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Sultana R, Butterfield DA. Protein Oxidation in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:574. [PMID: 38790679 PMCID: PMC11117785 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins are essential molecules that play crucial roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and carrying out biological functions such as catalyzing biochemical reactions, structural proteins, immune response, etc. However, proteins also are highly susceptible to damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In this review, we summarize the role of protein oxidation in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The major emphasis of this review article is on the carbonylation and nitration of proteins in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The oxidatively modified proteins showed a strong correlation with the reported changes in brain structure, carbohydrate metabolism, synaptic transmission, cellular energetics, etc., of both MCI and AD brains compared to the controls. Some proteins were found to be common targets of oxidation and were observed during the early stages of AD, suggesting that those changes might be critical in the onset of symptoms and/or formation of the pathological hallmarks of AD. Further studies are required to fully elucidate the role of protein oxidation and nitration in the progression and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA;
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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2
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Venugopal A, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Ravimanickam T, Gopalakrishnan AV, Yadav MK, Kumar NS, Vellingiri B. Association of Biochemical Parameters and Screening for Mutations in the MCU Gene in Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03820-y. [PMID: 38064106 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The most prevalent form of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic illness that is on the rise among the geriatric population. Even though research into its biochemical, genetic, and cytogenetic pathways has advanced, its aetiology is still unclear and complex. In this study, we recruited sixty-eight participants diagnosed with AD where the cytogenetic, biochemical parameters and genetic mutations were analysed. Our results revealed chromosomal aberrations such as aneuploidies in the peripheral blood of Alzheimer's disease patients. Biochemical parameters revealed no statistical significance in the study though a pattern could be observed in the serum levels. Further few novel mutations at the c.21 C > T, c.56G > A were observed in the MCU gene of mitochondrial calcium uniporter. All these findings reveal the need for a larger cohort study to gain a better and more detailed understanding of the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila Venugopal
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, 641 046, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, 641 021, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, 151401, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, 641046, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Ravimanickam
- Department of Zoology, School of Science, Tamil Nadu Open University, 600015, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, 632014, Vellore, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, 151401, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, 641 046, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, 151401, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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3
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Basiji K, Sendani AA, Ghavami SB, Farmani M, Kazemifard N, Sadeghi A, Lotfali E, Aghdaei HA. The critical role of gut-brain axis microbiome in mental disorders. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2547-2561. [PMID: 37436588 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The Gut-brain axis is a bidirectional neural and humoral signaling that plays an important role in mental disorders and intestinal health and connects them as well. Over the past decades, the gut microbiota has been explored as an important part of the gastrointestinal tract that plays a crucial role in the regulation of most functions of various human organs. The evidence shows several mediators such as short-chain fatty acids, peptides, and neurotransmitters that are produced by the gut may affect the brain's function directly or indirectly. Thus, dysregulation in this microbiome community can give rise to several diseases such as Parkinson's disease, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease. So, the interactions between the gut and the brain are significantly considered, and also it provides a prominent subject to investigate the causes of some diseases. In this article, we reviewed and focused on the role of the largest and most repetitive bacterial community and their relevance with some diseases that they have mentioned previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Basiji
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Aghamohammadi Sendani
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Baradaran Ghavami
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Farmani
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Kazemifard
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Lotfali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Guo X, Jiang M, Dai X, Shen J, Wang X. Presenilin-1, mutated in familial Alzheimer's disease, maintains genome stability via a γ-secretase dependent way. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 131:103580. [PMID: 37804602 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in Presenilin-1 (PS1) account for over 80 % mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms of action of PS1 mutations in causing familial AD are not fully understood, limiting opportunities to develop targeted disease-modifying therapies for individuals carrying PS1 mutation. To gain more comprehensive insights into the impact of PS1 mutations on genome stability, we knocked down PS1 in SH-SY5Y, HMC3 and A549 cells. This revealed that PS1 knockdown (KD) dramatically induces genome instability (GIN) in all cell types, as indicated by the increased incidence of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and/or nuclear buds. Although amyloid β (Aβ) was able to induce GIN, PS1-KD was associated with decreased expression of Aβ in SH-SY5Y cells, suggesting Aβ is not the primary cause of GIN in PS1-KD cells. In contrast, inhibiting the PS1 γ-secretase activity by DAPT recapitulated GIN phenotype as seen in PS1-KD cells, indicating that the induction of GIN following PS1 KD can be attributed to the loss of γ-secretase activity. PS1 KD or γ-secretase inhibition markedly sensitizes SH-SY5Y to the genotoxicity of mitomycin C. Interestingly, overexpression of the wildtype PS1 dramatically increased GIN in SH-SY5Y. Collectively, our study demonstrates the potential of PS1 and its γ-secretase activity in maintaining genome stability, highlighting a novel potential link between PS1 loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations and familial AD through GIN. Several mechanisms by which GIN induced by PS1 dys-expression may contribute to AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Minyan Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xueqin Dai
