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Amianti C, Bandeira LM, Cesar GA, Weis-Torres S, Tanaka TSO, Machado IR, Gonçalves CCM, Simionatto S, Schnaufer ECDS, Freitas FB, Vallinoto ACR, Croda J, Motta-Castro ARC. HTLV infection in Brazil's second-largest indigenous reserve. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16701. [PMID: 36202887 PMCID: PMC9537150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) have a worldwide distribution. HTLV-1 has been associated with several diseases, including an aggressive malignant disease known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and a chronic inflammatory neurological disease called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, while HTLV-2 has not been definitively associated with diseases. HTLV-2 is most prevalent in specific groups such as injecting drug users and the indigenous population. In Brazil, most studies about HTLV in indigenous are carried out in indigenous communities from the north of the country. Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Central Brazil, has the second-largest indigenous population in Brazil. However, there is no available data about HTLV infection in this group. We conducted the first investigation of HTLV-1/2 infection prevalence in the indigenous population from Jaguapiru and Bororó villages in Dourados City, MS, to provide the prevalence and molecular characterization of HTLV. For that, a total of 1875 indigenous participated in the study. All the serum samples were screened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay commercial kit for the presence of anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies. Positive samples were confirmed by HTLV-1/2 Western Blot assay. The HTLV-1 5’LTR region was detected by nested PCR amplification and sequenced by Sanger. Most of the study population declared belonging to Guarani-Kaiowá ethnicity (69.18%), 872 (46.51%), and 1003 (53.49%) were from Jaguapiru and Bororó villages, respectively. The median age of participants was 31 years, and 74.24% were females. Two individuals were detected with HTLV-1 (0.1%; CI 95% 0.1–0.2). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolates belong to the Cosmopolitan subtype and the Transcontinental subgroup (HTLV-1aA). The low HTLV-1 prevalence found in this study is similar to that observed among blood donors, and pregnant populations from Mato Grosso do Sul. The absence of HTLV-2 infection among these Brazilian indigenous communities would suggest a distinct behavior pattern from other indigenous populations in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Amianti
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Crhistinne Cavalheiro Maymone Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Julio Croda
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Ministério da Saúde/Brasil, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Ministério da Saúde/Brasil, Campo Grande, Brazil
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2
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Oliveira-Filho AB, Frade PCR, Fonseca RRDS, Sawada L, Martins LC, Machado LFA, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak R, de Lemos JAR, Fischer B, Kupek E. Spread of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 Among Relatives of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in Northern Brazil. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889948. [PMID: 35722295 PMCID: PMC9205188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) can be transmitted between humans by mechanisms associated with horizontal and vertical routes. Recently, high prevalence rates and levels of genetic diversity for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected among people who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) in the Brazilian state of Pará. None of the PWUDs with HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 were aware of their carrier condition of the retrovirus, and they ability to spread it to their family group, sexual partners, and other contacts. Thus, this study evaluated the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in families of PWUDs in the state of Pará, in Northern Brazil. This descriptive study used convenience sampling and accessed 37 PWUDs and their respective families (n = 97) in 18 municipalities in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. All participants provided personal data and were tested for the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. HTLV positive samples were selected for Nested-PCR, and viral genotyping by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 infections were detected in 15 families of PWUDs: 27 family members of PWUDs were infected with HTLV-1 (27.8%) and another 20 of them with HTLV-2 (20.6%). Subtypes 1a [subgroup A (54.5%)], 2b (20.5%), and 2c (25.0%) were detected. High horizontal (76.9%) and vertical (61.4%) transmission rates of HTLV were ascertained. Factors that facilitate the acquisition and transmission of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were reported by the participants, such as long-term relationships, unprotected sex, breastfeeding, and lack of knowledge about the condition of being a carrier of the retrovirus. Evidence indicates intrafamilial transmission of HTLV from PWUDs to members of their respective families. Key interventions should urgently be employed for the control and prevention of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 to reduce the spread of this retrovirus in PWUDs and the general population in Northern Brazil and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho,
| | | | | | - Leila Sawada
- Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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3
