1
|
Psaras Y, Toepfer CN. Targeted genetic therapies for inherited disorders that affect both cardiac and skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:175-189. [PMID: 38095849 PMCID: PMC10988723 DOI: 10.1113/ep090436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal myopathies and ataxias with secondary cardiac involvement are complex, progressive and debilitating conditions. As life expectancy increases across these conditions, cardiac involvement often becomes more prominent. This highlights the need for targeted therapies that address these evolving cardiac pathologies. Musculopathies by and large lack cures that directly target the genetic basis of the diseases; however, as our understanding of the genetic causes of these conditions has evolved, it has become tractable to develop targeted therapies using biologics, to design precision approaches to target the primary genetic causes of these varied diseases. Using the examples of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Friedreich ataxia and Pompe disease, we discuss how the genetic causes of such diseases derail diverse homeostatic, energetic and signalling pathways, which span multiple cellular systems in varied tissues across the body. We outline existing therapeutics and treatments in the context of emerging novel genetic approaches. We discuss the hurdles that the field must overcome to deliver targeted therapies across the many tissue types affected in primary myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiangos Psaras
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Christopher N. Toepfer
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Różanowska MB. Lipofuscin, Its Origin, Properties, and Contribution to Retinal Fluorescence as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Damage to the Retina. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2111. [PMID: 38136230 PMCID: PMC10740933 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin accumulates with age as intracellular fluorescent granules originating from incomplete lysosomal digestion of phagocytosed and autophagocytosed material. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress and/or lysosomal dysfunction in lipofuscin accumulation and its consequences, particularly for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Next, the fluorescence of lipofuscin, spectral changes induced by oxidation, and its contribution to retinal fluorescence are discussed. This is followed by reviewing recent developments in fluorescence imaging of the retina and the current evidence on the prognostic value of retinal fluorescence for the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the major blinding disease affecting elderly people in developed countries. The evidence of lipofuscin oxidation in vivo and the evidence of increased oxidative damage in AMD retina ex vivo lead to the conclusion that imaging of spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence may serve as a useful biomarker of oxidative damage, which can be helpful in assessing the efficacy of potential antioxidant therapies in retinal degenerations associated with accumulation of lipofuscin and increased oxidative stress. Finally, amendments to currently used fluorescence imaging instruments are suggested to be more sensitive and specific for imaging spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK;
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shang Y, Li Z, Cai P, Li W, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Xia S, Shao Q, Wang H. Megamitochondria plasticity: function transition from adaption to disease. Mitochondrion 2023:S1567-7249(23)00053-3. [PMID: 37276954 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As the cell's energy factory and metabolic hub, mitochondria are critical for ATP synthesis to maintain cellular function. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fusion and fission to alter their size, shape, and position, with mitochondrial fusion and fission being interdependent to maintain the balance of mitochondrial morphological changes. However, in response to metabolic and functional damage, mitochondria can grow in size, resulting in a form of abnormal mitochondrial morphology known as megamitochondria. Megamitochondria are characterized by their considerably larger size, pale matrix, and marginal cristae structure and have been observed in various human diseases. In energy-intensive cells like hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes, the pathological process can lead to the growth of megamitochondria, which can further cause metabolic disorders, cell damage and aggravates the progression of the disease. Nonetheless, megamitochondria can also form in response to short-term environmental stimulation as a compensatory mechanism to support cell survival. However, extended stimulation can reverse the benefits of megamitochondria leading to adverse effects. In this review, we will focus on the findings of the different roles of megamitochondria, and their link to disease development to identify promising clinical therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Shang
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhanghui Li
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Peiyang Cai
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wuhao Li
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ye Xu
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yangjing Zhao
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; Institute of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Immunity, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai'an 223002, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Benvenuti LA, Marcondes-Braga FG, Bacal F. Cumulative Disorder of Myocardial Lipofuscin after Long-Term Heart Transplantation: A Study Based on Endomyocardial Biopsies. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20220313. [PMID: 37042874 PMCID: PMC10263452 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Alberto Benvenuti
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Fabiana G. Marcondes-Braga
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Fernando Bacal
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kobayashi S, Hahn Y, Silverstein B, Singh M, Fleitz A, Van J, Chen H, Liang Q. Lysosomal dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1113200. [PMID: 36742461 PMCID: PMC9894896 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1113200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular complications, while diabetic cardiomyopathy, a disease specific to the myocardium independent of vascular lesions, is an important causative factor for increased risk of heart failure and mortality in diabetic populations. Lysosomes have long been recognized as intracellular trash bags and recycling facilities. However, recent studies have revealed that lysosomes are sophisticated signaling hubs that play remarkably diverse roles in adapting cell metabolism to an ever-changing environment. Despite advances in our understanding of the physiological roles of lysosomes, the events leading to lysosomal dysfunction and how they relate to the overall pathophysiology of the diabetic heart remain unclear and are under intense investigation. In this review, we summarize recent advances regarding lysosomal injury and its roles in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mongirdienė A, Skrodenis L, Varoneckaitė L, Mierkytė G, Gerulis J. Reactive Oxygen Species Induced Pathways in Heart Failure Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:602. [PMID: 35327404 PMCID: PMC8945343 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With respect to structural and functional cardiac disorders, heart failure (HF) is divided into HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Oxidative stress contributes to the development of both HFrEF and HFpEF. Identification of a broad spectrum of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced pathways in preclinical models has provided new insights about the importance of ROS in HFrEF and HFpEF development. While current treatment strategies mostly concern neuroendocrine inhibition, recent data on ROS-induced metabolic pathways in cardiomyocytes may offer additional treatment strategies and targets for both of the HF forms. The purpose of this article is to summarize the results achieved in the fields of: (1) ROS importance in HFrEF and HFpEF pathophysiology, and (2) treatments for inhibiting ROS-induced pathways in HFrEF and HFpEF patients. ROS-producing pathways in cardiomyocytes, ROS-activated pathways in different HF forms, and treatment options to inhibit their action are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Mongirdienė
