Wheat germ agglutinin modified mixed micelles overcome the dual barrier of mucus/enterocytes for effective oral absorption of shikonin and gefitinib

The combination of shikonin (SKN) and gefitinib (GFB) can reverse the drug resistance of lung cancer cells by affecting energy metabolism. However, the poor solubility of SKN and GFB limits their clinical application because of low bioavailability. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) can selectively bind to sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine on the surfaces of microfold cells and enterocytes, and is a targeted biocompatible material. Therefore, we created a co-delivery micelle system called SKN/GFB@WGA-micelles with the intestinal targeting functions to enhance the oral absorption of SKN and GFB by promoting mucus penetration for nanoparticles via oral administration. In this study, Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 co-cultured cells were used to simulate a mucus/enterocyte dual-barrier environment, and HCC827/GR cells were used as a model of drug-resistant lung cancer. We aimed to evaluate the oral bioavailability and anti-tumor effect of SKN and GFB using the SKN/GFB@WGA-micelles system. In vitro and in vivo experimental results showed that WGA promoted the mucus penetration ability of micelles, significantly enhanced the uptake efficiency of enterocytes, improved the oral bioavailability of SKN and GFB, and exhibited good anti-tumor effects by reversing drug resistance. The SKN/GFB@WGA-micelles were stable in the gastrointestinal tract and provided a novel safe and effective drug delivery strategy.

Synergistic treatment of androgenetic alopecia with follicular co-delivery of minoxidil and cedrol in metal-organic frameworks stabilized by covalently cross-linked cyclodextrins

Androgenetic alopecia seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. The main clinical therapeutic agent, minoxidil tincture, is challenged by solvent irritation and dose-dependent side effects. Our recent work has identified a biosafety natural product, cedrol, that is synergistic in combination with minoxidil, thereby improving medication safety by substantially reducing the clinical dose of minoxidil. In addition, ccross-linked CD-MOF were designed as carriers for hair follicle delivery, and γ-CD in the carriers was cross-linked by diphenyl carbonate with covalent bonds to protect the CD-MOF from rapid disintegration in an aqueous environment. This improved nanocarrier has a drug loading of 25%, whereas nanocarriers increased drug delivery to the hair follicles through ratchet effect, and increased human dermal papilla cells uptake of drugs via endocytosis pathways mainly mediated by lattice proteins, energy-dependent active transport, and lipid raft-dependent, thus improved cell viability, proliferation, and migration, followed by significantly enhancing the anti-androgenetic alopecia effect, with cedrol focusing on inhibiting 5α-reductase and activating Shh/Gli pathway, and minoxidil, which up-regulated VEGF, down-regulated TGF-β, and activated ERK/AKT pathway. This drug combination provides a new therapeutic strategy for androgenetic alopecia, while the newly developed cross-linked CD-MOF has been shown to serve as a promising follicular delivery vehicle.

Microneedle-mediated nose-to-brain drug delivery for improved Alzheimer's disease treatment

Conventional transnasal brain-targeted drug delivery strategies are limited by nasal cilia clearance and the nasal mucosal barrier. To address this challenge, we designed dissolving microneedles combined with nanocarriers for enhanced nose-to-brain drug delivery. To facilitate transnasal administration, a toothbrush-like microneedle patch was fabricated with hyaluronic acid-formed microneedles and tannic acid-crosslinked gelatin as the base, which completely dissolved in the nasal mucosa within seconds leaving only the base, thereby releasing the loaded cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) without affecting the nasal cilia and nasal microbial communities. As nanocarriers for high loading of huperzine A, these potassium-structured CD-MOFs, reinforced with stigmasterol and functionalized with lactoferrin, possessed improved physical stability and excellent biocompatibility, enabling efficient brain-targeted drug delivery. This delivery system substantially attenuated H2O2- and scopolamine-induced neurocyte damage. The efficacy of huperzine A on scopolamine- and D-galactose & AlCl3-induced memory deficits in rats was significantly improved, as evidenced by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity, alleviating oxidative stress damage in the brain, and improving learning function, meanwhile activating extracellular regulated protein kinases-cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein-brain derived neurotrophic factor pathway. Moreover, postsynaptic density protein PSD-95, which interacts with two important therapeutic targets Tau and β-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease, was upregulated. This fruitful treatment was further shown to significantly ameliorate Tau hyperphosphorylation and decrease β-amyloid by ways including modulating beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10. Collectively, such a newly developed strategy breaks the impasse for efficient drug delivery to the brain, and the potential therapeutic role of huperzine A for Alzheimer's disease is further illustrated.

TPGS-mediated Transethosomes Enhance Transdermal Administration of Curcumin via Effects on Deformability and Stability

BACKGROUND

Adding a suitable surfactant can enhance the transdermal permeability of transethosomes while also leveraging its functionality as a functional material. In this study, transethosomes were prepared using D-α-tocopherol acid polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as edge activators for transdermal delivery of curcumin (Cur).

METHODS

The TPGS-mediated curcumin-loaded transethosomes (Cur@TES) were prepared and formulated optimally, and the optimized formulations were characterized for their morphology, particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL). The stability and deformability of Cur@TES were investigated, while the transdermal delivery of Cur@TES was investigated through in vitro transdermal assays and fluorescence imaging. A mouse ear swelling model was performed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of Cur@TES.

RESULTS

Cur@TES appeared round or elliptical in shape. The particle size, EE and DL for the optimized formulation were observed as 131.2 ± 7.2 nm, 97.68 ± 2.26%, and 6.58 ± 0.62%, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of disordered structures in the inner core of the vesicles. Moreover, Cur@TES system demonstrated better stability and deformability compared to the curcumin-loaded ethosomes (Cur@ES). In-vitro transdermal experiments demonstrated that Cur@TES significantly increased the amount of drug retained in the skin (P＜0.05). Fluorescence imaging confirmed that the skin distribution were distinctly enhanced with the delivery by TPGS mediated transethosomes. In addition, Cur@TES showed a significant inhibitory effect on Inflammatory swelling in the mouse ear-swelling model.

CONCLUSION

TPGS-mediated transethosomes exhibit significant transdermal advantages and enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, providing a new perspective for the transdermal delivery of curcumin.

A Compound Essential Oil Alters Stratum Corneum Structure, Potentially Promoting the Transdermal Permeation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Ingredients

BACKGROUND

The stratum corneum (SC) is the main barrier of the skin, and cosmeceuticals are different from ordinary cosmetics in that they need to deliver active ingredients targeting specific skin problems through the SC into the deeper layers of the skin. Thus, we designed a compound essential oil (CEO) extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge and Cinnamomum cassia Presl, supplemented with borneol to deliver active ingredients through the SC.

