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Giridhara Prema S, Chandrasekaran J, Kanekar S, George M, Prasad TSK, Raju R, Dagamajalu S, Balaya RDA. Cisplatin and Procaterol Combination in Gastric Cancer? Targeting Checkpoint Kinase 1 for Cancer Drug Discovery and Repurposing by an Integrated Computational and Experimental Approach. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2024; 28:8-23. [PMID: 38190280 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), a serine/threonine kinase, plays a crucial role in cell cycle arrest and is a promising therapeutic target for drug development against cancers. CHK1 coordinates cell cycle checkpoints in response to DNA damage, facilitating repair of single-strand breaks, and maintains the genome integrity in response to replication stress. In this study, we employed an integrated computational and experimental approach to drug discovery and repurposing, aiming to identify a potent CHK1 inhibitor among existing drugs. An e-pharmacophore model was developed based on the three-dimensional crystal structure of the CHK1 protein in complex with CCT245737. This model, characterized by seven key molecular features, guided the screening of a library of drugs through molecular docking. The top 10% of scored ligands were further examined, with procaterol emerging as the leading candidate. Procaterol demonstrated interaction patterns with the CHK1 active site similar to CHK1 inhibitor (CCT245737), as shown by molecular dynamics analysis. Subsequent in vitro assays, including cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell cycle analysis, were conducted on gastric adenocarcinoma cells treated with procaterol, both as a monotherapy and in combination with cisplatin. Procaterol, in synergy with cisplatin, significantly inhibited cell growth, suggesting a potentiated therapeutic effect. Thus, we propose the combined application of cisplatin and procaterol as a novel potential therapeutic strategy against human gastric cancer. The findings also highlight the relevance of CHK1 kinase as a drug target for enhancing the sensitivity of cytotoxic agents in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitha Giridhara Prema
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Jaikanth Chandrasekaran
- Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Saptami Kanekar
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Mejo George
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | | | - Rajesh Raju
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Shobha Dagamajalu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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Liang Y, Fang R, Rao Q. An Insight into the Medicinal Chemistry Perspective of Macrocyclic Derivatives with Antitumor Activity: A Systematic Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092837. [PMID: 35566196 PMCID: PMC9100616 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The profound pharmacological properties of macrocyclic compounds have led to their development as drugs. In conformationally pre-organized ring structures, the multiple functions and stereochemical complexity provided by the macrocycle result in high affinity and selectivity of protein targets while maintaining sufficient bioavailability to reach intracellular locations. Therefore, the construction of macrocycles is an ideal choice to solve the problem of “undruggable” targets. Inspection of 68 macrocyclic drugs on the market showed that 10 of them were used to treat cancer, but this structural class still has been poorly explored within drug discovery. This perspective considers the macrocyclic compounds used for anti-tumor with different targets, their advantages and disadvantages, and the various synthetic methods of them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qiu Rao
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Q.R.)
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Belkadi A, Kenouche S, Melkemi N, Daoud I, Djebaili R. Molecular docking/dynamic simulations, MEP, ADME-TOX-based analysis of xanthone derivatives as CHK1 inhibitors. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Labroli MA, Dwyer MP, Poker C, Keertikar KM, Rossman R, Guzi TJ. A convergent preparation of the CHK1 inhibitor MK-8776 (SCH 900776). Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Barnard D, Diaz HB, Burke T, Donoho G, Beckmann R, Jones B, Barda D, King C, Marshall M. LY2603618, a selective CHK1 inhibitor, enhances the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine in xenograft tumor models. Invest New Drugs 2015; 34:49-60. [PMID: 26612134 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 in the absence of p53 functionality leads to abrogation of the S and G2/M DNA damage checkpoints. We report the preclinical therapeutic activity of LY2603618 (CHK1 inhibitor) at inhibiting CHK1 activation by gemcitabine and enhancing in vivo efficacy. The in vivo biochemical effects of CHK1 inhibition in the absence or presence of DNA damage were measured in human tumor xenograft models. Colon, lung and pancreatic xenografts models were treated with gemcitabine, LY2603618, or gemcitabine plus LY2603618. Gemcitabine treatment alone induced a significant increase in CHK1 autophosphorylation over untreated tumors. Co-administration of LY2603618 with gemcitabine showed a clear inhibition of CHK1 autophosphorylation for at least 24 h. Combining LY2603618 with gemcitabine resulted in an increase in H2AX serine 139 phosphorylation, indicating a corresponding increase in damaged DNA in the tumors. LY2603618 abrogated the S-phase DNA damage checkpoint in Calu-6 xenograft tumors treated with gemcitabine but did not significantly alter the G2/M checkpoint. Combining gemcitabine with LY2603618 resulted in a significant increase in tumor growth inhibition in Calu-6, HT-29 and PAXF 1869 xenografts over gemcitabine treatment alone. The best combination efficacy occurred when LY2603618 was given 24 h following dosing with gemcitabine. LY2603618 worked effectively to remove the S-phase DNA damage checkpoint and increase the DNA damage and the antitumor activity of gemcitabine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Barnard
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - H Bruce Diaz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Teresa Burke
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Gregory Donoho
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Richard Beckmann
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Bonita Jones
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - David Barda
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Constance King
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Mark Marshall
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
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6
