood plasma (NO)-X decrease in the male animals. Future neuropharmacological intervention most likely will be able to determine the pathophysiology mechanism of chronic brain hypoperfusion and potentially extending adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Chrishtop
- Central Research Laboratory, Ivanovo State Medical Academy, Avenue Sheremetyevsky 8, Ivanovo, Russian Federation, 153012
| | - Irina K Tomilova
- Department of Biochemistry, Ivanovo State Medical Academy, Avenue Sheremetyevsky 8, Ivanovo, Russian Federation, 153012
| | - Tatiana A Rumyantseva
- Department of Human Anatomy, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Street Revolutsionnaya 5, Yaroslavl, Russian Federation, 150000
| | - Elizaveta V Mikhaylenko
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Marco F Avila-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinic Sciences, University of Tolima, Barrio Santa Helena, Ibagué, 730006, Colombia
| | - Liudmila M Mikhaleva
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117418
| | - Vladimir N Nikolenko
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, Russia, 119991.,Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | | | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, 26426, USA
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severny pr., Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia, 142432
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, Russia, 119991. .,Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117418. .,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severny pr., Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia, 142432. .,GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Abstract
Abstract
A new series of homobivalent Dimebon analogs, bis-γ-carbolines with alkylene, phenylenedialkylene, and triazole-containing spacers, was synthesized. Doubling the γ-carboline pharmacophore increased inhibitory potency against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) compared with Dimebon, while keeping Dimebon’s anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity; therefore, leading to inversion of selectivity. Molecular docking revealed the reasons for the increased anti-AChE activity and ability to block AChE-induced aggregation of β-amyloid for bis-γ-carbolines, which became double-site inhibitors of AChE. Conjugates with ditriazole-containing spacers were the most active antioxidants in both the ABTS-test and prevention of lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates without inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Conjugates with alkylene (4a–d), phenylenedialkylene (4e), and monotriazole (8) spacers were less active as antioxidants but prevented induction of the MPT and increased the calcium retention capacity of mitochondria. Lead compound 4e showed neuroprotective potential in a cellular calcium overload model of neurodegeneration. Computational studies showed that all the bis-γ-carbolines were expected to have high values for intestinal absorption and very good blood-brain barrier permeability along with good drug-likeness. Overall, the results showed that new homobivalent Dimebon analogs exhibit an expanded spectrum of biological activity and improved pharmacological properties, making them promising candidates for further research and optimization as multitarget agents for Alzheimer’s disease treatment.
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Fluorinated γ-carbolines as agents for delaying cognitive and motor dysfunctions in a transgenic model of neurodegenerative disorders. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-2833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Abramov AY, Angelova PR. Mitochondrial dysfunction and energy deprivation in the mechanism of neurodegeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2019-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Energy-producing organelles mitochondria are involved in a number of cellular functions. Deregulation of mitochondrial function due to mutations or effects of mitochondrial toxins is proven to be a trigger for diverse pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders. Despite the extensive research done in the last decades, the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction leads to neuronal deregulation and cell death have not yet been fully elucidated. Brain cells are specifically dependent on mitochondria due to their high energy demands to maintain neuronal ion gradients and signal transduction, and also, to mediate neuronal health through the processes of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, mitophagy, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial dynamics. Some of these processes have been independently implicated in the mechanism of neuronal loss in neurodegeneration. Moreover, it is increasingly recognised that these processes are interdependent and interact within the mitochondria to ensure proper neuronal function and survival.
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Vasilieva NA, Shevtsova EF, Van'kin GI, Lermontova NN, Serkova TP, Nikolaeva NS, Bachurin SO. Wave-Like Dose-Dependence of the Stimulating Effects of Dimebon on Cognition in a Wide Dose Range. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:740-743. [PMID: 31677023 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of the cognition-stimulating effects of Dimebon in a wide dose range revealed a non-monotonic and nontrivial wave-like dose-dependence of its activity. Positive results were obtained at low (0.02-0.05 mg/kg) or high (5-10 mg/kg) doses of Dimebon, while intermediate doses were ineffective. This type of the dose dependence of the pharmacological effect can indicate that the substance has several targets. This fact should be taken into consideration when selecting the doses and concentrations of the substance and its analogues for further studies, and for planning treatment schemes and administration doses in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Vasilieva
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Screening, Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia
| | - E F Shevtsova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Screening, Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia.