METHODS

The CEO was prepared by flash extraction combined with the microwave method. Moreover, the main components of the CEO were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Visualization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), were used to study the permeationpromoting mechanism of the CEO on the skin. Furthermore, the permeation-promoting effects of the CEO on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ingredients were tested via in vitro skin penetration experiments and in vivo microdialysis experiments.

RESULTS

The results indicated the ability of the CEO to alter the structure of the SC, leading to enhanced transdermal permeation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic ingredients. The 1.5% CEO group demonstrated the best permeation-promoting effect compared to the other CEO groups and blank groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, the CEO displayed an expedited permeability-promoting effect on hydrophobic ingredients compared to hydrophilic ingredients.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that the prepared CEO can promote the transdermal permeation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic ingredients. This study will provide a reference for the application of the prepared CEO in the development of cosmeceuticals with natural efficacy.

Immunogenic dead cells engineered by the sequential treatment of ultraviolet irradiation/cryo-shocking for lung-targeting delivery and tumor vaccination

Chemoimmunotherapy is a promising strategy in tumor treatments. In this study, immunogenic dead cells were engineered by the sequential treatment of live tumor cells with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and cryo-shocking. The dead cells could serve as a lung-targeting vehicle and tumor vaccine after differential loading of the chemo-drug 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) and immune adjuvant Quillaja saponin-21 (QS-21) via physical absorption and chemical conjugation, respectively. After intravenous administration, the dead cells could be trapped in pulmonary capillaries and could fast release HCPT to enhance the drug accumulation in local tissues. Further, the immunogenic dead cells elicited antitumor immune responses together with the conjugated adjuvant QS-21 to achieve the elimination and long-term surveillance of tumor cells. In a lung tumor-bearing mice model, this drug-delivery system achieved synergistic antitumor efficacy and prolonged the survival of mice.

Phytosterol-mediated glycerosomes combined with peppermint oil enhance transdermal delivery of lappaconitine by modulating the lipid composition of the stratum corneum

Although the introduction of glycerosomes has enriched strategies for efficient transdermal drug delivery, the inclusion of cholesterol as a membrane stabilizer has limited their clinical application. The current study describes the development and optimization of a new type of glycerosome (S-glycerosome) that is formed in glycerol solution with β-sitosterol as the stabilizer. Moreover, the transdermal permeation properties of lappaconitine (LA)-loaded S-glycerosomes and peppermint oil (PO)-mediated S-glycerosomes (PO-S-glycerosomes) are evaluated, and the lipid alterations in the stratum corneum are analyzed via lipidomics. The LA-loaded S-glycerosomes prepared by the preferred formulation from the uniform design have a mean size of 145.3 ± 7.81 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 73.14 ± 0.35%. Moreover, the addition of PO positively impacts transdermal flux, peaking at 0.4% (w/v) PO. Tracing of the fluorescent probe P4 further revealed that PO-S-glycerosomes penetrate deeper into the skin than S-glycerosomes and conventional liposomes. Additionally, treatment with PO-S-glycerosomes alters the isoform type, number, and composition of sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and fatty acids in the stratum corneum, with the most notable effect observed for ceramides, the main component of sphingolipids. Furthermore, the transdermal administration of LA-loaded PO-S-glycerosomes improved the treatment efficacy of xylene-induced inflammation in mice without skin irritation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of β-sitosterol as a stabilizer in glycerosomes. Additionally, the inclusion of PO improves the transdermal permeation of S-glycerosomes, potentially by altering the stratum corneum lipids.

Advances and Prospects for Hydrogel-Forming Microneedles in Transdermal Drug Delivery

Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is one of the key approaches for treating diseases, avoiding first-pass effects, reducing systemic adverse drug reactions and improving patient compliance. Microneedling, iontophoresis, electroporation, laser ablation and ultrasound facilitation are often used to improve the efficiency of TDD. Among them, microneedling is a relatively simple and efficient means of drug delivery. Microneedles usually consist of micron-sized needles (50-900 μm in length) in arrays that can successfully penetrate the stratum corneum and deliver drugs in a minimally invasive manner below the stratum corneum without touching the blood vessels and nerves in the dermis, improving patient compliance. Hydrogel-forming microneedles (HFMs) are safe and non-toxic, with no residual matrix material, high drug loading capacity, and controlled drug release, and they are suitable for long-term, multiple drug delivery. This work reviewed the characteristics of the skin structure and TDD, introduced TDD strategies based on HFMs, and summarized the characteristics of HFM TDD systems and the evaluation methods of HFMs as well as the application of HFM drug delivery systems in disease treatment. The HFM drug delivery system has a wide scope for development, but the translation to clinical application still has more challenges.

Oral membrane-biomimetic nanoparticles for enhanced endocytosis and regulation of tumor-associated macrophage

Enterocyte uptake with high binding efficiency and minor endogenous interference remains a challenge in oral nanocarrier delivery. Enterocyte membrane-biomimetic lipids may universally cooperate with endogenous phosphatidyl choline via a biorthogonal group. In this study, we developed a sophorolipid-associated membrane-biomimetic choline phosphate-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid hybrid nanoparticle (SDPN). Aided by physical stability in the gastrointestinal tract and rapid mucus diffusion provided by association with sophorolipid, these nanoparticles show improved endocytosis, driven by dipalmitoyl choline phosphate-phosphatidyl choline interaction as well as its optimized membrane fluidity and rigidity. Luteolin- and silibinin-co-loaded with SDPN alleviated breast cancer metastasis in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice by regulating the conversion of tumor-associated M2 macrophages into the M1 phenotype and reducing the proportion of the M2-phenotype through co-action on STAT3 and HIF-1α. In addition, SDPN reduces angiogenesis and regulates the matrix barrier in the tumor microenvironment. In conclusion, this membrane-biomimetic strategy is promising for improving the enterocyte uptake of oral SDPN and shows potential to alleviate breast cancer metastasis.

Intravenous nanocrystals: fabrication, solidification, in vivo fate, and applications for cancer therapy

INTRODUCTION

Intravenous nanocrystals (INCs) have shown intrinsic advantages in antitumor applications, particularly their properties of high drug loading, low toxicity, and controllable size. Therefore, it has a very bright application prospect as a drug delivery system.

AREAS COVERED

The ideal formulation design principles, fabrication, solidification, in vivo fate of INCs, the applications in drug delivery system (DDS) and the novel applications are covered in this review.

EXPERT OPINION

It is vital to select a suitable formulation and fabrication method to produce a stable and sterile INCs. Besides, the type of stabilizers and physical characteristics can also influence the in vivo fate of INCs, which is worthy of further studying. Based on wide researches about applications of INCs in cancer, biomimetic INCs are concerned increasingly for its favorable compatibility. The output of these studies suggested that INCs-based drug delivery could be a novel strategy for addressing the delivery of the drug that faces solubility, bioavailability, and toxicity problems.