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Kim MK, James J, Annunziata CM. Topotecan synergizes with CHEK1 (CHK1) inhibitor to induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:196. [PMID: 25884494 PMCID: PMC4379550 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Topotecan (TPT) is a therapeutic option for women with platinum-resistant or -refractory ovarian cancer. However, the dose-limiting toxicity of TPT is myelosuppression. This led us to seek a combination treatment to augment TPT anti-cancer activity in a cancer-targeted manner. Ovarian serous cancers, a major subtype, show dysregulated DNA repair pathway and often display a high level of CHEK1 (CHK1), a cell cycle regulator and DNA damage sensor. CHEK1 inhibitors are a novel approach to treatment, and have been used as single agents or in combination chemotherapy in many cancers. Methods We evaluated the cellular effects of TPT in a panel of high grade serous (HGS) and non-HGS ovarian cancer cells. We then determined IC50s of TPT in the absence and presence of CHEK1 inhibitor, PF477736. Synergism between TPT and PF477736 was calculated based on cellular viability assays. Cytotoxic effect of the combined treatment was compared with apoptotic activities by Caspase3/7 activity assay and Western blotting of cleaved-PARP1 and γH2AX. Results Non-HGS ovarian cancer cells were generally more sensitive to TPT treatment compared to HGS ovarian cancer cells. When combined with CHEK1 inhibitor, TPT potently and synergistically inhibited the proliferation of HGS ovarian cancer cells. This dramatic synergism in cellular toxicity was consistent with increases in markers of apoptosis. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the addition of CHEK1 inhibitor increases the response of ovarian cancer cells to TPT. Furthermore, reduced dosages of both drugs achieved maximal cytotoxic effects by combining TPT with CHEK1 inhibitor. This strategy would potentially minimize side effects of the drugs for extended clinical benefit. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1231-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne K Kim
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Jana James
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Christina M Annunziata
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Identification of novel inhibitors of human Chk1 using pharmacophore-based virtual screening and their evaluation as potential anti-cancer agents. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:1247-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Akasaka T, Tsujii M, Kondo J, Hayashi Y, Ying J, Lu Y, Kato M, Yamada T, Yamamoto S, Inoue T, Tsujii Y, Maekawa A, Fujinaga T, Shiraishi E, Hiyama S, Inoue T, Shinzaki S, Watabe K, Nishida T, Iijima H, Takehara T. 5‑FU resistance abrogates the amplified cytotoxic effects induced by inhibiting checkpoint kinase 1 in p53‑mutated colon cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:63-70. [PMID: 25310623 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of chemoresistance is a major limitation of current cancer therapies, and checkpoint kinase (Chk1) 1 positively correlates with resistance to chemo‑ or radio‑therapy. Cancer cells lacking p53 pathways are completely dependent on the S and G2/M checkpoints via Chk1; therefore, Chk1 inhibition enhances the cytotoxicity of DNA‑damaging agents only in p53‑deficient cells. However, little is known about the synergistic effect of Chk1 inhibition with 5‑FU, the most frequently used antimetabolite, in chemoresistant colorectal cells. In this study, we found that 5‑FU induced S‑phase arrest only in p53‑deficient colorectal cancer cells. 5‑FU treatment induced DNA damage and activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Chk1, leading to S‑phase arrest, and Chk1 inhibition using SB218078 reduced S‑phase arrest and increased apoptosis in the presence of 5‑FU. In contrast, in p53‑deficient, 5‑FU‑resistant (5FUR) colon cancer cells that we developed, 5‑FU enhanced DNA damage but did not induce Chk1/ATM activation or cell cycle arrest. SB218078 in combination with 5‑FU did not induce apoptosis. These results indicate that 5‑FU‑resistance abrogated the anticancer effect amplified by Chk1 inhibition, even in p53‑deficient cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Akasaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Yoshito Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Jin Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Yuquan Lu
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Motohiko Kato
- Division of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo 152‑8902, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka 540‑0006, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Sakai, Osaka 591‑8025, Japan
| | - Takuya Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Akira Maekawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Fujinaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Eri Shiraishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Watabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Osaka 560‑8565, Japan
| | - Hideki Iijima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
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9
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of thienopyridinones as Chk1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4882-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Yao GY, Ye MY, Huang RZ, Li YJ, Pan YM, Xu Q, Liao ZX, Wang HS. Synthesis and antitumor activities of novel rhein α-aminophosphonates conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:501-7. [PMID: 24378217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several rhein α-aminophosphonates conjugates (5a-5q) were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against HepG-2, CNE, Spca-2, Hela and Hct-116 cell lines. Some compounds showed relatively high cytotoxicity. Especially, compound 5i exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity against Hct-116 cells (IC50 was 5.32 μM). All the synthesized compounds exhibited low cytotoxicity against HUVEC cells. The mechanism of compound 5i was preliminarily investigated by Hoechst 33258 staining, JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential staining and flow cytometry, which indicated that the compound 5i induced apoptosis in Hct-116 cancer cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that these compound 5i mainly arrested Hct-116 cells in G1 stage. The effects of 5i on the activation of caspases expression indicated that 5i might induce apoptosis via the membrane death receptor pathways. In addition, the binding properties of a model analog 5i to DNA were investigated by methods (UV-vis, fluorescence, CD spectroscopy and FRET-melting) in compare with that of rhein. Results indicated that 5i showed moderate ability to interact ct-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Man-yi Ye