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yeda Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
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5
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Basri R, Alruwaili M, AlRuwaili R, Mohammad Albarrak A, Ali NH. Impact of Nutritional Interventions on Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e49467. [PMID: 38152793 PMCID: PMC10751620 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent type of dementia, especially in older persons, is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has clinical signs of progressive cognitive decline and functional impairment. However, new research indicates that AD patients' dietary patterns and nutritional intake could hold the key to staving off some of the complications. Therefore, the primary aim of this investigation was to analyze various dietary patterns and the subsequent impact of the resulting nutritional intake on AD patients. Various online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were searched using appropriate keywords, reference searches, and citation searches. The databases were accessed using the search phrases "Alzheimer's disease," "dietary habits," "minerals," "nutritional profile," and "vitamins." Fifteen of the 21 investigations that we selected for our systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis revealed that micronutrient supplementation and some dietary patterns were helpful in alleviating a few of the symptoms of AD, especially with regard to the progression of dementia in the assessed patients. It was shown that dietary interventions and nutritional adjustments can considerably delay the onset of AD and the varying degrees of dementia that often accompany it. However, there were some areas of ambiguity in our findings because a few of the chosen studies did not document any noticeable improvements in the patient's conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Basri
- Department of Internal Medicine/Neurology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, SAU
| | - Mubarak Alruwaili
- Department of Internal Medicine/Neurology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, SAU
| | - Raed AlRuwaili
- Department of Internal Medicine/Neurology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, SAU
| | - Anas Mohammad Albarrak
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, SAU
| | - Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, SAU
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6
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Somatic copy number variant load in neurons of healthy controls and Alzheimer's disease patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:175. [PMID: 36451207 PMCID: PMC9714068 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible role of somatic copy number variations (CNVs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) aetiology has been controversial. Although cytogenetic studies suggested increased CNV loads in AD brains, a recent single-cell whole-genome sequencing (scWGS) experiment, studying frontal cortex brain samples, found no such evidence. Here we readdressed this issue using low-coverage scWGS on pyramidal neurons dissected via both laser capture microdissection (LCM) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) across five brain regions: entorhinal cortex, temporal cortex, hippocampal CA1, hippocampal CA3, and the cerebellum. Among reliably detected somatic CNVs identified in 1301 cells obtained from the brains of 13 AD patients and 7 healthy controls, deletions were more frequent compared to duplications. Interestingly, we observed slightly higher frequencies of CNV events in cells from AD compared to similar numbers of cells from controls (4.1% vs. 1.4%, or 0.9% vs. 0.7%, using different filtering approaches), although the differences were not statistically significant. On the technical aspects, we observed that LCM-isolated cells show higher within-cell read depth variation compared to cells isolated with FACS. To reduce within-cell read depth variation, we proposed a principal component analysis-based denoising approach that significantly improves signal-to-noise ratios. Lastly, we showed that LCM-isolated neurons in AD harbour slightly more read depth variability than neurons of controls, which might be related to the reported hyperploid profiles of some AD-affected neurons.
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7
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Weiner CP, Weiss ML, Zhou H, Syngelaki A, Nicolaides KH, Dong Y. Detection of Embryonic Trisomy 21 in the First Trimester Using Maternal Plasma Cell-Free RNA. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1410. [PMID: 35741220 PMCID: PMC9221829 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal trisomy 21 (T21) screening commonly involves testing a maternal blood sample for fetal DNA aneuploidy. It is reliable but poses a cost barrier to universal screening. We hypothesized maternal plasma RNA screening might provide similar reliability but at a lower cost. Discovery experiments used plasma cell-free RNA from 20 women 11−13 weeks tested by RNA and miRNA microarrays followed by qRT-PCR. Thirty-six mRNAs and 18 small RNAs of the discovery cDNA were identified by qPCR as potential markers of embryonic T21. The second objective was validation of the RNA predictors in 998 independent pregnancies at 11−13 weeks including 50 T21. Initial analyses identified 9−15 differentially expressed RNA with modest predictive power (AUC < 0.70). The 54 RNAs were then subjected to machine learning. Eleven algorithms were trained on one partition and tested on an independent partition. The three best algorithms were identified by Kappa score and the effects of training/testing partition size and dataset class imbalance on prediction were evaluated. Six to ten RNAs predicted T21 with AUCs up to 1.00. The findings suggest that maternal plasma collected at 11−13 weeks, tested by qRT-PCR, and classified by machine learning, may accurately predict T21 for a lower cost than plasma DNA, thus opening the door to universal screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl P. Weiner
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
- Rosetta Signaling Laboratory, Phoenix, AZ 85018, USA;
| | - Mark L. Weiss
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology & Midwest Institute of Comparative Stem Cell Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Helen Zhou
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Argyro Syngelaki
- Fetal Medicine Research Institute, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK; (A.S.); (K.H.N.)
| | - Kypros H. Nicolaides
- Fetal Medicine Research Institute, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK; (A.S.); (K.H.N.)