Immunosuppressive dead cell as lung-targeting vehicle and cytokine absorption material for cytokine storm attenuation of pneumonia

Effectively controlling cytokine storm is important to reduce the mortality of severe pneumonia. In this work a bio-functional dead cell was engineered by one-time quick shock of live immune cells in liquid nitrogen, and the obtained immunosuppressive dead cell could server as both lung-targeting vehicle and cytokine absorption material. After loading the anti-inflammatory drugs of dexamethasone (DEX) and baicalin (BAI), the drug-loaded dead cell (DEX&BAI/Dead cell) could first passively target to the lung after intravenous administration and quickly release the drugs under high shearing stress of pulmonary capillaries, realizing drug enrichment in the lung. Then, the immunosuppressive dead cell acted as the camouflage of normal immune cells with various cytokine receptors exposing on their surface, to "capture" the cytokines and further reduce the state of inflammation. With above formulation design, a synergic anti-inflammatory effect between drugs and carrier could be achieved. In a lipopolysaccharide-induced pneumonia mice model, this system could calm down the cytokine storm with high efficacy and elongate the survival of mice.

Microneedle-based interstitial fluid extraction for drug analysis: Advances, challenges, and prospects

Similar to blood, interstitial fluid (ISF) contains exogenous drugs and biomarkers and may therefore substitute blood in drug analysis. However, current ISF extraction techniques require bulky instruments and are both time-consuming and complicated, which has inspired the development of viable alternatives such as those relying on skin or tissue puncturing with microneedles. Currently, microneedles are widely employed for transdermal drug delivery and have been successfully used for ISF extraction by different mechanisms to facilitate subsequent analysis. The integration of microneedles with sensors enables in situ ISF analysis and specific compound monitoring, while the integration of monitoring and delivery functions in wearable devices allows real-time dose modification. Herein, we review the progress in drug analysis based on microneedle-assisted ISF extraction and discuss the related future opportunities and challenges.

Development and validation of immune-based biomarkers and deep learning models for Alzheimer’s disease

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in old age and poses a severe threat to the health and life of the elderly. However, traditional diagnostic methods and the ATN diagnostic framework have limitations in clinical practice. Developing novel biomarkers and diagnostic models is necessary to complement existing diagnostic procedures.

Methods: The AD expression profile dataset GSE63060 was downloaded from the NCBI GEO public database for preprocessing. AD-related differentially expressed genes were screened using a weighted co-expression network and differential expression analysis, and functional enrichment analysis was performed. Subsequently, we screened hub genes by random forest, analyzed the correlation between hub genes and immune cells using ssGSEA, and finally built an AD diagnostic model using an artificial neural network and validated it.

Results: Based on the random forest algorithm, we screened a total of seven hub genes from AD-related DEGs, based on which we confirmed that hub genes play an essential role in the immune microenvironment and successfully established a novel diagnostic model for AD using artificial neural networks, and validated its effectiveness in the publicly available datasets GSE63060 and GSE97760.

Conclusion: Our study establishes a reliable model for screening and diagnosing AD that provides a theoretical basis for adding diagnostic biomarkers for the AD gene.

B16F10 Cell Membrane-Based Nanovesicles for Melanoma Therapy Are Superior to Hyaluronic Acid-Modified Nanocarriers

Some cancer cell membrane (CCM)-derived nanovesicles show strong homing effects and are used for targeted cancer therapy. By co-constructing the B16F10 cell membrane with a PEGylated phospholipid membrane, a new nanocarrier with a composite nanocrown structure was developed, which can evade immune recognition and actively target homologous melanoma. The nanocrowns have an encapsulation efficiency of more than 90% for paclitaxel and showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) from the PEGylated phospholipid membrane vesicles. Compared with the hyaluronic acid-modified PEGylated phospholipid membrane vesicles, the biomimetic nanocrowns enhanced the escape of nanovesicles from reticuloendothelial cells in vitro and extended the circulation time in vivo; moreover, the nanocrowns showed superior melanoma-targeted drug delivery capability and improved anticancer effects of paclitaxel as demonstrated by the inhibition of B16F10 cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis by interfering with microtubule formation. In contrast, the modification of hyaluronic acid did not increase the targeting capacity or antitumor effects of the nanocrowns, confirming that the superior targeting capacity was mediated by the exposed homologous CCMs rather than by hyaluronic acid. Our results demonstrate the potential of using biomimetic nanocrowns for active melanoma-targeted therapy.

[IRE1α deficiency impairs autophagy in chondrocytes by upregulating calcium homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the mechanism by which inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) regulates autophagy function of chondrocytes through calcium homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein (CHERP).

METHODS

Cultured human chondrocytes (C28/I2 cells) were treated with tunicamycin, 4μ8c, rapamycin, or both 4μ8c and rapamycin, and the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress- and autophagy-related proteins were detected with Western blotting. Primary chondrocytes from ERN1 knockout (ERN1 CKO) mice and wild-type mice were examined for ATG5 and ATG7 mRNA expressions, IRE1α and p-IRE1α protein expressions, and intracellular calcium ion content using qPCR, Western blotting and flow cytometry. The effect of bafilomycin A1 treatment on LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ ratio in the isolated chondrocytes was assessed with Western blotting. Changes in autophagic flux of the chondrocytes in response to rapamycin treatment were detected using autophagy dual fluorescent virus. The changes in autophagy level in C28/I2 cells overexpressing CHERP and IRE1α were detected using immunofluorescence assay.

RESULTS

Tunicamycin treatment significantly up-regulated ER stress-related proteins and LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ ratio and down-regulated the expression of p62 in C28/I2 cells (P < 0.05). Rapamycin obviously up-regulated LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ ratio (P < 0.001) in C28/I2 cells, but this effect was significantly attenuated by co-treatment with 4μ8c (P < 0.05). Compared with the cells from the wild-type mice, the primary chondrocytes from ERN1 knockout mice showed significantly down-regulated mRNA levels of ERN1 (P < 0.01), ATG5 (P < 0.001) and ATG7 (P < 0.001), lowered or even lost expressions of IRE1α and p-IRE1α proteins (PP < 0.01), and increased expression of CHERP (P < 0.05) and intracellular calcium ion content (P < 0.001). Bafilomycin A1 treatment obviously increased LC3 Ⅱ/ LC3 Ⅰ ratio in the chondrocytes from both wild-type and ERN1 knockout mice (P < 0.01 or 0.05), but the increment was more obvious in the wild-type chondrocytes (P < 0.05). Treatment with autophagy dual-fluorescence virus resulted in a significantly greater fluorescence intensity of LC3-GFP in rapamycin-treated ERN1 CKO chondrocytes than in wild-type chondrocytes (P < 0.05). In C28/I2 cells, overexpression of CHERP obviously decreased the fluorescence intensity of LC3, and overexpression of IRE1α enhanced the fluorescence intensity and partially rescued the fluorescence reduction of LC3 caused by CHERP.