| | - G I Van'kin
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Screening, Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia
| | - N N Lermontova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Screening, Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia
| | - T P Serkova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Screening, Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia
| | - N S Nikolaeva
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Screening, Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia
| | - S O Bachurin
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Screening, Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia
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Gallic acid protects rat liver mitochondria ex vivo from bisphenol A induced oxidative stress mediated damages. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:578-589. [PMID: 31293903 PMCID: PMC6595240 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A induces oxidative stress mediated liver mitochondrial damage. Bisphenol A induced damage is being protected when mitochondria are co-incubated with gallic acid. Scanning electron microscopy of mitochondrial tomography supports the biochemical observations. Gallic acid may be used as future remedial measure for the protection of bisphenol A induced damages of liver mitochondria.
Humans are often exposed to bisphenol A (BPA), the monomer of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, through BPA contaminated drinking water, beverages and foods, packaged in polycarbonate plastic bottles and cans coated with epoxy resins due to leaching. Several research groups have reported that BPA may cause damage of mitochondria in liver, kidney, heart and brain cells by inducing oxidative stress. The antioxidant efficacy of gallic acid (GA), a polyphenol compound obtained from plants, against different toxicants induced oxidative stress has been well established. The aim of the present study was to examine the protective efficacy of GA against BPA induced oxidative damages of the rat liver mitochondria ex vivo. In our study, we have found a significant decrease in the intactness of mitochondria; a significant increase (P ≤ 0.001) in the levels of lipid peroxidation end product (i.e. malondialdehyde) and protein carbonylation product; and also a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.001) in the reduced glutathione content; when mitochondria were incubated with BPA (160 μM/ml) only. These results indicate that BPA probably causes damage to the cellular macromolecules through oxidative stress. We have observed significant counteractions (P ≤ 0.001) against BPA induced alterations in mitochondrial intactness, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation products formation and reduced glutathione content when mitochondria were incubated with BPA and GA (20 μg/ml/ 40 μg/ml/ 80 μg/ml) in combination in a dose-dependent manner. Gallic acid also showed significant restorations (P ≤ 0.001) of the activities of antioxidant enzymes, Krebs cycle enzymes, respiratory chain enzymes and thiolase when mitochondria were incubated with BPA and dosage of GA (20 μg/ml/ 40 μg/ml/ 80 μg/ml) in combination compared to BPA incubated mitochondria. Furthermore, GA significantly (P ≤ 0.001) counteracted the BPA induced decrease in tryptophan and NADH auto-fluroscence levels in mitochondria. This result suggests that GA protects the mitochondria probably by reducing the oxidative stress. Besides, GA protects the mitochondrial surface from BPA induced oxidative damages as viewed under the scanning electron microscope. Considering all the results, it can be concluded that GA shows potent efficacy in protecting the rat liver mitochondria ex vivo from BPA induced oxidative stress mediated damages.
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Stockburger C, Eckert S, Eckert GP, Friedland K, Müller WE. Mitochondrial Function, Dynamics, and Permeability Transition: A Complex Love Triangle as A Possible Target for the Treatment of Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S455-S467. [PMID: 29504539 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because of the failure of all amyloid-β directed treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the concept of mitochondrial dysfunction as a major pathomechanism of the cognitive decline in aging and AD has received substantial support. Accordingly, improving mitochondrial function as an alternative strategy for new drug development became of increasing interest and many different compounds have been identified which improve mitochondrial function in preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, very few if any have been investigated in clinical trials, representing a major drawback of the mitochondria directed drug development. To overcome these problems, we used a top-down approach by investigating several older antidementia drugs with clinical evidence of therapeutic efficacy. These include EGb761® (standardized ginkgo biloba extract), piracetam, and Dimebon. All improve experimentally many aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial dynamics and also improve cognition and impaired neuronal plasticity, the functionally most relevant consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction. All partially inhibit opening events of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) which previously has mainly been discussed as a mechanism relevant for the induction of apoptosis. However, as more recent work suggests the mPTP as a master regulator of many mitochondrial functions, our data suggest the mPTP as a possible relevant drug target within the love triangle between mPTP regulation, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial function including regulation of neuronal plasticity. Drugs interfering with