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Ri-zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Ya-jun Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Ying-ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Zhi-xin Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
| | - Heng-shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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Lancelot N, Piotto M, Theret I, Lesur B, Hennig P. Applications of NMR screening techniques to the pharmaceutical target Checkpoint kinase 1. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 93:125-35. [PMID: 24280017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ligand screening techniques based on NMR spectroscopy are not as sensitive as other commonly used methods like fluorescence, radiolabeling and surface plasmon resonance. However, using modern NMR instrumentation, they can achieve reliable screening under near physiological condition using as little as 4.6 nmol of receptor and 100 nmol of ligand. Additionally, these NMR methods can also provide valuable and specific information on the ligand under investigation such as the dissociation constant KD, the binding epitope and most importantly some structural information on the actual conformation in the bound state. In this manuscript, we describe the use of NMR based screening techniques ("Saturation Transfer Difference" (STD) and "Water Ligand Observed via Gradient SpectroscopY" (WaterLOGSY)) to detect small therapeutic molecules that interact with the DNA damage checkpoint enzyme Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1). After the identification of the most potent ligand, we used specific NMR experiments to perform the epitope mapping of this ligand ("Group epitope mapping-STD" (GEM-STD), "Difference of Inversion REcovery rate with and without Target IrradiatiON" (DIRECTION)) and to characterize its bound conformation ("Transferred-Nuclear Overhauser Effect SpectroscopY" (tr-NOESY), "Transferred-Rotating frame Overhauser Effect SpectroscopY" (tr-ROESY)). Finally, we used molecular docking procedures to position the ligand within the active site of Chk1. On the experimental level, a comparison between NMR studies performed in a 90%H2O/10%D2O buffer and a 100% D2O buffer is also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lancelot
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Analytical and Physical Chemistry Department, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France.
| | - M Piotto
- Bruker BioSpin, Laboratoire d'applications RMN, 34 rue de l'industrie, 67166 Wissembourg, France.
| | - I Theret
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Chimie Partenariats et Modélisation Moléculaire, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-Sur-Seine, France
| | - B Lesur
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Chimie Partenariats et Modélisation Moléculaire, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-Sur-Seine, France
| | - P Hennig
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Analytical and Physical Chemistry Department, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
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King C, Diaz H, Barnard D, Barda D, Clawson D, Blosser W, Cox K, Guo S, Marshall M. Characterization and preclinical development of LY2603618: a selective and potent Chk1 inhibitor. Invest New Drugs 2013; 32:213-26. [PMID: 24114124 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interference with DNA damage checkpoints has been demonstrated preclinically to be a highly effective means of increasing the cytotoxicity of a number of DNA-damaging cancer therapies. Cell cycle arrest at these checkpoints protects injured cells from apoptotic cell death until DNA damage can be repaired. In the absence of functioning DNA damage checkpoints, cells with damaged DNA may proceed into premature mitosis followed by cell death. A key protein kinase involved in activating and maintaining the S and G2/M checkpoints is Chk1. Pharmacological inhibition of Chk1 in the absence of p53 functionality leads to abrogation of DNA damage checkpoints and has been shown preclinically to enhance the activity of many standard of care chemotherapeutic agents. LY2603618 is a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of Chk1 protein kinase activity in vitro (IC(50) = 7 nM) and the first selective Chk1 inhibitor to enter clinical cancer trials. Treatment of cells with LY2603618 produced a cellular phenotype similar to that reported for depletion of Chk1 by RNAi. Inhibition of intracellular Chk1 by LY2603618 results in impaired DNA synthesis, elevated H2A.X phosphorylation indicative of DNA damage and premature entry into mitosis. When HeLa cells were exposed to doxorubicin to induce a G2/M checkpoint arrest, subsequent treatment with LY2603618 released the checkpoint, resulting in cells entering into metaphase with poorly condensed chromosomes. Consistent with abrogation of the Chk1 and p53-dependent G2/M checkpoint, mutant TP53 HT-29 colon cancer cells were more sensitive to gemcitabine when also treated with LY2603618, while wild-type TP53 HCT116 cells were not sensitized by LY2603618 to gemcitabine. Treatment of Calu-6 human mutant TP53 lung cancer cell xenografts with gemcitabine resulted in a stimulation of Chk1 kinase activity that was inhibited by co-administration of LY2603618. By all criteria, LY2603618 is a highly effective inhibitor of multiple aspects of Chk1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance King
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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13
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Raleigh DR, Haas-Kogan DA. Molecular targets and mechanisms of radiosensitization using DNA damage response pathways. Future Oncol 2013; 9:219-33. [PMID: 23414472 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular reaction to genomic instability includes a network of signal transduction pathways collectively referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). Activated by a variety of DNA lesions, the DDR orchestrates cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, and initiates apoptosis in instances where damage cannot be repaired. As such, disruption of the DDR increases the prevalence of DNA damage secondary to incomplete repair, and in doing so, enhances radiation-induced cytotoxicity. This article describes the molecular agents and their targets within DDR pathways that sensitize cells to radiation. Moreover, it reviews the therapeutic implications of these compounds, provides an overview of relevant clinical trials and offers a viewpoint on the evolution of the field in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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15