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laurynas Skrodenis
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickevičiaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Leila Varoneckaitė
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickevičiaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gerda Mierkytė
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickevičiaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Justinas Gerulis
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickevičiaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao M, Lian A, Zhong L, Guo R. The regulatory mechanism between lysosomes and mitochondria in the aetiology of cardiovascular diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13757. [PMID: 34978753 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated action among various organelles maintains cellular functions. For instance, mitochondria and lysosomes are the main organelles contributing to cellular metabolism and provide energy for cardiomyocyte contraction. They also provide essential signalling platforms in the cell that regulate many key processes such as autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death. Often, abnormalities in mitochondrial or lysosomal structures and functions bring about cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Although the communication between mitochondria and lysosomes throughout the cardiovascular system is intensely studied, the regulatory mechanisms have not been completely understood. Thus, we summarize the most recent studies related to mitochondria and lysosomes' role in CVDs and their potential connections and communications under cardiac pathophysiological conditions. Further, we discuss limitations and future perspectives regarding diagnosis, therapeutic strategies and drug discovery in CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Zhao
- College of Life Sciences Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Andrew Lian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences Pomona California USA
| | - Li Zhong
- College of Life Sciences Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding China
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences Pomona California USA
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Life Sciences Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding China
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application College of Life Sciences Hebei University Baoding China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang L, Chen R, Liu L, Zhou Y, Chen Z. Lactoferrin ameliorates pathological cardiac hypertrophy related to mitochondrial quality control in aged mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:7514-7526. [PMID: 34223567 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03346d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathological myocardial hypertrophy, which lacks effective prevention and treatment strategies, makes the elderly susceptible to various cardiovascular diseases. Based on the beneficial attributes of lactoferrin in aging-related diseases, we aimed to investigate whether lactoferrin could exert protection against aging-related cardiac hypertrophy and further explore the underlying mechanisms. Here, we assessed the effects of lactoferrin on myocardial pathology, apoptotic proteins, mitochondrial morphology, kinetics, autophagy, and aging-related markers, including lipofuscin deposition, overloaded iron, and oxidative stress, which are known to destabilize the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis in aged mice. Upon the administration of lactoferrin, aged hearts showed amelioration of pathological cardiac hypertrophy, which was associated with decreased apoptosis, improved morphology, rearrangement of mitochondrial dynamics, increased lysosome-dependent autophagy, and inhibition of factors detrimental to the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis. In conclusion, lactoferrin ameliorated pathological cardiac hypertrophy, potentially by improving the mitochondrial quality related to mitochondrial dynamics and the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis, thus reducing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, which is the pivotal factor for cardiac hypertrophy in aged mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saadeh K, Fazmin IT. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Increases Arrhythmic Triggers and Substrates; Potential Anti-arrhythmic Pharmacological Targets. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:646932. [PMID: 33659284 PMCID: PMC7917191 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.646932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias increases significantly with age. In order to effectively stratify arrhythmic risk in the aging population it is crucial to elucidate the relevant underlying molecular mechanisms. The changes underlying age-related electrophysiological disruption appear to be closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, the present review examines the mechanisms by which age-related mitochondrial dysfunction promotes arrhythmic triggers and substrate. Namely, via alterations in plasmalemmal ionic currents (both sodium and potassium), gap junctions, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and cardiac fibrosis. Stratification of patients' mitochondrial function status permits application of appropriate anti-arrhythmic therapies. Here, we discuss novel potential anti-arrhythmic pharmacological interventions that specifically target upstream mitochondrial function and hence ameliorates the need for therapies targeting downstream changes which have constituted traditional antiarrhythmic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Saadeh
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Talal Fazmin
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee SE, Sivtseva S, Lim C, Okhlopkova Z, Cho S. Artemisia kruhsiana leaf extract induces autophagic cell death in human prostate cancer cells. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:134-142. [PMID: 33641784 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Some species of Artemisia have been reported to induce apoptosis and autophagy, but little is known of the apoptotic and autophagic effects of the stems and leaves of Artemisia kruhsiana Bess. (AkB). This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and anti-autophagic effects of the methanol extracts of the stems (EAkBs) and leaves (EAkBl) of AkB on human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. The antioxidant effects of EAkBs and EAkBl were measured using in vitro total flavonoid and total phenolic assays and a free radical scavenging assay. The effects of EAkBl on cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and protein expression levels were also investigated. EAkBl was found to induce apoptosis, autophagy, and intracellular ROS generation in PC-3 cells. In terms of protein levels, EAkBl reduced phospho (p)-protein kinase B (AKT)/AKT, p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/mTOR, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) ratios, and the activations of beclin 1/β-actin and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) II/LC3 I ratios in PC-3 cells. The results of this study indicate EAkBl has antioxidant and anticancer effects on prostate cancer cells, and that these effects are associated with suppressions of p-AKT, p-mTOR, Bcl-2, and Bax, and the activations of beclin 1 and LC3. Our results indicate EAkBl has potential as a treatment for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Eun Lee
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sardana Sivtseva
- Department of Biology, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk 677-027, Russia
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhanna Okhlopkova
- Department of Biology, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk 677-027, Russia.
