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Rux C, Wittmer A, Stork A, Vach K, Hellwig E, Cieplik F, Al-Ahmad A. Optimizing the use of low-frequency ultrasound for bacterial detachment of in vivo biofilms in dental research-a methodological study. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 28:19. [PMID: 38141103 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound is commonly utilized in various dental research fields to remove biofilms from surfaces, but no clear recommendation exists in dental studies so far. Therefore, this study aims to optimize the sonication procedure for the dental field to efficiently detach bacteria while preserving viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Initial biofilm was formed in vivo on bovine enamel slabs (n = 6) which were worn by four healthy participants for 4 h and 24 h. The enamel slabs covered with biofilm were then ultrasonicated ex vivo for various time periods (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 min). Colony-forming units were determined for quantification, and bacteria were identified using MALDI-TOF. Scanning electron microscopic images were taken to also examine the efficiency of ultrasonications for different time periods. RESULTS Ultrasonication for 1 min resulted in the highest bacterial counts, with at least 4.5-fold number compared to the non-sonicated control (p < 0.05). Most bacteria were detached within the first 2 min of sonication, but there were still bacteria detached afterwards, although significantly fewer (p < 0.0001). The highest bacterial diversity was observed after 1 and 2 min of sonication (p < 0.03). Longer sonication periods negatively affected bacterial counts of anaerobes, Gram-negative bacteria, and bacilli. Scanning electron microscopic images demonstrated the ability of ultrasound to desorb microorganisms, as well as revealing cell damage and remaining bacteria. CONCLUSIONS With the use of low-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound, significantly higher bacterial counts and diversity can be reached. A shorter sonication time of 1 min shows the best results overall. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This standardization is recommended to study initial oral biofilms aged up to 24 h to maximize the outcome of experiments and lead to better comparability of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rux
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Wittmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder- Str. 11, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Stork
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 26, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Kadhim E, Amin B, Amin B. Anti-Quorum Sensing Effect of Salvadora Persica Against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). Open Dent J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742106-v16-e2204280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:
Quorum Sensing (QS) is a mechanism many bacteria use to manage their cooperative activities and physiological functions. The Fsr system in Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29,212) is an example of quorum sensing with a cell density-dependent two-component regulatory system mechanism. Several publications have shown that the Fsr system and proteases independently contribute to E. faecalis pathogenicity in various infection models.
Objectives:
There is currently no published research to determine the exact molecular ability of Salvadora persica on quorum-sensing genes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the plant extracts that inhibit the expression of the quorum-sensing gene (FsrC).
Methods:
Different fractions of Salvadora persica were obtained using different solvents, including standard hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethyl alcohol, and water which are expressed as fractions 1,2,3,4,5 and 6, respectively. Antibacterial activity assay of different plant extracts (S. persica) was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Finally, the relative expression of the quorum-sensing (QS) gene was evaluated using a One-step quantitative RT-PCR PrimeScript™ RT-PCR Kit.
Results:
All fractions of S. persica showed antimicrobial activity. However, ethyl acetate- S. persica inhibited the growth of E. faecalis (ATCC 29,212) at the lowest concentration, which was 20mg/ml and the highest concentration inhibited the growth of E. faecalis (ATCC 29,212) was 60mg/ml (chloroform- S. persica). Furthermore, the highest change fold value of (4.99) was recorded in treated E. faecalis (ATCC 29,212) with fraction 1 (hexane).
Conclusion:
Overall, S. persica showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis (ATCC 29,212). However, more studies are required to investigate the effect of different plant extracts on quorum-sensing genes of Enterococcus faecalis.
