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Saini S, Lapi SE. Titanium-45 ( 45Ti) Radiochemistry and Applications in Molecular Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:479. [PMID: 38675439 PMCID: PMC11054510 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is an important part of modern medicine which enables the non-invasive identification and characterization of diseases. With the advancement of radiochemistry and scanner technology, nuclear medicine is providing insight into efficient treatment options for individual patients. Titanium-45 (45Ti) is a lesser-explored radionuclide that is garnering increasing interest for the development of positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals. This review discusses aspects of this radionuclide including production, purification, radiochemistry development, and molecular imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Saini
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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2
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Dellepiane G, Casolaro P, Gottstein A, Mateu I, Scampoli P, Braccini S. 44Sc production from enriched 47TiO 2 targets with a medical cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 206:111220. [PMID: 38301319 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
44Sc is a β+-emitter which has been extensively studied for nuclear medicine applications. Its promising decay characteristics [t1/2 = 3.97 h, E [Formula: see text] = 632 keV (94.3%), Eγ = 1157 keV (99.9%); 1499 keV (0.91%)] make it highly attractive for clinical PET imaging, offering an alternative to the widely used 68Ga [t1/2 = 67.7 min, E [Formula: see text] = 836 keV (87.7%)]. Notably, its nearly fourfold longer half-life opens avenues for applications with biomolecules having extended biological half-lives and enables the centralized distribution of 44Sc radiopharmaceuticals. An additional advantage of employing 44Sc as a diagnostic radioisotope lies in its counterpart, the β--emitter 47Sc, which is currently under investigation for targeted radiotherapy. Together, they form an ideal theranostic pair, providing a comprehensive solution for both diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications in nuclear medicine. At the Bern medical cyclotron, a study to optimize the production of scandium radioisotopes is currently ongoing. In this context, proton irradiation of titanium targets has been investigated, exploiting the reactions 47Ti(p,α)44Sc and 50Ti(p,α)47Sc. This approach enables the production of Sc radioisotopes within a single PET medical cyclotron facility, employing identical chemical procedures for target preparation and post-irradiation processing. In this paper, we report on cross-section measurements of the 47Ti(p,α)44Sc nuclear reaction using 95.7% enriched 47TiO2 targets. On the basis of the obtained results, the production yield and purity were calculated to assess the optimal irradiation conditions. Production tests were performed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Dellepiane
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Pierluigi Casolaro
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gottstein
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isidre Mateu
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Scampoli
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Saverio Braccini
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Koller AJ, Wang L, Deluca M, Glaser O, Robis MJ, Mixdorf JC, Chernysheva MN, Guzei IA, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Barnhart TE, Engle JW, Boros E. De Novo Approaches to the Solid-Phase Separation of Titanium(IV) and Scandium(III): Translating Speciation Data to Selective On-Bead Chelation toward Applications in Nuclear Medicine. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20655-20665. [PMID: 37523384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The solution chemistry of the hydrolytic, early-transition-metal ions Ti4+ and Sc3+ represents a coordination chemistry challenge with important real-world implications, specifically in the context of 44Ti/44Sc and 45Ti/NatSc radiochemical separations. Unclear speciation of the solid and solution phases and tertiary mixtures of mineral acid, organic chelators, and solid supports are common confounds, necessitating tedious screening of multiple variables. Herein we describe how thermodynamic speciation data in solution informs the design of new solid-phase chelation approaches enabling separations of Ti4+ and Sc3+. The ligands catechol (benzene-1,2-diol) and deferiprone [3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-4(1H)-pyridone] bind Ti4+ at significantly more acidic conditions (2-4 pH units) than Sc3+. Four chelating resins were synthesized using either catechol or deferiprone with two different solid supports. Of these, deferiprone appended to carboxylic acid polymer-functionalized silica (CA-Def) resin exhibited excellent binding affinity for Ti4+ across a wide range of HCl concentrations (1.0-0.001 M), whereas Sc3+ was only retained in dilute acidic conditions (0.01-0.001 M HCl). CA-Def resin produced separation factors of >100 (Ti/Sc) in 0.1-0.4 M HCl, and the corresponding Kd values (>1000) show strong retention of Ti4+. A model 44Ti/44Sc generator was produced, showing 65 ± 3% yield of 44Sc in 200 μL of 0.2 M HCl with a significant 44Ti breakthrough of 0.1%, precluding use in its current form. Attempts, however, removed natSc in loading fractions and a dilute (0.4 M HCl) wash and recovered 80% of the loaded 45Ti activity in 400 μL of 6 M HCl. The previously validated 45Ti chelator TREN-CAM was used for comparative proof-of-concept reactions with the CA-Def eluent (in HCl) and literature-reported hydroxamate-based resin eluents (in citric acid). CA-Def shows improved radiolabeling efficiency with an apparent molar activity (AMA) of 0.177 mCi nmol-1, exceeding the established methods (0.026 mCi nmol-1) and improving the separation and recovery of 45Ti for positron emission tomography imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus J Koller
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Lilian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Molly Deluca
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Owen Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mariae J Robis
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jason C Mixdorf
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Margarita N Chernysheva
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Klouda J, Fassbender ME, Mocko V. A combined inorganic-organic titanium-44/scandium-44g radiochemical generator. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1711:464438. [PMID: 37857154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Scandium-44g (t1/2 = 4.0 h) is an emerging radioisotope for positron emission tomography. It can be produced with a radiochemical generator using its long-lived parent, titanium-44 (t1/2 = 59.1 years). This work presents a new inorganic substrate for 44Ti/44gSc radiochemical generator design based on porous TiO2 microbeads (80 µm and 110 µm particle size, 60 Å pores). Comprehensive evaluation of conditions optimal for generator construction (44Ti loading) and use (44gSc elution) is provided in three steps. For stable 44Ti loading onto titania, heat-treatment at 180 °C for 90 min is shown to be effective while 0.3 M HCl(aq) is identified as the medium of choice for 44gSc elution. Two titania-based 3.6 MBq generators prepared under optimized conditions are characterized with respect to 44gSc recovery and 44Ti breakthrough. Each of these generators employed a different guard substrate to minimize 44Ti breakthrough, TiO2 microbeads and ZR resin. Both are shown to provide comparable 44gSc recoveries close to 50% but differ in 44Ti breakthrough, which is significantly lower with the organic ZR resin guard substrate at 0.0002%. This concept represents a new inorganic-organic approach to 44Ti/44gSc generator design. Benefits of both substrates are exploited: TiO2 has potential for durability necessary for utilizing the long half-life of the 44Ti parent while ZR resin guard segments minimize 44Ti breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klouda
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Veronika Mocko
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Fernandes DA. Liposomes for Cancer Theranostics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2448. [PMID: 37896208 PMCID: PMC10610083 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most well-studied diseases and there have been significant advancements over the last few decades in understanding its molecular and cellular mechanisms. Although the current treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, gene therapy and immunotherapy) have provided complete cancer remission for many patients, cancer still remains one of the most common causes of death in the world. The main reasons for the poor response rates for different cancers include the lack of drug specificity, drug resistance and toxic side effects (i.e., in healthy tissues). For addressing the limitations of conventional cancer treatments, nanotechnology has shown to be an important field for constructing different nanoparticles for destroying cancer cells. Due to their size (i.e., less than 1 μm), nanoparticles can deliver significant amounts of cancer drugs to tumors and are able to carry moieties (e.g., folate, peptides) for targeting specific types of cancer cells (i.e., through receptor-mediated endocytosis). Liposomes, composed of phospholipids and an interior aqueous core, can be used as specialized delivery vehicles as they can load different types of cancer therapy agents (e.g., drugs, photosensitizers, genetic material). In addition, the ability to load imaging agents (e.g., fluorophores, radioisotopes, MRI contrast media) enable these nanoparticles to be used for monitoring the progress of treatment. This review examines a wide variety of different liposomes for cancer theranostics, with the different available treatments (e.g., photothermal, photodynamic) and imaging modalities discussed for different cancers.