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Pereira FM, Santos FLN, Silva ÂAO, Nascimento NM, Almeida MDCC, Carreiro RP, Galvão-Castro B, Rios Grassi MF. Distribution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human T-Leukemia Virus Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:788176. [PMID: 35083245 PMCID: PMC8784416 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.788176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Human T-Leukemia Virus (HTLV) are retroviruses that share similar routes of transmission. In Brazil, the prevalence of HIV and HTLV varies according to geographic region. The state of Bahia, located in the Northeast region, is considered endemic for both retroviruses. The present study aimed to characterize the frequency of HIV/HTLV coinfection and evaluate the geographic distribution of coinfection throughout the state. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the state's Central Laboratory of Public Health (LACEN-BA) and included all samples from 2004 to 2013 submitted to serological testing for anti-HIV and anti-HTLV-1/2, screened by chemiluminescence/ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. Infection rates are expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitants from each municipality. A total of 129,158 samples originating from 358/417 (85.8%) municipalities in Bahia were evaluated. HTLV was detected in 2.4% of the HIV-positive samples (n = 42) compared to 0.5% of those with negative HIV serology (n = 677) (OR: 4.65; CI: 3.39–6.37). HIV/HTLV coinfection was more frequent in women (69.0%); the median age of coinfected individuals was 47.2 years [interquartile range (IQR): 41.6–55.4 years]. In the 14/417 (3.4%) municipalities where at least one case of HIV/HTLV coinfection was detected, the overall HTLV coinfection rate in HIV-positive samples was 0.25 (range: 0.17–13.84) per 100,000 inhabitants. Most cases of HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection (21/37, 57%) were concentrated in the municipality of Salvador. Isolated instances (one or two cases) of HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection were distributed across municipalities known to be endemic for HTLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicidade Mota Pereira
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Public Health Central Laboratory, Laboratório Central (LACEN), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Antônio Oliveira Silva
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Nathan Menezes Nascimento
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Perez Carreiro
- Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Galvão-Castro
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
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4
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Machado LFA, Fonseca RRDS, Queiroz MAF, Oliveira-Filho AB, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. The Epidemiological Impact of STIs among General and Vulnerable Populations of the Amazon Region of Brazil: 30 years of Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050855. [PMID: 34067165 PMCID: PMC8151421 DOI: 10.3390/v13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a worldwide public health problem and, although many of them are curable, they continue to be neglected, especially in areas with a low human development index, such as in the northern region of Brazil. This review describes the results of 30 years of studies at the Virus Laboratory at the Federal University of Pará, including the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, HTLV-1/2, HPV, HBV, Treponema pallidum and Chlamydia trachomatis among urban and non-urban populations, and also in vulnerable groups in the Brazilian Amazon. Control strategies and challenges in preventing STIs are discussed considering this immense geographic region, where essential health services are unable to reach the entire population, especially the most vulnerable, such as female sex workers, people who use illicit drugs, remnants of quilombolos and indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68.600-000, Brazil;
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres-Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
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5
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Alencar SP, Souza MDC, Fonseca RRDS, Menezes CR, Azevedo VN, Ribeiro ALR, Lima SS, Laurentino RV, Barbosa MDADAP, Freitas FB, Oliveira-Filho AB, Machado LFA. Prevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Infection in People Living With HIV/AIDS in the Pará State, Amazon Region of Brazil. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:572381. [PMID: 33193170 PMCID: PMC7642294 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.572381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is part of the group of retroviruses that share similar routes of transmission to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Coinfection of these viruses can affect the clinical course of both infections, and reports have shown a quicker progression to AIDS and the development of HIV-related opportunistic infections. The current study investigated the demographic characteristics, prevalence, and the subtypes of HTLV among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the State of Pará, Northern Brazil. Blood samples were obtained from patients who were attending a reference unit that provides medical assistance to HIV-infected individuals in the State of Pará, Brazil, during the period of May 2016 to June 2017. Plasma samples were screened by ELISA tests to detect antibodies anti-HTLV-1/2. DNA and viral types were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). All samples with viral DNA were submitted to nested PCR and nucleotide sequencing. The overall coinfection rate was 1.4% (5/368), and all samples were from subtype HTLV-1a. No cases of HTLV-2 infection were detected. The prevalence of HTLV-1 was higher in females (80%), individuals between 31 and 50 years of age, heterosexual, unmarried, with low monthly income, with secondary educational level or higher, sporadic condom usage, limited number of sexual partners, and no history of sexually transmitted infections. All samples from HTLV-1-infected patients were identified as strains belonging to the subtype 1a (Cosmopolitan), subgroup A (Transcontinental). This study identified that the prevalence of HIV/HTLV coinfection has dropped from 8 to 1.3% in the current investigation. There was a shift of HTLV subtype from a predominance of HTLV-2 infection in the past to an actual exclusively HTLV-1a. There was no significant association between economic, sociodemographic, and behavioral characteristics in HIV/HTLV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Peixoto Alencar