mPTP function will improve not only mitochondrial impairment in aging and AD but also will have beneficial effects on impaired neuronal plasticity, the pathomechanism which correlates best with functional deficits (cognition, behavior) in aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Stockburger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Schamim Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Conjugates of methylene blue with γ-carboline derivatives as new multifunctional agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4873. [PMID: 30890752 PMCID: PMC6424957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the inhibitory activity of methylene blue (MB) γ-carbolines (gC) conjugates (MB-gCs) against human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE), equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and a structurally related enzyme, porcine liver carboxylesterase (CaE). In addition, we determined the ability of MB-gCs to bind to the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of Electrophorus electricus AChE (EeAChE) and competitively displace propidium iodide from this site. Moreover, we examined the ability of MB-gCs to scavenge free radicals as well as their influence on mitochondrial potential and iron-induced lipid peroxidation. We found that MB-gCs effectively inhibited AChE and BChE with IC50 values in the range 1.73–10.5 μM and exhibited low potencies against CaE (9.8–26% inhibition at 20 μM). Kinetic studies showed that MB-gCs were mixed-type reversible inhibitors of both cholinesterases. Molecular docking results showed that the MB-gCs could bind both to the catalytic active site and to the PAS of human AChE and BChE. Accordingly, MB-gCs effectively displaced propidium from the peripheral anionic site of EeAChE. In addition, MB-gCs were extremely active in both radical scavenging tests. Quantum mechanical DFT calculations suggested that free radical scavenging was likely mediated by the sulfur atom in the MB fragment. Furthermore, the MB-gCs, in like manner to MB, can restore mitochondrial membrane potential after depolarization with rotenone. Moreover, MB-gCs possess strong antioxidant properties, preventing iron-induced lipid peroxidation in mitochondria. Overall, the results indicate that MB-gCs are promising candidates for further optimization as multitarget therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Cao J, Hou J, Ping J, Cai D. Advances in developing novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:64. [PMID: 30541602 PMCID: PMC6291983 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease of aging, affects one in eight older Americans. Nearly all drug treatments tested for AD today have failed to show any efficacy. There is a great need for therapies to prevent and/or slow the progression of AD. The major challenge in AD drug development is lack of clarity about the mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Several studies support the notion that AD is a multifactorial disease. While there is abundant evidence that amyloid plays a role in AD pathogenesis, other mechanisms have been implicated in AD such as tangle formation and spread, dysregulated protein degradation pathways, neuroinflammation, and loss of support by neurotrophic factors. Therefore, current paradigms of AD drug design have been shifted from single target approach (primarily amyloid-centric) to developing drugs targeted at multiple disease aspects, and from treating AD at later stages of disease progression to focusing on preventive strategies at early stages of disease development. Here, we summarize current strategies and new trends of AD drug development, including pre-clinical and clinical trials that target different aspects of disease (mechanism-based versus non-mechanism based, e.g. symptomatic treatments, lifestyle modifications and risk factor management).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Cao
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Hou
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jing Ping
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongming Cai
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Kalani K, Yan SF, Yan SS. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore: a potential drug target for neurodegeneration. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1983-1989. [PMID: 30081095 PMCID: PMC6449145 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) has been considered a key contributor to cell death, inducing the process in several major neurodegenerative diseases. To date, the molecular nature of the mPTP remains confounding but its significance is universally acknowledged. Several targets have been screened and inhibition of mPTP has emerged as an attractive field for researchers. Nowadays, in silico-directed studies help to explore new small molecules targeting the mPTP to improve their drug-like properties and bioactivity. Here, we briefly summarize the role of mPTP in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), and discusses current and future potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Kalani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Shi Fang Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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21