| | - Yafeng Dong
- Rosetta Signaling Laboratory, Phoenix, AZ 85018, USA;
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8
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The Potential of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Treat and Model Alzheimer's Disease. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5511630. [PMID: 34122554 PMCID: PMC8172295 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5511630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 6.2 million Americans aged 65 or older are currently living with Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease that disrupts an individual's ability to function independently through the degeneration of key regions in the brain, including but not limited to the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex, and the motor cortex. The cause of this degeneration is not known, but research has found two proteins that undergo posttranslational modifications: tau, a protein concentrated in the axons of neurons, and amyloid precursor protein (APP), a protein concentrated near the synapse. Through mechanisms that have yet to be elucidated, the accumulation of these two proteins in their abnormal aggregate forms leads to the neurodegeneration that is characteristic of AD. Until the invention of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006, the bulk of research was carried out using transgenic animal models that offered little promise in their ability to translate well from benchtop to bedside, creating a bottleneck in the development of therapeutics. However, with iPSC, patient-specific cell cultures can be utilized to create models based on human cells. These human cells have the potential to avoid issues in translatability that have plagued animal models by providing researchers with a model that closely resembles and mimics the neurons found in humans. By using human iPSC technology, researchers can create more accurate models of AD ex vivo while also focusing on regenerative medicine using iPSC in vivo. The following review focuses on the current uses of iPSC and how they have the potential to regenerate damaged neuronal tissue, in the hopes that these technologies can assist in getting through the bottleneck of AD therapeutic research.
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Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050524. [PMID: 34067173 PMCID: PMC8150909 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with human aging. Ten percent of individuals over 65 years have AD and its prevalence continues to rise with increasing age. There are currently no effective disease modifying treatments for AD, resulting in increasingly large socioeconomic and personal costs. Increasing age is associated with an increase in low-grade chronic inflammation (inflammaging) that may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in AD. Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, aberrant elevation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) levels from several endogenous and exogenous processes in the brain may not only affect cell signaling, but also trigger cellular senescence, inflammation, and pyroptosis. Moreover, a compromised immune privilege of the brain that allows the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and infectious agents may play a role. Additionally, meta-inflammation as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis may drive the neuroinflammatory process. Considering that inflammatory/immune pathways are dysregulated in parallel with cognitive dysfunction in AD, elucidating the relationship between the central nervous system and the immune system may facilitate the development of a safe and effective therapy for AD. We discuss some current ideas on processes in inflammaging that appear to drive the neurodegenerative process in AD and summarize details on a few immunomodulatory strategies being developed to selectively target the detrimental aspects of neuroinflammation without affecting defense mechanisms against pathogens and tissue damage.
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Nuebling GS, Prix C, Brendel M, Beyer L, Wlasich E, Loosli SV, Barthel H, Sabri O, Bartenstein P, Vöglein J, Danek A, Rominger A, Edbauer D, Haass C, Levin J. Low-degree trisomy 21 mosaicism promotes early-onset Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 103:147.e1-147.e5. [PMID: 33789815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy-21 mosaicism (mT21) with subclinical intellectual development disorder or physical phenotype has very rarely been associated with early-onset cognitive decline. Notably, early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) patients' family histories frequently suggest genetic causes other than autosomal-dominant APP/PSEN-1/2 mutations. We present an EOAD patient in his late fifties newly diagnosed with low-degree mT21 (13%/21% blood lymphocytes/ectodermal cells). We applied fluorescence in-situ hybridization to confirm a diagnosis of mT21. Multimodal positron-emission-tomography applying 18F-fluodesoxyglucose (metabolism), 18F-florbetaben (amyloid-β deposits) and 18F-PI-2620 (tau-deposits) tracers was used to confirm a diagnosis of EOAD according to the ATN-criteria of AD. Initial PET-studies revealed marked cerebral amyloid-β- and tau-pathology and parietotemporal hypometabolism, confirming EOAD according to the ATN-criteria of AD. A marked cognitive decline was accompanied by an increase in tau pathology in follow-up studies. This is the first case demonstrating that a low-degree APP gene-dose increase suffices to cause EOAD with prominent amyloid-β/tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg S Nuebling
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Palliative Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Prix
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonie Beyer
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Wlasich
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra V Loosli
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Vöglein
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Edbauer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany; Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany.
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11
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Andreychuk YV, Zadorsky SP, Zhuk AS, Stepchenkova EI, Inge-Vechtomov SG. Relationship between Type I and Type II Template Processes: Amyloids and Genome Stability. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320050027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Medoro A, Bartollino S, Mignogna D, Marziliano N, Porcile C, Nizzari M, Florio T, Pagano A, Raimo G, Intrieri M, Russo C. Proteases Upregulation in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:931-938. [PMID: 30814362 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Certain proteases are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their erroneous control may contribute to the pathology onset and progression. In this study we evaluated the cerebral expression of eight proteases, involved in both AβPP processing and extracellular matrix remodeling. Among these proteases, ADAM10, ADAMTS1, Cathepsin D, and Meprin β show a significantly higher mRNAs expression in sporadic AD subjects versus controls, while ADAMTS1, Cathepsin D, and Meprin β show an increment also at the protein level. These data indicate that transcriptional events affecting brain proteases are activated in AD patients, suggesting a link between proteolysis and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Medoro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Silvia Bartollino
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Donatella Mignogna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Nicola Marziliano
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.,Clinical Pathology Laboratory, ASL Taranto, Italy
| | - Carola Porcile
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Aldo Pagano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Gennaro Raimo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariano Intrieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Claudio Russo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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13
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Iron-responsive-like elements and neurodegenerative ferroptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:395-413. [PMID: 32817306 PMCID: PMC7433652 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052282.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A set of common-acting iron-responsive 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) motifs can fold into RNA stem loops that appear significant to the biology of cognitive declines of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), Lewy body dementia (LDD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurodegenerative diseases exhibit perturbations of iron homeostasis in defined brain subregions over characteristic time intervals of progression. While misfolding of Aβ from the amyloid-precursor-protein (APP), alpha-synuclein, prion protein (PrP) each cause neuropathic protein inclusions in the brain subregions, iron-responsive-like element (IRE-like) RNA stem–loops reside in their transcripts. APP and αsyn have a role in iron transport while gene duplications elevate the expression of their products to cause rare familial cases of AD and PDD. Of note, IRE-like sequences are responsive to excesses of brain iron in a potential feedback loop to accelerate neuronal ferroptosis and cognitive declines as well as amyloidosis. This pathogenic feedback is consistent with the translational control of the iron storage protein ferritin. We discuss how the IRE-like RNA motifs in the 5′UTRs of APP, alpha-synuclein and PrP mRNAs represent uniquely folded drug targets for therapies to prevent perturbed iron homeostasis that accelerates AD, PD, PD dementia (PDD) and Lewy body dementia, thus preventing cognitive deficits. Inhibition of alpha-synuclein translation is an option to block manganese toxicity associated with early childhood cognitive problems and manganism while Pb toxicity is epigenetically associated with attention deficit and later-stage AD. Pathologies of heavy metal toxicity centered on an embargo of iron export may be treated with activators of APP and ferritin and inhibitors of alpha-synuclein translation.