| | - Suin Cho
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si 50612, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Silva AC, Pereira C, Fonseca ACRG, Pinto-do-Ó P, Nascimento DS. Bearing My Heart: The Role of Extracellular Matrix on Cardiac Development, Homeostasis, and Injury Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:621644. [PMID: 33511134 PMCID: PMC7835513 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.621644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of the heart that imparts fundamental cellular processes during organ development and homeostasis. Most cardiovascular diseases involve severe remodeling of the ECM, culminating in the formation of fibrotic tissue that is deleterious to organ function. Treatment schemes effective at managing fibrosis and promoting physiological ECM repair are not yet in reach. Of note, the composition of the cardiac ECM changes significantly in a short period after birth, concurrent with the loss of the regenerative capacity of the heart. This highlights the importance of understanding ECM composition and function headed for the development of more efficient therapies. In this review, we explore the impact of ECM alterations, throughout heart ontogeny and disease, on cardiac cells and debate available approaches to deeper insights on cell–ECM interactions, toward the design of new regenerative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Cassilda Pereira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina R G Fonseca
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Perpétua Pinto-do-Ó
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana S Nascimento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chaanine AH, LeJemtel TH, Delafontaine P. Mitochondrial Pathobiology and Metabolic Remodeling in Progression to Overt Systolic Heart Failure. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113582. [PMID: 33172082 PMCID: PMC7694785 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are mostly abundant in the heart, a beating organ of high- energy demands. Their function extends beyond being a power plant of the cell including redox balance, ion homeostasis and metabolism. They are dynamic organelles that are tethered to neighboring structures, especially the endoplasmic reticulum. Together, they constitute a functional unit implicated in complex physiological and pathophysiological processes. Their topology in the cell, the cardiac myocyte in particular, places them at the hub of signaling and calcium homeostasis, making them master regulators of cell survival or cell death. Perturbations in mitochondrial function play a central role in the pathophysiology of myocardial remodeling and progression of heart failure. In this minireview, we summarize important pathophysiological mechanisms, pertaining to mitochondrial morphology, dynamics and function, which take place in compensated hypertrophy and in progression to overt systolic heart failure. Published work in the last few years has expanded our understanding of these important mechanisms; a key prerequisite to identifying therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine H. Chaanine
- Department of Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (T.H.L.); (P.D.)
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +504-988-1612; Fax: +504-995-2771
| | - Thierry H. LeJemtel
- Department of Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (T.H.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Department of Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (T.H.L.); (P.D.)
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Maternally mitochondrial dysfunction includes a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders which leads to the impairment of the final common pathway of energy metabolism. Coronary heart disease and coronary venous disease are two important clinical manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction due to abnormality in the setting of underlying pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to cardiomyopathy, which is involved in the onset of acute cardiac and pulmonary failure. Mitochondrial diseases present other cardiac manifestations such as left ventricular noncompaction and cardiac conduction disease. Different clinical findings from mitochondrial dysfunction originate from different mtDNA mutations, and this variety of clinical symptoms poses a diagnostic challenge for cardiologists. Heart transplantation may be a good treatment, but it is not always possible, and other complications of the disease, such as mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like syndrome, should be considered. To diagnose and treat most mitochondrial disorders, careful cardiac, neurological, and molecular studies are needed. In this study, we looked at molecular genetics of MIDs and cardiac manifestations in patients with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nixon RA. The aging lysosome: An essential catalyst for late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140443. [PMID: 32416272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes figure prominently in theories of aging as the proteolytic system most responsible for eliminating growing burdens of damaged proteins and organelles in aging neurons and other long lived cells. Newer evidence shows that diverse experimental measures known to extend lifespan in invertebrate aging models share the property of boosting lysosomal clearance of substrates through the autophagy pathway. Maintaining an optimal level of lysosome acidification is particularly crucial for these anti-aging effects. The exceptional dependence of neurons on fully functional lysosomes is reflected by the neurological phenotypes that develop in congenital lysosomal storage disorders, which commonly present as severe neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative conditions even though the lysosomal deficit maybe systemic. Similar connections are now being appreciated between primary lysosomal deficit and the risk for late age-onset neurodegenerative disorders. In diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, as in aging alone, primary lysosome dysfunction due to acidification impairment is emerging as a frequent theme, supported by the growing list of familial neurodegenerative disorders that involve primary vATPase dysfunction. The additional cellular roles played by intraluminal pH in sensing nutrient and stress and modulating cellular signaling have further expanded the possible ways that lysosomal pH dysregulation in aging and disease can disrupt neuronal function. Here, we consider the impact of cellular aging on lysosomes and how the changes during aging may create the tipping point for disease emergence in major late-age onset neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Autophagic flux defect in diabetic kidney disease results in megamitochondria formation in podocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:660-667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
16
|
Hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte death is mediated by lysosomal membrane injury and aberrant expression of cathepsin D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:239-245. [PMID: 31862139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for diabetic heart failure. However, the mechanisms that mediate hyperglycemia-induced cardiac damage remain poorly understood. Previous studies have shown an association between lysosomal dysfunction and diabetic heart injury. The present study examined if mimicking hyperglycemia in cultured cardiomyocytes could induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), leading to the release of lysosome enzymes and subsequent cell death. High glucose (HG) reduced the number of lysosomes with acidic pH as shown by a fluorescent pH indicator. Also, HG induced lysosomal membrane injury as shown by an accumulation of Galectin3-RFP puncta, which was accompanied by the leakage of cathepsin D (CTSD), an aspartic protease that normally resides within the lysosomal lumen. Furthermore, CTSD expression was increased in HG-cultured cardiomyocytes and in the hearts of 2 mouse models of type 1 diabetes. Either CTSD knockdown with siRNA or inhibition of CTSD activity by pepstatin A markedly diminished HG-induced cardiomyocyte death, while CTSD overexpression exaggerated HG-induced cell death. Together, these results suggested that HG increased CTSD expression, induced LMP and triggered CTSD release from the lysosomes, which collectively contributed to HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury.