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An efficient synthesis of 3-aryl-2,3-dihydrothiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives by one-pot, four-component reaction. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Ashwell S. Strategies towards more effective anticancer therapies: targeting DNA damage response pathways. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:103-15. [PMID: 22111536 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a tremendous increase in the understanding of the cellular mechanisms that underlie the detection and repair of DNA damage. This gave rise to the hypothesis that inhibition of DNA repair may result in increased efficacy of existing therapies and, more recently, to the idea that some tumor cells may carry additional defects that make them hypersensitive to DNA repair inhibitors as single agents. In order to minimize the potential to cause lesions in normal tissue, strategies have been directed to specific targets or pathways where selectivity for tumor over normal tissue is possible, thus to date most emphasis has been placed on a relatively small number of targets such as the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and the checkpoint kinases. Both of these approaches have yielded small molecule inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ashwell
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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MA ZHIKUN, YAO GUOLIANG, ZHOU BO, FAN YONGGANG, GAO SHEGAN, FENG XIAOSHAN. The Chk1 inhibitor AZD7762 sensitises p53 mutant breast cancer cells to radiation in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:897-903. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
The G(2) checkpoint is an indispensable pathway for cancers lacking p53 function, for delaying cell cycle progression, and for completing DNA repair. Therefore, disruption of this pathway is expected to offer selective therapy for these highly prevalent cancers. The aim of this study was to identify an inhibitor of the G(2) checkpoint including the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related checkpoint kinase 1 pathway that selectively suppresses the growth of p53-deficient cells. To obtain molecules with a novel mechanism of action, we constructed a high-throughput screening system that detected abrogation of the G(2) checkpoint in X-irradiated HT-29 cells. The screening resulted in identification of a guanidine analog, CBP-93872 that dose dependently inhibited the G(2) checkpoint induced by DNA damage. Interestingly, CBP-93872 directly suppressed the growth of p53-mutated cancer cell lines with wild-type CDKN2A by eliciting G(1) arrest, but not CDKN2A-deleted and/or wild-type p53 lines. CBP-93872 decreased phospho-cdc2 Y15 by inhibiting phosphorylation of Chk1, but did not suppress phospho-Chk2 or the kinase activities of either Chk1 or Chk2 in cellular or cell-free assays. These results suggest that a checkpoint modulator through suppression of Chk1 phosphorylation provides synthetic lethality to p53-deficient cells.
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Oza V, Ashwell S, Brassil P, Breed J, Ezhuthachan J, Deng C, Grondine M, Horn C, Liu D, Lyne P, Newcombe N, Pass M, Read J, Su M, Toader D, Yu D, Yu Y, Zabludoff S. Synthesis and evaluation of triazolones as checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2330-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Li Y, Kim DJ, Ma W, Lubet RA, Bode AM, Dong Z. Discovery of novel checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors by virtual screening based on multiple crystal structures. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2904-14. [PMID: 21955044 PMCID: PMC3244973 DOI: 10.1021/ci200257b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating receptor flexibility is considered crucial for improvement of docking-based virtual screening. With an abundance of crystallographic structures freely available, docking with multiple crystal structures is believed to be a practical approach to cope with protein flexibility. Here we describe a successful application of the docking of multiple structures to discover novel and potent Chk1 inhibitors. Forty-six Chk1 structures were first compared in single structure docking by predicting the binding mode and recovering known ligands. Combinations of different protein structures were then compared by recovery of known ligands and an optimal ensemble of Chk1 structures were selected. The chosen structures were used in the virtual screening of over 60 000 diverse compounds for Chk1 inhibitors. Six novel compounds ranked at the top of the hits list were tested experimentally, and two of these compounds inhibited Chk1 activity-the best with an IC(50) value of 9.6 μM. Further study indicated that achieving a better enrichment and identifying more diverse compounds was more likely using multiple structures than using only a single structure even when protein structures were randomly selected. Taking into account conformational energy difference did not help to improve enrichment in the top ranked list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN
| | - Weiya Ma
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN
| | | | - Ann M. Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN
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21
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Wu A, Mei P, Xu Y, Qian X. Novel Naphthalimide-Benzoic Acid Conjugates as Potential Apoptosis-Inducing Agents: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:941-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Du J, Sun H, Xi L, Li J, Yang Y, Liu H, Yao X. Molecular modeling study of checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors by multiple docking strategies and prime/MM-GBSA calculation. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:2800-9. [PMID: 21717478 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing chemicals that inhibit checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is a promising adjuvant therapeutic to improve the efficacy and selectivity of DNA-targeting agents. Reliable prediction of binding-free energy and binding affinity of Chk1 inhibitors can provide a guide for rational drug design. In this study, multiple docking strategies and Prime/Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (Prime/MM-GBSA) calculation were applied to predict the binding mode and free energy for a series of benzoisoquinolinones as Chk1 inhibitors. Reliable docking results were obtained using induced-fit docking and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) docking, which showed superior performance on both ligand binding pose and docking score accuracy to the rigid-receptor docking. Then, the Prime/MM-GBSA method based on the docking complex was used to predict the binding-free energy. The combined use of QM/MM docking and Prime/MM-GBSA method could give a high correlation between the predicted binding-free energy and experimentally determined pIC(50) . The molecular docking combined with Prime/MM-GBSA simulation can not only be used to rapidly and accurately predict the binding-free energy of novel Chk1 inhibitors but also provide a novel strategy for lead discovery and optimization targeting Chk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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23