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In vitro Interactions between Streptococcus intermedius and Streptococcus salivarius K12 on a Titanium Cylindrical Surface. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121069. [PMID: 33419248 PMCID: PMC7765831 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is a steadily rising disease and is caused by oral bacterial pathogens able to form biofilm on implant surfaces and peri-implant tissues, making antibiotics treatment less effective. The use of commercial probiotics against oral pathogens could serve as an alternative to prevent biofilm formation. Streptococcus intermedius is one of the early colonizers of biofilm formation in dental implants. The aim of this study was to model the interaction between S. intermedius and Streptococcus salivarius strain K12, a probiotic bacterium producing bacteriocins. S. intermedius was co-cultured with S. salivarius K12 in an in vitro model simulating the biofilm formation in a dental implant composed by a titanium cylinder system. Biofilm formation rate was assessed by Real-Time PCR quantification of bacterial count and expression levels of luxS gene, used in response to cell density in the biofilm. Biofilm formation, bacteriocin production, luxS expression patterns were found to be already expressed within the first 12 h. More importantly, S. salivarius K12 was able to counter the biofilm formation in a titanium cylinder under the tested condition. In conclusion, our dental implant model may be useful for exploring probiotic-pathogen interaction to find an alternative to antibiotics for peri-implantitis treatment.
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Wang T, Ma W, Jiang Z, Bi L. The penetration effect of HMME-mediated low-frequency and low-intensity ultrasound against the Staphylococcus aureus bacterial biofilm. Eur J Med Res 2020; 25:51. [PMID: 33092628 PMCID: PMC7583205 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME)-mediated low-frequency and low-intensity ultrasound on mature and stable Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilms under different ultrasound parameters. Methods The biofilm was formed after 48-h culture with stable concentration of bacterial solution. Different types of ultrasound and time were applied to the biofilm, and the ultrasonic type and time of our experiments were determined when the biofilm was not damaged. The penetration effects of low-frequency and low-intensity ultrasound were decided by the amount of HMME that penetrated into the biofilm which was determined by fluorescence spectrometry. Results The destruction of biofilms by pulse waveform was the strongest. Sinusoidal low-frequency and low-intensity ultrasound can enhance the biofilm permeability. For a period of time after the ultrasound was applied, the biofilm permeability increased, however, changes faded away over time. Conclusions Low-frequency and low-intensity sinusoidal ultrasound significantly increased the permeability of the biofilms, which was positively correlated with the time and the intensity of ultrasound. Simultaneous action of ultrasound and HMME was the most effective way to increase the permeability of the biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, YinHang Street, Nangan District, P.O. Box 31, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, YinHang Street, Nangan District, P.O. Box 31, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhinan Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, WuHan First Stomatological Hospital, WuHan, 430000, China
| | - Liangjia Bi
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, YinHang Street, Nangan District, P.O. Box 31, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Orrù G, Muggironi F, Mameli A, Demontis C, Arcadu B, Scano A, Denotti G, Piras V, Girometta C, Zeza B, Pilloni A. BAX Gene Overexpression in the Tongue Could Warn of Infection Risk due to Periodontal Pathogens. Open Dent J 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210601812011070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Different host proteins play a central role in cell response during bacterial infections, the Bcl-2-Associated X protein (BAX) and Vascular Cell Adhesion Protein 1 (VCAM-1) are often reported in infective primary events during cell injury.
Objective:
The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of these two proteins as biomarkers of oral bacterial infection, with particular emphasis on the tongue, which plays an important role in microbial homeostasis in the mouth.
Methods:
Twenty-nine patients were recruited and divided according to the Periodontal Index (CPI), 4 of them were severely compromised periodontal patients. Oral hygiene, gingival tissues and plaque presence were evaluated clinically. The laboratory analysis carried out on tongue tissue included: total bacterial genomes, proportion of specific periopathogens and BAX -VCAM-1 expression rate, while Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) were measured in saliva.
Results:
Neither tongue microbiological status nor salivary ROS level corresponded with the state of disease. VCAM-1 mRNA expression rate was comparable in all patients but, on the contrary, BAX expression resulted high in periodontally-compromised patients and appears related to periodontal status in the analyzed subjects.
Conclusion:
This preliminary work suggests that the BAX protein is a possible candidate in a prognostic marker study for oral diseases started by periodontal bacteria. For example, none of the evaluated clinical and microbiological parameters could predict the presence, prognosis or recurrence of periodontal diseases. This biomarker could be a valuable tool in determining the risk, diagnosis and prognosis of this human illness.