Collapse
|
17
|
Barja G. Towards a unified mechanistic theory of aging. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
18
|
Chaanine AH. Morphological Stages of Mitochondrial Vacuolar Degeneration in Phenylephrine-Stressed Cardiac Myocytes and in Animal Models and Human Heart Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060239. [PMID: 31163678 PMCID: PMC6630802 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Derangements in mitochondrial integrity and function constitute an important pathophysiological feature in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF) and play an important role in myocardial remodeling and systolic dysfunction. In systolic HF, we and others have shown an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics toward mitochondrial fission and fragmentation with evidence of mitophagy, mitochondrial vacuolar degeneration, and impairment in mitochondrial oxidative capacity. The morphological stages of mitochondrial vacuolar degeneration have not been defined. We sought to elucidate the progressive stages of mitochondrial vacuolar degeneration, which would serve as a measure to define, morphologically, the severity of mitochondrial damage. Materials and Methods: Transmission electron microscopy was used to study mitochondrial morphology and pathology in phenylephrine-stressed cardiac myocytes in vitro and in left ventricular myocardium from a rat model of pressure overload induced systolic dysfunction and from patients with systolic HF. Results: In phenylephrine-stressed cardiomyocytes for two hours, alterations in mitochondrial cristae morphology (Stage A) and loss and dissolution of mitochondrial cristae in one (Stage B) or multiple (early Stage B→C) mitochondrion area(s) were evident in the earliest stages of mitochondrial vacuolar degeneration. Mitochondrial swelling and progressive dissolution of mitochondrial cristae (advanced Stage B→C), followed by complete loss and dissolution of mitochondrial cristae and permeabilization and destruction of inner mitochondrial membrane (Stage C) then outer mitochondrial membrane rupture (Stage D) constituted advanced stages of mitochondrial vacuolar degeneration. Similar morphological changes in mitochondrial vacuolar degeneration were seen in vivo in animal models and in patients with systolic HF; where about 60-70% of the mitochondria are mainly observed in stages B→C and fewer in stages C and D. Conclusion: Mitochondrial vacuolar degeneration is a prominent mitochondrial morphological feature seen in HF. Defining the progressive stages of mitochondrial vacuolar degeneration would serve as a measure to assess morphologically the severity of mitochondrial damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine H Chaanine
- Division of cardiovascular diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Perrotta I. Occurrence and characterization of lipofuscin and ceroid in human atherosclerotic plaque. Ultrastruct Pathol 2018; 42:477-488. [PMID: 30465462 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2018.1544953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque formation starts early in life, develops silently over decades, and often displays clear evidence of accelerated biological aging. Lipofuscin has been classically defined as "the most consistent and phylogenetically conserved cellular morphologic change of aging," however, despite this traditional view different lines of evidence have recently demonstrated that, besides aging, various noxious influences can engeder its accumulation in cells and also that specific experimental conditions can revert this effect. Lipofuscin has been also proven to interact with disease-related factors to enhance cell loss. Along with lipofuscin, ceroid, another autofluorescent lipopigment usually produced under various pathological conditions unrelated to aging, has been suggested to jeopardize cell performance and viability by inducing membrane fragility, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. With regard to atherosclerosis, very few investigations have been conducted to assess whether a link could exist between lipofuscin/ceroid accumulation and the progression of the disease and no information still exist regarding the anatomy and the ultrastructural diversification of lipofuscin and ceroid in the lesional vascular tissue. At the same time, data concerning their potential toxicity at the cellular level are fragmentary, dated, and scarce. The present study investigates the occurrence and distribution of lipofuscin and ceroid in human atherosclerotic plaque and adjacent healthy tissues and analyzes the ultrastructural changes associated with their accumulation within the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Perrotta
- a Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory , University of Calabria , Cosenza , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li FY, Weng IC, Lin CH, Kao MC, Wu MS, Chen HY, Liu FT. Helicobacter pylori induces intracellular galectin-8 aggregation around damaged lysosomes within gastric epithelial cells in a host O-glycan-dependent manner. Glycobiology 2018; 29:151-162. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Galectin-8, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, is upregulated in the gastric tissues of rhesus macaques infected with Helicobacter pylori. In this study, we found that H. pylori infection triggers intracellular galectin-8 aggregation in human-derived AGS gastric epithelial cells, and that these aggregates colocalize with lysosomes. Notably, this aggregation is markedly reduced following the attenuation of host O-glycan processing. This indicates that H. pylori infection induces lysosomal damage, which in turn results in the accumulation of cytosolic galectin-8 around damaged lysosomes through the recognition of exposed vacuolar host O-glycans. H. pylori-induced galectin-8 aggregates also colocalize with autophagosomes, and galectin-8 ablation reduces the activation of autophagy by H. pylori. This suggests that galectin-8 aggregates may enhance autophagy activity in infected cells. We also observed that both autophagy and NDP52, an autophagy adapter, contribute to the augmentation of galectin-8 aggregation by H. pylori. Additionally, vacuolating cytotoxin A, a secreted H. pylori cytotoxin, may contribute to the increased galectin-8 aggregation and elevated autophagy response in infected cells. Collectively, these results suggest that H. pylori promotes intracellular galectin-8 aggregation, and that galectin-8 aggregation and autophagy may reciprocally regulate each other during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yen Li
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mou-Chieh Kao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
DHA and 19,20-EDP induce lysosomal-proteolytic-dependent cytotoxicity through de novo ceramide production in H9c2 cells with a glycolytic profile. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:29. [PMID: 30131878 PMCID: PMC6102239 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and their CYP-derived metabolites, epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs), are important fatty acids obtained from dietary sources. While it is known that they have significant biological effects, which can differ between cell type and disease state, our understanding of how they work remains limited. Previously, we demonstrated that DHA and 19,20-EDP triggered pronounced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cells correlating with increased ceramide production. In this study, we examine whether DHA- and 19,20-EDP-induced cell death depends on the type of metabolism (glycolysis or OXPHOS). We cultivated H9c2 cells in distinct conditions that result in either glycolytic or oxidative metabolism. Our major findings suggest that DHA and its epoxy metabolite, 19,20-EDP, trigger cytotoxic effects toward H9c2 cells with a glycolytic metabolic profile. Cell death occurred through a mechanism involving activation of a lysosomal-proteolytic degradation pathway. Importantly, accumulation of ceramide played a critical role in the susceptibility of glycolytic H9c2 cells to cytotoxicity. Furthermore, our data suggest that an alteration in the cellular metabolic profile is a major factor determining the type and magnitude of cellular toxic response. Together, the novelty of this study demonstrates that DHA and 19,20-EDP induce cell death in H9c2 cells with a glycolytic metabolicwct 2 profile through a lysosomal-proteolytic mechanism.