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Becker KV, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Bradshaw T, Hurley SA, Olson AP, Barrett KE, Batterton J, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Pirasteh A, Engle JW. Cyclotron production of 43Sc and 44gSc from enriched 42CaO, 43CaO, and 44CaO targets. Front Chem 2023; 11:1167783. [PMID: 37179772 PMCID: PMC10169720 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1167783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: 43Sc and 44gSc are both positron-emitting radioisotopes of scandium with suitable half-lives and favorable positron energies for clinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Irradiation of isotopically enriched calcium targets has higher cross sections compared to titanium targets and higher radionuclidic purity and cross sections than natural calcium targets for reaction routes possible on small cyclotrons capable of accelerating protons and deuterons. Methods: In this work, we investigate the following production routes via proton and deuteron bombardment on CaCO3 and CaO target materials: 42Ca(d,n)43Sc, 43Ca(p,n)43Sc, 43Ca(d,n)44gSc, 44Ca(p,n)44gSc, and 44Ca(p,2n)43Sc. Radiochemical isolation of the produced radioscandium was performed with extraction chromatography using branched DGA resin and apparent molar activity was measured with the chelator DOTA. The imaging performance of 43Sc and 44gSc was compared with 18F, 68Ga, and 64Cu on two clinical PET/CT scanners. Discussion: The results of this work demonstrate that proton and deuteron bombardment of isotopically enriched CaO targets produce high yield and high radionuclidic purity 43Sc and 44gSc. Laboratory capabilities, circumstances, and budgets are likely to dictate which reaction route and radioisotope of scandium is chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn V. Becker
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Tyler Bradshaw
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Samuel A. Hurley
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aeli P. Olson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kendall E. Barrett
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jeanine Batterton
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul A. Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ali Pirasteh
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Trencsényi G, Képes Z. Scandium-44: Diagnostic Feasibility in Tumor-Related Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087400. [PMID: 37108559 PMCID: PMC10138813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis-related cell-surface molecules, including integrins, aminopeptidase N, vascular endothelial growth factor, and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), play a crucial role in tumour formation. Radiolabelled imaging probes targeting angiogenic biomarkers serve as valuable vectors in tumour identification. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in novel radionuclides other than gallium-68 (68Ga) or copper-64 (64Cu) to establish selective radiotracers for the imaging of tumour-associated neo-angiogenesis. Given its ideal decay characteristics (Eβ+average: 632 KeV) and a half-life (T1/2 = 3.97 h) that is well matched to the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecules targeting angiogenesis, scandium-44 (44Sc) has gained meaningful attention as a promising radiometal for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. More recently, intensive research has been centered around the investigation of 44Sc-labelled angiogenesis-directed radiopharmaceuticals. Previous studies dealt with the evaluation of 44Sc-appended avb3 integrin-affine Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptides, GRPR-selective aminobenzoyl-bombesin analogue (AMBA), and hypoxia-associated nitroimidazole derivatives in the identification of various cancers using experimental tumour models. Given the tumour-related hypoxia- and angiogenesis-targeting capability of these PET probes, 44Sc seems to be a strong competitor of the currently used positron emitters in radiotracer development. In this review, we summarize the preliminary preclinical achievements with 44Sc-labelled angiogenesis-specific molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Trencsényi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Képes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Ghosh K, Naskar N, Lahiri S. Liquid-liquid extraction of No-carrier-added 129Cs with various extractants. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 196:110777. [PMID: 36958078 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Two different iodide targets, BiI3 and KI were irradiated by α-particles to produce 129Cs via 127I(α, 2n)129Cs reaction. 129Cs was separated from bulk Bi (when BiI3 was used as target) by anion exchanger TOA dissolved in cyclohexane. Irradiation of KI with alpha particle produced 129Cs along with minute amount 44mSc. 44mSc was successfully separated from 129Cs using 18-crown 6 ether dissolved in nitrobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousiki Ghosh
- Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Nabanita Naskar
- Diamond Harbour Women's University, Diamond Harbour Road, Sarisha, South 24, Parganas, 743368, India
| | - Susanta Lahiri
- Diamond Harbour Women's University, Diamond Harbour Road, Sarisha, South 24, Parganas, 743368, India; Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia, 723104, India.
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Preparation and quality control of a new porphyrin complex labeled with 45Ti for PET imaging. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 193:110650. [PMID: 36646031 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to produce and quality control of a new porphyrin complex labeled with 45Ti for PET imaging, so at the first step, the cross-section of 45Sc(p,n)45Ti was investigated by TALYS-1.6 and the optimal target thickness and theoretical yield were calculated by SRIM code. The purified 45Ti was labeled with the anticancer agent of tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (TFPP). The radiochemical purity and the percentage of labeling were evaluated by radiation layer chromatography then the division coefficient of [45Ti]-TFPP was calculated. The dual coincidence imaging system was used for imaging 1 and 2 h after injection [45Ti]-TFPP to rats. Immediately after imaging, the mean percent injected dose per gram and specific activity of different tissues including blood, heart, lungs, stomach, liver, bone, kidney, spleen, intestine, muscle, feces, and skin were measured. The yield of 45Ti production was measured 468 MBq/μAh and the labeling rate was observed more than 98%. The highest activity was observed in the liver (%ID/g = 2.27%, 1 h) and spleen (2.2%, 1 h), respectively, because of the high lipophilic of 45Ti-TFPP. SPECT images showed a significant uptake of radiopharmaceuticals in the abdomen. The labeling rate of 45Ti-TFPP was high and this compound has the potential for clinical application in different ways than PSMA, it can be joined with photodynamic therapy (Severin et al., 2015).
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Benabdallah N, Zhang H, Unnerstall R, Fears A, Summer L, Fassbender M, Rodgers BE, Abou D, Radchenko V, Thorek DLJ. Engineering a modular 44Ti/ 44Sc generator: eluate evaluation in preclinical models and estimation of human radiation dosimetry. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:17. [PMID: 36853422 PMCID: PMC9975127 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-00968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 44Sc/47Sc is an attractive theranostic pair for targeted in vivo positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging and beta-particle treatment of cancer. The 44Ti/44Sc generator allows daily onsite production of this diagnostic isotope, which may provide an attractive alternative for PET facilities that lack in-house irradiation capabilities. Early animal and patient studies have demonstrated the utility of 44Sc. In our current study, we built and evaluated a novel clinical-scale 44Ti/44Sc generator, explored the pharmacokinetic profiles of 44ScCl3, [44Sc]-citrate and [44Sc]-NODAGA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid) in naïve mice, and estimated the radiation burden of 44ScCl3 in humans. METHODS 44Ti/44Sc (101.2 MBq) in 6 M HCl solution was utilized to assemble a modular ZR resin containing generator. After assembly, 44Sc was eluted with 0.05 M HCl for further PET imaging and biodistribution studies in female Swiss Webster mice. Based on the biodistribution data, absorbed doses of 44/47ScCl3 in human adults were calculated for 18 organs and tissues using the IDAC-Dose software. RESULTS 44Ti in 6 M HCl was loaded onto the organic resin generator with a yield of 99.97%. After loading and initial stabilization, 44ScCl3 was eluted with 0.05 M HCl in typical yields of 82.9 ± 5.3% (N = 16), which was normalized to the estimated generator capacity. Estimated generator capacity was computed based on elution time interval and the total amount of 44Ti loaded on the generator. Run in forward and reverse directions, the 44Sc/44Ti ratio from a primary column was significantly improved from 1038 ± 440 to 3557 ± 680 (Bq/Bq) when a secondary, replaceable, ZR resin cartridge was employed at the flow outlet. In vivo imaging and ex vivo distribution studies of the reversible modular generator for 44ScCl3, [44Sc]-citrate and [44Sc]-NODAGA show that free 44Sc remained in the circulation significantly longer than the chelated 44Sc. The dose estimation of 44ScCl3 reveals that the radiation burden is 0.146 mSv/MBq for a 70 kg adult male and 0.179 mSv/MBq for a 57 kg adult female. Liver, spleen and heart wall will receive the highest absorbed dose: 0.524, 0.502, and 0.303 mGy/MBq, respectively, for the adult male. CONCLUSIONS A clinical-scale 44Ti/44Sc generator system with a modular design was developed to supply 44ScCl3 in 0.05 M HCl, which is suitable for further radiolabeling and in vivo use. Our data demonstrated that free 44ScCl3 remained in the circulation for extended periods, which resulted in approximately 10 times greater radiation burden than stably chelated 44Sc. Stable 44Sc/47Sc-complexation will be more favorable for in vivo use and for clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Benabdallah
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Ryan Unnerstall
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Amanda Fears
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Lucy Summer
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Michael Fassbender
- grid.148313.c0000 0004 0428 3079Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - Buck E. Rodgers
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.516080.a0000 0004 0373 6443Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Diane Abou
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.516080.a0000 0004 0373 6443Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Mallinckrodt Cyclotron Facility, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Valery Radchenko
- grid.232474.40000 0001 0705 9791Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3 Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Daniel L. J. Thorek
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.516080.a0000 0004 0373 6443Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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11
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Scandium-44 Radiolabeled Peptide and Peptidomimetic Conjugates Targeting Neuropilin-1 Co-Receptor as Potential Tools for Cancer Diagnosis and Anti-Angiogenic Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020564. [PMID: 36831099 PMCID: PMC9953004 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis, resulting from an imbalance between anti- and pro-angiogenic factors, plays a pivotal role in tumor growth, development and metastasis. The inhibition of the angiogenesis process by the VEGF/VEGFR-2/NRP-1 pathway raises interest in the search for such interaction inhibitors for the purpose of the early diagnosis and treatment of angiogenesis-dependent diseases. In this work we designed and tested peptide-based radiocompounds that selectively bind to the neuropilin-1 co-receptor and prevent the formation of the pro-angiogenic VEGF-A165/NRP-1 complex. Three biomolecules, A7R and retro-inverso DR7A peptides, and the branched peptidomimetic Lys(hArg)-Dab-Pro-Arg (K4R), conjugated with macrocyclic chelator through two linkers' types, were labeled with theranostic scandium-44 radionuclide, and studied in vitro as potential targeted radiopharmaceuticals. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) studies showed no negative effect of the introduced biomolecules' changes and high NRP-1 affinity in the case of A7R- and K4R-radiocompounds and a lack affinity for DR7A-radiocompounds. All radiopeptides showed a hydrophilic nature as well as high stability against ligand exchange reactions in cysteine/histidine solutions. Unfortunately, all radiocompounds showed unsatisfactory nano-scale stability in human serum, especially for use as therapeutic radioagents. Further work is ongoing and focused on the search for angiogenesis inhibitors that are more human serum stable.