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Eckert SH, Gaca J, Kolesova N, Friedland K, Eckert GP, Muller WE. Mitochondrial Pharmacology of Dimebon (Latrepirdine) Calls for a New Look at its Possible Therapeutic Potential in Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2018; 9:729-744. [PMID: 30090660 PMCID: PMC6065284 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimebon (latrepirdine), an old antihistaminic drug, showed divergent results in two large clinical trials in Alzheimer disease (AD), which according to our review might be related to the specific pharmacological properties of the drug and the different patient populations included in both studies. Out of the many pharmacological effects of Dimebon, improvement of impaired mitochondrial function seeems to be most relevant for the substantial effects on cognition and behaviour reported in one of the studies, as these effects are already present at the low concentrations of dimebon measured in plasma and tissues of patients and experimental animals. Since impaired mitochondrial function seems to be the major driving force for the progression of the clinical symptoms and since most of the clinical benefits of dimebon originate from an effect on the symptomatic deterioration, mitochondrial improvement can also explain the lack of efficacy of this drug in another clinical trial where symptoms of the patiets remained stable for the time of the study. Accordingly, it seems worthwhile to reevaluate the clinical data to proof that clinical response is correlated with high levels of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms as these show a good relationship to the individual speed of symptomatic decline in AD patients related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schamim H Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janett Gaca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathalie Kolesova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Deparment of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Erlangen, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Nutricional Sciences, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Walter E Muller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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22
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Angelova PR, Vinogradova D, Neganova ME, Serkova TP, Sokolov VV, Bachurin SO, Shevtsova EF, Abramov AY. Pharmacological Sequestration of Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Protects Neurons Against Glutamate Excitotoxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2244-2255. [PMID: 30008072 PMCID: PMC6394642 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal excitotoxicity which is induced by exposure to excessive extracellular glutamate is shown to be involved in neuronal cell death in acute brain injury and a number of neurological diseases. High concentration of glutamate induces calcium deregulation which results in mitochondrial calcium overload and mitochondrial depolarization that triggers the mechanism of cell death. Inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uptake could be potentially neuroprotective but complete inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uniporter could result in the loss of some physiological processes linked to Ca2+ in mitochondria. Here, we found that a novel compound, TG-2112x, can inhibit only the lower concentrations mitochondrial calcium uptake (induced by 100 nM-5 μM) but not the uptake induced by higher concentrations of calcium (10 μM and higher). This effect was not associated with changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular respiration. However, a pre-treatment of neurons with TG-2112x protected the neurons against calcium overload upon application of toxic concentrations of glutamate. Thus, sequestration of mitochondrial calcium uptake protected the neurons against glutamate-induced mitochondrial depolarization and cell death. In our hands, TG-2112x was also protective against ionomycin-induced cell death. Hence, low rate mitochondrial calcium uptake plays an underestimated role in mitochondrial function, and its inhibition could protect neurons against calcium overload and cell death in glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamena R Angelova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Darya Vinogradova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Tatiana P Serkova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Sokolov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Elena F Shevtsova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia.
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Pro-neurogenic, Memory-Enhancing and Anti-stress Effects of DF302, a Novel Fluorine Gamma-Carboline Derivative with Multi-target Mechanism of Action. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:335-349. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Makhaeva GF, Sokolov VB, Shevtsova EF, Kovaleva NV, Lushchekina SV, Boltneva NP, Rudakova EV, Aksinenko AY, Shevtsov PN, Neganova ME, Dubova LG, Bachurin SO. Focused design of polypharmacophoric neuroprotective compounds: Conjugates of γ-carbolines with carbazole derivatives and tetrahydrocarbazole. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease has a complex multifactorial nature; therefore, a promising approach for the development of efficient therapeutic agents is the concept of multitarget drugs, which affect several biological targets involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. We developed a synthetic algorithm for conjugating several pharmacophoric ligands acting on the key stages of pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases and synthesized hybrid structures combining the γ-carboline fragment of Dimebon with carbazole and tetrahydrocarbazole moieties. Using the complex primary screening system the structures have been revealed that combine the high inhibitory activity and selectivity towards butyrylcholinesterase with the radical-scavenging activity and the ability to potentiate tubulin polymerization to microtubules with a normal structure and/or prevent mitochondrial permeability transition. The lead compound was identified for future optimization and development of new multi-target drugs against neurodegenerative diseases combining the cognitive-stimulating and neuroprotective potentials.
