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Jowkar Z, Moaddeli A, Shafiei F, Tadayon T, Hamidi SA. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous zinc oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of their biocompatibility in L929 fibroblasts. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e844. [PMID: 38345519 PMCID: PMC10828904 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to synthesize and characterize mesoporous zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and also to evaluate the cytotoxicity of mesoporous ZnO NPs on L929 mouse fibroblast cell lines using 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS The synthesized mesoporous ZnO NPs were extensively characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDAX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The cytotoxicity of mesoporous ZnO NPs was assessed by MTT assay. The study groups for cytotoxicity assay were normal saline, 0.1% calcined mesoporous ZnO NP solution, 1% calcined mesoporous ZnO NP solution, 0.1% noncalcined mesoporous ZnO NP solution, 1% noncalcined mesoporous ZnO NP solution, 0.1% ZnO NP solution, 1% ZnO NP solution, 2% chlorhexidine, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The percentages of mean ± standard deviation of viable cells were analyzed. RESULTS Characterization of mesoporous ZnO NPs revealed that all the particles were in a more or less spherical shape with a wide particle size distribution of 70-100 nm. TEM image showed the uniformed and aggregated ZnO NPs with a typical size of 10-15 nm. BET analysis showed a mesoporous structure for the prepared mesoporous ZnO NPs. According to the MTT assay, chlorhexidine had the lowest cell viability percentage. Cell viability percentages of 0.1% mesoporous ZnO NP solutions (calcined and noncalcined) were statistically, significantly higher than 0.1% ZnO NP solution (p < .05). Cell viability percentages of 0.1% calcined and noncalcined mesoporous ZnO NP solutions and 0.1% ZnO NP solution were statistically, significantly higher than the 1% solutions (p < .05). CONCLUSION Mesoporous ZnO NPs exhibited less cytotoxicity against L929 mouse fibroblast cell lines compared to CHX and ZnO NPs, hence are safe to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jowkar
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of DentistryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Ali Moaddeli
- Legal Medicine Research CenterLegal Medicine OrganizationTehranIran
| | - Fereshteh Shafiei
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of DentistryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Tara Tadayon
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of DentistryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Seyed Ahmadreza Hamidi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of DentistryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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Rastegari E, Hsiao YJ, Lai WY, Lai YH, Yang TC, Chen SJ, Huang PI, Chiou SH, Mou CY, Chien Y. An Update on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Applications in Nanomedicine. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1067. [PMID: 34371758 PMCID: PMC8309088 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient and safe delivery of therapeutic drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids are essential for meaningful therapeutic benefits. The field of nanomedicine shows promising implications in the development of therapeutics by delivering diagnostic and therapeutic compounds. Nanomedicine development has led to significant advances in the design and engineering of nanocarrier systems with supra-molecular structures. Smart mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), with excellent biocompatibility, tunable physicochemical properties, and site-specific functionalization, offer efficient and high loading capacity as well as robust and targeted delivery of a variety of payloads in a controlled fashion. Such unique nanocarriers should have great potential for challenging biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, bioimaging techniques, stem cell research, and cancer therapies. However, in vivo applications of these nanocarriers should be further validated before clinical translation. To this end, this review begins with a brief introduction of MSNs properties, targeted drug delivery, and controlled release with a particular emphasis on their most recent diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Grants
- MOST 108-2320-B-010 -019 -MY3; MOST 109-2327-B-010-007 Ministry of Science and Technology
- MOHW108-TDU-B-211-133001, MOHW109-TDU-B-211-114001 Ministry of Health and Welfare
- VN109-16 VGH, NTUH Joint Research Program
- VTA107-V1-5-1, VTA108-V1-5-3, VTA109-V1-4-1 VGH, TSGH, NDMC, AS Joint Research Program
- IBMS-CRC109-P04 AS Clinical Research Center
- the "Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University" from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan the "Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University" from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan
- and the Ministry of Education through the SPROUT Project- Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B) of National Chiao Tung University and, Taiwan. and the Ministry of Education through the SPROUT Project- Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B) of National Chiao Tung University and, Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rastegari