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Gajecki L, Marino CM, Cutler CS, Sanders VA. Evaluation of hydroxamate-based resins towards a more clinically viable 44Ti/ 44Sc radionuclide generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 192:110588. [PMID: 36470155 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several hydroxamate-based resins were synthesized and tested for use in 44Ti/44Sc generator systems in small scale experiments (740 kBq 44Ti). The most promising resin was tested further in larger scale generator studies (37 MBq). This resin displayed impressive retention of 44Ti over several elutions, and high quantities of 44Sc were obtained in small volumes of dilute HCl eluents. Initial radiolabeling experiments were conducted and demonstrated the possibility of direct radiolabeling of the generator produced 44Sc with DOTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Gajecki
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - Celine M Marino
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA; Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Cathy S Cutler
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Vanessa A Sanders
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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13
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Moghaddam-Banaem L, Deilami-Nezhad L, Sadeghi M, Jalilifar M. DEVELOPMENT AND ESTIMATION OF HUMAN DOSIMETRY OF A NEW 47SC-RISEDRONATE FOR RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:1483-1494. [PMID: 36156088 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonate risedronate (2-(3-pyridinyl)-1-hydroxyethane diphosphonic acid) was radiolabeled with scandium-47 (47Sc) as potential therapeutic radiopharmaceutical for skeletal metastases. Its time-dependent biodistribution in mice was measured and its human dosimetry was derived. The labelling process was performed at 95 °C for 30 min. The stability of the radio-conjugate was tested in human serum at 37 °C and its biodistribution was studied in balb/c mice. The radiochemical yield of ≥90% was obtained corresponding to a specific activity of 277 MBq/mg. The radio-conjugate showed good stability in human serum up to 48 h. A high bone uptake by 48 h post-injection was achieved, which suggests that 47Sc-risedronate may be therapeutically beneficial for the palliation of painful bone metastasis. The estimated absorbed dose coefficient and the time-integrated activity coefficient (ã (rs, TD)) in the bone were 1.35 mGy/MBq and 31.04 (Bq-h/Bq), respectively. The absorbed doses to non-osseous normal organs were much lower than that to the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Moghaddam-Banaem
- Department of Isotopic separation, Nuclear Material and fuel School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, P.O. Box: 14155-1339, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Deilami-Nezhad
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sadeghi
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6183, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Jalilifar
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6183, Tehran, Iran
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Sadler AWE, Hogan L, Fraser B, Rendina LM. Cutting edge rare earth radiometals: prospects for cancer theranostics. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:21. [PMID: 36018527 PMCID: PMC9418400 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With recent advances in novel approaches to cancer therapy and imaging, the application of theranostic techniques in personalised medicine has emerged as a very promising avenue of research inquiry in recent years. Interest has been directed towards the theranostic potential of Rare Earth radiometals due to their closely related chemical properties which allow for their facile and interchangeable incorporation into identical bifunctional chelators or targeting biomolecules for use in a diverse range of cancer imaging and therapeutic applications without additional modification, i.e. a “one-size-fits-all” approach. This review will focus on recent progress and innovations in the area of Rare Earth radionuclides for theranostic applications by providing a detailed snapshot of their current state of production by means of nuclear reactions, subsequent promising theranostic capabilities in the clinic, as well as a discussion of factors that have impacted upon their progress through the theranostic drug development pipeline. Main body In light of this interest, a great deal of research has also been focussed towards certain under-utilised Rare Earth radionuclides with diverse and favourable decay characteristics which span the broad spectrum of most cancer imaging and therapeutic applications, with potential nuclides suitable for α-therapy (149Tb), β−-therapy (47Sc, 161Tb, 166Ho, 153Sm, 169Er, 149Pm, 143Pr, 170Tm), Auger electron (AE) therapy (161Tb, 135La, 165Er), positron emission tomography (43Sc, 44Sc, 149Tb, 152Tb, 132La, 133La), and single photon emission computed tomography (47Sc, 155Tb, 152Tb, 161Tb, 166Ho, 153Sm, 149Pm, 170Tm). For a number of the aforementioned radionuclides, their progression from ‘bench to bedside’ has been hamstrung by lack of availability due to production and purification methods requiring further optimisation. Conclusions In order to exploit the potential of these radionuclides, reliable and economical production and purification methods that provide the desired radionuclides in high yield and purity are required. With more reactors around the world being decommissioned in future, solutions to radionuclide production issues will likely be found in a greater focus on linear accelerator and cyclotron infrastructure and production methods, as well as mass separation methods. Recent progress towards the optimisation of these and other radionuclide production and purification methods has increased the feasibility of utilising Rare Earth radiometals in both preclinical and clinical settings, thereby placing them at the forefront of radiometals research for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leena Hogan
- ANSTO Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Benjamin Fraser
- ANSTO Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Louis M Rendina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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15
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Deilami-Nezhad L, Moghaddam-Banaem L, Sadeghi M. The preparation, biodistribution, and human's absorbed dose evaluation of Radio-Scandium-HYNIC-TOC for somatostatin-receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumors therapy by animal study. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:881-891. [PMID: 35660705 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) express Somatostatin receptors (SSTr), which are the main bases for the development of several radiopharmaceuticals for therapy and imaging of these types of tumors. In this study, 46 Scandium nuclide was used to label a peptide compound via hydrazinonicotinyl-Tyr3-Octreotide (HYNIC-TOC) and researched further for somatostatin-receptor NETs treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS The labeling procedure was conducted at 95°C for 10 min. The compound stability was tested in the environment of human serum at 37°C. The biodistribution of compound was investigated in balb/c normal mice and mice bearing AR4-2J tumor. Absorbed Doses of Human Organs were estimated by extrapolation of the biokinetics data of compound in mice to human's organs and then the absorbed doses were estimated by application of MATLAB and MIRDOSE software. RESULTS Labeling yield was more than 90% with 555 MBq/mg specific activity. The radio-labeled compound expressed well consistency in human serum. The tumor uptake reached 3.831 ID/g% until 4 h post-injection and increased to 5.564%ID/g until 24 h post-injection. CONCLUSION The main achievement of this study was high tumor uptake of 46 Sc-HYNIC-TOC which may be therapeutically valuable for the therapy of NETs. The estimation of the absorbed dose of human from 47 Scandium-HYNIC-TOC showed low absorbed doses in critical organs and the elimination of the radiopharmaceutical was through the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Deilami-Nezhad
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
| | - Leila Moghaddam-Banaem
- Separation of isotopes Department, Nuclear Material and fuel School, Nuclear Science and Technology Institute
| | - Mahdi Sadeghi
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Pijarowska-Kruszyna J, Pocięgiel M, Mikołajczak R. Radionuclide generators. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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17