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Orrù G, Demontis C, Mameli A, Tuveri E, Coni P, Pichiri G, Coghe F, Rosa A, Rossi P, D'hallewin G. The Selective Interaction of Pistacia lentiscus Oil vs. Human Streptococci, an Old Functional Food Revisited with New Tools. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2067. [PMID: 29114245 PMCID: PMC5660700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pistacia lentiscus berry oil (LBO) represents a typical vegetal product of the Mediterranean basin that has been formally used in traditional cuisine for 100s of years. In addition to its interesting alimentary properties, this product could represent an interesting candidate in the field of research on the study of new anti-infective agents. In fact, in Mediterranean countries, lentisk oil still continues to be widely used in folk medicine for oral and skin affections, in particular, acute gingivitis, pediatric skin infections such as impetigo and foot plaques, and biofilm related infections often associated with Streptococcus spp. Following these observations, we have hypothesized a “lentisk oil-bacteria” interaction, placing particular emphasis on the different Streptococcal species involved in these oral and skin diseases. In accordance with this hypothesis, the use of standard antimicrobial-antibiofilm methods (MIC, MBC, MBIC) allowed the interesting behavior of these bacteria to be observed and, in this context, the response to lentisk oil appears to be correlated with the pathogenic profile of the considered microorganism. Two probiotic strains of S. salivarius K12/M18 appeared to be non-sensitive to this product, while a set of five different pathogenic strains (S. agalactiae, S. intermedius, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. pyogenes) showed a response that was correlated to the fatty acid metabolic pathway of the considered species. In fact, at different times of bacteria development, selective High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis of the growth medium containing LBO detected a significant increase in free unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in particular oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids, which are already known for their antibacterial activity. In this context, we have hypothesized that LBO could be able to modulate the pathogen/probiotic rate in a Streptococcal population using the fatty acid metabolic pathway to help the probiotic strain. This hypothesis was strengthened by performing antibacterial testing with oleic acid and an in silico evaluation of the Streptococcal MCRA protein, an enzyme involved in the production of saturated fatty acids from UFA. These results show that LBO may have been used in ancient times as a “natural microbial modulating extract” in the prevention of biofilm- associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Orrù
- Molecular Biology Service, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Demontis
- Molecular Biology Service, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonello Mameli
- Molecular Biology Service, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enrica Tuveri
- Molecular Biology Service, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Coni
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pichiri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Coghe
- University Hospital Laboratory Services, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Lombardo L, Martini M, Cervinara F, Spedicato GA, Oliverio T, Siciliani G. Comparative SEM analysis of nine F22 aligner cleaning strategies. Prog Orthod 2017; 18:26. [PMID: 28782094 PMCID: PMC5592163 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-017-0178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The orthodontics industry has paid great attention to the aesthetics of orthodontic appliances, seeking to make them as invisible as possible. There are several advantages to clear aligner systems, including aesthetics, comfort, chairside time reduction, and the fact that they can be removed for meals and oral hygiene procedures. Methods Five patients were each given a series of F22 aligners, each to be worn for 14 days and nights, with the exception of meal and brushing times. Patients were instructed to clean each aligner using a prescribed strategy, and sections of the used aligners were observed under SEM. One grey-scale SEM image was saved per aligner in JPEG format with an 8-bit colour depth, and a total of 45 measurements on the grey scale (“Value” variable) were made. This dataset was analysed statistically via repeated measures ANOVA to determine the effect of each of the nine cleaning strategies in each of the five patients. Results A statistically significant difference in the efficacy of the cleaning strategies was detected. Specifically, rinsing with water alone was significantly less efficacious, and a combination of cationic detergent solution and ultrasonication was significantly more efficacious than the other methods (p < 0.05). Conclusions Of the nine cleaning strategies examined, only that involving 5 min of ultrasonication at 42 k Hz combined with a 0.3% germicidal cationic detergent was observed to be statistically effective at removing the bacterial biofilm from the surface of F22 aligners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lombardo
- Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Montebello 31, Ferrara, 44100, Italy.
