Science is not sufficient: Irving J. Selikoff and the asbestos tragedy

[Causality and responsibility in occupational health]

The objective of this work is to review the imperfect relationship between causality and responsibility, from the perspective of occupational health, where this tension occurs so frequently when addressing the prevention of illnesses and occupational injuries. From epidemiology, we are very demanding in our observations, both in terms of internal and external validity, when establishing causal relationships. An essential rigor in the analysis of causality, which does not prevent us from myopia when a purely biomedical vision is adopted, forgetting the causes at different levels and of an economic and political nature. In turn, we need a governance (administrations, companies and governments) that assumes responsibility through the establishment of policies, many of them based on legal norms. Rules resulting from participatory processes, broad in democratic societies, in which conflicting interests intervene, and sometimes extends for years, which can lead to unacceptable situations of unrecognized suffering. So, helping us with some prosthesis, a glasses for science, to provide evidence that explains from macro to micro the process that takes us from health to disease, and a hearing aids for politics, to assume with all consequences their responsibility for taking preventive measures listening to the interests of the most vulnerable people, we could enjoy a long and healthy life.

How to Judge Safety Crime: Lessons From the Eternit Asbestos Maxi-Trials

When it comes to occupational injury, disease, and fatalities, criminal prosecution and punishment is the exception. This paper focuses on three loopholes in legal strategy that make it difficult for determined social movements and committed prosecutors to secure conviction against corporate executives: they are the notions (1) that “modern” industrial risk is by essence impersonal and diluted, making the assignment of individual responsibility difficult or impossible, (2) that industrial hazard is foreign to any notion of intention, fault or responsibility, (3) that the certainty of the causal link between exposure and damages must be established for each victim on a purely individual, rather than statistical, basis. I describe how Italian prosecutors sought to circumvent these loopholes in the Eternit asbestos maxi-trials. Although there appear to be solid legal workarounds for the first and second loophole, the third one remains problematic, calling for urgent political and legal imagination.

Community-based Participatory Research Is Needed to Address Pulmonary Health Disparities

Socioeconomic and racial disparities in the outcomes of medical management remain common across pulmonary diseases in the United States and worldwide. Acknowledging this, the American Thoracic Society recently put forth recommendations to advance respiratory health equity. Through engagement of vulnerable communities in search of collaborative solutions to improve health disparities, community-based participatory research embodies concepts essential to the American Thoracic Society mission for respiratory health equity. The purpose of this commentary is to provide an overview of the principles of community-based participatory research and the application of this approach to addressing inequity in the outcomes of treatment for lung disease. Community-based participatory research aims to decrease health disparities by recognizing the social and ecological paradigms of health care and by partnering community members with academic researchers in all aspects of the research process. Community partners are uniquely poised to offer insight into local culture, circumstances that guide health behaviors, and other challenges to improve their own community's health. Sustainable interventions, either through strengthening existing community assets or through community empowerment and local capacity building throughout the research process, are essential to the success of community-based participatory research. The National Institutes of Health and other funding agencies offer funding opportunities to support specific interventions aimed at engaging community members in the research process. In pulmonary medicine, community-based initiatives have focused primarily on improving pediatric asthma outcomes. Using a community-based approach in adult asthma and other pulmonary diseases could be an ideal manner in which to decrease pulmonary health disparities.

The historical development of academic journals in occupational medicine, 1901-2009

Academic journals in a specialist field provide an interesting historical record of its development and progression over time. This article describes the evolution of some major international journals of occupational medicine, including some historical background on their editorial board. As North America, the United Kingdom, and Northern Europe are known to have the highest contribution to scientific production, it was considered appropriate to investigate the main occupational medicine periodicals in these regions. Given the remarkable improvements in Japanese occupational health following the Second World War, it was also considered worthwhile to investigate the two English-language journals of occupational medicine from this country.