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Ghosh K, Naskar N, Lahiri S. Separation of ultra-trace amount of 44mSc from α-particle activated KBr target. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Choiński J, Łyczko M. Prospects for the production of radioisotopes and radiobioconjugates for theranostics. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2021-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of diagnostic methods in medicine as well as the progress in the synthesis of biologically active compounds allows the use of selected radioisotopes for the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of diseases, especially cancerous ones, in patients. This approach is called theranostic. This review article includes chemical and physical characterization of chosen theranostic radioisotopes and their compounds that are or could be useful in nuclear medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Łyczko
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology , Warsaw , Poland
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19
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Fifty Shades of Scandium: Comparative Study of PET Capabilities Using Sc-43 and Sc-44 with Respect to Conventional Clinical Radionuclides. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101826. [PMID: 34679525 PMCID: PMC8535161 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scandium-44 has been proposed as a valuable radionuclide for Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Recently, scandium-43 was introduced as a more favorable option, as it does not emit high-energy γ-radiation; however, its currently employed production method results in a mixture of scandium-43 and scandium-44. The interest in new radionuclides for diagnostic nuclear medicine critically depends on the option for image-based quantification. We aimed to evaluate and compare the quantitative capabilities of scandium-43/scandium-44 in a commercial PET/CT device with respect to more conventional clinical radionuclides (fluorine-18 and gallium-68). With this purpose, we characterized and compared quantitative PET data from a mixture of scandium-43/scandium-44 (~68% scandium-43), scandium-44, fluorine-18 and gallium-68, respectively. A NEMA image-quality phantom was filled with the different radionuclides using clinical-relevant lesion-to-background activity concentration ratios; images were acquired in a Siemens Biograph Vision PET/CT. Quantitative accuracy with scandium-43/scandium-44 in the phantom's background was within 9%, which is in agreement with fluorine-18-based PET standards. Coefficient of variance (COV) was 6.32% and signal recovery in the lesions provided RCmax (recovery coefficient) values of 0.66, 0.90, 1.03, 1.04, 1.12 and 1.11 for lesions of 10-, 13-, 17-, 22-, 28- and 37-mm diameter, respectively. These results are in agreement with EARL reference values for fluorine-18 PET. The results in this work showed that accurate quantitative scandium-43/44 PET/CT is achievable in commercial devices. This may promote the future introduction of scandium-43/44-labelled radiopharmaceuticals into clinical use.
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20
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Production of a broad palette of positron emitting radioisotopes using a low-energy cyclotron: Towards a new success story in cancer imaging? Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 176:109860. [PMID: 34284216 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several years, positron emission tomography (PET) has matured as an indispensable component of cancer diagnostics. Owing to the large variability observed among the cancer patients and the need to personalize individual patient's diagnosis and treatment, the need for new positron emitting radioisotopes has continued to grow. This mini review opens with a brief introduction to the criteria for radioisotope selection for PET imaging. Subsequently, positron emitting radioisotopes are categorized as: established, emerging and futuristic, based on the stages of their advancement. The production methodologies and the radiochemical separation procedures for obtaining the important radioisotopes in a form suitable for preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging are briefly discussed.
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21
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Mari M, Carrozza D, Ferrari E, Asti M. Applications of Radiolabelled Curcumin and Its Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147410. [PMID: 34299029 PMCID: PMC8306375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural occurring molecule that has aroused much interest among researchers over the years due to its pleiotropic set of biological properties. In the nuclear medicine field, radiolabelled curcumin and curcumin derivatives have been studied as potential radiotracers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. In the present review, the synthetic pathways, labelling methods and the preclinical investigations involving these radioactive compounds are treated. The studies entailed chemical modifications for enhancing curcumin stability, as well as its functionalisation for the labelling with several radiohalogens or metal radionuclides (fluorine-18, technetium-99m, gallium-68, etc.). Although some drawbacks have yet to be addressed, and none of the radiolabelled curcuminoids have so far achieved clinical application, the studies performed hitherto provide useful insights and lay the foundation for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Debora Carrozza
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Erika Ferrari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Mattia Asti
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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In Vitro Evaluation of the Squaramide-Conjugated Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor-Based Agents AAZTA 5.SA.FAPi and DOTA.SA.FAPi. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123482. [PMID: 34201111 PMCID: PMC8226449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the first squaramide-(SA) containing FAP inhibitor-derived radiotracers were introduced. DATA5m.SA.FAPi and DOTA.SA.FAPi with their non-radioactive complexes showed high affinity and selectivity for FAP. After a successful preclinical study with [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi, the first patient studies were realized for both compounds. Here, we present a new squaramide-containing compound targeting FAP, based on the AAZTA5 chelator 1,4-bis-(carboxylmethyl)-6-[bis-(carboxymethyl)-amino-6-pentanoic-acid]-perhydro-1,4-diazepine. For this molecule (AAZTA5.SA.FAPi), complexation with radionuclides such as gallium-68, scandium-44, and lutetium-177 was investigated, and the in vitro properties of the complexes were characterized and compared with those of DOTA.SA.FAPi. AAZTA5.SA.FAPi and its derivatives labelled with non-radioactive isotopes demonstrated similar excellent inhibitory potencies compared to the previously published SA.FAPi ligands, i.e., sub-nanomolar IC50 values for FAP and high selectivity indices over the serine proteases PREP and DPPs. Labeling with all three radiometals was easier and faster with AAZTA5.SA.FAPi compared to the corresponding DOTA analogue at ambient temperature. Especially, scandium-44 labeling with the AAZTA derivative resulted in higher specific activities. Both DOTA.SA.FAPi and AAZTA5.SA.FAPi showed sufficiently high stability in different media. Therefore, these FAP inhibitor agents could be promising for theranostic approaches targeting FAP.
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Mikolajczak R, Huclier-Markai S, Alliot C, Haddad F, Szikra D, Forgacs V, Garnuszek P. Production of scandium radionuclides for theranostic applications: towards standardization of quality requirements. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:19. [PMID: 34036449 PMCID: PMC8149571 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the frame of "precision medicine", the scandium radionuclides have recently received considerable interest, providing personalised adjustment of radiation characteristics to optimize the efficiency of medical care or therapeutic benefit for particular groups of patients. Radionuclides of scandium, namely scandium-43 and scandium-44 (43/44Sc) as positron emitters and scandium-47 (47Sc), beta-radiation emitter, seem to fit ideally into the concept of theranostic pair. This paper aims to review the work on scandium isotopes production, coordination chemistry, radiolabeling, preclinical studies and the very first clinical studies. Finally, standardized procedures for scandium-based radiopharmaceuticals have been proposed as a basis to pave the way for elaboration of the Ph.Eur. monographs for perspective scandium radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mikolajczak
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzej Soltan 7, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - S Huclier-Markai
- Laboratoire Subatech, UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique /CNRS-IN2P3 / Université de Nantes, 4 Rue A. Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France.
