The Influence of Wuzhi Capsule on the Pharmacokinetics of Cyclophosphamide

A comprehensive review of Schisandra chinensis lignans: pharmacokinetics, pharmacological mechanisms, and future prospects in disease prevention and treatment

Lignans derived from Schisandra chinensis have attracted significant attention for their diverse pharmacological activities and clinical potential. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the pharmacological properties of Schisandra chinensis lignans, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antibacterial/viral, antidiabetic and anticancer effects. Their multifaceted mechanisms of action hold promise for therapeutic areas such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders, aligning with urgent clinical needs. Additionally, this review explores the pharmacokinetics of these bioactive compounds, highlighting challenges in their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, which impact their bioavailability. Recent advancements in drug delivery systems are discussed, highlighting their potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy in clinical settings. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of combining these lignans with other therapeutic agents are considered a strategy to increase their efficacy. Future research is imperative to identify additional active components and elucidate novel mechanisms of action, paving the way for expanded therapeutic applications and unlocking the full clinical potential of Schisandra chinensis in disease prevention and treatment.

Comprehensive review of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from the Schisandra genus: anticancer potential, mechanistic insights and future prospects in oncology

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The search for novel and effective anticancer agents has been a significant area of research. Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans (DBCLS), derived from the Schisandra genus plants like: S. chinensis, S. sphenanthera, S. henryi, S. rubriflora, S. grandiflora, S. propinqua, and S. glabra, have been traditionally used in various medicinal systems and are known for their myriad health benefits, including anticancer properties. This comprehensive review aimed to collate and critically analyse the recent literature on the anticancer properties of DBCLS, focusing on their mechanistic approaches against different cancer types. An exhaustive literature search was performed using databases like PubMed/MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, TRIP database and Google Scholar from 1980 to 2023. Peer-reviewed articles that elucidated the mechanistic approach of these lignans on cancer cell lines, in vivo models and preliminary clinical studies were included. Studies were assessed for their experimental designs, cancer types studied, and the mechanistic insights provided. The studies demonstrate that the anticancer effects of DBCLS compounds are primarily driven by their ability to trigger apoptosis, arrest the cell cycle, induce oxidative stress, modulate autophagy, and disrupt essential signaling pathways, notably MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB. Additionally, these lignans have been shown to amplify the impact of traditional chemotherapy treatments, suggesting their potential role as supportive adjuncts in cancer therapy. Notably, several studies also emphasise their capacity to target cancer stem cells and mitigate multi-drug resistance specifically. DBCLS from the Schisandra genus have showcased significant potential as anticancer agents. Their multi-targeted mechanistic approach makes them promising candidates for further research, potentially leading to developing of new therapeutic strategies in cancer management.

Utilization of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Pharmacokinetic Study of Natural Medicine: An Overview

Natural medicine has been widely used for clinical treatment and health care in many countries and regions. Additionally, extracting active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine and other natural plants, defining their chemical structure and pharmacological effects, and screening potential druggable candidates are also uprising directions in new drug research and development. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a mathematical modeling technique that simulates the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs in various tissues and organs in vivo based on physiological and anatomical characteristics and physicochemical properties. PBPK modeling in drug research and development has gradually been recognized by regulatory authorities in recent years, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This review summarizes the general situation and shortcomings of the current research on the pharmacokinetics of natural medicine and introduces the concept and the advantages of the PBPK model in the study of pharmacokinetics of natural medicine. Finally, the pharmacokinetic studies of natural medicine using the PBPK models are summed up, followed by discussions on the applications of PBPK modeling to the enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic changes, special populations, new drug research and development, and new indication adding for natural medicine. This paper aims to provide a novel strategy for the preclinical research and clinical use of natural medicine.

Influence of schisantherin A on the pharmacokinetics of lenvatinib in rats and its potential mechanism

BACKGROUND

Lenvatinib (LEN) is approved as first-line therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Schisantherin A (STA) can exert hepatoprotective and anti-tumor effects. The clinical combination of LEN and STA is very common, especially for patients with advanced HCC, but the effect of STA on the pharmacokinetics of LEN is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of STA on the pharmacokinetics of LEN in rats and explore its potential mechanism.

METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were orally administered different doses of STA or vehicle control for 7 consecutive days, and 1.2 mg/kg of LEN was given on day 7. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels in the intestines and liver were investigated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot.

RESULTS

It was revealed that STA increased the oral bioavailability of LEN. The area under the curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of LEN after co-administration with STA (20 mg/kg) increased by 54.3% (3,396.73±989.35 vs. 5,240.03±815.49 µg/L/h) and 54.8% (490.64±124.20 vs. 759.66±152.75 µg/L), respectively. The clearance decreased from 0.38±0.12 to 0.23±0.04 L/h/kg, and the apparent volume of distribution (Vz) decreased from 10.83±3.19 to 6.35±1.38 L/kg in the presence of 20 mg/kg STA. In addition, the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mRNA and protein in the intestines was markedly decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that STA increased the bioavailability of LEN, probably due to inhibition of P-gp in the intestine, thereby increasing systemic absorption of LEN. Thus, there is an interaction between the two drugs, and careful monitoring must be conducted when they are used in combination.