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (E.R.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (S.-J.C.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jer Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (E.R.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (S.-J.C.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (E.R.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (S.-J.C.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsien Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (E.R.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (S.-J.C.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Chun Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (E.R.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (S.-J.C.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (E.R.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (S.-J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Pin-I Huang
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (E.R.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (S.-J.C.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (E.R.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (S.-J.C.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
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Zhao J, Bu DY, Zhang N, Tian DN, Ma LY, Yang HF. Cytotoxicity of mesoporous silica modified by amino and carboxyl groups on vascular endothelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1422-1433. [PMID: 33764655 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica is widely used because of its unique and excellent properties, especially it can be used as a drug carrier and gene carrier in the biomedical field. After the mesoporous silica is put into clinical use, it is more likely to be exposed in human body. Therefore, the effect of mesoporous silica on human body cannot be ignored. The injury of vascular endothelial cells is a prerequisite for the occurrence of many cardiovascular diseases. As a drug and gene carrier, mesoporous silica increases its contact with vascular endothelial cells, so its toxic effect on cardiovascular system cannot be ignored. In this study, amino (NH2 ) and carboxyl (COOH) were modified on mesoporous silica SBA-15 by post-grafting. The results showed that it still maintained the one-dimensional hexagonal mesoporous structure of SBA-15 and had typical mesoporous structure. Then human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were infected with SBA-15, NH2 -SBA-15, and COOH-SBA-15. The results showed that the functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 had cytotoxicity to HUVECs and damaged the cell membrane, but compared with the unmodified mesoporous silica SBA-15 the cytotoxicity of functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 was lower and the toxicity of carboxyl modified group was the lowest. By comparing the cell inhibition rate and the expression level of lactate dehydrogenate and reactive oxygen species induced by the three materials, oxidative damage and cell membrane damage may be two mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Mesoporous silica SBA-15 has an effect on cardiovascular system by inducing the high expression of nitric oxide, intercellular adhesive molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesive molecule-1 in HUVECs. In summary, our results show that mesoporous silica is toxic to vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - De-Yun Bu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Da-Nian Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Li-Ya Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Mesoporous Silica Platforms with Potential Applications in Release and Adsorption of Active Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173814. [PMID: 32825791 PMCID: PMC7503268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, researchers focused their attention on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) owing to the considerable advancements of the characterization methods, especially electron microscopy methods, which allowed for a clear visualization of the pore structure and the materials encapsulated within the pores, along with the X-ray diffraction (small angles) methods and specific surface area determination by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. Mesoporous silica gained important consideration in biomedical applications thanks to its tunable pore size, high surface area, surface functionalization possibility, chemical stability, and pore nature. Specifically, the nature of the pores allows for the encapsulation and release of anti-cancer drugs into tumor tissues, which makes MSN ideal candidates as drug delivery carriers in cancer treatment. Moreover, the inner and outer surfaces of the MSN provide a platform for further functionalization approaches that could enhance the adsorption of the drug within the silica network and the selective targeting and controlled release to the desired site. Additionally, stimuli-responsive mesoporous silica systems are being used as mediators in cancer therapy, and through the release of the therapeutic agents hosted inside the pores under the action of specific triggering factors, it can selectively deliver them into tumor tissues. Another important application of the mesoporous silica nanomaterials is related to its ability to extract different hazardous species from aqueous media, some of these agents being antibiotics, pesticides, or anti-tumor agents. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the methods of MSN synthesis and related characteristics, the available surface functionalization strategies, and the most important applications of MSN in adsorption as well as release studies. Owing to the increasing antibiotic resistance, the need for developing materials for antibiotic removal from wastewaters is important and mesoporous materials already proved remarkable performances in environmental applications, including removal or even degradation of hazardous agents such as antibiotics and pesticides.