CONCLUSION

IRE1α deficiency impairs autophagy in chondrocytes by upregulating CHERP and increasing intracellular calcium ion content.

Delivery strategies in treatments of leukemia

Leukemia is a hematological malignancy associated with the uncontrolled proliferation of mutant progenitors, suppressing the production of normal blood cells. Current treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, still lead to unsatisfactory results with a 5 year survival rate of only 30-50%. The poor prognosis is related to both disease relapse and treatment-associated toxicity. Delivery strategies can improve the in vivo pharmacokinetics of drugs, navigating the therapeutics to target cells or the tumor microenvironment and reversing drug resistance, which maximizes tumor elimination and alleviates systematic adverse effects. This review discusses available FDA-approved anti-leukemia drugs and therapies with a focus on the advances in the development of anti-leukemia drug delivery systems. Additionally, challenges in clinical translation of the delivery strategies and future research opportunities in leukemia treatment are also included.

Microneedle-Mediated Biomimetic Cyclodextrin Metal Organic Frameworks for Active Targeting and Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars

Due to the lack of a delivery system that actively targets hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs), it is difficult to concentrate the effects of drugs on hypertrophic scars (HSs). We recently discovered that the HSF membrane has a homologous targeting effect and developed an active targeted drug delivery system for the local treatment of HSs. A diphenyl carbonate cross-linked cyclodextrin metal organic framework (CDF) containing more than 26% (w/w) quercetin (QUE) was coated with a HSF membrane (QUE@HSF/CDF) and then dispersed in Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP)-fabricated dissolvable microneedles (BSP-MNs-QUE@HSF/CDF) for local administration. This biomimetic nanodrug delivery system improved efficacy on HSs by regulating Wnt/β-catenin and JAK2/STAT3 pathways and reducing the expression of collagens I and III in HS, and this performance was superior to those of systems without HSF functionalization or the assistance of microneedles. Additionally, we found that BSP has synergistic effects and the microneedles have higher mechanical strength and better physical stability than microneedles made of hyaluronic acid. This currently designed drug delivery strategy integrating biomimetic nanoparticles and dissolvable microneedles is promising for applications in the fields of skin disease treatment and cosmetics.

Microneedle-mediated transdermal nanodelivery systems: a review

The greatest limitation in the development of transdermal drug delivery systems is that only a few drugs can permeate the skin due to the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Active and passive methods are generally available for improving the ability of drug transdermal delivery. However, nanoparticles, as a passive approach, exhibit capacity-constrained permeation enhancement. Thus, microneedle-mediated nanoparticles possess enormous potential and broad prospects. Microneedles promote the penetration of macromolecules by creating microchannels on the skin surface. In this review, the prevailing subknowledge on microneedles (mechanism, classification, and applications of microneedles combined with nanoparticles) is discussed to provide a guideline for readers and a basic reference for further in-depth studies of this novel drug delivery system.

Up-regulated microRNA-132 reduces the cognition-damaging effect of sevoflurane on Alzheimer's disease rats by inhibiting FOXA1

OBJECTIVE

Some studies have implied the damaging effect of sevoflurane (sevo) on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This research was conducted to explore the effect of microRNA (miR)-132/forkhead-box A1 (FOXA1) axis on cognitive ability of sevo-treated AD rats.

METHODS

The condensed-matter Aβ_1-40-induced AD rats were injected with miR-132- or FOXA1-related plasmids, followed by inhalation with 3% sevo. Then, the cognitive functions of AD rats were assessed. miR-132 and FOXA1 levels in hippocampal tissues of AD rats, and their interaction were identified.

RESULTS

miR-132 expression was reduced and FOXA1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated in AD rats. miR-132 targeted FOXA1. Sevo treatment impaired cognitive function in AD rats. Elevated miR-132 or inhibited FOXA1 attenuated sevo-mediated injury in AD rats. Overexpressed FOXA1 rescued the effect of elevated miR-132 in AD rats with sevo treatment.

CONCLUSION

Up-regulated miR-132 reduces the cognition-damaging effect of sevo on AD rats by inhibiting FOXA1.

O/W microemulsion droplets diffuse through hydrogel network to achieve enhanced transdermal drug delivery

To overcome the poor water solubility of total flavones of Arisaematis rhizoma, microemulsions (MEs) can be used as a carrier for transdermal administration to promote their solubilization and skin permeability. Here, we investigated the physical compatibility of MEs in hydrogels and their skin permeation-enhancing effects. Transparency of microemulsion-based hydrogels (MBGs) was analyzed to evaluate ME compatibility with different hydrogel matrices. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to explore the microstructures of MBGs and ME–hydrogel combinations. Uniform and transparent MBG was obtained by adding 1% sodium hyaluronate (SH) to the optimized ME. MBG prepared with SH as a matrix expressed pseudoplastic-fluid and shear-thinning characteristics, making it easy to apply in clinical settings. No new FTIR peak occurred in the MBG compared with ME and hydrogel matrix, indicating a physical combination of ME and the polymer network gel. Nanoscale droplets of ME migrated in the gel network, and the migration capacity and in vitro transdermal permeation flux negatively correlated with SH concentration in the gel system. In conclusion, in MBGs, ME can keep nanoscale droplets migrating in the hydrogel network, thereby enhancing transdermal drug delivery.

Keratinocyte membrane-mediated nanodelivery system with dissolving microneedles for targeted therapy of skin diseases

There is a lack of actively targeting drug delivery carriers for the topical treatment of epidermal diseases, which results in drug waste and an increased incidence of toxic side effects in the clinic. We recently discovered that epidermal cells (HaCaT cells) have homologous targeting functions and developed HaCaT cell membrane-coated pH-sensitive micelles for therapeutic active targeting of skin disease. We encapsulated shikonin in these biomimetic nanocarriers and found that the nanocarriers accumulated mainly in the active epidermis when delivered with karaya gum-fabricated water-soluble microneedles. The nanocarriers were internalized by the target cells, resulting in swelling of histidine fragments with protonation and subsequent triggering of drug release, which increased the therapeutic efficacy of shikonin against imiquimod-induced psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia. This emerging biomimetic delivery strategy is a new approach for improving the treatment of skin diseases and is also very promising for use in the field of cosmetics. Additionally, we found abnormally high protein expression of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase in diseased skin; thus, this protein may be a biomarker of psoriasis.