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Inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 sensitizes lung cancer brain metastases to radiotherapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Al-Ejeh F, Smart CE, Morrison BJ, Chenevix-Trench G, López JA, Lakhani SR, Brown MP, Khanna KK. Breast cancer stem cells: treatment resistance and therapeutic opportunities. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:650-8. [PMID: 21310941 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical and pathologic heterogeneity of human breast cancer has long been recognized. Now, molecular profiling has enriched our understanding of breast cancer heterogeneity and yielded new prognostic and predictive information. Despite recent therapeutic advances, including the HER2-specific agent, trastuzumab, locoregional and systemic disease recurrence remain an ever-present threat to the health and well being of breast cancer survivors. By definition, disease recurrence originates from residual treatment-resistant cells, which regenerate at least the initial breast cancer phenotype. The discovery of the normal breast stem cell has re-ignited interest in the identity and properties of breast cancer stem-like cells and the relationship of these cells to the repopulating ability of treatment-resistant cells. The cancer stem cell model of breast cancer development contrasts with the clonal evolution model, whereas the mixed model draws on features of both. Although the origin and identity of breast cancer stem-like cells is contentious, treatment-resistant cells survive and propagate only because aberrant and potentially druggable signaling pathways are recruited. As a means to increase the rates of breast cancer cure, several approaches to specific targeting of the treatment-resistant cell population exist and include methods for addressing the problem of radioresistance in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Al-Ejeh
- Signal Transduction Lab, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
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25
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Simpson PT, Vargas AC, Al-Ejeh F, Khanna KK, Chenevix-Trench G, Lakhani SR. Application of molecular findings to the diagnosis and management of breast disease: recent advances and challenges. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:153-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Abstract
PGVL Hub is a Pfizer internal desktop tool for chemical library and singleton design. In this chapter, we give a short introduction to PGVL Hub, the core workflow it supports, and the rich design capabilities it provides. By re-creating two legacy targeted libraries against the human checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) as a showcase, we illustrate how PGVL Hub could be used to help library designers carry out the steps in library design and realize design objectives such as SAR expansion and improvement in both kinase selectivity and compound aqueous solubility. Finally we share several tips about library design and usage of PGVL Hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Peng
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA.
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27
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Discovery of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-based CHK1 inhibitors: A template-based approach—Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:467-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Rajabi M, Signorelli P, Gorincioi E, Ghidoni R, Santaniello E. Antiproliferative Activity of N6-Isopentenyladenosine on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells: Cell Cycle Analysis and DNA-Binding Study. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 29:687-91. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rajabi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Polo Universitario S. Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polo Universitario S. Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Signorelli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Polo Universitario S. Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Gorincioi
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polo Universitario S. Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Polo Universitario S. Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Enzo Santaniello
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polo Universitario S. Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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29
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López-Contreras AJ, Fernandez-Capetillo O. The ATR barrier to replication-born DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:1249-55. [PMID: 21036674 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Replication comes with a price. The molecular gymnastics that occur on DNA during its duplication frequently derive to a wide spectrum of abnormalities which are still far from understood. These are brought together under the unifying term "replicative stress" (RS) which likely stands for large and unprotected regions of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). In addition to RS, recombinogenic stretches of ssDNA are also formed at resected DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Both situations converge on a ssDNA intermediate, which is the triggering signal for a damage situation. The cellular response in both cases is coordinated by a phosphorylation-based signaling cascade that starts with the activation of the ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) kinase. Given that ATR is essential for replicating cells, understanding the consequences of a defective ATR response for a mammalian organism has been limited until recent years. We here discuss on the topic and review the findings that connect ATR to ageing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés J López-Contreras
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 3 Melchor Fernandez Almagro Street, Madrid E-28029, Spain.