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Liang X, Wang Y, Cheng J, Ji Q, Wang Y, Wu T, Tang M. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles at Predicted Environmentally Relevant Concentrations Cause Impairments in GABAergic Motor Neurons of Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1665-1676. [PMID: 32510209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Available safety evaluations regarding mesoporous silica nanoparticles (mSiNPs) are based on the assumption of a relatively high exposure concentration, which makes the findings less valuable in a realistic environment. In this study, we employed Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model to assess the neuronal damage caused by mSiNPs at the predicted environmentally relevant concentrations. After nematodes were acute and prolonged exposed to mSiNPs at concentrations over 300 μg/L, locomotion degeneration, shrinking behavior, and abnormal foraging behavior were observed, which were associated with the deficits in the development of GABAergic neurons, including D-type and RME motor neurons. Furthermore, the oxidative stress evidenced by excessive ROS generation might contribute to the mechanism of mSiNPs damaging neurons. Although the neurotoxicity of mSiNPs was weaker than (nonmesoporous) SiNPs, it is still necessary for researchers to pay attention to the adverse effects caused by mSiNPs in the environmental animals, especially with the rapid increase in mSiNPs application. Considering the conserved property of GABAergic neurons during evolution, these findings will shed light on our understanding of the potential eco-risks of NPs to the nervous system of other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Ji
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Cansever Mutlu E, Birinci Yıldırım A, Yıldırım M, Ficai A, Ficai D, Oktar FN, Ţîţu M, Çetinkaya A, Demir A. Improvement of antibacterial and biocompatibility properties of electrospray biopolymer films by ZnO and MCM-41. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Feng N. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, classification, drug loading, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility, and application in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:219-237. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1575806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongtai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nianping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gómez LD, Rodríguez-Páez J. Micro/nanoscale mesoporous Nb2O5 particles: Effect of synthesis conditions and doping with N, C, or S on their properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoso.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Dayan S, Özdemir N, Özpozan NK. Enhanced Performance of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials bearing Impregnated [PdL
2
] Complexes as Counter‐Electrode Catalyst for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Dayan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceErciyes University 38039 Kayseri Turkey
| | - Namık Özdemir
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of EducationOndokuz Mayıs University 55139 Samsun Turkey
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Nayab S, Baig H, Ghaffar A, Tuncel E, Oluz Z, Duran H, Yameen B. Silica based inorganic–organic hybrid materials for the adsorptive removal of chromium. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23963-23972. [PMID: 35540296 PMCID: PMC9081705 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04209h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We employed polymer functionalized silica gel as an adsorbent for the removal of Cr(vi) from water. The chains of 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMA·HCl) polymer were grown from the surface of silica gel via surface-initiated conventional radical polymerization and the resulting hybrid material exhibited high affinity for chromium(vi). To investigate the adsorption behavior of Cr(vi) on diverse polymer based hybrid materials, the removal capacity of (SG-AEMH) was compared with our previously reported branched polyamine functionalized mesoporous silica (MS-PEI). The adsorption capacities of polymer based materials were also compared with their respective monolayer based platforms comprising a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) functionalized silica gel (SG-APTES) and mesoporous silica (MS-APTES). The polymer based systems showed excellent Cr(vi) adsorption efficiencies compared to monolayer counterparts. The structural characteristics and surface modification of these adsorbents were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The experimental data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Correlation coefficients were determined by analyzing each isotherm. The kinetic data of adsorption reactions were described by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations. Thermodynamic parameters, i.e., change in the free energy (ΔG°), the enthalpy (ΔH°), and the entropy (ΔS°), were also evaluated. The synthesized hybrid materials exhibited a high adsorption capacity for chromium ions. Furthermore, they could be regenerated and recycled effectively. We employed and compared polymer functionalized silica gel and mesoporous silica as adsorbents for the removal of Cr(vi) from water.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Nayab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- SBA School of Science and Engineering
- Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)
- Lahore-54792
- Pakistan
| | - Humaira Baig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- SBA School of Science and Engineering
- Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)
- Lahore-54792
- Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Engineering and Technology (UET)
- Lahore
- Pakistan
| | - Eylül Tuncel
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering
- TOBB University of Economics and Technology
- 06560 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Zehra Oluz
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering
- TOBB University of Economics and Technology
- 06560 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Hatice Duran
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering
- TOBB University of Economics and Technology
- 06560 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Basit Yameen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- SBA School of Science and Engineering
- Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)
- Lahore-54792
- Pakistan
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