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25
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Milaeva E, Shpakovsky D, Dyadchenko V, Gryzlov A, Gracheva Y, Antonenko T, Parulava M, Albov D, Aslanov L, Dubova L, Shevtsov P, Neganova M, Shevtsova E. Synthesis and biological activity of novel Au(I) complexes with a protective antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol group. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Porter T, Bharadwaj P, Groth D, Paxman A, Laws SM, Martins RN, Verdile G. The Effects of Latrepirdine on Amyloid-β Aggregation and Toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:895-905. [PMID: 26836170 PMCID: PMC4927897 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Latrepirdine (Dimebon) has been demonstrated to be a neuroprotective and cognition improving agent in neurodegenerative diseases that feature protein aggregation and deposition, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein aggregates is a key event in the neurodegenerative process in AD. This study explores if latrepirdine modulation of protein aggregation contributes to its neuroprotective mechanism of action. Assessment of neuronal cell death showed that there was a significant reduction in lactate dehydrogenase release at an equimolar ratio of Aβ:latrepirdine and with lower concentrations of latrepirdine. The ability of latrepirdine to alter the formation of Aβ42 aggregates was assessed by thioflavin-T fluorescence, western immunoblotting and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Despite showing a reduction in thioflavin-T fluorescence with latrepirdine treatment, indicating a decrease in aggregation, immunoblotting and AFM showed a modest increase in both the formation and size of Aβ aggregates. The discrepancies between thioflavin-T and the other assays are consistent with previous evidence that cyclic molecules can interfere with thioflavin-T binding of amyloid protein preparations. The ability of latrepirdine to modulate Aβ aggregation appears to be independent of its neuroprotective effects, and is unlikely to be a mechanism by which latrepirdine offers protection. This study investigates the effect of latrepirdine on Aβ aggregation, and presents evidence suggesting that caution should be applied in the use of thioflavin-T fluorescence based assays as a method for screening compounds for protein aggregation altering properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenielle Porter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Prashant Bharadwaj
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adrian Paxman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia.,The Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia.,The Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
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27
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Biasutto L, Azzolini M, Szabò I, Zoratti M. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore in AD 2016: An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:2515-30. [PMID: 26902508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30years the mitochondrial permeability transition - the permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane due to the opening of a wide pore - has progressed from being considered a curious artifact induced in isolated mitochondria by Ca(2+) and phosphate to a key cell-death-inducing process in several major pathologies. Its relevance is by now universally acknowledged and a pharmacology targeting the phenomenon is being developed. The molecular nature of the pore remains to this day uncertain, but progress has recently been made with the identification of the FOF1 ATP synthase as the probable proteic substrate. Researchers sharing this conviction are however divided into two camps: these believing that only the ATP synthase dimers or oligomers can form the pore, presumably in the contact region between monomers, and those who consider that the ring-forming c subunits in the FO sector actually constitute the walls of the pore. The latest development is the emergence of a new candidate: Spastic Paraplegia 7 (SPG7), a mitochondrial AAA-type membrane protease which forms a 6-stave barrel. This review summarizes recent developments of research on the pathophysiological relevance and on the molecular nature of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Azzolini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biology, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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MH84: A Novel γ-Secretase Modulator/PPARγ Agonist—Improves Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Cellular Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:231-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ustyugov A, Shevtsova E, Bachurin S. Novel Sites of Neuroprotective Action of Dimebon (Latrepirdine). Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:970-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Wojsiat J, Prandelli C, Laskowska-Kaszub K, Martín-Requero A, Wojda U. Oxidative Stress and Aberrant Cell Cycle in Alzheimer’s Disease Lymphocytes: Diagnostic Prospects. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:329-50. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-141977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wojsiat
- Laboratory of Preclinical Studies of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chiara Prandelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Laskowska-Kaszub
- Laboratory of Preclinical Studies of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Urszula Wojda
- Laboratory of Preclinical Studies of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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Milaeva E, Shpakovsky D, Gracheva Y, Antonenko T, Osolodkin D, Palyulin V, Shevtsov P, Neganova M, Vinogradova D, Shevtsova E. Some insight into the mode of cytotoxic action of organotin compounds with protective 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol fragments. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Mitochondrial dysfunction: cause and consequence of Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 127:183-210. [PMID: 25149218 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394625-6.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of common, nonfamiliar late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is only partly understood and seems to be extremely complex including many genetic and environmental factors. The most important environmental risk factor to develop LOAD is aging itself. Aging and LOAD are considered to be strongly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced oxidative stress. In this review, we focus on the interaction between mitochondrial dysfunction in aging especially on defects of the respiratory chain of the oxidative phosphorylation system resulting in enhanced oxidative stress and the interplay between aging-associated mitochondrial defects and LOAD-associated mitochondrial failure. The deleterious effects of the two hallmarks of LOAD, amyloid beta, and hyperphosphorylated tau, on mitochondrial function, movement, and morphology are described as well as the toxic effects of the most relevant genetic risk factor of LOAD, the apolipoprotein E4 allele. Finally, the review provides an overview about drugs and nutritional ingredients which improve mitochondrial function or/and act as antioxidants and discusses their potential role in the treatment of LOAD.
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