| | - C Alliot
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France
- CRCINA, Inserm / CNRS / Université de Nantes, 8 quai Moncousu, 44007, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - F Haddad
- Laboratoire Subatech, UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique /CNRS-IN2P3 / Université de Nantes, 4 Rue A. Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - D Szikra
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Scanomed Ltd., Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - V Forgacs
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - P Garnuszek
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzej Soltan 7, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
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Vaughn BA, Koller AJ, Boros E. Aqueous chemistry of the smallest rare earth: Comprehensive characterization of radioactive and non-radioactive scandium complexes for biological applications. Methods Enzymol 2021; 651:343-371. [PMID: 33888209 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous chemistry of scandium(III) is of emerging interest for biological applications, specifically in nuclear medicine, as radioactive isotopes of scandium are becoming more readily accessible. In contrast to other rare earths, Sc3+ has no d or f electrons, limiting characterization of corresponding coordination complexes to spectroscopic techniques that do not rely on the characteristic electronic transitions of f-elements or transition metal ions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview on characterization techniques suitable to elucidate the solution behavior of small and macromolecular complexes of the smallest rare earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Vaughn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Angus J Koller
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
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25
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Rosar F, Bohnenberger H, Moon ES, Rösch F, Denig A, Vincenz-Zörner D, Hoffmann MA, Khreish F, Ezziddin S, Schreckenberger M, Buchholz HG, Schaefer-Schuler A. Impact of prompt gamma emission of 44Sc on quantification in preclinical and clinical PET systems. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 170:109599. [PMID: 33515928 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
44Sc is an increasingly investigated positron emitter for use in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. However, 44Sc is a non-pure positron emitter, since prompt photons are co-emitted during the decay process. This study investigates coincidence energy spectra of 44Sc and its impact on PET quantification on a preclinical and clinical PET system in comparison with 18F. The raw data of the coincidence events revealed characteristic differences comparing the photon energy distribution of 44Sc and 18F. Due to prompt gamma emission of 44Sc, activity recovery is underestimated on PET systems. However, clinical PET imaging of 44Sc with acceptable quantitative accuracy appears feasible by using a single, constant correction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rosar
- Dep. of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Dep. of Nuclear Medicine, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Euy Sung Moon
- Dep. of Chemistry - TRIGA Site, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Dep. of Chemistry - TRIGA Site, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Achim Denig
- Dep. of Nuclear Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Fadi Khreish
- Dep. of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Samer Ezziddin
- Dep. of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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26
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Loveless CS, Blanco JR, Diehl GL, Elbahrawi RT, Carzaniga TS, Braccini S, Lapi SE. Cyclotron Production and Separation of Scandium Radionuclides from Natural Titanium Metal and Titanium Dioxide Targets. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:131-136. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.242941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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27
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Allott L, Aboagye EO. Chemistry Considerations for the Clinical Translation of Oncology PET Radiopharmaceuticals. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2245-2259. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Allott
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Rosar F, Buchholz HG, Michels S, Hoffmann MA, Piel M, Waldmann CM, Rösch F, Reuss S, Schreckenberger M. Image quality analysis of 44Sc on two preclinical PET scanners: a comparison to 68Ga. EJNMMI Phys 2020; 7:16. [PMID: 32166581 PMCID: PMC7067939 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-020-0286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 44Sc has been increasingly investigated as a potential alternative to 68Ga in the development of tracers for positron emission tomography (PET). The lower mean positron energy of 44Sc (0.63 MeV) compared to 68Ga (0.83 MeV) can result in better spatial image resolutions. However, high-energy γ-rays (1157 keV) are emitted at high rates (99.9%) during 44Sc decay, which can reduce image quality. Therefore, we investigated the impact of these physical properties and performed an unbiased performance evaluation of 44Sc and 68Ga with different imaging phantoms (image quality phantom, Derenzo phantom, and three-rod phantom) on two preclinical PET scanners (Mediso nanoScan PET/MRI, Siemens microPET Focus 120). Results Despite the presence of high-energy γ-rays in 44Sc decay, a higher image resolution of small structures was observed with 44Sc when compared to 68Ga. Structures as small as 1.3 mm using the Mediso system, and as small as 1.0 mm using the Siemens system, could be visualized and analyzed by calculating full width at half maximum. Full widths at half maxima were similar for both isotopes. For image quality comparison, we calculated recovery coefficients in 1–5 mm rods and spillover ratios in either air, water, or bone-equivalent material (Teflon). Recovery coefficients for 44Sc were significantly higher than those for 68Ga. Despite the lower positron energy, 44Sc-derived spillover ratio (SOR) values were similar or slightly higher to 68Ga-derived SOR values. This may be attributed to the higher background caused by the additional γ-rays. On the Siemens system, an overestimation of scatter correction in the central part of the phantom was observed causing a virtual disappearance of spillover inside the three-rod phantom. Conclusion Based on these findings, 44Sc appears to be a suitable alternative to 68Ga. The superior image resolution makes it an especially strong competitor in preclinical settings. The additional γ-emissions have a small impact on the imaging resolution but cause higher background noises and can effect an overestimation of scatter correction, depending on the PET system and phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rosar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Buchholz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Michels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuela A Hoffmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Piel
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher M Waldmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Reuss
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Schreckenberger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Talip Z, Favaretto C, Geistlich S, van der Meulen NP. A Step-by-Step Guide for the Novel Radiometal Production for Medical Applications: Case Studies with 68Ga, 44Sc, 177Lu and 161Tb. Molecules 2020; 25:E966. [PMID: 32093425 PMCID: PMC7070971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of novel radionuclides is the first step towards the development of new effective radiopharmaceuticals, and the quality thereof directly affects the preclinical and clinical phases. In this review, novel radiometal production for medical applications is briefly elucidated. The production status of the imaging nuclide 44Sc and the therapeutic β--emitter nuclide 161Tb are compared to their more established counterparts, 68Ga and 177Lu according to their targetry, irradiation process, radiochemistry, and quality control aspects. The detailed discussion of these significant issues will help towards the future introduction of these promising radionuclides into drug manufacture for clinical application under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Talip
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Favaretto
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Geistlich
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P. van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
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Sitarz M, Cussonneau JP, Matulewicz T, Haddad F. Radionuclide candidates for β+γ coincidence PET: An overview. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 155:108898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Emerging Trends in Nanotheranostics. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Ferguson S, Jans HS, Wuest M, Riauka T, Wuest F. Comparison of scandium-44 g with other PET radionuclides in pre-clinical PET phantom imaging. EJNMMI Phys 2019; 6:23. [PMID: 31832809 PMCID: PMC6908536 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-019-0260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The decay characteristics of radionuclides in PET studies can impact image reconstruction. 44gSc has been the topic of recent research due to potential theranostic applications and is a promising radiometal for PET imaging. In this study, the reconstructed images from phantom measurements with scandium in a small-animal PET scanner are compared with 18F and two prominent radiometals: 64Cu and 68Ga METHODS: Three phantoms filled with 18F, 64C, 68Ga, and 44gSc were imaged in the Siemens Inveon PET scanner. The NEMA image quality phantom was used to determine the recovery coefficients (RCs), spill-over ratios (SORs), and noise (%SD) under typical pre-clinical imaging conditions. Image contrast was determined using a Derenzo phantom, while the coincidence characteristics were investigated using an NEC phantom. Three reconstruction algorithms were used, namely filtered back projection (FBP), ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM), and maximum a-posteriori (MAP). RESULTS Image quality parameters were measured for 18F, 64Cu, 68Ga, and 44gSc respectively; using FBP, the %SD are 5.65, 5.88, 7.28, and 7.70; the RCs for the 5-mm rod are 0.849, 1.01, 0.615, and 0.825; the SORs in water are 0.0473, 0.0595, 0.141, 0.0923; and the SORs in air are 0.0589, 0.0484, 0.0525, and 0.0509. The contrast measured in the 2.5-mm rods are 0.674, 0.637, 0.196, and 0.347. The NEC rate with 44gSc increased at a slower rate than 18F and 68Ga as a function of activity in the field of view. CONCLUSION 44gSc demonstrates intermediate behavior relative to 18F and 68Ga with regard to RC and contrast measurements. It is a promising radionuclide for preclinical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ferguson
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Hans-Sonke Jans
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Terence Riauka
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Orteca G, Sinnes JP, Rubagotti S, Iori M, Capponi PC, Piel M, Rösch F, Ferrari E, Asti M. Gallium-68 and scandium-44 labelled radiotracers based on curcumin structure linked to bifunctional chelators: Synthesis and characterization of potential PET radiotracers. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 204:110954. [PMID: 31838188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin metal complexes showed widespread applications in medicine and can be exploited as a lead structure for developing new tracers for nuclear medicine application. Herein, the synthesis, chemical characterization and radiolabelling with gallium-68 and scandium-44 of two new targeting vectors based on curcumin scaffolds and linked to the chelators 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA) and 1,4-bis(carboxymethyl)-6-[bis(carboxymethyl)]amino-6-methylperhydro-1,4-diazepine (AAZTA) are reported. Synthesis of the precursors could be achieved with a 13% and 11% yield and radiolabelling generally afforded rapid incorporation under mild conditions (>95%). Stability in physiological media (~75% after 2 h in human blood for [68Ga]Ga-/[44Sc]Sc-AAZTA-PC21 and ~60% for [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-C21, respectively) are generally enhanced if compared to the previously radiolabelled analogues. MSn fragmentation experiments showed high stability of the AAZTA-PC21 structure mainly due to the pyrazole derivatization of the curcumin keto-enol moiety and a more feasible radiolabelling was noticed both with gallium-68 and scandium-44 mainly due to the AAZTA-chelator properties. [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-C21 showed the most favorable lipophilicity value (logD = 1.3). Due to these findings, both compounds appear to be promising candidates for the imaging of colorectal cancer, but further studies such as in vitro uptake and in vivo biodistribution experiments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Orteca
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Jean-Philippe Sinnes
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, D-55126 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara Rubagotti
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Michele Iori
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Pier Cesare Capponi
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Markus Piel
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, D-55126 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, D-55126 Mainz, Germany
| | - Erika Ferrari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Mattia Asti
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Baranyai Z, Tircsó G, Rösch F. The Use of the Macrocyclic Chelator DOTA in Radiochemical Separations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Baranyai
- Bracco Research Centre Bracco Imaging spa Via Ribes 5 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | - Gyula Tircsó
- Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 Debrecen 4032 Hungary
| | - Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Fritz‐Strassmann‐Weg 2 55128 Mainz Germany
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35
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Greifenstein L, Grus T, Nagel J, Sinnes JP, Rösch F. Synthesis and labeling of a squaric acid containing PSMA-inhibitor coupled to AAZTA 5 for versatile labeling with 44Sc, 64Cu, 68Ga and 177Lu. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 156:108867. [PMID: 31883763 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Greifenstein
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz
| | - Tilmann Grus
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz
| | - Johannes Nagel
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz
| | - Jean Phillip Sinnes
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz
| | - Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz.