| | - Marco Martini
- Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Montebello 31, Ferrara, 44100, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Alfredo Spedicato
- School of Economics, Management and Statistics, University of Bologna, Piazza Scaravilli 2, Bologna, 40121, Italy
| | - Teresa Oliverio
- Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Montebello 31, Ferrara, 44100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Siciliani
- Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Montebello 31, Ferrara, 44100, Italy
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Janani M, Jafari F, Samiei M, Lotfipour F, Nakhlband A, Ghasemi N, Salari T. Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy vs. 2.5% NaOCl against E. faecalis-infected Root Canals Using Real-time PCR Technique. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9:e539-e544. [PMID: 28469819 PMCID: PMC5410674 DOI: 10.4317/jced.53526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria like E. faecalis can produce intra- and extra-radicular biofilms. Theoretically, the adjustable penetration ability of lasers enables better access to root canal system. Therefore the aim of the present study was to compare the ability of photoactivated laser and 2.5% NaOCl irrigation solution to eliminate E. faecalis from the root canals by real-time PCR technique. Material and Methods Sixty extracted human upper central incisors were selected and sterilized in an autoclave. The root canals were infected with E. faecalis (PTCC 1237, Persian Type Culture Collection, Iran) and then incubated for 24 hours. The samples were randomly divided into 3 groups. No intervention was made in the control group (group 1). In group 2, laser therapy was performed with a power of 100 mW by diode laser for 120 seconds. In group 3, the canals were irrigated with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl; then all the samples were sonicated in 15 mL of normal saline in test tubes in order to isolate the bacteria. DNA extraction was performed followed by real-time PCR technique for all the samples. Results Inhibition of bacterial growth in all the experimental samples was significantly more than that in the control group. There was a significant difference between photodynamic therapy and 2.5% NaOCl. The effect of NaOCl in all the samples was better than photodynamic therapy. The results of the mean CT (cyclic threshold) were 40, 30.2 and 15.35 for 2.5% NaOCl, photodynamic therapy and control group, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results of this experimental study, 2.5% NaOCl eliminated E. faecalis from infected root canals more effectively compared to photodynamic therapy. Key words:Photoactivated laser, Enterococcus faecalis, antibacterial agents, sodium hypochlorite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Janani
- Assistant Professor, Endodontics Department, Dentistry Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
| | - Farnaz Jafari
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University
| | - Mohammad Samiei
- Associate Professor, Endodontics Department, Dentistry Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
| | - Farzaneh Lotfipour
- Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ailar Nakhlband
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
| | - Negin Ghasemi
- Assistant Professor, Endodontics Department, Dentistry Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
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Abbate GM, Caria MP, Montanari P, Mannu C, Orrù G, Caprioglio A, Levrini L. Periodontal health in teenagers treated with removable aligners and fixed orthodontic appliances. J Orofac Orthop 2016; 76:240-50. [PMID: 25929710 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-015-0285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to explore the microbiological and periodontal changes occurring in adolescents during 12 months of orthodontic therapy with removable aligners and with fixed appliances. MATERIAL AND METHODS During the years 2012-2013, 50 teenagers aged 10-18 years with similar initial orthodontic conditions participated in this trial in a university clinic in northern Italy. After receiving professional oral hygiene and instructions on a standardized oral hygiene protocol, the adolescents were randomly assigned to either orthodontic treatment with traditional fixed brackets (n = 25) or to treatment with Invisalign® aligners (n = 25). Subgingival microbiological samples, probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were obtained and documented from the mesiovestibular subgingival sulcus of the upper right first molar and left central incisor at the beginning of treatment and 3, 6, and 12 months later. Compliance with oral hygiene procedures, full mouth plaque score (FMPS), and full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were assessed at the beginning of treatment and 12 months later. Two sample independent t-tests and the χ(2) test were used to study whether the indices of periodontal health differed in the teenagers due to the experimental conditions. RESULTS None of the patients was positive for the periodontal anaerobes analyzed. The PI, PD, BOP, FMPS, and FMBS scores were significantly lower and compliance with oral hygiene was significantly higher in the group treated with Invisalign® than in the group treated with fixed brackets. CONCLUSION Teenagers treated with removable appliances display better compliance with oral hygiene, less plaque, and fewer gingival inflammatory reactions than their peers with fixed appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Abbate