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14
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Qin Q, Yin Y, Wang Y, Lu Y, Tang Y, Jia J. Gene mutations associated with early onset familial Alzheimer's disease in China: An overview and current status. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1443. [PMID: 32767553 PMCID: PMC7549583 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of three causative genes, namely presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and amyloid precursor protein (APP), have been identified as the major causes of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD). The prevalence of causative gene mutations in patients with EOFAD has been reported in previous studies worldwide but remains unclear in China. The patients with these known mutations always show considerable clinical phenotypic variability. However, to date, there have been no detailed descriptions of the clinical phenotypes associated with these Chinese EOFAD mutations. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe all of the known mutations in three EOFAD causative genes and genotype-phenotype correlations in Chinese patients with EOFAD. METHOD We systematically searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, CNKI, VIP, and WAN-FANG databases to find Chinese EOFAD mutations in reports from inception through May 2020. RESULT We identified 31 studies reporting mutations of three causative genes in China. 10 mutations in APP gene, 27 mutations in PSEN1 gene and six mutations in PSEN2 were discovered in Chinese EOFAD. This review summarized all these probably pathogenic mutations as well as its clinical features. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systemic review of causative gene mutations in patients with EOFAD in China. CONCLUSION The analysis of the genetic and clinical phenotype correlations in this review supports the idea that the clinical phenotype might be influenced by specific genetic defects. It also suggests genetic testing and genotype-phenotype correlations are important for the accurate diagnosis and for understanding disease-associated pathways and might also improve disease therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qin
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yunsi Yin
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yi Tang
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive DisordersBeijingChina
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory ImpairmentCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Alzheimer's DiseaseBeijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
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Kaeser GE, Chun J. Mosaic Somatic Gene Recombination as a Potentially Unifying Hypothesis for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Genet 2020; 11:390. [PMID: 32457796 PMCID: PMC7221065 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of somatic gene recombination(SGR) in human neurons affecting the well-known Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenic gene, amyloid precursor protein (APP), has implications for the normal and the diseased human brain. The amyloid hypothesis has been the prevailing theory for sporadic AD (SAD) pathogenesis since the discovery of APP gene involvement in familial AD and Down syndrome. Yet, despite enormous scientific and clinical effort, no disease-modifying therapy has emerged. SGR offers a novel mechanism to explain AD pathogenesis and the failures of amyloid-related clinical trials, while maintaining consistency with most aspects of the amyloid hypothesis and additionally supporting possible roles for tau, oxidative stress, inflammation, infection, and prions. SGR retro-inserts novel "genomic complementary DNAs" (gencDNAs) into neuronal genomes and becomes dysregulated in SAD, producing numerous mosaic APP variants, including DNA mutations observed in familial AD. Notably, SGR requires gene transcription, DNA strand-breaks, and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, all of which may be promoted by well-known AD risk factors and provide a framework for the pursuit of new SGR-based therapeutics. In this perspective, we review evidence for APP SGR in AD pathogenesis and discuss its possible relevance to other AD-related dementias. Further, SGR's requirement for RT activity and the relative absence of AD in aged HIV -infected patients exposed to RT inhibitors suggest that these Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs may represent a near-term disease-modifying therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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16
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Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Herbal Small-Molecule Drugs for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041327. [PMID: 32079110 PMCID: PMC7072986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques composed of the β-amyloid peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and associates with progressive declines in memory and cognition. Several genes play important roles and regulate enzymes that produce a pathological accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain, such as gamma secretase (γ-secretase). Induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with Alzheimer’s disease with different underlying genetic mechanisms may help model different phenotypes of Alzheimer’s disease and facilitate personalized drug screening platforms for the identification of small molecules. We also discuss recent developments by γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators in the treatment of AD. In addition, small-molecule drugs isolated from Chinese herbal medicines have been shown effective in treating Alzheimer’s disease. We propose a mechanism of small-molecule drugs in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Combining therapy with different small-molecule drugs may increase the chance of symptomatic treatment. A customized strategy tailored to individuals and in combination with therapy may be a more suitable treatment option for Alzheimer’s disease in the future.