Cholesterol and phospholipid-free multilamellar niosomes regulate transdermal permeation of a hydrophobic agent potentially administrated for treating diseases in deep hair follicles

We designed cholesterol- and phospholipid-free multilamellar niosomes (MLNs) structured by glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and poloxamer 407 (F127), and evaluated their capacity for transdermal drug delivery. The optimized MLNs had a mean size of 97.88 ± 63.25 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 82.68% ± 2.14%. Notably, the MLNs exhibited a remarkable sustained cargo release. Compared with the tincture, lower transdermal flux but higher skin deposition of aconitine in vitro were achieved in the MLN group (p < 0.05). We further found that MLNs improved the permeability of the stratum corneum. Additionally, both water-soluble rhodamine B- and liposoluble coumarin 6-labeled MLNs were found to penetrate deeply into the skin through the hair follicles and could be internalized by fibroblasts (CCC-ESF-1). The MLNs possessed greater wettability, and the study focused on delivery to deeper hair follicles and up to the outer hair sheath, which showed advantages for treating diseases of hair follicles, and was potentially superior to the hydrophobic PLGA nanoparticles (diameter: 637.87 ± 22.77 nm) which mainly accumulated in superficial hair follicles. Hair follicles were therefore demonstrated to be an important way to enhance skin permeability, and MLNs are a promising alternative for topical and transdermal drug delivery.

A novel multi-functionalized multicellular nanodelivery system for non-small cell lung cancer photochemotherapy

BACKGROUND

A red blood cell membrane (RBCm)-derived drug delivery system allows prolonged circulation of an antitumor treatment and overcomes the issue of accelerated blood clearance induced by PEGylation. However, RBCm-derived drug delivery systems are limited by low drug-loading capacities and the lack of tumor-targeting ability. Thus, new designs of RBCm-based delivery systems are needed.

RESULTS

Herein, we designed hyaluronic acid (HA)-hybridized RBCm (HA&RBCm)-coated lipid multichambered nanoparticles (HA&RBCm-LCNPs) to remedy the limitations of traditional RBCm drug delivery systems. The inner core co-assembled with phospholipid-regulated glycerol dioleate/water system in HA&RBCm-LCNPs met the required level of blood compatibility for intravenous administration. These newly designed nanocarriers had a honeycomb structure with abundant spaces that efficiently encapsulated paclitaxel and IR780 for photochemotherapy. The HA&RBCm coating allowed the nanocarriers to overcome the reticuloendothelial system barrier and enhanced the nanocarriers specificity to A549 cells with high levels of CD44. These properties enhanced the combinatorial antitumor effects of paclitaxel and IR780 associated with microtubule destruction and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

The multifunctional HA&RBCm-LCNPs we designed expanded the functionality of RBCm and resulted in a vehicle for safe and efficient antitumor treatment.

Hyaluronic Acid Coating Reduces the Leakage of Melittin Encapsulated in Liposomes and Increases Targeted Delivery to Melanoma Cells

Melittin is a promising antitumor substance; however, it is a nonspecific cytolytic peptide, which limits its clinical application. In this study, melittin liposomes (Mel-Lip) and hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified Mel-Lip (Mel-HA-Lip) were designed to reduce the toxicity and increase the anti-tumor effects of melittin. The optimal preparation procedure was evaluated using a uniform design based on the single factor method, and the concentration of HA was determined based on the cellular uptake of coumarin 6 labeled HA-Lip. Liposomes and HA-modified liposomes were evaluated in vitro by assessing cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and release behavior. Liposomes prepared in the optimum formulation improved stability, with a particle size of 132.7 ± 1.55 nm, zeta potential of −11.5 ± 1.51 mV, entrapment efficiency of 86.25 ± 1.28%, and drug-loading efficiency of 3.91 ± 0.49%. Cellular uptake tests revealed that the uptake of nanoparticles significantly increased with HA modification, suggesting that HA modification enhanced the internalization of liposomes within cells, which was consistent with the results of the cytotoxicity analysis. Furthermore, in vitro release experiments showed that Mel-HA-Lip possessed a stronger sustained-release effect compared with Mel-Lip. The results of this experiment provide insight into the potential tumor-targeting effects of melittin.

Correlation between the Polymorphism of Coagulation-Related Genes and Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis

Abstract

Objective To investigate the correlation between the polymorphism of 4 coagulation-related genes, rs1799963 （coagulation factor V gene Leiden）, rs6025 （prothrombin gene G20210A）, rs1042579 （thrombomodulin protein gene c.1418C>T） and rs1801131 （methylenetetrahydroflate reductase gene） and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis （LEDVT）. Methods The 4 genotypes mentioned above of 150 LEDVT patients and 153 healthy controls were detected by the kompetitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction （KASP）, then related blood biochemical indicators were collected, binary Logistic regression was established to screen the independent risk factors of LEDVT, and the correlation between polymorphism of 4 coagulation-related genes and LEDVT and its indicators under different genetic modes after adjusting confounding factors were analyzed. Results Five variables, D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation product, homocysteine, sex and age might be the risk factors of LEDVT. These variables were put into 4 genetic inheritance models, and adjusted in binary Logistic regression. The results suggested that the mutations of rs1042579 were correlated with LEDVT under dominant inheritance mode. Conclusion The gene polymorphism of rs1799963, rs6025 and rs1801131 has no significant correlation with the formation of LEDVT. The gene polymorphism of rs1042579 plays a role under dominant inheritance mode, and might be an independent risk factor for formation of LEDVT.

Tumor cell membrane-derived nano-Trojan horses encapsulating phototherapy and chemotherapy are accepted by homologous tumor cells

Tumor cell membrane-derived nanostructures targeting homologous tumors are promising biomimetic drugs. Herein, curcumin (Cur) and chlorin e6 (Ce6) were co-loaded into PLGA nanoparticles (NPs), and then the NPs were coated with MCF-7 cell membranes (MCNPs). Cell membrane coating sharply increased the uptake of MCNPs by homologous cells, as compared to that with naked NPs. The NPs co-loaded with Cur and Ce6 (Cur/Ce6-NPs) showed a stronger proliferation-inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells than the NP groups loaded with Cur and Ce6 alone. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis rates of MCF-7 cells in the Cur/Ce6-MCNPs group were significantly higher than those in the uncoated Cur/Ce6-NPs group. Both Cur/Ce6-NPs and Cur/Ce6-MCNPs significantly inhibited the migration of MCF-7cells, although Cur/Ce6-MCNPs showed a stronger effect. Compared to that of Cur/Ce6-NPs, the elimination of Cur/Ce6-MCNPs was both decreased and retarded, prolonging their in vivo systemic circulation and resulting in improved bioavailability. After intravenous administration for 24 h, the fluorescence intensity of drugs in the liver and spleen of the Cur/Ce6-MCNPs group was significantly weaker than that in the Cur/Ce6-NPs group, but that in tumor tissue was enhanced. Further, Cur/Ce6-MCNPs treatment achieved significantly better tumor-suppressive effects in vivo than Cur/Ce6-NPs, resulting in smaller tumor weights, increased apoptosis rates, and the down regulation of Ki67 protein in the tumor tissue. Thus, the tumor cell membrane-camouflaged nanocomposites have potential for homologous tumor-targeted therapy. Furthermore, photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy has promising future prospects.