- Faculty of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Insubria, Via Piatti 10, 21100, Varese, Italy,
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Brandas V, Orrù G, Carraro V, Sanna A, Brajon G, Salati F, Sanna C, Ciusa ML, Meloni M, Coroneo V. Recovery of Staphylococcus aureus in Gray Mugil cephalus Roe (Bottarga): Investigation by an Integrated Cultural/Molecular Approach. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M1285-90. [PMID: 25944563 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean area, salted and dried roe from the gray Mugil cephalus "bottarga" represent a speciality food with great commercial value. Bottarga is currently produced by a traditional handmade process and, the risk of human bacterial contamination during its manufacturing is still unknown; in this perspective the foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus could potentially contaminate this product due to poor sanitation or bad handling during processing. The aim of this work is: to evaluate the contamination level of foodborne pathogens at different product manufacturing stages and, in addition, to describe a fast and realizable method for the rapid detection of S. aureus in bottarga samples in the field. A cultural procedure was initially used to investigate the occurrence of S. aureus and the other main foodborne pathogens in bottarga samples at the different manufacturing stages (from roe to final product). In addition, a molecular approach was used to rapidly determine the presence of total bacteria, S. aureus, and its potential toxigenicity. Of the 194 specimens analyzed, we identified: Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae. However, some samples resulted as being contaminated with S. aureus (4% in roe and 8.7% in the final product). During the bottarga manufacturing process, we observed an increase in pathogen levels (from 10(2) to 10(5) CFU/g) in contaminated samples, and entA and entB genotypes were identified. Reconstruction experiments suggest that the fresh roe and the bottarga (not completely dried) could represent a risk for the contamination and growth of pathogen bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Germano Orrù
- IDNA Sequencing Service (DSS), Univ. di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Sanna
- Public Health Dept, Univ. di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Brajon
- IZS of Lazio-Tuscany, State Veterinary Inst, Florence, Italy
| | - Fulvio Salati
- Fish Disease and Aquaculture Centre, IZS of Sardinia State Veterinary Inst., Oristano, Italy
| | - Clara Sanna
- Fish Disease and Aquaculture Centre, IZS of Sardinia State Veterinary Inst., Oristano, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Meloni
- Dipt. di Scienze degli Alimenti, Univ. degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
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Cao R, Hou B. [Development of an Enterococcus faecalis periapical biofilm model for in vitro morphological study]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2014; 32:323-327. [PMID: 25241529 PMCID: PMC7041070 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop and observe a model system of the periapical biofilm structure of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). METHODS A total of 24 intact human single-rooted premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were collected and randomly divided into eight groups (n = 3). The specimens were subjected to ultraviolet disinfection, inoculated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) suspension adjusted to 1 x 10(8) CFU x mL(-1), and incubated at 37 degrees C for 1, 2, and 7 d. Specimen groups were prepared for scanning electron microscope to examine the biofilm formation. The specimens in the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) groups were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and ConA-fluorescein isothiocyanate (ConA-FITC) to examine the biofilm formation. The images were randomized, and biofilm coverage (%) was assessed using Photoshop CS5. RESULTS The biofilm coverage (%) on the cementum increased with increasing incubation period. The biofilm coverage of the 7 d group was significantly higher than those of the 1 and 2 d groups (P < 0.05). The values of the latter two groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Dense aggregations composed of E. faecalis and the amorphous matrix were observed on the root cementum surfaces of the specimens in the 7 d group. The bacteria were stained red by PI, and the matrix was stained green by ConA-FITC under CLSM observation. The biofilm coverage (%) on the samples in the 7 d group was 17.23% +/- 1.52%, showing multi-level space structure and water channels. CONCLUSION E. faecalis forms bacterial biofilms on the root cementum surface in 7 d. The biofilms were composed of E. faecalis and the amorphous matrix.