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17
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Nunes KM, Benzaquem DC, Carvalho NDM, Vianez TN, Fernandes ERDQGDSE, Fantin C. Investigation of chromosomal alterations in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 77:855-859. [PMID: 31939582 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) has as its main characteristic the deterioration of cerebral functions. Its etiology is still complex and undefined despite the progress made in understanding its neurological, infectious, biochemical, genetic and cytogenetic mechanisms. METHODS Considering this, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of chromosomal alterations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, and to verify if there was a high frequency of these alterations in patients diagnosed with AD at the University Hospital GetúLio Vargas Outpatient Clinic Araújo Lima in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. RESULTS Among the nine patients in the AD group, only one patient did not have metaphases with chromosomal alterations (2n = 46,XX), while eight patients with AD showed numerical chromosomal alterations, classified as X chromosome aneupLoidy (2n = 45,X) and double aneupLoidy (2n = 44,X,-X,-10; 2n = 44,X,-X,-13 and 2n = 44,X,-X,-21). CONCLUSION In the control group, no chromosomal changes were found in the karyotypes of these individuals. Therefore, the karyotypes of patients with AD undergo chromosomal alterations at different levels. These findings are being described for the first time in the population of Amazonas, and they highlight the importance of the inclusion of cytogenetic investigations in the routine management of patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kledson Moraes Nunes
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | - Denise Corrêa Benzaquem
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | - Natalia Dayane Moura Carvalho
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | - Talísia Nascimento Vianez
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas, Departamento de Neurologia, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | | | - Cleiton Fantin
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
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18
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Potter H, Chial HJ, Caneus J, Elos M, Elder N, Borysov S, Granic A. Chromosome Instability and Mosaic Aneuploidy in Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Genet 2019; 10:1092. [PMID: 31788001 PMCID: PMC6855267 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from multiple laboratories has accumulated to show that mosaic neuronal aneuploidy and consequent apoptosis characterizes and may underlie neuronal loss in many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Furthermore, several neurodevelopmental disorders, including Seckel syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, Niemann–Pick type C, and Down syndrome, have been shown to also exhibit mosaic aneuploidy in neurons in the brain and in other cells throughout the body. Together, these results indicate that both neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders with apparently different pathogenic causes share a cell cycle defect that leads to mosaic aneuploidy in many cell types. When such mosaic aneuploidy arises in neurons in the brain, it promotes apoptosis and may at least partly underlie the cognitive deficits that characterize the neurological symptoms of these disorders. These findings have implications for both diagnosis and treatment/prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Heidi J Chial
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julbert Caneus
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Mihret Elos
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nina Elder
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sergiy Borysov
- Department of Math and Science, Saint Leo University, Saint Leo, FL, United States
| | - Antoneta Granic
- AGE Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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19
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Gross TJ, Doran E, Cheema AK, Head E, Lott IT, Mapstone M. Plasma metabolites related to cellular energy metabolism are altered in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:622-638. [PMID: 31419370 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a well-known neurodevelopmental disorder most commonly caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Because individuals with DS almost universally develop heavy amyloid burden and Alzheimer's disease (AD), biomarker discovery in this population may be extremely fruitful. Moreover, any AD biomarker in DS that does not directly involve amyloid pathology may be of high value for understanding broader mechanisms of AD generalizable to the neurotypical population. In this retrospective biomarker discovery study, we examined banked peripheral plasma samples from 78 individuals with DS who met clinical criteria for AD at the time of the blood draw (DS-AD) and 68 individuals with DS who did not (DS-NAD). We measured the relative abundance of approximately 5,000 putative features in the plasma using untargeted mass spectrometry (MS). We found significantly higher levels of a peak putatively annotated as lactic acid in the DS-AD group (q = .014), a finding confirmed using targeted MS (q = .011). Because lactate is the terminal product of glycolysis and subsequent lactic acid fermentation, we performed additional targeted MS focusing on central carbon metabolism which revealed significantly increased levels of pyruvic (q = .03) and methyladipic (q = .03) acids in addition to significantly lower levels of uridine (q = .007) in the DS-AD group. These data suggest that AD in DS is accompanied by a shift from aerobic respiration toward the less efficient fermentative metabolism and that bioenergetically derived metabolites observable in peripheral blood may be useful for detecting this shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Gross
- Department of Neurology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Eric Doran
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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20
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Bonassi S, Fenech M. Micronuclei and Their Association with Infertility, Pregnancy Complications, Developmental Defects, Anaemias, Inflammation, Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer. THE MICRONUCLEUS ASSAY IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788013604-00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Micronuclei (MN) are a strong cytogenetic indicator of a catastrophic change in the genetic structure and stability of a cell because they originate from either chromosome breaks or whole chromosomes that have been lost from the main nucleus during cell division. The resulting genetic abnormalities can to lead to cellular malfunction, altered gene expression and impaired regenerative capacity. Furthermore, MN are increased as a consequence of genetic defects in DNA repair, deficiency in micronutrients required for DNA replication and repair and exposure to genotoxic chemicals and ultraviolet or ionising radiation. For all of these reasons, the measurement of MN has become one of the best-established methods to measure DNA damage in humans at the cytogenetic level. This chapter is a narrative review of the current evidence for the association of increased MN frequency with developmental and degenerative diseases. In addition, important knowledge gaps are identified, and recommendations for future studies required to consolidate the evidence are provided. The great majority of published studies show a significant association of increased MN in lymphocytes and/or buccal cells with infertility, pregnancy complications, developmental defects, anaemias, inflammation, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. However, the strongest evidence is from prospective studies showing that MN frequency in lymphocytes predicts cancer risk and cardiovascular disease mortality.