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30
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Zhao L, Zhang Y, Dai C, Guzi T, Wiswell D, Seghezzi W, Parry D, Fischmann T, Siddiqui MA. Design, synthesis and SAR of thienopyridines as potent CHK1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7216-21. [PMID: 21074424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of CHK1 inhibitors based on thienopyridine template has been designed and synthesized. These inhibitors maintain critical hydrogen bonding with the hinge and conserved water in the ATP binding site. Several compounds show single digit nanomolar CHK1 activities. Compound 70 shows excellent enzymatic activity of 1 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
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31
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Persico A, Cervigni RI, Barretta ML, Corda D, Colanzi A. Golgi partitioning controls mitotic entry through Aurora-A kinase. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3708-21. [PMID: 20844084 PMCID: PMC2965687 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-03-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
At the onset of mitosis, the Golgi complex undergoes a multistep fragmentation process that is required for its correct partitioning into the daughter cells. Inhibition of this Golgi fragmentation results in cell cycle arrest at the G2 stage, suggesting that correct inheritance of the Golgi complex is monitored by a "Golgi mitotic checkpoint." However, the molecular basis of this G2 block is not known. Here, we show that the G2-specific Golgi fragmentation stage is concomitant with centrosome recruitment and activation of the mitotic kinase Aurora-A, an essential regulator for entry into mitosis. We show that a block of Golgi partitioning impairs centrosome recruitment and activation of Aurora-A, which results in the G2 block of cell cycle progression. Overexpression of Aurora-A overrides this cell cycle block, indicating that Aurora-A is a major effector of the Golgi checkpoint. Our findings provide the basis for further understanding of the signaling pathways that coordinate organelle inheritance and cell duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Persico
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
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32
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Du J, Xi L, Lei B, Lu J, Li J, Liu H, Yao X. Structure-based quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors. J Comput Chem 2010; 31:2783-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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33
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Harnessing the complexity of DNA-damage response pathways to improve cancer treatment outcomes. Oncogene 2010; 29:6085-98. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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34
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Hong PC, Chen LJ, Lai TY, Yang HY, Chiang SJ, Lu YY, Tsai PK, Hsu HY, Wei WY, Liao CB. Synthesis of selenophene derivatives as novel CHK1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5065-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Oza V, Ashwell S, Brassil P, Breed J, Deng C, Ezhuthachan J, Haye H, Horn C, Janetka J, Lyne P, Newcombe N, Otterbien L, Pass M, Read J, Roswell S, Su M, Toader D, Yu D, Yu Y, Valentine A, Webborn P, White A, Zabludoff S, Zheng X. Discovery of a novel class of triazolones as Checkpoint Kinase inhibitors—Hit to lead exploration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Poehlmann A, Roessner A. Importance of DNA damage checkpoints in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2010; 206:591-601. [PMID: 20674189 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
All forms of life on earth must cope with constant exposure to DNA-damaging agents that may promote cancer development. As a biological barrier, known as DNA damage response (DDR), cells are provided with both DNA repair mechanisms and highly conserved cell cycle checkpoints. The latter are responsible for the control of cell cycle phase progression with ATM, ATR, Chk1, and Chk2 as the main signaling molecules, thus dealing with both endogenous and exogenous sources of DNA damage. As cell cycle checkpoint and also DNA repair genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are frequently mutated, we here discuss their fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Importantly, as current evidence also suggests a role of MAPK's (mitogen activated protein kinases) in cell cycle checkpoint control, we describe in this review both the ATR/ATM-Chk1/Chk2 signaling pathways as well as the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints by MAPK's as molecular mechanisms in DDR, and how their dysfunction is related to cancer development. Moreover, since damage to DNA might be the common underlying mechanism for the positive outcome of chemotherapy, we also discuss targeting anticancer treatments on cell cycle checkpoints as an important issue emerging in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Poehlmann
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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37
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Cell cycle control pathways act as conditioning factors for TK/GCV sensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:1175-85. [PMID: 20599444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The suicide system TK/GCV is an enzyme/prodrug therapy that involves the transfer of the cDNA for the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (TK) into tumor cells which then sensitizes the cells to the non-toxic antiviral drug ganciclovir. Although extensively characterized, the suicide system TK/GCV conceals the details of its mechanism of action. In order to shed some light on this issue, we conducted experiments designed to identify key features of sensitive cells, as compared to cells that displayed reduced sensitivity to TK/GCV. Cell lines displaying different degrees of sensitivity underwent apoptotic cell death upon treatment with TK/GCV. S-phase delay, however, was almost exclusively restricted to sensitive cells and was impaired in a model of treatment-induced resistance. In this model genes with differential expression associated to induced resistance were identified. Noteworthy, two cell cycle-related genes (CCNE1 and GADD45) were functionally validated as conditioners of cellular sensitivity to TK/GCV. The relevance of cell cycle control was further demonstrated by experiments showing the association of Chk1 activation with greater TK/GCV cytotoxicity. Combination treatment with Chk1 inhibitor UCN-01 induced, in sensitive cells, an antagonistic effect on TK/GCV cytotoxicity highlighting the relevance of Chk1's activity on TK/GCV mechanism of action. These results reveal the relevance of cell cycle control pathways in the cytotoxicity induced by the TK/GCV system identifying candidate genes as conditioners of TK/GCV sensitivity. Moreover it points out, for the first time at Chk1 activation as a key factor to mediate TK/GCV cytotoxicity.