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Buttner P, Galli R, Husser D, Bollmann A. Label-free Imaging of Myocardial Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation Using Nonlinear Optical Microscopy: A Feasibility Study. J Atr Fibrillation 2018; 10:1644. [PMID: 29988238 DOI: 10.4022/jafib.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation, characterized by rapid disorganized electrical activation of myocardium, is caused by and accompanied by remodeling of myocardial tissue. We applied nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) to visualize typical myocardial features and atrial fibrillation effects in order to test anon-destructive imaging technology that in principle can be applied in vivo.Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, endogenous two-photon excited fluorescence, and second harmonic generation were used to inspect unstained human atrial myocardium from three patients who underwent surgical Cox-MAZE procedure with amputation of left atrial appendage. Using NLOM techniques, we collected detailrich pictures of unstained tissue that enable comprehensive characterization of myocardial characteristics like myocyte structure, collagen and lipofuscin deposition, intercalating disc width, and fatty degradation. Development of in vivo application of the NLOM technique may represent a revolutionary approach in characterizing atrial fibrillation associated myocardial remodeling with important implications for therapy individualization and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Buttner
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, Strumpellstrabe 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberta Galli
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrabe 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Husser
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, Strumpellstrabe 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bollmann
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, Strumpellstrabe 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Molecular mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy - An update. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:241-253. [PMID: 29074412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin is utilized for anti-neoplastic treatment for several decades. The utility of this drug is limited due to its side effects. Generally, doxorubicin toxicity is originated from the myocardium and then other organs are also ruined. The mechanism of doxorubicin is intercalated with the DNA and inhibits topoisomerase 2. There are various signalling mechanisms involved in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. First and foremost, the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is due to oxidative stress. Cardiac mitochondrial damage is supposed after few hours following the revelation of doxorubicin. This has led important new uses for the mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and novel avenues of investigation to determine better pharmacotherapies and interventions for the impediment of cardiotoxicity. The idea of this review is to bring up to date the recent findings of the mechanism of doxorubicin cardiomyopathies such as calcium dysregulation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impairment of progenitor cells, activation of immune, ubiquitous system and some other parameters.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
We present the hypothesis that an accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria initiates a signaling cascade leading to motor neuron and muscle fiber death and culminating in sarcopenia. Interactions between neural and muscle cells that contain dysfunctional mitochondria exacerbate sarcopenia. Preventing sarcopenia will require identifying mitochondrial sources of dysfunction that are reversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Alway
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology; 2Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, and Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics; and 3Centers for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xiao CY, Wang YQ, Li JH, Tang GC, Xiao SS. Transformation, migration and outcome of residual bodies in the seminiferous tubules of the rat testis. Andrologia 2017; 49. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C.-Y. Xiao
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Medical College of China Three Gorges University; Yichang 443002 China
| | - Y.-Q. Wang
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Medical College of China Three Gorges University; Yichang 443002 China
| | - J.-H. Li
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Medical College of China Three Gorges University; Yichang 443002 China
| | - G.-C. Tang
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Medical College of China Three Gorges University; Yichang 443002 China
| | - S.-S. Xiao
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Medical College of China Three Gorges University; Yichang 443002 China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Biomarkers of chondriome topology and function: implications for the extension of healthy aging. Biogerontology 2016; 18:201-215. [PMID: 28028686 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple theories of aging (e.g., free radical, error catastrophe, mitochondrial) are complementary but fail to provide adequate models that comprehensively predict lifelong aging processes and that are valid across species. Hayflick (PLoS Genet 3(12):2351-2354, 2007) described six universal characteristics of aging that focus upon post-reproductive molecular entropy. Here we present a thermodynamic potential model of aging in which the energetic and topological properties of the mitochondrion drive functional and structural stabilities within living systems. Using multivariate regressions of physiological assessments from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, VO2 max consistently declined with age regardless of gender or race, although it had a significantly greater decline for African American females. Percent fat (negative), hematocrit (negative), and urine creatinine (negative) were strongly and significantly associated with VO2 max and male aging, although cholesterol (positive) was an additional factor for African American males. Bioenergetic measures such as VO2 max can be useful for physical assessments to promote healthy aging.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Danon disease is caused by mutations in the lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 gene (LAMP2). In the eye, LAMP2 is expressed only in the retinal pigment epithelium. This study aimed to investigate the previously unreported impact of LAMP2 mutations on the electrooculogram generated by the retinal pigment epithelium. METHODS Four members of a family with Danon disease were examined. All have mutations in c294G > A, of the LAMP2 gene on Xq24, by which no, or aberrant, protein will be formed. Electrooculograms to International Society for the Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standards were recorded with full-field electroretinography, Goldmann kinetic visual fields, and spectral optical coherence tomography with fundus autofluorescence imaging. RESULTS Electrooculogram amplitude ratios of light rise:dark trough, the Arden index, fell at low-normal limits (range: 1.68-3.94) but misrepresent retinal pigment epithelium health, because the absolute dark trough voltages were abnormally low (median: 140 μV, range: 72-192 μV) as were the light rise amplitudes (median: 297 μV, range: 198-366 μV), and full-field electroretinograms were normal. Hyperfundus autofluorescence and hypofundus autofluorescence changes became more confluent and florid with increasing age of female patients. Goldmann visual field testing showed constriction of the central field. CONCLUSION Low electrooculogram voltages indicate that the retinal pigment epithelium is unable to maintain its tight junctions in Danon disease.