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marlinda de Carvalho Souza
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Ribeiro Menezes
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Vânia Nakauth Azevedo
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
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6
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 among people who used illicit drugs in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14750. [PMID: 31611600 PMCID: PMC6791863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
People who used illicit drugs (PWUDs) represent an important population group for acquisition and viral dispersion. In Brazil, high rates of the human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) have been reported in epidemiological studies. However, the epidemiological scenario of HTLV-1/2 infections in PWUDs is still poorly understood. Thus, this cross-sectional study determined the prevalence, frequency of subtypes and factors associated with HTLV-1/2 infections among PWUDs in the Brazilian state of Pará, an area considered endemic for this virus and with poor health services. Among 826 PWUDs, 53 (6.4%) presented anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies by EIA and 44 (5.3%) presented proviral DNA by PCR. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected in 25 (3.0%) and 19 (2.3%) PWUDs, respectively. Subtypes 1a (25/44), transcontinental (23/44) and Japanese subgroups (2/44), 2b (6/44) and 2c (13/44) were identified. Involvement in illicit/criminal activity, daily use of illicit drugs, illicit drug use over 12 years, unprotected sex with other PWUDs, changes in genitalia (including ulcers and wounds), and more than 12 sexual partners were associated with HTLV-1/2 in PWUDs. This high prevalence and intense circulation of subtypes and subgroups of HTLV-1/2 is very worrying, and indicate the need for urgent actions for its control, prevention and treatment.
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Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010001. [PMID: 29267225 PMCID: PMC5795414 DOI: 10.3390/v10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Going back to their discovery in the early 1980s, both the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) greatly fascinated the virology scene, not only because they were the first human retroviruses discovered, but also because they were associated with fatal diseases in the human population. In almost four decades of scientific research, both viruses have had different fates, HTLV-1 being often upstaged by HIV-1. However, although being very close in terms of genome organization, cellular tropism, and viral replication, HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are not completely commutable in terms of treatment, especially because of the opposite fate of the cells they infect: death versus immortalization, respectively. Nowadays, the antiretroviral therapies developed to treat HIV-1 infected individuals and to limit HIV-1 spread among the human population have a poor or no effect on HTLV-1 infected individuals, and thus, do not prevent the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, which still lack highly efficient treatments. The present review mainly focuses on the course of HTLV-1 infection, from the initial infection of the host to diseases development and associated treatments, but also investigates HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection events and their impact on diseases development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
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8
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Kozlowski AG, Matos MADD, Carneiro MADS, Lopes CLR, Teles SA, Vicente CP, Martins RMB. SEROPREVALENCE OF HTLV IN A POPULATION OF HIV1-INFECTED PATIENTS IN MIDWESTERN BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:80. [PMID: 27828621 PMCID: PMC5096634 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) may affect the clinical course of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV1). Both infections are common in endemic areas because these viruses share similar routes of transmission. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of HTLV1/2 in a population of HIV1-infected patients in the state of Goiás, Midwestern Brazil. Of the 505 studied patients, four (0.79%) were positive for anti-HTLV1/2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with HTLV1 infection confirmed by line immunoassay (LIA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in all of the ELISA-positive samples. No cases of HTLV2 infection were observed. The prevalence of HTLV1/HIV1 coinfection was 0.79% (4/505; 95% CI: 0.25-2.16). All the coinfected patients reported sexual risk behaviors and only one reported intravenous drug use. Sequencing of the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) region and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the four HTLV1 isolates belonged to the Transcontinental a subgroup of the Cosmopolitan (1a) subtype, the most frequent subgroup detected in Brazil. This study shows a low prevalence of HTLV1/2 in HIV1-infected patients in Midwestern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Garcia Kozlowski
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública. Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Márcia Alves Dias de Matos