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Muhammad OH, Chevalier M, Rocca JP, Brulat-Bouchard N, Medioni E. Photodynamic therapy versus ultrasonic irrigation: interaction with endodontic microbial biofilm, an ex vivo study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:171-81. [PMID: 24583092 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Photodynamic therapy was introduced as an adjuvant to conventional chemo-mechanical debridement during endodontic treatment to overcome the persistence of biofilms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to disrupt an experimental microbial biofilm inside the root canal in a clinically applicable working time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty extracted teeth were prepared and then divided in three groups. All samples were infected with an artificially formed biofilm made of Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia bacteria. First group was treated with Aseptim Plus® photo-activated (LED) disinfection system, second group by a 650 nm Diode Laser and Toluidine blue as photosensitizer, and the third group, as control group, by ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using EDTA 17% and NaOCl 2.6% solutions. The working time for all three groups was fixed at 3 min. Presence or absence of biofilm was assessed by aerobic and anaerobic cultures. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between results obtained from groups treated by Aseptim Plus® and Diode Laser (P<0.6267). In cultures of both groups there was a maximal bacterial growth. The group that was treated by ultrasonic irrigation and NaOCl and EDTA solutions had the best results (P<0.0001): there was a statistically significant reduction of bacterial load and destruction of microbial biofilm. CONCLUSION Under the condition of this study, Photodynamic therapy could not disrupt endodontic artificial microbial biofilm and could not inhibit bacterial growth in a clinically favorable working time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid H Muhammad
- Laboratory of Oral Health and Aging, URE 001, Faculty of Dentistry, 24, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France
| | - Marlene Chevalier
- Laboratory of Oral Health and Aging, URE 001, Faculty of Dentistry, 24, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Paul Rocca
- Laboratory of Oral Health and Aging, URE 001, Faculty of Dentistry, 24, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France; Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 24, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France; Pôle Odontologie, CHU Nice Saint Roch, 5 rue Pierre Devoluy, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Nathalie Brulat-Bouchard
- Laboratory of Oral Health and Aging, URE 001, Faculty of Dentistry, 24, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France; Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 24, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France; Pôle Odontologie, CHU Nice Saint Roch, 5 rue Pierre Devoluy, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Etienne Medioni
- Laboratory of Oral Health and Aging, URE 001, Faculty of Dentistry, 24, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France; Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 24, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France; Pôle Odontologie, CHU Nice Saint Roch, 5 rue Pierre Devoluy, 06000 Nice, France.
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13
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Erriu M, Blus C, Szmukler-Moncler S, Buogo S, Levi R, Barbato G, Madonnaripa D, Denotti G, Piras V, Orrù G. Microbial biofilm modulation by ultrasound: current concepts and controversies. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:15-22. [PMID: 23751458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm elimination is often necessary during antimicrobial therapy or industrial medical manufacturing decontamination. In this context, ultrasound treatment has been frequently described in the literature for its antibiofilm effectiveness, but at the same time, various authors have described ultrasound as a formidable enhancer of bacterial viability. This discrepancy has found no solution in the current literature for around 9 years; some works have shown that every time bacteria are exposed to an ultrasonic field, both destruction and stimulation phenomena co-exist. This co-existence proves to have different final effects based on various factors such as: ultrasound frequency and intensity, the bacterial species involved, the material used for ultrasound diffusion, the presence of cavitation effects and the forms of bacterial planktonic or biofilm. The aim of this work is to analyze current concepts regarding ultrasound effect on prokaryotic cells, and in particular ultrasound activity on bacterial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Erriu
- Oral Biotechnology Laboratory (OBL), Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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14
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Oil Essential Mouthwashes Antibacterial Activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: A Comparison between Antibiofilm and Antiplanktonic Effects. Int J Dent 2013. [PMID: 23762059 DOI: 10.1155/2013/164267]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to determine the antibacterial activity of three marketed mouthwashes on suspended and sessile states of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The efficacy of two commonly used products in clinical practice, containing essential oils as active ingredients (menthol, thymol, methyl salicylate, and eucalyptol) in association with or without alcohol, has been evaluated in comparison with a chlorhexidine-based mouthwash. The microtiter plate assay, in order to obtain a spectrophotometric measurement of bacterial responses at growing dilutions of each antiseptic, was used for the study. The analysis revealed that a good antibacterial activity is reached when the abovementioned mouthwashes were used at concentration over a 1/24 dilution and after an exposure time of 30 seconds at least. In conclusion, the alcoholic mouthwash appears to have a better biofilm inhibition than its antiplanktonic activity while the nonalcoholic product demonstrates an opposite effect with a better antiplanktonic behavior.