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38
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Wu A, Liu J, Qin S, Mei P. Derivatives of 5-nitro-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione: design, synthesis, and biological activity. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-009-0220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Chen XM, Lu T, Lu S, Li HF, Yuan HL, Ran T, Liu HC, Chen YD. Structure-based and shape-complemented pharmacophore modeling for the discovery of novel checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors. J Mol Model 2009; 16:1195-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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40
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Xie L, Xiao Y, Wang F, Xu Y, Qian X, Zhang R, Cui J, Liu J. Novel acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrrole-carboxylic acid family: Synthesis, cytotoxicity, DNA-binding and cell cycle evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7615-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Wlodkowic D. Impaired DNA damage response--an Achilles' heel sensitizing cancer to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:143-50. [PMID: 19836377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the progress in targeting particular molecular abnormalities specific to different cancers (targeted therapy), chemo- and radiotherapies are still the most effective of all anticancer modalities. Induction of DNA damage and inhibition of cell proliferation are the objects of most chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. Their effectiveness was initially thought to be due to the high rate of proliferation of cancer cells. However, normal cell proliferation rate in some tissues often exceeds that of curable tumors. Most tumors have impaired DNA damage response (DDR) and the evidence is forthcoming that this confers sensitivity to chemo- or radiotherapy. DDR is a complex set of events which elicits a plethora of molecular interactions engaging signaling pathways designed to: (a) halt cell cycle progression and division to prevent transfer of DNA damage to progeny cells; (b) increase the accessibility of the damaged sites to the DNA repair machinery; (c) engage DNA repair mechanisms and (d) activate the apoptotic pathway when DNA cannot be successfully repaired. A defective DDR makes cancer cells unable to effectively stop cell cycle progression, engage in DNA repair and/or trigger the apoptotic program when treated with DNA damaging drugs. With continued exposure to the drug, such cells accumulate DNA damage which leads to their reproductive death that may have features of cell senescence. Cancers with nonfunctional BRCA1 and BRCA2 are particularly sensitive to combined treatment with DNA damaging drugs and inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Antitumor strategies are being designed to treat cancers having particular defects in their DDR, concurrent with protecting normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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42
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Matthews TP, Klair S, Burns S, Boxall K, Cherry M, Fisher M, Westwood IM, Walton MI, McHardy T, Cheung KMJ, Van Montfort R, Williams D, Aherne GW, Garrett MD, Reader J, Collins I. Identification of inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 1 through template screening. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4810-9. [PMID: 19572549 DOI: 10.1021/jm900314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is an oncology target of significant current interest. Inhibition of CHK1 abrogates DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints and sensitizes p53 deficient cancer cells to genotoxic therapies. Using template screening, a fragment-based approach to small molecule hit generation, we have identified multiple CHK1 inhibitor scaffolds suitable for further optimization. The sequential combination of in silico low molecular weight template selection, a high concentration biochemical assay and hit validation through protein-ligand X-ray crystallography provided 13 template hits from an initial in silico screening library of ca. 15000 compounds. The use of appropriate counter-screening to rule out nonspecific aggregation by test compounds was essential for optimum performance of the high concentration bioassay. One low molecular weight, weakly active purine template hit was progressed by iterative structure-based design to give submicromolar pyrazolopyridines with good ligand efficiency and appropriate CHK1-mediated cellular activity in HT29 colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Matthews
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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43
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Janetka JW, Ashwell S. Checkpoint kinase inhibitors: a review of the patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:165-97. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770802653622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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44
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Thati B, Noble A, Creaven BS, Walsh M, McCann M, Devereux M, Kavanagh K, Egan DA. Role of cell cycle events and apoptosis in mediating the anti-cancer activity of a silver(I) complex of 4-hydroxy-3-nitro-coumarin-bis(phenanthroline) in human malignant cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 602:203-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Parsels LA, Morgan MA, Tanska DM, Parsels JD, Palmer BD, Booth RJ, Denny WA, Canman CE, Kraker AJ, Lawrence TS, Maybaum J. Gemcitabine sensitization by checkpoint kinase 1 inhibition correlates with inhibition of a Rad51 DNA damage response in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:45-54. [PMID: 19139112 PMCID: PMC2730564 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) has been implicated as a key regulator of cell cycle progression and DNA repair, and inhibitors of Chk1 (e.g., UCN-01 and EXEL-9844) potentiate the cytotoxic actions of chemotherapeutic drugs in tumor cells. We have examined the ability of PD-321852, a small-molecule Chk1 inhibitor, to potentiate gemcitabine-induced clonogenic death in a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines and evaluated the relationship between endpoints associated with Chk1 inhibition and chemosensitization. Gemcitabine chemosensitization by minimally toxic concentrations of PD-321852 ranged from minimal (<3-fold change in survival) in Panc1 cells to >30-fold in MiaPaCa2 cells. PD-321852 inhibited Chk1 in all cell lines as evidenced by stabilization of Cdc25A; in combination with gemcitabine, a synergistic loss of Chk1 protein was observed in the more sensitized cell lines. Gemcitabine chemosensitization, however, did not correlate with abrogation of the S-M or G2-M checkpoint; PD-321852 did not induce premature mitotic entry in gemcitabine-treated BxPC3 or M-Panc96 cells, which were sensitized to gemcitabine 6.2- and 4.6-fold, respectively. In the more sensitized cells lines, PD-321852 not only inhibited gemcitabine-induced Rad51 focus formation and the recovery from gemcitabine-induced replication stress, as evidenced by persistence of gamma-H2AX, but also depleted these cells of Rad51 protein. Our data suggest the inhibition of this Chk1-mediated Rad51 response to gemcitabine-induced replication stress is an important factor in determining gemcitabine chemosensitization by Chk1 inhibition in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Parsels
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Meredith A. Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daria M. Tanska
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joshua D. Parsels
