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Bozkurt B, Ulkar D, Nurlu N, Coban G, Gumus ZP, Unver-Somer N. Variability of Isoquinoline Alkaloid Profiles and Anticholinesterase Activities with Binding-Mode Predictions of Glaucium flavum Population. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301865. [PMID: 38415909 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, phytochemical and biological activity studies supported by docking were carried out on a species of the genus Glaucium, a repository of isoquinoline alkaloids. The GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) method is used to characterize the isoquinoline alkaloids of Glaucium flavum Crantz. (Papaveraceae). G. flavum was collected from seven different regions of Türkiye (Antalya, Urla-Izmir, Mordogan-Izmir, Mugla, Assos-Canakkale, Karabiga-Canakkale, Giresun) and totally 17 compounds were detected by GC-MS. Glaucine was found to be the major constituent in the sample collected from Mugla, whereas isocorydine was recorded to be the principal alkaloid in other samples. Further fractionation studies on G. flavum collected from Antalya province in Southwestern Türkiye, yielded five major alkaloids (isocorydine 1, dihydrosanguinarine 2, glaucine 3, dehydroglaucine 4, protopine 5) which were characterized by spectroscopic methods. Anticholinesterase activities of the extracts and isolated alkaloids were also tested by in vitro Ellman method. The isolated compounds were also analyzed by a molecular docking technique to determine the binding orientations in the gorge of the active site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and a homology model of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). This is the first comparative investigation of the phytochemical composition and biodiversity of Glaucium flavum species growing in Türkiye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Bozkurt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Duygu Ulkar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Necati Nurlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Gunes Coban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Zinar Pinar Gumus
- Ege University, Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center (EGE-MATAL), Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Nehir Unver-Somer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye
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Bozkurt B, Ulkar D, Nurlu N, Kaya GI, Unver-Somer N. Chemical profile, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitory activity of Glaucium corniculatum subsp. refractum. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Kos J, Kozik V, Pindjakova D, Jankech T, Smolinski A, Stepankova S, Hosek J, Oravec M, Jampilek J, Bak A. Synthesis and Hybrid SAR Property Modeling of Novel Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073444. [PMID: 33810550 PMCID: PMC8037530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of novel 4-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-hydroxybenzoic acid amides was designed and synthesized in order to provide potential acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE/BChE) inhibitors; the in vitro inhibitory profile and selectivity index were specified. Benzyl(3-hydroxy-4-{[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)carbamate was the best AChE inhibitor with the inhibitory concentration of IC50 = 36.05 µM in the series, while benzyl{3-hydroxy-4-[(2-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-carbamate was the most potent BChE inhibitor (IC50 = 22.23 µM) with the highest selectivity for BChE (SI = 2.26). The cytotoxic effect was evaluated in vitro for promising AChE/BChE inhibitors. The newly synthesized adducts were subjected to the quantitative shape comparison with the generation of an averaged pharmacophore pattern. Noticeably, three pairs of fairly similar fluorine/bromine-containing compounds can potentially form the activity cliff that is manifested formally by high structure–activity landscape index (SALI) numerical values. The molecular docking study was conducted for the most potent AChE/BChE inhibitors, indicating that the hydrophobic interactions were overwhelmingly generated with Gln119, Asp70, Pro285, Thr120, and Trp82 aminoacid residues, while the hydrogen bond (HB)-donor ones were dominated with Thr120. π-stacking interactions were specified with the Trp82 aminoacid residue of chain A as well. Finally, the stability of chosen liganded enzymatic systems was assessed using the molecular dynamic simulations. An attempt was made to explain the noted differences of the selectivity index for the most potent molecules, especially those bearing unsubstituted and fluorinated methoxy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kos
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Violetta Kozik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Dominika Pindjakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.P.); (T.J.)
| | - Timotej Jankech
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.P.); (T.J.)
- NT-LAB o.z., Teplicka 35, 92101 Piestany, Slovakia
| | - Adam Smolinski
- GiG Research Institute, Pl. Gwarkow 1, 40166 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Sarka Stepankova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Hosek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Belidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.P.); (T.J.)
| | - Andrzej Bak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (A.B.)