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21
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Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB, Kutsev SI. Ontogenetic and Pathogenetic Views on Somatic Chromosomal Mosaicism. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E379. [PMID: 31109140 PMCID: PMC6562967 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular karyotypic variability has been a focus of genetic research for more than 50 years. It has been repeatedly shown that chromosome heterogeneity manifesting as chromosomal mosaicism is associated with a variety of human diseases. Due to the ability of changing dynamically throughout the ontogeny, chromosomal mosaicism may mediate genome/chromosome instability and intercellular diversity in health and disease in a bottleneck fashion. However, the ubiquity of negligibly small populations of cells with abnormal karyotypes results in difficulties of the interpretation and detection, which may be nonetheless solved by post-genomic cytogenomic technologies. In the post-genomic era, it has become possible to uncover molecular and cellular pathways to genome/chromosome instability (chromosomal mosaicism or heterogeneity) using advanced whole-genome scanning technologies and bioinformatic tools. Furthermore, the opportunities to determine the effect of chromosomal abnormalities on the cellular phenotype seem to be useful for uncovering the intrinsic consequences of chromosomal mosaicism. Accordingly, a post-genomic review of chromosomal mosaicism in the ontogenetic and pathogenetic contexts appears to be required. Here, we review chromosomal mosaicism in its widest sense and discuss further directions of cyto(post)genomic research dedicated to chromosomal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Y Iourov
- Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, 117152 Moscow, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 125412 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Svetlana G Vorsanova
- Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, 117152 Moscow, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 125412 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yuri B Yurov
- Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, 117152 Moscow, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 125412 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergei I Kutsev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia.
- Molecular & Cell Genetics Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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Abstract
Virtually all adults with Down syndrome (DS) show the neuropathological changes of Alzheimer disease (AD) by the age of 40 years. This association is partially due to overexpression of amyloid precursor protein, encoded by APP, as a result of the location of this gene on chromosome 21. Amyloid-β accumulates in the brain across the lifespan of people with DS, which provides a unique opportunity to understand the temporal progression of AD and the epigenetic factors that contribute to the age of dementia onset. This age dependency in the development of AD in DS can inform research into the presentation of AD in the general population, in whom a longitudinal perspective of the disease is not often available. Comparison of the risk profiles, biomarker profiles and genetic profiles of adults with DS with those of individuals with AD in the general population can help to determine common and distinct pathways as well as mechanisms underlying increased risk of dementia. This Review evaluates the similarities and differences between the pathological cascades and genetics underpinning DS and AD with the aim of providing a platform for common exploration of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira T Lott
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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23
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Nicolas G, Veltman JA. The role of de novo mutations in adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:183-207. [PMID: 30478624 PMCID: PMC6513904 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genetic underpinnings of the most common adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders (AOND) are complex in majority of the cases. In some families, however, the disease can be inherited in a Mendelian fashion as an autosomal-dominant trait. Next to that, patients carrying mutations in the same disease genes have been reported despite a negative family history. Although challenging to demonstrate due to the late onset of the disease in most cases, the occurrence of de novo mutations can explain this sporadic presentation, as demonstrated for severe neurodevelopmental disorders. Exome or genome sequencing of patient-parent trios allows a hypothesis-free study of the role of de novo mutations in AOND and the discovery of novel disease genes. Another hypothesis that may explain a proportion of sporadic AOND cases is the occurrence of a de novo mutation after the fertilization of the oocyte (post-zygotic mutation) or even as a late-somatic mutation, restricted to the brain. Such somatic mutation hypothesis, that can be tested with the use of novel sequencing technologies, is fully compatible with the seeding and spreading mechanisms of the pathological proteins identified in most of these disorders. We review here the current knowledge and future perspectives on de novo mutations in known and novel candidate genes identified in the most common AONDs such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum and Prion disorders. Also, we review the first lessons learned from recent genomic studies of control and diseased brains and the challenges which remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, 22, Boulevard Gambetta, 76000, 76031, Rouen Cedex, France.
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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24
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Questions concerning the role of amyloid-β in the definition, aetiology and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:663-689. [PMID: 30349969 PMCID: PMC6208728 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The dominant hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) aetiology, the neuropathological guidelines for diagnosing AD and the majority of high-profile therapeutic efforts, in both research and in clinical practice, have been built around one possible causal factor, amyloid-β (Aβ). However, the causal link between Aβ and AD remains unproven. Here, in the context of a detailed assessment of historical and contemporary studies, we raise critical questions regarding the role of Aβ in the definition, diagnosis and aetiology of AD. We illustrate that a holistic view of the available data does not support an unequivocal conclusion that Aβ has a central or unique role in AD. Instead, the data suggest alternative views of AD aetiology are potentially valid, at this time. We propose that an unbiased way forward for the field, beyond the current Aβ-centric approach, without excluding a role for Aβ, is required to come to an accurate understanding of AD dementia and, ultimately, an effective treatment.