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Brian D. Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, NZ
| | | | - William A. Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, NZ
| | - Christine E. Canman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Theodore S. Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jonathan Maybaum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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46
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Ashwell S, Janetka JW, Zabludoff S. Keeping checkpoint kinases in line: new selective inhibitors in clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1331-40. [PMID: 18694366 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.9.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), a serine/threonine kinase, functions as a regulatory kinase in cell cycle progression and is a critical effector of the DNA-damage response. Inhibitors of Chk1 are known to sensitise tumours to a variety of DNA-damaging agents and increase efficacy in preclinical models. OBJECTIVE The most advanced agents are now in Phase I clinical trials; the preclinical profiles of these drugs are compared and contrasted, together with a discussion of some of the opportunities and challenges facing this potentially revolutionary approach to cancer therapy. METHODS A review of the publications and presentations on XL-844, AZD7762 and PF-477736. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Chk kinases are part of the DNA damage recognition and response pathways and as such represent attractive targets. Agents that target checkpoint kinases have demonstrated impressive evidence preclinically that this approach will provide tumour-specific potentiating agents and may have broad therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ashwell
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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47
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Blasina A, Hallin J, Chen E, Arango ME, Kraynov E, Register J, Grant S, Ninkovic S, Chen P, Nichols T, O'Connor P, Anderes K. Breaching the DNA damage checkpoint via PF-00477736, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2394-404. [PMID: 18723486 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoints are present in all phases of the cell cycle and are regarded as the gatekeepers maintaining the integrity of the genome. Many conventional agents used to treat cancer impart damage to the genome and activate cell cycle checkpoints. Many tumors are defective in the tumor suppressor p53 and therefore lack a functional G(1) checkpoint. In these tumors, however, the S-G(2) checkpoints remain intact and, in response to DNA damage, arrest cell cycle progression allowing time for DNA repair. Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is a key element in the DNA damage response pathway and plays a crucial role in the S-G(2)-phase checkpoints. Inhibiting Chk1 represents a therapeutic strategy for creating a "synthetic lethal" response by overriding the last checkpoint defense of tumor cells against the lethal damage induced by DNA-directed chemotherapeutic agents. Chk1 inhibition is consistent with emerging targeted therapies aiming to exploit molecular differences between normal and cancer cells. Adding a Chk1 inhibitor to DNA-damaging cytotoxic therapy selectively targets tumors with intrinsic checkpoint defects while minimizing toxicity in checkpoint-competent normal cells. PF-00477736 was identified as a potent, selective ATP-competitive small-molecule inhibitor that inhibits Chk1 with a K(i) of 0.49 nM. PF-00477736 abrogates cell cycle arrest induced by DNA damage and enhances cytotoxicity of clinically important chemotherapeutic agents, including gemcitabine and carboplatin. In xenografts, PF-00477736 enhanced the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in a dose-dependent manner. PF-00477736 combinations were well tolerated with no exacerbation of side effects commonly associated with cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Blasina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Pfizer Global Research & Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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48
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Marminon C, Anizon F, Moreau P, Pfeiffer B, Pierré A, Golsteyn RM, Peixoto P, Hildebrand MP, David-Cordonnier MH, Lozach O, Meijer L, Prudhomme M. Rebeccamycin derivatives as dual DNA-damaging agents and potent checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:1620-9. [PMID: 18768386 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.049346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rebeccamycin is an indolocarbazole class inhibitor of topoisomerase I. In the course of structure-activity relationship studies on rebeccamycin derivatives, we have synthesized analogs with the sugar moiety attached to either one or both indole nitrogens. Some analogs, especially those with substitutions at the 6' position of the carbohydrate moiety, exhibit potent inhibitory activity toward checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), a kinase that has a major role in the G(2)/M checkpoint in response to DNA damage. Some of these compounds retained a genotoxic activity either through intercalation into the DNA and/or by topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage. We explored the structure-activity relationship between these compounds and their multiple targets. These rebeccamycin derivatives represent a novel class of potential antitumor agents that have a dual effect and might selectively induce the death of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Marminon
- Laboratoire SEESIB, Université Blaise Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6504 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aubière, France.
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49
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Edwards P. Following up high-throughput screening with parallel chemistry for the generation of actives against biological targets. Drug Discov Today 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Ashwell S, Zabludoff S. DNA damage detection and repair pathways--recent advances with inhibitors of checkpoint kinases in cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4032-7. [PMID: 18593978 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insights from cell cycle research have led to the hypothesis that tumors may be selectivity sensitized to DNA-damaging agents, resulting in improved antitumor activity and a wider therapeutic margin. The theory relies primarily on the observation that the majority of tumors are deficient in the G(1)-DNA damage checkpoint pathway, resulting in reliance on S and G(2) phase checkpoints for DNA repair and cell survival. The S and G(2) phase checkpoints are predominantly regulated by checkpoint kinase 1; thus, inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 signaling impairs DNA repair and increases tumor cell death. Normal tissues, however, have a functioning G(1) checkpoint signaling pathway that allows for DNA repair and cell survival. There is now a large body of preclinical evidence showing that checkpoint kinase inhibitors do indeed enhance the efficacy of both conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and several agents have recently entered clinical trials. Excitingly, additional therapeutic opportunities for checkpoint kinase inhibitors continue to emerge as biology outside their pivotal role in cell cycle arrest is further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ashwell
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham MA 02451, USA.
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