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Liu W, Dong X, Liu Y, Sun Y. Photoresponsive materials for intensified modulation of Alzheimer's amyloid-β protein aggregation: A review. Acta Biomater 2021; 123:93-109. [PMID: 33465508 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal self-assembly of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) into toxic aggregates is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Modulation of Aβ fibrillization with pharmacological modalities has become an active field of research, which aims to mitigate Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and ameliorate impaired recognition. Among the various strategies for AD treatment, phototherapy, including photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photoresponsive release systems have attracted increased attention because of the spatiotemporal controllability. Under the irradiation of light, the heat or reactive oxygen species generated by photothermal or photodynamic processes significantly enhances the efficacy of the inhibitor or modulator, and the "caged" drug can be accurately released at the intended site, thus avoiding adverse effects. This review, from a viewpoint of materials, focuses on the recent advances in modulating Aβ aggregation by light that irradiates on the materials that function on modulating Aβ aggregation. Representative examples of PTT, PDT, and photoresponsive drug release systems are discussed in terms of inhibitory mechanism, the unique properties of materials, and the design of modulators. The major challenges of phototherapy against AD are addressed and the promising prospects are proposed. It is concluded that the noninvasive light-assisted approaches will become a promising strategy for intensifying the modulation of Aβ aggregation and thus facilitating AD treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Alzheimer's disease (AD) with the hallmark of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) deposition is affecting more than 50 million people globally. It is urgent to explore intelligent materials to modulate Aβ aggregation. This review summarizes the intensified modulation of Aβ aggregation by a variety of photoresponsive materials including photothermal, photosensitizing and photoresponsive release materials, focusing on their characteristics and functionalities. We believe this review would arouse more interest in the research field of stimuli-responsive materials and promote their clinical applications in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Makhoba XH, Viegas C, Mosa RA, Viegas FPD, Pooe OJ. Potential Impact of the Multi-Target Drug Approach in the Treatment of Some Complex Diseases. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:3235-3249. [PMID: 32884235 PMCID: PMC7440888 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s257494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is essential to acknowledge the efforts made thus far to manage or eliminate various disease burden faced by humankind. However, the rising global trends of the so-called incurable diseases continue to put pressure on Pharma industries and other drug discovery platforms. In the past, drugs with more than one target were deemed as undesirable options with interest being on the one-drug-single target. Despite the successes of the single-target drugs, it is currently beyond doubt that these drugs have limited efficacy against complex diseases in which the pathogenesis is dependent on a set of biochemical events and several bioreceptors operating concomitantly. Different approaches have thus been proposed to come up with effective drugs to combat even the complex diseases. In the past, the focus was on producing drugs from screening plant compounds; today, we talk about combination therapy and multi-targeting drugs. The multi-target drugs have recently attracted much attention as promising tools to fight against most challenging diseases, and thus a new research focus area. This review will discuss the potential impact of multi-target drug approach on various complex diseases with focus on malaria, tuberculosis (TB), diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases as the main representatives of multifactorial diseases. We will also discuss alternative ideas to solve the current problems bearing in mind the fourth industrial revolution on drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xolani H Makhoba
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Division of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Claudio Viegas
- Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Rebamang A Mosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Division of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Flávia P D Viegas
- Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Ofentse J Pooe
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Yağcı ŞZ, Savan EK, Erdoğdu G. Electrochemical Determination of Norepinephrine at Poly (p-aminobenzenesulfonic Acid) Modified Sensor. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190212160442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
In this study, it was aimed to prepare an electrochemical sensor capable of assigning
Norepinephrine in the presence of an interference such as ascorbic acid.
Methods:
A sensitive modified sensor was prepared by electrodeposition of p-aminobenzenesulfonic
acid (p-ABSA) to the glassy carbon electrode by cyclic voltammetry. The electrooxidation of Norepinephrine
was accomplished by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry.