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26
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Medoro A, Bartollino S, Mignogna D, Passarella D, Porcile C, Pagano A, Florio T, Nizzari M, Guerra G, Di Marco R, Intrieri M, Raimo G, Russo C. Complexity and Selectivity of γ-Secretase Cleavage on Multiple Substrates: Consequences in Alzheimer's Disease and Cancer. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:1-15. [PMID: 29103038 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The processing of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by β- and γ-secretases is a pivotal event in the genesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides familial mutations on the AβPP gene, or upon its overexpression, familial forms of AD are often caused by mutations or deletions in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and 2 (PSEN2) genes: the catalytic components of the proteolytic enzyme γ-secretase (GS). The "amyloid hypothesis", modified over time, states that the aberrant processing of AβPP by GS induces the formation of specific neurotoxic soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides which, in turn, cause neurodegeneration. This theory, however, has recently evidenced significant limitations and, in particular, the following issues are debated: 1) the concept and significance of presenilin's "gain of function" versus "loss of function"; and 2) the presence of several and various GS substrates, which interact with AβPP and may influence Aβ formation. The latter consideration is suggestive: despite the increasing number of GS substrates so far identified, their reciprocal interaction with AβPP itself, even in the AD field, is significantly unexplored. On the other hand, GS is also an important pharmacological target in the cancer field; inhibitors or GS activity are investigated in clinical trials for treating different tumors. Furthermore, the function of AβPP and PSENs in brain development and in neuronal migration is well known. In this review, we focused on a specific subset of GS substrates that directly interact with AβPP and are involved in its proteolysis and signaling, by evaluating their role in neurodegeneration and in cell motility or proliferation, as a possible connection between AD and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Medoro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Silvia Bartollino
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Donatella Mignogna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Daniela Passarella
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carola Porcile
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Aldo Pagano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS per l'Oncologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariano Intrieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gennaro Raimo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Claudio Russo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Caneus J, Granic A, Rademakers R, Dickson DW, Coughlan CM, Chial HJ, Potter H. Mitotic defects lead to neuronal aneuploidy and apoptosis in frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by MAPT mutations. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:575-586. [PMID: 29282277 PMCID: PMC6004587 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-01-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant Tau (MAPT) can lead to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Previous studies associated MAPT mutations and altered function with aneuploidy and chromosome instability in human lymphocytes and in Drosophila development. Here we examine whether FTLD-causing mutations in human MAPT induce aneuploidy and apoptosis in the mammalian brain. First, aneuploidy was found in brain cells from MAPT mutant transgenic mice expressing FTLD mutant human MAPT. Then brain neurons from mice homozygous or heterozygous for the Tau (Mapt) null allele were found to exhibit increasing levels of aneuploidy with decreasing Tau gene dosage. To determine whether aneuploidy leads to neurodegeneration in FTLD, we measured aneuploidy and apoptosis in brain cells from patients with MAPT mutations and identified both increased aneuploidy and apoptosis in the same brain neurons and glia. To determine whether there is a direct relationship between MAPT-induced aneuploidy and apoptosis, we expressed FTLD-causing mutant forms of MAPT in karyotypically normal human cells and found that they cause aneuploidy and mitotic spindle defects that then result in apoptosis. Collectively, our findings reveal a neurodegenerative pathway in FTLD-MAPT in which neurons and glia exhibit mitotic spindle abnormalities, chromosome mis-segregation, and aneuploidy, which then lead to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julbert Caneus
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Antoneta Granic
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,AGE Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom.,Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | | | - Christina M Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Heidi J Chial
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 .,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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28
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Percy ME, Lukiw WJ. Is heart disease a risk factor for low dementia test battery scores in older persons with Down syndrome? Exploratory, pilot study, and commentary. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 66:22-35. [PMID: 33859818 PMCID: PMC8046177 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2017.1301023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Certain heart conditions and diseases are common in Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21), but their role in early onset dementia that is prevalent in older adults with DS has not been evaluated. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a study of risk factors for low neurocognitive/behavioral scores obtained with a published dementia test battery (DTB). Participants were adults with DS living in New York (N = 29; average age 46 years). We asked three questions. 1. Does having any type of heart disease affect the association between DTB scores and chronological age? 2. Does thyroid status affect the association between heart disease and DTB scores? 3. Are the E4 or E2 alleles of apolipoprotein E (APOE) associated with DTB scores or with heart disease? METHOD The study was retrospective, pilot, and exploratory. It involved analysis of information in a database previously established for the study of aging in DS. Participants had moderate intellectual disability on average. Information for each person included: gender, age, a single DTB score obtained by combining results from individual subscales of the DTB, the presence or absence of heart disease, thyroid status (treated hypothyroidism or normal), and APOE genotype. Trends were visualized by inspection of graphs and contingency tables. Statistical methods used to evaluate associations included Pearson correlation analysis, Fisher's exact tests (2-tailed), and odds ratio analysis. P values were interpreted at the 95% confidence level without Bonferroni correction. P values >.05<.1 were considered trends. RESULTS The negative correlation between DTB scores and age was significant in those with heart disease but not in those without. Heart disease was significantly associated with DTB scores >1 SD below the sample mean; there was a strong association between heart disease and low DTB scores in those with treated hypothyroidism but not in those with normal thyroid status. The APOE genotype was weakly associated with heart disease (E4, predisposing; E2, protective) in males. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the potentially important findings from the present study, large prospective studies are warranted to confirm and extend the observations. In these, particular heart conditions or diseases and other medical comorbidities in individuals should be documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire E. Percy