Heparin modified photosensitizer-loaded liposomes for tumor treatment and alleviating metastasis in phototherapy

Phototherapy holds promise in cancer treatment for its prominent antitumor efficacy and low systematic toxicity compared with traditional chemotherapy. However, the higher risk of tumor metastasis caused by the severe hypoxic state during phototherapy is a threat in practical use. Here, in order to tackle this challenge, we developed a delivery system via loading the photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) into the low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) modified liposomes (LMWH-ICG-Lip) to realize the synergistic effects between photosensitizer and drug vehicle, achieving better phototherapeutic efficacy and meanwhile alleviating the potential risk of tumor metastasis caused by phototherapy. In this system, besides elongating the photosensitizers' circulation time and enhancing their accumulating efficacy to tumor tissues, LMWH itself also exhibited anti-metastasis efficacy via inhibiting adhesion of platelets to tumor cells and decreasing migration and invasion capability of tumor cells. In vivo efficacy evaluation was conducted on orthotopic 4T1 breast cancer model, and the system of LMWH-ICG-Lip could alleviate metastasis potential of residual tumor cells after irradiation, and elicit optimistic antitumor and anti-metastasis efficacy for phototherapy.

Recent progress in the synthesis, structural diversity and emerging applications of cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks

Inorganic-organic hybrid materials, especially metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) composed of metals and organic linkers, have emerged as a new class of versatile materials owing to their tunable structure and controllable functionality. As typical biocompatible MOFs, cyclic oligosaccharide cyclodextrin-based carbohydrate metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) have recently attracted considerable attention due to their edible, renewable and biodegradable nature. Herein, we focus on the latest advances concerning these materials. First, the synthesis methods and structural diversity of CD-MOFs are introduced and summarized. Besides, the synthetic strategies of moisture-resistant CD-MOFs are also emphasized. Moreover, their applications, including gas adsorption, separation, sensing, memristor fabrication, as templates in nanoparticle synthesis, light emission and especially drug delivery, are systematically discussed and highlighted. Finally, to conclude the review, some insights and current challenges that need to be addressed for the further development of these materials are proposed. We anticipate that this review will result in a better understanding of CD-MOFs and will help maximize the potential functions of these materials.

Folic acid modified lipid-bilayer coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles co-loading paclitaxel and tanshinone IIA for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia

In this work, paclitaxel (Ptx) combined with tanshinone IIA (TanIIA) was found to show synergistic effect on inducing apoptosis of human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell line NB₄, and the anti-tumor effect was strongest when its molar ratio was 1:1. To enhance the efficacy and reduce side effects, an active targeting drug delivery system with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) coated with folic acid (FA) modified PEGylated lipid-bilayer (LB) membrane (FA-LB-MSNs) was established for co-loading drugs. The drug loadings of Ptx and TanIIA in FA-LB-MSNs were 5.5% and 1.8%, respectively. Compared with the uncoated MSNs, the FA-LB-MSNs showed a sustained drug release, and Ptx and TanIIA released synchronously from the carriers. By means of biological adhesion between FA and its receptors, the uptake of FA-LB-MSNs by NB₄ cells was significantly higher than that of uncoated preparations, and Ptx combined with TanIIA had strong synergistic effect to enhance the apoptosis and differentiation of NB₄ cells. The results of pharmacodynamics in vivo showed that the FA-LB-MSNs targeted tumor in nude mice more effectively than the compared formulations without FA modification. The Ptx and TanIIA-loaded FA-LB-MSNs group showed significantly better effects on inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth than the reference groups, which agreed with the results of anti-tumor experiments in vitro. Furthermore, no toxicity was observed to the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of the tumor-bearing animals, indicating good biocompatibility of the prepared novel nanocarriers. This study confirmed the synergistic therapeutic effect of Ptx and TanIIA on APL, and the superior of FA-LB-MSNs as co-loaded nanocarriers for active targeted therapy of tumors.

Functional oral nanoparticles for delivering silibinin and cryptotanshinone against breast cancer lung metastasis

Background

Breast cancer lung metastasis occurs in more than 60% of all patients with breast cancer, and most of those afflicted by it eventually die of recurrence. The tumor microenvironment plays vital roles in metastasis. Modulating the tumor microenvironment via multiple pathways could efficiently prevent or inhibit lung metastasis. Silibinin and cryptotanshinone are natural plant products that demonstrate anti-metastasis effects and modulate the tumor microenvironment via different pathways. However, they have poor aqueous solubility, membrane permeability, and oral bioavailability. Oral drug administration may help improve the quality of life and compliance of patients with breast cancer, primarily under long-term and/or follow-up therapy. Herein, we developed poly-N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (pHPMA)-coated wheat germ agglutinin-modified lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, co-loaded with silibinin and cryptotanshinone (S/C-pW-LPNs). We assessed their oral bioavailability, and evaluated their anti-metastasis efficacy in a 4T1 breast cancer tumor-bearing nude mouse model.

Results

An in vitro mucus diffusion study revealed that pHPMA enhanced W-LPN mucus penetration. After oral administration, pHPMA enhanced nanoparticle distribution in rat jejunum and substantially augmented oral bioavailability. S/C-W-LPNs markedly increased 4T1 cell toxicity and inhibited cell invasion and migration. Compared to LPNs loaded with either silibinin or cryptotanshinone alone, S/C-pW-LPNs dramatically slowed tumor progression in 4T1 tumor-bearing nude mice. S/C-pW-LPNs presented with the most robust anti-metastasis activity on smooth lung surfaces and mitigated lung metastasis foci. They also downregulated tumor microenvironment biomarkers such as CD31, TGF-β1, and MMP-9 that promote metastasis.

Conclusions

Silibinin- and cryptotanshinone-co-loaded pW-LPNs efficiently penetrate intestinal barriers, thereby enhancing the oral bioavailability of the drug loads. These nanoparticles exhibit favorable anti-metastasis effects in breast cancer-bearing nude mice. Hence, S/C-pW-LPNs are promising oral drug nanocarriers that inhibit breast cancer lung metastasis.

Co-hybridized composite nanovesicles for enhanced transdermal eugenol and cinnamaldehyde delivery and their potential efficacy in ulcerative colitis

Percutaneous absorption of drugs can be enhanced by ethosomes, which are nanocarriers with excellent deformability and drug-loading properties. However, the ethanol within ethosomes increases phospholipid membrane fluidity and permeability, leading to drug leakage during storage. Here, we developed and characterized a new phospholipid nanovesicles that is co-hybridized with hyaluronic acid (HA), ethanol and the encapsulated volatile oil medicines (eugenol and cinnamaldehyde [EUG/CAH]) for transdermal administration. In comparison with EUG/CAH-loaded ethosomes (ES), the formulation stability and percutaneous drug absorption of EUG/CAH-loaded HA-immobilized ethosomes (HA-ES) were significantly improved. After transdermal administration of HA-ES, the interstitial cells of Cajal in the colon of rats with trinitrobenzene sulfonate-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) were significantly increased, and the stem cell factor/c-kit signaling pathway was partly repaired. Overall, HA-ES possesses excellent deformability and showed improved efficacy against UC compared with ES, which is demonstrated as a promising transdermal delivery vehicle for volatile oil medicines.