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36
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Sinnes JP, Nagel J, Rösch F. AAZTA 5/AAZTA 5-TOC: synthesis and radiochemical evaluation with 68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:18. [PMID: 31659525 PMCID: PMC6675801 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE AAZTA (1,4-bis (carboxymethyl)-6-[bis (carboxymethyl)]amino-6-methylperhydro-1,4-diazepine) based chelators were initially developed in the context of magnetic resonance imaging. First radiochemical studies showed the capability of AAZTA to form stable complexes with radiolanthanides and moderately stable complexes with 68Ga. For a systematic comparison of the labelling capabilities with current diagnostic and therapeutic trivalent radiometals, AAZTA5 (1,4-bis (carboxymethyl)-6-[bis (carboxymethyl)]amino-6-[pentanoic-acid]perhydro-1,4-diazepine) was synthesized representing a bifunctional version with a pentanoic acid at the carbon-6 atom. To evaluate the effect of adding a targeting vector (TV) to the bifunctional chelator on the complex formation, AAZTA5-TOC was synthesized, radiolabeled and tested in comparison to the uncoupled AAZTA5. METHODS AAZTA5 was synthesized in a 5-step synthesis. It was coupled to the cyclic peptide TOC (Phe1-Tyr3 octreotide) via amide bound formation. AAZTA and AAZTA5-TOC complex formations with 68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu were investigated at different pH, temperature and precursor amounts. Stability studies against human serum, PBS buffer, EDTA and DTPA were performed. RESULTS AAZTA5 and AAZTA5-TOC achieved quantitative labelling (> 95%) at room temperature in less than 5 min with all three nuclides at pH ranges from 4 to 5.5 with low precursor amounts of 1 to 10 nmol. [44Sc]Sc-AAZTA5 complexes as well as [44Sc]Sc-AAZTA5-TOC were completely stable. The 177Lu complexes of AAZTA5 and AAZTA5-TOC showed high stability comparable to the 44Sc complexes. In contrast, the [68Ga]Ga-AAZTA5 complex stability was rather low, but interestingly, [68Ga]Ga-AAZTA5-TOC was completely stable. CONCLUSION AAZTA5 appears to be a promising bifunctional chelator for 68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu with outstanding labelling capabilities at room temperature. Complex stabilities are high in the case of 44Sc and 177Lu. While [68Ga]Ga-AAZTA complexes alone lacking stability, [68Ga]Ga-AAZTA5-TOC demonstrated high stability. The latter indicates an interesting feature of [68Ga]Ga-AAZTA5-labelled radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Sinnes
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Nagel
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Mikolajczak R, van der Meulen NP, Lapi SE. Radiometals for imaging and theranostics, current production, and future perspectives. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:615-634. [PMID: 31137083 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to make the reader familiar with currently available radiometals, their production modes, capacities, and quality concerns related to their medical use, as well as new emerging radiometals and irradiation technologies from the perspective of their diagnostic and theranostic applications. Production methods of 177 Lu serve as an example of various issues related to the production yield, specific activity, radionuclidic and chemical purity, and production economy. Other radiometals that are currently used or explored for potential medical applications, with particular focus on their theranostic value, are discussed. Using radiometals for diagnostic imaging and therapy is on the rise. The high demand for radiometals for medical use prompts investigations towards using alternative irradiation reactions, while using existing nuclear reactors and accelerator facilities. This review discusses these production capacities and what is necessary to cover the growing demand for theranostic nuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mikolajczak
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock, Poland
| | | | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Zhang J, Singh A, Kulkarni HR, Schuchardt C, Müller D, Wester HJ, Maina T, Rösch F, van der Meulen NP, Müller C, Mäcke H, Baum RP. From Bench to Bedside-The Bad Berka Experience With First-in-Human Studies. Semin Nucl Med 2019; 49:422-437. [PMID: 31470935 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Precision oncology is being driven by rapid advances in novel diagnostics and therapeutic interventions, with treatments targeted to the needs of individual patients on the basis of genetic, biomarker, phenotypic, or psychosocial characteristics that distinguish a given patient from other patients with similar clinical presentations. Inherent in the theranostics paradigm is the assumption that diagnostic test results can precisely determine whether an individual is likely to benefit from a specific treatment. As part and integral in the current era of precision oncology, theranostics in the context of nuclear medicine aims to identify the appropriate molecular targets in neoplasms (diagnostic tool), so that the optimal ligands and radionuclides (therapeutic tool) with favorable labeling chemistry can be selected for personalized management of a specific disease, taking into consideration the specific patient, and subsequently monitor treatment response. Over the past two decades, the use of gallium-68 labeled peptides for somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-targeted PET/CT (or PET/MRI) imaging followed by lutetium-177 and yttrium-90 labeled SSTR-agonist for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy has demonstrated remarkable success in the management of neuroendocrine neoplasms, and paved the way to other indications of theranostics. Rapid advances are being made in the development of other peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals, small molecular-weight ligands and with newer radioisotopes with more favorable kinetics, potentially useful for theranostics strategies for the clinical application. The present review features the Bad Berka experience with first-in-human studies of new radiopharmaceuticals, for example, prostate-specific membrane antigen ligand, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, neurotensin receptor 1 ligand, novel SSTR-targeting peptides and nonpeptide, and bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. Also new radioisotopes, for example, actinium (225Ac), copper (64Cu), scandium (44Sc), and terbium (152Tb/161Tb) will be discussed briefly demonstrating the development from basic science to precision oncology in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Aviral Singh
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Harshad R Kulkarni
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Christiane Schuchardt
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Dirk Müller
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Hans-J Wester
- Institute for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicholas P van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; (
- )Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Mäcke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard P Baum
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany.