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Toronto, Canada
- Surrey Place Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, New OrleansLA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New OrleansLA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New OrleansLA, USA
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Xing Z, Li Y, Pao A, Bennett AS, Tycko B, Mobley WC, Yu YE. Mouse-based genetic modeling and analysis of Down syndrome. Br Med Bull 2016; 120:111-122. [PMID: 27789459 PMCID: PMC5146682 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Down syndrome (DS), caused by human trisomy 21 (Ts21), can be considered as a prototypical model for understanding the effects of chromosomal aneuploidies in other diseases. Human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) is syntenically conserved with three regions in the mouse genome. SOURCES OF DATA A review of recent advances in genetic modeling and analysis of DS. Using Cre/loxP-mediated chromosome engineering, a substantial number of new mouse models of DS have recently been generated, which facilitates better understanding of disease mechanisms in DS. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Based on evolutionary conservation, Ts21 can be modeled by engineered triplication of Hsa21 syntenic regions in mice. The validity of the models is supported by the exhibition of DS-related phenotypes. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Although substantial progress has been made, it remains a challenge to unravel the relative importance of specific candidate genes and molecular mechanisms underlying the various clinical phenotypes. GROWING POINTS Further understanding of mechanisms based on data from mouse models, in parallel with human studies, may lead to novel therapies for clinical manifestations of Ts21 and insights to the roles of aneuploidies in other developmental disorders and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Xing
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yichen Li
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Annie Pao
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Abigail S Bennett
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Y Eugene Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA .,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Roswell Park Division of Graduate School, Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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30
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Single-cell whole genome sequencing reveals no evidence for common aneuploidy in normal and Alzheimer's disease neurons. Genome Biol 2016; 17:116. [PMID: 27246599 PMCID: PMC4888403 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the brain and the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Aneuploidy, a state in which cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes, has been proposed to play a role in neurodegeneration in AD patients. Several studies using fluorescence in situ hybridization have shown that the brains of AD patients contain an increased number of aneuploid cells. However, because the reported rate of aneuploidy in neurons ranges widely, a more sensitive method is needed to establish a possible role of aneuploidy in AD pathology. RESULTS In the current study, we used a novel single-cell whole genome sequencing (scWGS) approach to assess aneuploidy in isolated neurons from the frontal cortex of normal control individuals (n = 6) and patients with AD (n = 10). The sensitivity and specificity of our method was shown by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 in all analyzed neuronal nuclei of a Down's syndrome sample (n = 36). Very low levels of aneuploidy were found in the brains from control individuals (n = 589) and AD patients (n = 893). In contrast to other studies, we observe no selective gain of chromosomes 17 or 21 in neurons of AD patients. CONCLUSION scWGS showed no evidence for common aneuploidy in normal and AD neurons. Therefore, our results do not support an important role for aneuploidy in neuronal cells in the pathogenesis of AD. This will need to be confirmed by future studies in larger cohorts.
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Potter H. Beyond Trisomy 21: Phenotypic Variability in People with Down Syndrome Explained by Further Chromosome Mis-segregation and Mosaic Aneuploidy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [PMID: 29516054 PMCID: PMC5837063 DOI: 10.4172/2472-1115.1000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic variability is a fundamental feature of the human population and is particularly evident among people with Down syndrome and/or Alzheimer’s disease. Herein, we review current theories of the potential origins of this phenotypic variability and propose a novel mechanism based on our finding that the Alzheimer’s disease-associated Aβ peptide, encoded on chromosome 21, disrupts the mitotic spindle, induces abnormal chromosome segregation, and produces mosaic populations of aneuploid cells in all tissues of people with Alzheimer’s disease and in mouse and cell models thereof. Thus, individuals exposed to increased levels of the Aβ peptide should accumulate mosaic populations of aneuploid cells, with different chromosomes affected in different tissues and in different individuals. Specifically, people with Down syndrome, who express elevated levels of Aβ peptide throughout their lifetimes, would be predicted to accumulate additional types of aneuploidy, beyond trisomy 21 and including changes in their trisomy 21 status, in mosaic cell populations. Such mosaic aneuploidy would introduce a novel form of genetic variability that could potentially underlie much of the observed phenotypic variability among people with Down syndrome, and possibly also among people with Alzheimer’s disease. This mosaic aneuploidy theory of phenotypic variability in Down syndrome is supported by several observations, makes several testable predictions, and identifies a potential approach to reducing the frequency of some of the most debilitating features of Down syndrome, including Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, and Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, USA
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32
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Salehi A, Ashford JW, Mufson EJ. The Link between Alzheimer's Disease and Down Syndrome. A Historical Perspective. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016; 13:2-6. [PMID: 26487155 PMCID: PMC6368451 DOI: 10.2174/1567205012999151021102914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elliott J Mufson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Dept. Neurobiology, Phoenix, AZ 85031, USA.
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