Xiaozhang Tie Improves Intestinal Motility in Rats With Cirrhotic Ascites by Regulating the Stem Cell Factor/c-kit Pathway in Interstitial Cells of Cajal

We previously discovered that Xiaozhang Tie (XZT) was helpful for cirrhotic ascites, with obvious abdominal distention relief, suggesting that it may improve gastrointestinal (GI) motility. However, the underlying mechanisms of GI motility in cirrhotic ascites are unclear. Here, we aimed to discover explored the effect of XZT on GI motility in animal cirrhotic ascites and probed the action mechanism affecting GI motility by regulating the stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit pathway in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and GI hormones. First, rat models of cirrhotic ascites were developed and then divided randomly into the following three subgroups: model control, XZT group, and mosapride group. The efficacy of XZT on treating cirrhotic ascites was evaluated on the basis of ascites weight and volume, 24 h urine volume, and feces water content. GI motility of the cirrhotic model, intestine propulsion, and gastric residue were detected using the migration distance of ink in vivo, and the frequency of contraction and tension of isolated gastric and jejunal muscle strips were measured after incubation with XZT extracts. Serum GI hormone content, including motilin (MTL), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SS), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were assayed. Subsequently, ICCs were isolated from jejunum, and primarily cultured ICCs were incubated with and without XZT and SCF. The cell vitality of the ICCs was measured. A whole-cell patch recording technique was used to record the current of K⁺ and Na⁺ channels in the ICC membrane. Expressions of c-kit/p-c-kit, p-Akt, p-STAT3, and p-Erk1/2 were detected in vivo and in vitro. The results revealed that XZT significantly reduced ascites weight and increased urine volume and fecal water content in model rats. XZT promoted intestinal motility and increased MTL level but reduced SP and SS levels. It enhanced the current of Na⁺ and K⁺ in ICCs and improved c-kit expression and signaling mediator phosphorylation in SCF/c-kit, which was inhibited by imatinib in vitro and downregulated in model rats in vivo. Our study concluded that XZT reduced the amount of ascites and improved intestinal motility in cirrhotic rats, which may be associated with its effect on ascites and was involved in the mechanisms regulating the SCF/c-kit signaling pathway in ICCs and improving gastrointestinal hormone secretion.

Activation of a gamma-cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework using supercritical carbon dioxide for high-efficient delivery of honokiol

A facile method for the activation of γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (CD-MOF) without channel blockage and framework collapse was first developed using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂), which enabled higher surface area and larger pore volume. The scCO₂-assisted impregnation method was also applied to introduce the insoluble drug, honokiol (HNK), into the pores of CD-MOF with higher cargo loading compared to the conventional liquid phase incorporation in ethanol. Notably, the resulting HNK-loaded CD-MOF (HNK@CD-MOF) had improved apparent solubility and enhanced dissolution rate. The intestinal cellular uptake and transport experiments demonstrated that CD-MOF could enhance cellular uptake and increase drug transport across the intestinal epithelial cells compared to the cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Moreover, the in vivo pharmacokinetic studies further confirmed that CD-MOF could significantly improve the oral absorption and bioavailability of HNK. Overall, the scCO₂ activation and scCO₂-assisted impregnation approaches were demonstrated as promising strategies to maximize the potential capability of CD-MOF.

[Two cases of occupational frostbite]

The diagnosis, treatment, operation and diagnosis of two cases of occupational frostbite diagnosed in Shandong Academy of Occupational Healthy Occupational Medicine were analyzed retrospectively. In these two patients working in a low temperature environment, the finger frostbite did not arouse enough attention, one patient did not receive timely diagnosis and treatment, and one patient received timely medical treatment, but did not receive proper treatment, which ultimately led to the adverse consequences of finger amputation. The staff under the low temperature environment should strictly carry out the low temperature operation protection standard and improve their self-protection consciousness. If frostbite occurs, they should seek medical treatment in time, which can effectively reduce the disability rate.

Xiaozhang Tie Improves Intestinal Motility in Rats With Cirrhotic Ascites by Regulating the Stem Cell Factor/c-kit Pathway in Interstitial Cells of Cajal

We previously discovered that Xiaozhang Tie (XZT) was helpful for cirrhotic ascites, with obvious abdominal distention relief, suggesting that it may improve gastrointestinal (GI) motility. However, the underlying mechanisms of GI motility in cirrhotic ascites are unclear. Here, we aimed to discover explored the effect of XZT on GI motility in animal cirrhotic ascites and probed the action mechanism affecting GI motility by regulating the stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit pathway in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and GI hormones. First, rat models of cirrhotic ascites were developed and then divided randomly into the following three subgroups: model control, XZT group, and mosapride group. The efficacy of XZT on treating cirrhotic ascites was evaluated on the basis of ascites weight and volume, 24 h urine volume, and feces water content. GI motility of the cirrhotic model, intestine propulsion, and gastric residue were detected using the migration distance of ink in vivo, and the frequency of contraction and tension of isolated gastric and jejunal muscle strips were measured after incubation with XZT extracts. Serum GI hormone content, including motilin (MTL), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SS), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were assayed. Subsequently, ICCs were isolated from jejunum, and primarily cultured ICCs were incubated with and without XZT and SCF. The cell vitality of the ICCs was measured. A whole-cell patch recording technique was used to record the current of K⁺ and Na⁺ channels in the ICC membrane. Expressions of c-kit/p-c-kit, p-Akt, p-STAT3, and p-Erk1/2 were detected in vivo and in vitro. The results revealed that XZT significantly reduced ascites weight and increased urine volume and fecal water content in model rats. XZT promoted intestinal motility and increased MTL level but reduced SP and SS levels. It enhanced the current of Na⁺ and K⁺ in ICCs and improved c-kit expression and signaling mediator phosphorylation in SCF/c-kit, which was inhibited by imatinib in vitro and downregulated in model rats in vivo. Our study concluded that XZT reduced the amount of ascites and improved intestinal motility in cirrhotic rats, which may be associated with its effect on ascites and was involved in the mechanisms regulating the SCF/c-kit signaling pathway in ICCs and improving gastrointestinal hormone secretion.