Results:
The current values were enhanced and the peak potentials of Norepinephrine and ascorbic acid
were separated at the sensor compared to the bare electrode. There was linearity between the oxidation
current and concentration of Norepinephrine ranging from 0.5 to 99.8 μM in phosphate buffer solution
at pH 7.0. The limit of detection was 10.0 nM and the sensitivity was 0.455 μA/μM.
Conclusion:
The determination of Norepinephrine was successfully performed in real samples such as
blood serum and urine at the poly (p-ABSA) sensor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study
to detect Norepinephrine in the presence of ascorbic acid at poly (p-ABSA) modified sensor in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şevket Zişan Yağcı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ebru Kuyumcu Savan
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, İnonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Gamze Erdoğdu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Study on the Multitarget Synergistic Effects of Kai-Xin-San against Alzheimer's Disease Based on Systems Biology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1707218. [PMID: 31976026 PMCID: PMC6955139 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1707218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Kai-Xin-San (KXS), a classical Chinese traditional prescription, was widely applied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while its functional mechanisms still remain unclear. By using systems biology approaches at animal, cellular, and molecular levels, the improvement of KXS on cognitive impairment was achieved by inhibiting abnormal acetylcholinesterase. The function on the nerve skeleton was performed by regulating the Tau phosphorylation pathway. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects by modulating the aberrant upregulation of ROS, proinflammatory factors, and apoptosis-related proteins in the brain were studied to reveal the synergistic therapeutic efficacy of KXS. Then, formula dismantling in vitro indicated that ginseng was the principal herb, whereas three other herbs served adjuvant roles to achieve the best effect. After that, the in vivo analysis of components into plasma and brain of AD rats showed that 8 of 23 components in blood and 4 of 10 components in brain were from ginseng, respectively, further verifying the principal status of ginseng and the synergistic effects of the formula. Thus, the anti-AD effects of KXS were achieved by multitargets and multichannels. The systems biology approaches presented here provide a novel way in traditional herbal medicine research.
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Bozkurt B, Kaya GI, Somer NU. Chemical Composition and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Turkish Pancratium maritimum Bulbs. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19872905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of the bulbs of Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae) from Turkey (Pamucak, Aydın) has been determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 29 compounds belonging to different skeletal types of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids were identified. Lycorine, galanthamine, crinine, and pancracine were found as major constituents. Interestingly, indole alkaloids (1-acetyl-β -carboline and galanthindole) were also detected. Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitory activity potentials of the alkaloidal extract were also determined. The results of the present study show that Turkish P. maritimum comprises a rich repository for bioactive alkaloids with intriguing structural diversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Bozkurt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulen I. Kaya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nehir U. Somer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Bak A, Pizova H, Kozik V, Vorcakova K, Kos J, Treml J, Odehnalova K, Oravec M, Imramovsky A, Bobal P, Smolinski A, Trávníček Z, Jampilek J. SAR-mediated Similarity Assessment of the Property Profile for New, Silicon-Based AChE/BChE Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5385. [PMID: 31671776 PMCID: PMC6862691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 25 novel, silicon-based carbamate derivatives as potential acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE/BChE) inhibitors was synthesized and characterized by their in vitro inhibition profiles and the selectivity indexes (SIs). The prepared compounds were also tested for their inhibition potential on photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts. In fact, some of the newly prepared molecules revealed comparable or even better inhibitory activities compared to the marketed drugs (rivastigmine or galanthamine) and commercially applied pesticide Diuron®, respectively. Generally, most compounds exhibited better inhibition potency towards AChE; however, a wider activity span was observed for BChE. Notably, benzyl N-[(1S)-2-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]-carbamate (2) and benzyl N-[(1S)-2-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[(3-hydroxyphenyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]-carbamate (3) were characterized by fairly high selective indexes. Specifically, compound 2 was prescribed with the lowest IC50 value that corresponds quite well with galanthamine inhibition activity, while the inhibitory profiles of molecules 3 and benzyl-N-[(1S)-2-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]carbamate (4) are in line with rivastigmine activity. Moreover, a structure-activity relationship (SAR)-driven similarity evaluation of the physicochemical properties for the carbamates examined appeared to have foreseen the activity cliffs using a similarity-activity landscape index for BChE inhibitory response values. The 'indirect' ligand-based and 'direct' protein-mediated in silico approaches were applied to specify electronic/steric/lipophilic factors that are potentially valid for quantitative (Q)SAR modeling of the carbamate analogues. The stochastic model validation was used to generate an 'average' 3D-QSAR pharmacophore pattern. Finally, the target-oriented molecular docking was employed to (re)arrange the spatial distribution of the ligand property space for BChE and photosystem II (PSII).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40 007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Hana Pizova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Violetta Kozik
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40 007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Katarina Vorcakova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Kos
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic, (J.K.).