Collapse
|
29
|
Gianfranceschi G, Caragnano A, Piazza S, Manini I, Ciani Y, Verardo R, Toffoletto B, Finato N, Livi U, Beltrami CA, Scoles G, Sinagra G, Aleksova A, Cesselli D, Beltrami AP. Critical role of lysosomes in the dysfunction of human Cardiac Stem Cells obtained from failing hearts. Int J Cardiol 2016; 216:140-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
30
|
Kunkel GH, Chaturvedi P, Tyagi SC. Epigenetic revival of a dead cardiomyocyte through mitochondrial interventions. Biomol Concepts 2016. [PMID: 26203602 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2015-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to underline heart failure, and our earlier report suggests that mitochondrial fusion and fission contributes significantly to volume overload heart failure. Although ample studies highlight mitochondrial dysfunction to be a major cause, studies are lacking to uncover the role of mitochondrial epigenetics, i.e. epigenetic modifications of mtDNA in cardiomyocyte function. Additionally, mitochondrial proteases like calpain and Lon proteases are underexplored. Cardiomyopathies are correlated to mitochondrial damage via increased reactive oxygen species production and free calcium within cardiomyocytes. These abnormalities drive increased proteolytic activity from matrix metalloproteinases and calpains, respectively. These proteases degrade the cytoskeleton of the cardiomyocyte and lead to myocyte death. mtDNA methylation is another factor that can lead to myocyte death by silencing several genes of mitochondria or upregulating the expression of mitochondrial proteases by hypomethylation. Cardiomyocyte resuscitation can occur through mitochondrial interventions by decreasing the proteolytic activity and reverting back the epigenetic changes in the mtDNA which lead to myocyte dysfunction. Epigenetic changes in the mtDNA are triggered by environmental factors like pollution and eating habits with cigarette smoking. An analysis of mitochondrial epigenetics in cigarette-smoking mothers will reveal an underlying novel mechanism leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and eventually heart failure. This review is focused on the mitochondrial dysfunction mechanisms that can be reverted back to resuscitate cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
|
31
|
Tripartite motif-containing 55 identified as functional candidate for spontaneous cardiac hypertrophy in the rat locus cardiac mass 22. J Hypertens 2016; 34:950-8. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
Proteins are major targets for radicals and two-electron oxidants in biological systems due to their abundance and high rate constants for reaction. With highly reactive radicals damage occurs at multiple side-chain and backbone sites. Less reactive species show greater selectivity with regard to the residues targeted and their spatial location. Modification can result in increased side-chain hydrophilicity, side-chain and backbone fragmentation, aggregation via covalent cross-linking or hydrophobic interactions, protein unfolding and altered conformation, altered interactions with biological partners and modified turnover. In the presence of O2, high yields of peroxyl radicals and peroxides (protein peroxidation) are formed; the latter account for up to 70% of the initial oxidant flux. Protein peroxides can oxidize both proteins and other targets. One-electron reduction results in additional radicals and chain reactions with alcohols and carbonyls as major products; the latter are commonly used markers of protein damage. Direct oxidation of cysteine (and less commonly) methionine residues is a major reaction; this is typically faster than with H2O2, and results in altered protein activity and function. Unlike H2O2, which is rapidly removed by protective enzymes, protein peroxides are only slowly removed, and catabolism is a major fate. Although turnover of modified proteins by proteasomal and lysosomal enzymes, and other proteases (e.g. mitochondrial Lon), can be efficient, protein hydroperoxides inhibit these pathways and this may contribute to the accumulation of modified proteins in cells. Available evidence supports an association between protein oxidation and multiple human pathologies, but whether this link is causal remains to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schilling JM, Patel HH. Non-canonical roles for caveolin in regulation of membrane repair and mitochondria: implications for stress adaptation with age. J Physiol 2015; 594:4581-9. [PMID: 26333003 DOI: 10.1113/jp270591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many different theories of ageing have been proposed but none has served the unifying purpose of defining a molecular target that can limit the structural and functional decline associated with age that ultimately leads to the demise of the organism. We propose that the search for a molecule with these unique properties must account for regulation of the signalling efficiency of multiple cellular functions that degrade with age due to a loss of a particular protein. We suggest caveolin as one such molecule that serves as a regulator of key processes in signal transduction. We define a particular distinction between cellular senescence and ageing and propose that caveolin plays a distinct role in each of these processes. Caveolin is traditionally thought of as a membrane-localized protein regulating signal transduction via membrane enrichment of specific signalling molecules. Ultimately we focus on two non-canonical roles for caveolin - membrane repair and regulation of mitochondrial function - which may be novel features of stress adaptation, especially in the setting of ageing. The end result of preserving membrane structure and mitochondrial function is maintenance of homeostatic signalling, preserving barrier function, and regulating energy production for cell survival and resilient ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Schilling
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chaanine AH, Gordon RE, Nonnenmacher M, Kohlbrenner E, Benard L, Hajjar RJ. High-dose chloroquine is metabolically cardiotoxic by inducing lysosomes and mitochondria dysfunction in a rat model of pressure overload hypertrophy. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/7/e12413. [PMID: 26152691 PMCID: PMC4552516 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), are upregulated in pressure overload (PO) hypertrophy. In this study, we targeted this process at its induction using 3 methyladenine and at the lysosomal level using chloroquine and evaluated the effects of these modulations on cardiac function and myocyte ultrastructure. Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 200 g were subjected to ascending aortic banding. After 1 week of PO, animals were randomized to receive 3 methyladenine versus chloroquine, intraperitoneally, for 2 weeks at a dose of 40 and 50 mg/kg/day, respectively. Saline injection was used as control. Chloroquine treatment, in PO, resulted in regression in cardiac hypertrophy but with significant impairments in cardiac relaxation and contractility. Ultrastructurally, chloroquine accentuated mitochondrial fragmentation and cristae destruction with a plethora of autophagosomes containing collapsed mitochondria and lysosomal lamellar bodies. In contrast, 3 methyladenine improved cardiac function and attenuated mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagososme formation. Markers of macroautophagy and CMA were significantly decreased in the chloroquine group; whereas 3 methyladenine treatment significantly attenuated macroautophagy with a compensatory increase in CMA. Furthermore, chloroquine accentuated PO induced oxidative stress through the further decrease in the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase; whereas, 3 MA had a completely opposite effect. Taken together, these data suggest that high-dose chloroquine, in addition to its effect on the autophagy-lysosome pathway, significantly impairs mitochondrial antioxidant buffering capacity and accentuates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in PO hypertrophy; highlighting, the cautious administration of this drug in high oxidative stress conditions, such as pathological hypertrophy or heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine H Chaanine