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15
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Oil Essential Mouthwashes Antibacterial Activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: A Comparison between Antibiofilm and Antiplanktonic Effects. Int J Dent 2013; 2013:164267. [PMID: 23762059 PMCID: PMC3671517 DOI: 10.1155/2013/164267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to determine the antibacterial activity of three marketed mouthwashes on suspended and sessile states of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The efficacy of two commonly used products in clinical practice, containing essential oils as active ingredients (menthol, thymol, methyl salicylate, and eucalyptol) in association with or without alcohol, has been evaluated in comparison with a chlorhexidine-based mouthwash. The microtiter plate assay, in order to obtain a spectrophotometric measurement of bacterial responses at growing dilutions of each antiseptic, was used for the study. The analysis revealed that a good antibacterial activity is reached when the abovementioned mouthwashes were used at concentration over a 1/24 dilution and after an exposure time of 30 seconds at least. In conclusion, the alcoholic mouthwash appears to have a better biofilm inhibition than its antiplanktonic activity while the nonalcoholic product demonstrates an opposite effect with a better antiplanktonic behavior.
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16
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Shao C, Shang W, Yang Z, Sun Z, Li Y, Guo J, Wang X, Zou D, Wang S, Lei H, Cui Q, Yin Z, Li X, Wei X, Liu W, He X, Jiang Z, Du S, Liao X, Huang L, Wang Y, Yuan J. LuxS-Dependent AI-2 Regulates Versatile Functions in Enterococcus faecalis V583. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4465-75. [DOI: 10.1021/pr3002244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Shao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial
Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Shang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial
Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhan Yang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Zhongke Sun
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Yunmei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - DaYang Zou
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Simiao Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Qian Cui
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Zhitao Yin
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Xuelian Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial
Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Xiang He
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Shuangkui Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Xiangru Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial
Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Liuyu Huang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
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17
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Del Nero S, Marchese G, Mandas D, Liciardi M, Denotti G, Orrù G. Attività antibatterica di formulati a base di perossido di idrogeno e sali d’argento. DENTAL CADMOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cadmos.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Orrù G, Del Nero S, Tuveri E, Laura Ciusa M, Pilia F, Erriu M, Orrù G, Liciardi M, Piras V, Denotti G. Evaluation of antimicrobial-antibiofilm activity of a hydrogen peroxide decontaminating system used in dental unit water lines. Open Dent J 2010; 4:140-6. [PMID: 21113279 PMCID: PMC2948419 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601004010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A dental unit water line (DUWL) equipped with a device designed to automatically and continually flush a bacteriostatic solution of hydrogen peroxide (WHE) and a discontinuous disinfecting system (BIOSTER) was evaluated. In the first instance a preliminary sensitivity test on a large number of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) was tried with a H2O2 range from 100 to 800 ppm. The bacteria frequently reported in DUWL (including Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., E. coli) and some periodontal pathogens showed a minimum inhibitory concentration from 100 to 300 H2O2 ppm (also including M. marinum and C. albicans). However, H2O2 did not show any inhibitory effects against: A. actinomycetemcomitans, C. glabrata C. parapsilos, F. nucleatum, M. micros. In a second step, the DUWL was experimentally infected with S. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus. After disinfection steps with 3% H2O2, the inhibitory effect on planktonic forms and on sessile biofilm was measured. In a third step, the count of 16S rRNA gene copies by real time PCR at different points of the DUWL described an accrue of bacterial slime in “hot spot” regions characterized by irregular/slow water flux (valves, elbows). However these results suggest that hydrogen peroxide is not only able to inhibit bursts of planktonic bacteria inside the DUWL, but that it could also be effective against sessile biofilm containing heterotrophic microorganisms derived from domestic water line contamination. In addition some oral pathogens could be contaminating and surviving in DUWL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Orrù
- OBL (Oral Biotechnology Laboratory), Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Universita' degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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19
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Wang X, He X, Jiang Z, Wang J, Chen X, Liu D, Wang F, Guo Y, Zhao J, Liu F, Huang L, Yuan J. Proteomic Analysis of the Enterococcus faecalis V583 Strain and Clinical Isolate V309 under Vancomycin Treatment. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1772-85. [DOI: 10.1021/pr901216e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang He
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xuannan Chen
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangli Zhao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Liuyu Huang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
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