Increased microneedle-mediated transdermal delivery of tetramethylpyrazine to the brain, combined with borneol and iontophoresis, for MCAO prevention

The aim of this research was to improve transdermal delivery and distribution of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in the brain, by adding borneol (BN) and iontophoresis (ITP), and using microneedles (MN), to prevent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). BN was encapsulated into sulfobutylated-β-cyclodextrin (BN-SBE-β-CD), and then dispersed together with TMP. Four delivery groups were tested: passive (with no ITP and MN), ITP, MN, and MN combined with ITP (MN-ITP). In vitro transdermal fluxes of the drugs in those groups and in that corresponding order were 79.12 ± 14.5, 395.43 ± 12.37, 319.16 ± 29.99, and 1018.07 ± 108.92 μg/cm² (for TMP), and 39.34 ± 1.31, 202.81 ± 53.56, 715.47 ± 75.52, and 1088.60 ± 53.90 μg/cm² (for BN), respectively, which indicated that the use of MN-ITP greatly enhanced transdermal TMP and BN delivery compared to the other groups. The AUC_0-t for the combined use of TMP and BN drugs was measured using two in vivo studies, cutaneous microdialysis and pharmacodynamic, yielding increased folds of 3.69 and 1.98 in ITP, 6.05 and 2.73 in MN, and 12.43 and 7.47 in MN-ITP groups, respectively, as compared to those in the passive group. In addition, the combined use of TMP and BN increased TMP distribution in the heart and the brain, indicated by TMP C_max of 1.76- and 1.59-fold higher (p < 0.05), and TMP AUC_0-t of 1.50 times and 1.19-fold higher (p < 0.01), than with administration of TMP in absence of BN, respectively. The brain infarction area and IL-β expression in the MCAO rat were significantly decreased in the MN-ITP group, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, combination of MN and ITP resulted in a synergistic enhancement of transdermal delivery and distribution of TMP in the brain, when in combination with BN, thereby significantly decreasing the infarct volumes and improving the neurological scores of MCAO.

Transcutol® P/Cremophor® EL/Ethyl Oleate-Formulated Microemulsion Loaded into Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogel for Improved Transdermal Delivery and Biosafety of Ibuprofen

In the present study, a novel transdermal delivery system was developed and its advantages were demonstrated. Ibuprofen is a commonly used anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic drug; however, because of its short biological half-life, it must be frequently administered orally and is highly irritating to the digestive tract. To prepare a novel transdermal delivery system for ibuprofen, a microemulsion was used as a drug carrier and dispersed in a hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel (ME/Gel) to increase percutaneous drug absorption while avoiding gastrointestinal tract irritation. The prepared microemulsion had a droplet size of ~ 90 nm, and the microemulsion had good stability in the hydrogel. Rheological tests revealed that the ME/Gel is a pseudoplastic fluid with decreased viscosity and increased shear rate. It displayed a certain viscoelasticity, and the microemulsion distribution displayed minor effects on the rheological characteristics of the hydrogel system. There was no significant difference in the rheology of the ME/Gel at 25°C and 32°C (normal skin surface temperature), which is beneficial for clinical application. Drug transdermal flux was significantly higher than that of the hydrogel and commercial cream groups (p < 0.01). The 24-h cumulative drug permeation amount was 1.42-fold and 2.52-fold higher than that of the hydrogel and cream groups, respectively. By loading into the ME/Gel, the cytotoxicity of the drug to HaCaT cells was reduced. These results indicate that the prepared ME/Gel can effectively improve transdermal ibuprofen delivery and the biosafety of the drug and could therefore have applicability as a drug delivery system.

Serological surveillance of avian influenza virus and canine distemper virus in captive Siberian Tigers in Northeastern China

In order to understand infection of avian influenza A virus (AIV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) in the Siberian Tiger in Northeast China, 75 Siberian Tiger serum samples from three cap- tive facilities in northeastern China were collected. AIV and CDV antibody surveillance was test- ed by using hemagglutination inhibition and serum neutralization methods. The results showed that the seroprevalence of H5 AIV, H9 AIV and CDV was respectively 9.33% (7/75), 61.33% (46/75) and 16% (12/75). In the 1⟨years ⟨2 and > 5 year-old group, the seroprevalence of the H9 AIV was 24% and 80% (P ⟨ 0.01), and the CDV seroprevalence was 6% and 36% (P ⟨ 0.01), respectively. It was demonstrated that 3 (4%) out of 75 serum samples were AIV+CDV seropos- itive, with 2.67% (2/75) in H9+AIV and 1.33% (1/75) in H5+H9+AIV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AIV and CDV seroprevalence in Siberian Tigers in China, which will provide base-line data for the control of AIV and CDV infection in Siberian Tigers in China.

An herbal-compound-based combination therapy that relieves cirrhotic ascites by affecting the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway: A metabolomics-based systematic study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditional Chinese medicine boasts a 440-year-long history of treating refractory ascites via combinations of herbal medicines, called formulae. Xiaozhang Tie (XT) is a proprietary herbal-compound-based formula that has been proven to be very effective in the treatment of cirrhosis-associated ascites in clinical practice, but the mechanism of action of XT remains unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this study, we used a metabolomics-based systematic method to elucidate the mechanism of XT in the treatment of cirrhotic ascites.

METHODS

Decompensated liver cirrhosis was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) combined with pattern recognition approaches were used to determine differentiating metabolites relevant to XT treatment. Biomarkers were further validated by a targeted quantitative method and by the results from serum and urine analyses. Pathway analysis and correlation network construction were used to reveal the therapeutic targets associated with XT treatment, and the potential mechanisms were verified by the results from biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical assays.

RESULTS

XT synergistically mediated the abnormalities of amino acid metabolic pathways in cirrhotic rats. XT significantly elevated the arginine levels, reduced the serum nitric oxide (NO) levels and alleviated the gastrointestinal motility disorder of cirrhotic rats. This effect of XT has been confirmed by the inhibition of the activities of inducible NO synthase and neuronal NO synthase in the small intestine.

CONCLUSIONS

These results reveal that XT promotes gastrointestinal motility by acting on multiple targets in multiple pathways, of which the L-arginine/NO pathway is most affected.

Exosomes as Carriers for Antitumor Therapy

Exosomes are bilayer vesicles with particle sizes between 50 and 150 nm. Owing to their bilayer membrane structure, cell-to-cell communication, and good absorbability, exosomes are increasingly used as carriers for drug delivery through phospholipid membrane structures to lesion sites with enhanced targeting. Exosome sources and drug-loading methods are important factors affecting their use as drug carriers. There are various ways to pack species in exosomes, and researchers are constantly seeking new and improved approaches. In both in vivo and in vitro evaluations, exosomal vectors have achieved good antitumor efficacies. Despite the importance of exosomes as drug delivery systems with accurate targeting ability and biocompatibility, improvements are needed to facilitate their widespread clinical use. This review focuses on the preparation of exosomes as carriers and their utilization in antitumor research.