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Edem PE, Sinnes JP, Pektor S, Bausbacher N, Rossin R, Yazdani A, Miederer M, Kjær A, Valliant JF, Robillard MS, Rösch F, Herth MM. Evaluation of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction in rats using a scandium-44-labelled tetrazine for pretargeted PET imaging. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:49. [PMID: 31140047 PMCID: PMC6538705 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretargeted imaging allows the use of short-lived radionuclides when imaging the accumulation of slow clearing targeting agents such as antibodies. The biotin-(strept)avidin and the bispecific antibody-hapten interactions have been applied in clinical pretargeting studies; unfortunately, these systems led to immunogenic responses in patients. The inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction between a radiolabelled tetrazine (Tz) and a trans-cyclooctene (TCO)-functionalized targeting vector is a promising alternative for clinical pretargeted imaging due to its fast reaction kinetics. This strategy was first applied in nuclear medicine using an 111In-labelled Tz to image TCO-functionalized antibodies in tumour-bearing mice. Since then, the IEDDA has been used extensively in pretargeted nuclear imaging and radiotherapy; however, these studies have only been performed in mice. Herein, we report the 44Sc labelling of a Tz and evaluate it in pretargeted imaging in Wistar rats. RESULTS 44Sc was obtained from an in house 44Ti/44Sc generator. A 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-functionalized tetrazine was radiolabelled with 44Sc resulting in radiochemical yields of 85-95%, a radiochemical purity > 99% at an apparent molar activity of 1 GBq/mmol. The 44Sc-labelled Tz maintained stability in solution for up to 24 h. A TCO-functionalized bisphosphonate, which accumulates in skeletal tissue, was used as a targeting vector to evaluate the 44Sc-labelled Tz. Biodistribution data of the 44Sc-labelled Tz showed specific uptake (0.9 ± 0.3% ID/g) in the bones (humerus and femur) of rats pre-treated with the TCO-functionalized bisphosphonate. This uptake was not present in rats not receiving pre-treatment (< 0.03% ID/g). CONCLUSIONS We have prepared a 44Sc-labelled Tz and used it in pretargeted PET imaging with rats treated with TCO-functionalized bisphosponates. This allowed for the evaluation of the IEDDA reaction in animals larger than a typical mouse. Non-target accumulation was low, and there was a 30-fold higher bone uptake in the pre-treated rats compared to the non-treated controls. Given its convenient half-life and the ability to perform positron emission tomography with a previously studied DOTA-functionalized Tz, scandium-44 (t1/2 = 3.97 h) proved to be a suitable radioisotope for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Edem
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Stefanie Pektor
- University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Bausbacher
- University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Raffaella Rossin
- Tagworks Pharmaceuticals, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abdolreza Yazdani
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthias Miederer
- University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John F Valliant
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Marc S Robillard
- Tagworks Pharmaceuticals, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Rösch
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Saarstraße 21, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Loveless CS, Radford LL, Ferran SJ, Queern SL, Shepherd MR, Lapi SE. Photonuclear production, chemistry, and in vitro evaluation of the theranostic radionuclide 47Sc. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:42. [PMID: 31098710 PMCID: PMC6522578 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In molecular imaging and nuclear medicine, theranostic agents that integrate radionuclide pairs are successfully being used for individualized care, which has led to rapidly growing interest in their continued development. These compounds, which are radiolabeled with one radionuclide for imaging and a chemically identical or similar radionuclide for therapy, may improve patient-specific treatment and outcomes by matching the properties of different radionuclides with a targeting vector for a particular tumor type. One proposed theranostic radionuclide is scandium-47 (47Sc, T1/2 = 3.35 days), which can be used for targeted radiotherapy and may be paired with the positron emitting radionuclides, 43Sc (T1/2 = 3.89 h) and 44Sc (T1/2 = 3.97 h) for imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate the photonuclear production of 47Sc via the 48Ti(γ,p)47Sc reaction using an electron linear accelerator (eLINAC), separation and purification of 47Sc, the radiolabeling of somatostatin receptor-targeting peptide DOTATOC with 47Sc, and in vitro receptor-mediated binding of [47Sc]Sc-DOTATOC in AR42J somatostatin receptor subtype two (SSTR2) expressing rat pancreatic tumor cells. Results The rate of 47Sc production in a stack of natural titanium foils (n = 39) was 8 × 107 Bq/mA·h (n = 3). Irradiated target foils were dissolved in 2.0 M H2SO4 under reflux. After dissolution, trivalent 47Sc ions were separated from natural Ti using AG MP-50 cation exchange resin. The recovered 47Sc was then purified using CHELEX 100 ion exchange resin. The average decay-corrected two-step 47Sc recovery (n = 9) was (77 ± 7)%. A radiolabeling yield of > 99.9% of [47Sc]Sc-DOTATOC (0.384 mg in 0.3 mL) was achieved using 1.7 MBq of 47Sc. Blocking studies using Octreotide illustrated receptor-mediated uptake of [47Sc]Sc-DOTATOC in AR42J cells. Conclusions 47Sc can be produced via the 48Ti(γ,p)47Sc reaction and separated from natural Ti targets with a yield and radiochemical purity suitable for radiolabeling of peptides for in vitro studies. The data in this work supports the potential use of eLINACs for studies of photonuclear production of medical radionuclides and the future development of high-intensity eLINAC facilities capable of producing relevant quantities of carrier-free radionuclides currently inaccessible via routine production pathways or limited due to costly enriched targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13550-019-0515-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shaun Loveless
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63134, USA
| | - Lauren L Radford
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Samuel J Ferran
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Stacy L Queern
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63134, USA
| | | | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63134, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Huclier-Markai S, Alliot C, Kerdjoudj R, Mougin-Degraef M, Chouin N, Haddad F. Promising Scandium Radionuclides for Nuclear Medicine: A Review on the Production and Chemistry up to In Vivo Proofs of Concept. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 33:316-329. [PMID: 30265573 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scandium radionuclides have been identified in the late 1990s as promising for nuclear medicine applications, but have been set aside for about 20 years. Among the different isotopes of scandium, 43Sc and 44Sc are interesting for positron emission tomography imaging, whereas 47Sc is interesting for therapy. The 44Sc/47Sc or 43Sc/47Sc pairs could be thus envisaged as true theranostic pairs. Another interesting aspect of scandium is that its chemistry is governed by the trivalent ion, Sc3+. When combined with its hardness and its size, it gives this element a lanthanide-like behavior. It is then also possible to use it in a theranostic approach in combination with 177Lu or other lanthanides. This article aims to review the progresses that have been made over the last decade on scandium isotope production and coordination chemistry. It also reviews the radiolabeling aspects and the first (pre) clinical studies performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Huclier-Markai
- 1 Laboratoire Subatech , UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique/CNRS-IN2P3/Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France .,2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Cyrille Alliot
- 2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France .,3 CRCINA, Inserm/CNRS/Université de Nantes , Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Rabha Kerdjoudj
- 1 Laboratoire Subatech , UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique/CNRS-IN2P3/Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France .,2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France
| | | | - Nicolas Chouin
- 3 CRCINA, Inserm/CNRS/Université de Nantes , Nantes Cedex, France .,4 Unité AMaROC ONIRIS Site de la Chantrerie , Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Ferid Haddad
- 1 Laboratoire Subatech , UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique/CNRS-IN2P3/Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France .,2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France
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42
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Chaple IF, Lapi SE. Production and Use of the First-Row Transition Metal PET Radionuclides 43,44Sc, 52Mn, and 45Ti. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1655-1659. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.213264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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43
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Müller C, Domnanich KA, Umbricht CA, van der Meulen NP. Scandium and terbium radionuclides for radiotheranostics: current state of development towards clinical application. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20180074. [PMID: 29658792 PMCID: PMC6475947 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, different radiometals are in use for imaging and therapy in nuclear medicine: 68Ga and 111In are examples of nuclides for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), respectively, while 177Lu and 225Ac are used for β−- and α-radionuclide therapy. The application of diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides of the same element (radioisotopes) would utilize chemically-identical radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and subsequent treatment, thereby enabling the radiotheranostic concept. There are two elements which are of particular interest in this regard: Scandium and Terbium. Scandium presents three radioisotopes for theranostic application. 43Sc (T1/2 = 3.9 h) and 44Sc (T1/2 = 4.0 h) can both be used for PET, while 47Sc (T1/2 = 3.35 d) is the therapeutic match—also suitable for SPECT. Currently, 44Sc is most advanced in terms of production, as well as with pre-clinical investigations, and has already been employed in proof-of-concept studies in patients. Even though the production of 43Sc may be more challenging, it would be advantageous due to the absence of high-energetic γ-ray emission. The development of 47Sc is still in its infancy, however, its therapeutic potential has been demonstrated preclinically. Terbium is unique in that it represents four medically-interesting radioisotopes. 155Tb (T1/2 = 5.32 d) and 152Tb (T1/2 = 17.5 h) can be used for SPECT and PET, respectively. Both radioisotopes were produced and tested preclinically. 152Tb has been the first Tb isotope that was tested (as 152Tb-DOTATOC) in a patient. Both radionuclides may be of interest for dosimetry purposes prior to the application of radiolanthanide therapy. The decay properties of 161Tb (T1/2 = 6.89 d) are similar to 177Lu, but the coemission of Auger electrons make it attractive for a combined β−/Auger electron therapy, which was shown to be effective in preclinical experiments. 149Tb (T1/2 = 4.1 h) has been proposed for targeted α-therapy with the possibility of PET imaging. In terms of production, 161Tb and 155Tb are most promising to be made available at the large quantities suitable for future clinical translation. This review article is dedicated to the production routes, the methods of separating the radioisotopes from the target material, preclinical investigations and clinical proof-of-concept studies of Sc and Tb radionuclides. The availability, challenges of production and first (pre)clinical application, as well as the potential of these novel radionuclides for future application in nuclear medicine, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Müller