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública. Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | | | - Sheila Araújo Teles
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Faculdade de Enfermagem. Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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9
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Galetto LR, Lunge VR, Béria JU, Tietzmann DC, Stein AT, Simon D. Short communication: Prevalence and risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus infection in Southern Brazilian HIV-positive patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:907-11. [PMID: 24866083 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) coinfection has a large range of prevalence in the different risk groups and geographic regions of the world. Most of the HTLV-infected people live in geographic areas where the virus is endemic, as it happens in Brazil. The aim of this study was to identify HTLV prevalence and risk factors in HIV-positive patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 580 HIV-positive patients (mean age of 40.6 years and 45.0% men) from a specialized HIV/AIDS diagnosis and treatment center in Southern Brazil. Sociodemographic data, HIV risk factors, and HTLV-1/2 antibodies were collected. HTLV proviral DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for HTLV infection. HTLV antibodies were detected in 29 (5.0%) and HTLV provirus in 17 (2.9%) patients. HTLV-1 was identified in 11 (64.7%) patients and HTLV-2 in 6 (35.3%) patients. No significant differences were observed between mono and coinfected patients in clinical characteristics regarding HIV/AIDS (time since HIV diagnosis, HIV viral load, lymphocytes CD4(+) count, and use of highly active antiretroviral therapy). Blood transfusion history was significantly associated with HIV/HTLV coinfection (p=0.039). Alcohol abuse was more prevalent in HTLV-positive (47.1%) than in HIV mono-infected patients (20.4%; p=0.008). Tattooing was the only risk factor independently associated with HIV/HTLV coinfection (p=0.035). This information contributes to an understanding of the epidemiology of HIV/HTLV coinfection in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ramos Galetto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge Umberto Béria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Airton Tetelbom Stein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
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Kozlowski AG, Carneiro MADS, Matos MADD, Teles SA, Araújo JAF, Otsuki K, Vicente ACP, Martins RMB. Prevalence and genetic characterisation of HTLV-1 and 2 dual infections in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Central-West Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 109:118-21. [PMID: 24141955 PMCID: PMC4005525 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) may impact the clinical course of tuberculosis
(TB). Both infections are highly endemic in Brazil. The aim of this study was to
assess the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 in TB patients in Central-West Brazil and to
perform a genetic characterisation of the respective isolates. Of the 402 patients,
six (1.49%) were positive for anti-HTLV and five (1.24%; 95% confidence interval:
0.46-3.05) were infected with HTLV-1/2. Genetic characterisation demonstrated that
the four HTLV-1 isolates belonged to the Transcontinental subgroup A of the
Cosmopolitan subtype a and that the HTLV-2 isolate belonged to subtype a (HTLV-2a/c).
The prevalence of HTLV infection observed in this study is higher than that observed
in local blood donors and the HTLV-1 and 2 subtypes identified are consistent with
those circulating in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Koko Otsuki
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brasil
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Magri MC, Brigido LFDM, Morimoto HK, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2a strains among HIV type 1-coinfected patients from Brazil have originated mostly from Brazilian Amerindians. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1010-8. [PMID: 23484539 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is found mainly in Amerindians and in intravenous drug users (IDUs) from urban areas of the United States, Europe, and Latin America. Worldwide, HTLV-2a and HTLV-2b subtypes are the most prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis of HTLV-2 isolates from Brazil showed the HTLV-2a subtype, variant -2c, which spread from Indians to the general population and IDUs. The present study searched for the types of HTLV-2 that predominate among HIV-1-coinfected patients from southern and southeastern Brazil. Molecular characterization of the LTR, env, and tax regions of 38 isolates confirmed the HTLV-2c variant in 37 patients, and one HTLV-2b in a patient from Paraguay. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences showed different clades of HTLV-2 associated with risk factors and geographic region. These clades could represent different routes of virus transmission and/or little diverse evolutionary rates of virus. Taking into account the results obtained in the present study and the lack of the prototypic North American HTLV-2a strain and HTLV-2b subtypes commonly detected among HIV-coinfected individuals worldwide, we could speculate on the introduction of Brazilian HTLV-2 strains in such populations before the introduction of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Laboratório de Investigaçõe Médica em Hepatologia por Vírus (LIM-47), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando de Macedo Brigido
- Laboratório de Retrovirus, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Departmento de Patologia, Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, P.R., Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
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