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ronald E Gordon
- Pathology Department, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Erik Kohlbrenner
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ludovic Benard
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jansová H, Macháček M, Wang Q, Hašková P, Jirkovská A, Potůčková E, Kielar F, Franz KJ, Simůnek T. Comparison of various iron chelators and prochelators as protective agents against cardiomyocyte oxidative injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 74:210-21. [PMID: 24992833 PMCID: PMC4243170 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common denominator of numerous cardiovascular disorders. Free cellular iron catalyzes the formation of highly toxic hydroxyl radicals, and iron chelation may thus be an effective therapeutic approach. However, using classical iron chelators in diseases without iron overload poses risks that necessitate more advanced approaches, such as prochelators that are activated to chelate iron only under disease-specific oxidative stress conditions. In this study, three cell-membrane-permeable iron chelators (clinically used deferasirox and experimental SIH and HAPI) and five boronate-masked prochelator analogs were evaluated for their ability to protect cardiac cells against oxidative injury induced by hydrogen peroxide. Whereas the deferasirox-derived agents TIP and TRA-IMM displayed negligible protection and even considerable toxicity, the aroylhydrazone prochelators BHAPI and BSIH-PD provided significant cytoprotection and displayed lower toxicity after prolonged cellular exposure compared to their parent chelators HAPI and SIH, respectively. Overall, the most favorable properties in terms of protective efficiency and low inherent cytotoxicity were observed with the aroylhydrazone prochelator BSIH. BSIH efficiently protected both H9c2 rat cardiomyoblast-derived cells and isolated primary rat cardiomyocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced mitochondrial and lysosomal dysregulation and cell death. At the same time, BSIH was nontoxic at concentrations up to its solubility limit (600 μM) and in 72-h incubation. Hence, BSIH merits further investigation for prevention and/or treatment of cardiovascular disorders associated with a known (or presumed) component of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jansová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 22708, USA
| | - Pavlína Hašková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jirkovská
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Potůčková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kielar
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 22708, USA
| | | | - Tomáš Simůnek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lipina TV, Dukhinova MS, Serezhnikova NB, Pogodina LS, Chentsov YS. Age-related changes in the myocardium of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a model of accelerated aging of the heart. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2014; 458:319-321. [PMID: 25371263 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496614050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T V Lipina
- Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dodson M, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Cellular metabolic and autophagic pathways: traffic control by redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:207-21. [PMID: 23702245 PMCID: PMC3729625 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that the key metabolic pathways of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are intimately related to redox biology through control of cell signaling. Under physiological conditions glucose metabolism is linked to control of the NADH/NAD redox couple, as well as providing the major reductant, NADPH, for thiol-dependent antioxidant defenses. Retrograde signaling from the mitochondrion to the nucleus or cytosol controls cell growth and differentiation. Under pathological conditions mitochondria are targets for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and are critical in controlling apoptotic cell death. At the interface of these metabolic pathways, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway functions to maintain mitochondrial quality and generally serves an important cytoprotective function. In this review we will discuss the autophagic response to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are generated from perturbations of cellular glucose metabolism and bioenergetic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dodson
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lane DJR, Huang MLH, Ting S, Sivagurunathan S, Richardson DR. Biochemistry of cardiomyopathy in the mitochondrial disease Friedreich's ataxia. Biochem J 2013; 453:321-36. [PMID: 23849057 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
FRDA (Friedreich's ataxia) is a debilitating mitochondrial disorder leading to neural and cardiac degeneration, which is caused by a mutation in the frataxin gene that leads to decreased frataxin expression. The most common cause of death in FRDA patients is heart failure, although it is not known how the deficiency in frataxin potentiates the observed cardiomyopathy. The major proposed biochemical mechanisms for disease pathogenesis and the origins of heart failure in FRDA involve metabolic perturbations caused by decreased frataxin expression. Additionally, recent data suggest that low frataxin expression in heart muscle of conditional frataxin knockout mice activates an integrated stress response that contributes to and/or exacerbates cardiac hypertrophy and the loss of cardiomyocytes. The elucidation of these potential mechanisms will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of FRDA, and will contribute to the development of better treatments and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building, D06, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Glyphosate’s Suppression of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Amino Acid Biosynthesis by the Gut Microbiome: Pathways to Modern Diseases. ENTROPY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/e15041416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
40
|
Pallauf K, Rimbach G. Autophagy, polyphenols and healthy ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:237-52. [PMID: 22504405 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process that evolved as a starvation response in lower eukaryotes and has gained numerous functions in higher organisms. In animals, autophagy works as a central process in cellular quality control by removing waste or excess proteins and organelles. Impaired autophagy and the age-related decline of this pathway favour the pathogenesis of many diseases that occur especially at higher age such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Caloric restriction (CR) promotes longevity and healthy ageing. Currently, the contributing role of autophagy in the context of CR-induced health benefits is being unravelled. Furthermore recent studies imply that the advantages from polyphenol consumption may be also connected to autophagy induction. In this review, the literature on autophagy regulation by (dietary) polyphenols such as resveratrol, catechin, quercetin, silibinin and curcumin is discussed with a focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms. Special attention is paid to the implications of age-related autophagy decline for diseases and the possibility of dietary countermeasures.