- 1 Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut , Villigen-PSI , Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph A Umbricht
- 1 Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut , Villigen-PSI , Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P van der Meulen
- 1 Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut , Villigen-PSI , Switzerland.,2 Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , Villigen-PSI , Switzerland
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44
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Morris O, Fairclough M, Grigg J, Prenant C, McMahon A. A review of approaches to 18
F radiolabelling affinity peptides and proteins. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 62:4-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Morris
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; UK
- CRUK/EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge & Manchester; The University of Manchester; UK
| | - M. Fairclough
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; UK
- CRUK/EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge & Manchester; The University of Manchester; UK
| | | | - C. Prenant
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; UK
- CRUK/EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge & Manchester; The University of Manchester; UK
| | - A. McMahon
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; UK
- CRUK/EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge & Manchester; The University of Manchester; UK
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45
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Khawar A, Eppard E, Sinnes JP, Roesch F, Ahmadzadehfar H, Kürpig S, Meisenheimer M, Gaertner FC, Essler M, Bundschuh RA. [44Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 Biodistribution and Dosimetry in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 2018; 43:323-330. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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46
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Synowiecki MA, Perk LR, Nijsen JFW. Production of novel diagnostic radionuclides in small medical cyclotrons. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2018; 3:3. [PMID: 29503860 PMCID: PMC5824710 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-018-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global network of cyclotrons has expanded rapidly over the last decade. The bulk of its industrial potential is composed of small medical cyclotrons with a proton energy below 20 MeV for radionuclides production. This review focuses on the recent developments of novel medical radionuclides produced by cyclotrons in the energy range of 3 MeV to 20 MeV. The production of the following medical radionuclides will be described based on available literature sources: Tc-99 m, I-123, I-124, Zr-89, Cu-64, Ga-67, Ga-68, In-111, Y-86 and Sc-44. Remarkable developments in the production process have been observed in only some cases. More research is needed to make novel radionuclide cyclotron production available for the medical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Adam Synowiecki
- Radboudumc, Radboud Translational Medicine B.V, Geert Grooteplein 21 (route 142), 6525EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Rutger Perk
- Radboudumc, Radboud Translational Medicine B.V, Geert Grooteplein 21 (route 142), 6525EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Frank W. Nijsen
- Radboudumc, Dept. of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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47
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Pyrzyńska K, Kilian K, Pęgier M. Separation and purification of scandium: From industry to medicine. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2018.1430589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mateusz Pęgier
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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48
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Price TW, Greenman J, Stasiuk GJ. Current advances in ligand design for inorganic positron emission tomography tracers 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr and 44Sc. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:15702-15724. [PMID: 26865360 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key part of the development of metal based Positron Emission Tomography probes is the chelation of the radiometal. In this review the recent developments in the chelation of four positron emitting radiometals, 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr and 44Sc, are explored. The factors that effect the chelation of each radio metal and the ideal ligand system will be discussed with regards to high in vivo stability, complexation conditions, conjugation to targeting motifs and complexation kinetics. A series of cyclic, cross-bridged and acyclic ligands will be discussed, such as CP256 which forms stable complexes with 68Ga under mild conditions and PCB-TE2A which has been shown to form a highly stable complex with 64Cu. 89Zr and 44Sc have seen significant development in recent years with a number of chelates being applied to each metal - eight coordinate di-macrocyclic terephthalamide ligands were found to rapidly produce more stable complexes with 89Zr than the widely used DFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Price
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John Greenman
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Graeme J Stasiuk
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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49
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Domnanich KA, Eichler R, Müller C, Jordi S, Yakusheva V, Braccini S, Behe M, Schibli R, Türler A, van der Meulen NP. Production and separation of 43Sc for radiopharmaceutical purposes. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2017; 2:14. [PMID: 29503855 PMCID: PMC5824704 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-017-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The favorable decay properties of 43Sc and 44Sc for PET make them promising candidates for future applications in nuclear medicine. An advantage 43Sc (T1/2 = 3.89 h, Eβ+av = 476 keV [88%]) exhibits over 44Sc, however, is the absence of co-emitted high energy γ-rays. While the production and application of 44Sc has been comprehensively discussed, research concerning 43Sc is still in its infancy. This study aimed at developing two different production routes for 43Sc, based on proton irradiation of enriched 46Ti and 43Ca target material. Results 43Sc was produced via the 46Ti(p,α)43Sc and 43Ca(p,n)43Sc nuclear reactions, yielding activities of up to 225 MBq and 480 MBq, respectively. 43Sc was chemically separated from enriched metallic 46Ti (97.0%) and 43CaCO3 (57.9%) targets, using extraction chromatography. In both cases, ~90% of the final activity was eluted in a small volume of 700 μL, thereby, making it suitable for direct radiolabeling. The prepared products were of high radionuclidic purity, i.e. 98.2% 43Sc were achieved from the irradiation of 46Ti, whereas the product isolated from irradiated 43Ca consisted of 66.2% 43Sc and 33.3% 44Sc. A PET phantom study performed with 43Sc, via both nuclear reactions, revealed slightly improved resolution over 44Sc. In order to assess the chemical purity of the separated 43Sc, radiolabeling experiments were performed with DOTANOC, attaining specific activities of 5–8 MBq/nmol, respectively, with a radiochemical yield of >96%. Conclusions It was determined that higher 43Sc activities were accessible via the 43Ca production route, with a comparatively less complex target preparation and separation procedure. The product isolated from irradiated 46Ti, however, revealed purer 43Sc with minor radionuclidic impurities. Based on the results obtained herein, the 43Ca route features some advantages (such as higher yields and direct usage of the purchased target material) over the 46Ti path when aiming at 43Sc production on a routine basis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41181-017-0033-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A Domnanich
- 1Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Eichler
- 1Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- 3Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,4Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Jordi
- 1Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vera Yakusheva
- 5GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Saverio Braccini
- 6Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Behe
- 3Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- 3Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,4Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Türler
- 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P van der Meulen
- 1Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,3Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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50
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Rotsch DA, Brown MA, Nolen JA, Brossard T, Henning WF, Chemerisov SD, Gromov RG, Greene J. Electron linear accelerator production and purification of scandium-47 from titanium dioxide targets. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 131:77-82. [PMID: 29175143 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The photonuclear production of no-carrier-added (NCA) 47Sc from solid NatTiO2 and the subsequent chemical processing and purification have been developed. Scandium-47 was produced by the 48Ti(γ,p)47Sc reaction with Bremsstrahlung photons produced from the braking of electrons in a high-Z (W or Ta) convertor. Production yields were simulated with the PHITS code (Particle and Heavy Ion Transport-code System) and compared to experimental results. Irradiated TiO2 targets were dissolved in fuming H2SO4 in the presence of Na2SO4 and 47Sc was purified using the commercially available Eichrom DGA resin. Typical 47Sc recovery yields were >90% with excellent specific activity for small batches (<185 MBq batches).
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rotsch
- Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - M Alex Brown
- Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Jerry A Nolen
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Thomas Brossard
- Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Walter F Henning
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Sergey D Chemerisov
- Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Roman G Gromov
- Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - John Greene
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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