| | - Jakub Treml
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Klara Odehnalova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Belidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ales Imramovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Bobal
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Smolinski
- Department of Energy Saving and Air Protection, Central Mining Institute, Plac Gwarkow 1, 40 166 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic, (J.K.).
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic, (J.K.).
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Novel Benzene-Based Carbamates for AChE/BChE Inhibition: Synthesis and Ligand/Structure-Oriented SAR Study. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071524. [PMID: 30934674 PMCID: PMC6479915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new benzene-based derivatives was designed, synthesized and comprehensively characterized. All of the tested compounds were evaluated for their in vitro ability to potentially inhibit the acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. The selectivity index of individual molecules to cholinesterases was also determined. Generally, the inhibitory potency was stronger against butyryl- compared to acetylcholinesterase; however, some of the compounds showed a promising inhibition of both enzymes. In fact, two compounds (23, benzyl ethyl(1-oxo-1-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate and 28, benzyl (1-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl) (methyl)carbamate) had a very high selectivity index, while the second one (28) reached the lowest inhibitory concentration IC50 value, which corresponds quite well with galanthamine. Moreover, comparative receptor-independent and receptor-dependent structure–activity studies were conducted to explain the observed variations in inhibiting the potential of the investigated carbamate series. The principal objective of the ligand-based study was to comparatively analyze the molecular surface to gain insight into the electronic and/or steric factors that govern the ability to inhibit enzyme activities. The spatial distribution of potentially important steric and electrostatic factors was determined using the probability-guided pharmacophore mapping procedure, which is based on the iterative variable elimination method. Additionally, planar and spatial maps of the host–target interactions were created for all of the active compounds and compared with the drug molecules using the docking methodology.
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Proline-Based Carbamates as Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111969. [PMID: 29135926 PMCID: PMC6150311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Series of twenty-five benzyl (2S)-2-(arylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylates was prepared and completely characterized. All the compounds were tested for their in vitro ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and the selectivity of compounds to individual cholinesterases was determined. Screening of the cytotoxicity of all the compounds was performed using a human monocytic leukaemia THP-1 cell line, and the compounds demonstrated insignificant toxicity. All the compounds showed rather moderate inhibitory effect against AChE; benzyl (2S)-2-[(2-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (IC50 = 46.35 μM) was the most potent agent. On the other hand, benzyl (2S)-2-[(4-bromophenyl)-] and benzyl (2S)-2-[(2-bromophenyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carboxylates expressed anti-BChE activity (IC50 = 28.21 and 27.38 μM, respectively) comparable with that of rivastigmine. The ortho-brominated compound as well as benzyl (2S)-2-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate demonstrated greater selectivity to BChE. The in silico characterization of the structure–inhibitory potency for the set of proline-based carbamates considering electronic, steric and lipophilic properties was provided using comparative molecular surface analysis (CoMSA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover, the systematic space inspection with splitting data into the training/test subset was performed to monitor the statistical estimators performance in the effort to map the probability-guided pharmacophore pattern. The comprehensive screening of the AChE/BChE profile revealed potentially relevant structural and physicochemical features that might be essential for mapping of the carbamates inhibition efficiency indicating qualitative variations exerted on the reaction site by the substituent in the 3′-/4′-position of the phenyl ring. In addition, the investigation was completed by a molecular docking study of recombinant human AChE.
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