Collapse
|
41
|
Parson SJ, Russell SD, Bennett MK, Dunn JM, Gilotra NA, Rao S, Harrington C, Freitag TB, Foster MC, Halushka MK. Increased lipofuscin on endomyocardial biopsy predicts greater cardiac improvement in adolescents and young adults. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012; 21:317-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
42
|
Dai DF, Chen T, Johnson SC, Szeto H, Rabinovitch PS. Cardiac aging: from molecular mechanisms to significance in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1492-526. [PMID: 22229339 PMCID: PMC3329953 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major causes of death in the western world. The incidence of cardiovascular disease as well as the rate of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity increase exponentially in the elderly population, suggesting that age per se is a major risk factor of CVDs. The physiologic changes of human cardiac aging mainly include left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, valvular degeneration, increased cardiac fibrosis, increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation, and decreased maximal exercise capacity. Many of these changes are closely recapitulated in animal models commonly used in an aging study, including rodents, flies, and monkeys. The application of genetically modified aged mice has provided direct evidence of several critical molecular mechanisms involved in cardiac aging, such as mitochondrial oxidative stress, insulin/insulin-like growth factor/PI3K pathway, adrenergic and renin angiotensin II signaling, and nutrient signaling pathways. This article also reviews the central role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in CVDs and the plausible mechanisms underlying the progression toward heart failure in the susceptible aging hearts. Finally, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cardiac aging may support the potential clinical application of several "anti-aging" strategies that treat CVDs and improve healthy cardiac aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Fu Dai
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Shi Y, Moon M, Dawood S, McManus B, Liu PP. Mechanisms and management of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Herz 2012; 36:296-305. [PMID: 21656050 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-011-3470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin is an effective anti-tumor agent with a cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. In addition to its principal toxic mechanisms involving iron and redox reactions, recent studies have described new mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cell death, including abnormal protein processing, hyper-activated innate immune responses, inhibition of neuregulin-1 (NRG1)/ErbB(HER) signalling, impaired progenitor cell renewal/cardiac repair, and decreased vasculogenesis. Although multiple mechanisms involved in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity have been studied, there is presently no clinically proven treatment established for doxorubicin cardiomyopathy. Iron chelator dexrazoxane, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and β-blockade have been proposed as potential preventive strategies for doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Novel approaches such as anti-miR-146 or recombinant NRG1 to increase cardiomyocyte resistance to toxicity may be of interest in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Impaired cardiac autophagy in patients developing postoperative atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 143:451-9. [PMID: 21885071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication after on-pump heart surgery. Several histologic abnormalities, such as interstitial fibrosis and vacuolization, have been described in atrial samples from patients developing POAF. This ultrastructural remodeling has been associated with the establishment of a proarrhythmic substrate. We studied whether atrial autophagy is activated in patients who develop POAF. METHODS A total of 170 patients in sinus rhythm who had undergone elective coronary artery bypass grafting were included. Systemic inflammatory markers were measured at baseline and 72 hours after surgery. During the procedure, samples of the right atrial appendages were obtained for evaluation of remodeling by light and electron microscopy. Protein ubiquitination and autophagy-related LC3B processing were assessed by Western blot. RESULTS Of these patients, 22% developed POAF. The level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrosis, inflammation, myxoid degeneration, and ubiquitin-aggregates in the atria did not differ between patients with and without POAF. Electron microphotographs of those with POAF showed a significant accumulation of autophagic vesicles and lipofuscin deposits. Total protein ubiquitination was similar in the patients with and without POAF, but LC3B processing was markedly reduced in those with POAF, suggesting a selective impairment in autophagic flow. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel evidence that ultrastructural atrial remodeling characterized by an impaired cardiac autophagy is present in patients developing POAF after coronary artery bypass surgery.
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Kurz T, Terman A, Gustafsson B, Brunk UT. Lysosomes in iron metabolism, ageing and apoptosis. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129:389-406. [PMID: 18259769 PMCID: PMC2668650 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal compartment is essential for a variety of cellular functions, including the normal turnover of most long-lived proteins and all organelles. The compartment consists of numerous acidic vesicles (pH approximately 4 to 5) that constantly fuse and divide. It receives a large number of hydrolases ( approximately 50) from the trans-Golgi network, and substrates from both the cells' outside (heterophagy) and inside (autophagy). Many macromolecules contain iron that gives rise to an iron-rich environment in lysosomes that recently have degraded such macromolecules. Iron-rich lysosomes are sensitive to oxidative stress, while 'resting' lysosomes, which have not recently participated in autophagic events, are not. The magnitude of oxidative stress determines the degree of lysosomal destabilization and, consequently, whether arrested growth, reparative autophagy, apoptosis, or necrosis will follow. Heterophagy is the first step in the process by which immunocompetent cells modify antigens and produce antibodies, while exocytosis of lysosomal enzymes may promote tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Apart from being an essential turnover process, autophagy is also a mechanism by which cells will be able to sustain temporary starvation and rid themselves of intracellular organisms that have invaded, although some pathogens have evolved mechanisms to prevent their destruction. Mutated lysosomal enzymes are the underlying cause of a number of lysosomal storage diseases involving the accumulation of materials that would be the substrate for the corresponding hydrolases, were they not defective. The normal, low-level diffusion of hydrogen peroxide into iron-rich lysosomes causes the slow formation of lipofuscin in long-lived postmitotic cells, where it occupies a substantial part of the lysosomal compartment at the end of the life span. This seems to result in the diversion of newly produced lysosomal enzymes away from autophagosomes, leading to the accumulation of malfunctioning mitochondria and proteins with consequent cellular dysfunction. If autophagy were a perfect turnover process, postmitotic ageing and several age-related neurodegenerative diseases would, perhaps, not take place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tino Kurz
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jung R, Wendeler MW, Danevad M, Himmelbauer H, Geßner R. Phylogenetic origin of LI-cadherin revealed by protein and gene structure analysis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004; 61:1157-66. [PMID: 15141301 PMCID: PMC11138757 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-004-3470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestine specific LI-cadherin differs in its overall structure from classical and desmosomal cadherins by the presence of seven instead of five cadherin repeats and a short cytoplasmic domain. Despite the low sequence similarity, a comparative protein structure analysis revealed that LI-cadherin may have originated from a five-repeat predecessor cadherin by a duplication of the first two aminoterminal repeats. To test this hypothesis, we cloned the murine LI-cadherin gene and compared its structure to that of other cadherins. The intron-exon organization, including the intron positions and phases, is perfectly conserved between repeats 3-7 of LI-cadherin and 1-5 of classical cadherins. Moreover, the genomic structure of the repeats 1-2 and 3-4 is identical for LI-cadherin and highly similar to that of the repeats 1-2 of classical cadherins. These findings strengthen our assumption that LI-cadherin originated from an ancestral cadherin with five domains by a partial gene duplication event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Jung
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Biochemistry, Virchow-Hospital of Charité Medical School, Humboldt University of Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Schering AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. W. Wendeler
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Biochemistry, Virchow-Hospital of Charité Medical School, Humboldt University of Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Danevad
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Biochemistry, Virchow-Hospital of Charité Medical School, Humboldt University of Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Himmelbauer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Geßner
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Biochemistry, Virchow-Hospital of Charité Medical School, Humboldt University of Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|