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Mundt KA, Dell LD, Boffetta P, Beckett EM, Lynch HN, Desai VJ, Lin CK, Thompson WJ. The importance of evaluating specific myeloid malignancies in epidemiological studies of environmental carcinogens. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:227. [PMID: 33676443 PMCID: PMC7936449 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) - including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) - and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) are largely clinically distinct myeloid malignancies, epidemiological studies rarely examine them separately and often combine them with lymphoid malignancies, limiting possible etiological interpretations for specific myeloid malignancies. METHODS We systematically evaluated the epidemiological literature on the four chemical agents (1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, benzene, and tobacco smoking, excluding pharmaceutical, microbial and radioactive agents, and pesticides) classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as having sufficient epidemiological evidence to conclude that each causes "myeloid malignancies." Literature searches of IARC Monographs and PubMed identified 85 studies that we critically assessed, and for appropriate subsets, summarized results using meta-analysis. RESULTS Only two epidemiological studies on 1,3-butadiene were identified, but reported findings were inadequate to evaluate specific myeloid malignancies. Studies on formaldehyde reported results for AML and CML - and not for MDS or MPN - but reported no increased risks. For benzene, several specific myeloid malignancies were evaluated, with consistent associations reported with AML and MDS and mixed results for CML. Studies of tobacco smoking examined all major myeloid malignancies, demonstrating consistent relationships with AML, MDS and MPN, but not with CML. CONCLUSIONS Surprisingly few epidemiological studies present results for specific myeloid malignancies, and those identified were inconsistent across studies of the same exposure, as well as across chemical agents. This exercise illustrates that even for agents classified as having sufficient evidence of causing "myeloid malignancies," the epidemiological evidence for specific myeloid malignancies is generally limited and inconsistent. Future epidemiological studies should report findings for the specific myeloid malignancies, as combining them post hoc - where appropriate - always remains possible, whereas disaggregation may not. Furthermore, combining results across possibly discrete diseases reduces the chances of identifying important malignancy-specific causal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L D Dell
- Ramboll US Consulting Inc., Amherst, MA, USA
| | - P Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - V J Desai
- Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - C K Lin
- Cardno ChemRisk, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Fundamental estimates of radon-associated health risk have been provided by epidemiological studies of miners. In total, approximately 15 studies have been conducted worldwide since the 1960s. These results have contributed directly to radiological protection against radon. The present article summarises the main results, with a focus on analyses of miners exposed more recently, estimates of radon lifetime attributable risk, and interaction between radon and smoking. The potential for the upcoming Pooled Uranium Miner Analysis project to further improve our knowledge is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Laurier
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, 92262 Fontenay aux Roses Cedex, France; e-mail:
| | | | - E Rage
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, 92262 Fontenay aux Roses Cedex, France; e-mail:
| | - L Tomasek
- National Radiation Protection Institute, Czech Republic
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia M Nogueira
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - K Robin Yabroff
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aaron Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kucab JE, Zou X, Morganella S, Joel M, Nanda AS, Nagy E, Gomez C, Degasperi A, Harris R, Jackson SP, Arlt VM, Phillips DH, Nik-Zainal S. A Compendium of Mutational Signatures of Environmental Agents. Cell 2019; 177:821-836.e16. [PMID: 30982602 PMCID: PMC6506336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome-sequencing (WGS) of human tumors has revealed distinct mutation patterns that hint at the causative origins of cancer. We examined mutational signatures in 324 WGS human-induced pluripotent stem cells exposed to 79 known or suspected environmental carcinogens. Forty-one yielded characteristic substitution mutational signatures. Some were similar to signatures found in human tumors. Additionally, six agents produced double-substitution signatures and eight produced indel signatures. Investigating mutation asymmetries across genome topography revealed fully functional mismatch and transcription-coupled repair pathways. DNA damage induced by environmental mutagens can be resolved by disparate repair and/or replicative pathways, resulting in an assortment of signature outcomes even for a single agent. This compendium of experimentally induced mutational signatures permits further exploration of roles of environmental agents in cancer etiology and underscores how human stem cell DNA is directly vulnerable to environmental agents. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Kucab
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Xueqing Zou
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 9NB, UK; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Madeleine Joel
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - A Scott Nanda
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 9NB, UK
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Celine Gomez
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrea Degasperi
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 9NB, UK; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 9NB, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 9NB, UK; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
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Abstract
The cancerous process is result of disturbed cell function. This is due to the accumulation of many genetic and epigenetic changes within the cell, expressed in the accumulation of chromosomal or molecular aberrations, which leads to genetic instability. It is difficult to assess the validity of individual aetiological factors, but it can be concluded that interaction of various risk factors has the largest contribution to the cancer development. Environmental, exogenous and endogenous factors as well as individual factors, including genetic predisposition contribute to the development of cancer. Epidemiological research on the development of malignant tumors has focused over the years on the determinants of environmental and genetic factors of cancer incidence and mortality rate. According to current state of knowledge, 80-90% of malignant tumors are caused by external environmental factors (carcinogens). Epidemiological studies have proved that the main factors responsible for the development of malignant neoplasia among humans are environmental factors arising from human behaviour. It has been confirmed that smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, diet, and reproductive behaviour are important for the development of malignant neoplasia in the human population. According to the World Health Organization, in 2020 we may expect about 10 million deaths, including 7-8 million in the developing countries, while this number in the developed countries will not change and will be 2-3 million. The aim this study was systematization of knowledge concerning the risk factors of malignant tumours and supplementing them with the latest research results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Rudzki
- Chair and Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Rudzki
- I Chair and Department of General and Transplant Surgery and Nutritional Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Lewandowski
- Institute of Technical Engineering State School of Technology and Economics, Jaroslaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Laskowska
- Institute of Healthcare, State School of Technology and Economics, Jaroslaw, Poland.
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Cumberbatch MGK, Jubber I, Black PC, Esperto F, Figueroa JD, Kamat AM, Kiemeney L, Lotan Y, Pang K, Silverman DT, Znaor A, Catto JWF. Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Contemporary Update of Risk Factors in 2018. Eur Urol 2018; 74:784-795. [PMID: 30268659 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bladder cancer (BC) is a significant health problem, and understanding the risk factors for this disease could improve prevention and early detection. OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic review and summary of novel developments in epidemiology and risk factors for BC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic review of original articles was performed by two pairs of reviewers (M.G.C., I.J., F.E., and K.P.) using PubMed/Medline in December 2017, updated in April 2018. To address our primary objective of reporting contemporary studies, we restricted our search to include studies from the last 5yr. We subdivided our review according to specific risk factors (PICO [Population Intervention Comparator Outcome]). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Our search found 2191 articles, of which 279 full-text manuscripts were included. We separated our manuscripts by the specific risk factor they addressed (PICO). According to GLOBOCAN estimates, there were 430000 new BC cases and 165000 deaths worldwide in 2012. Tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to carcinogens remain the factors with the highest attributable risk. The literature was limited by heterogeneity of data. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is emerging regarding gene-environment interactions, particularly for tobacco and occupational exposures. In some populations, incidence rates are declining, which may reflect a decrease in smoking. Standardisation of reporting may help improve epidemiologic evaluation of risk. PATIENT SUMMARY Bladder cancer is common worldwide, and the main risk factors are tobacco smoking and exposure to certain chemicals in the working and general environments. There is ongoing research to identify and reduce risk factors, as well as to understand the impact of genetics on bladder cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim Jubber
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, CRUK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lambertus Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), The Netherlands; Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), The Netherlands
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Karl Pang
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA
| | - Ariana Znaor
- Cancer Surveillance Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Yang SY, Lin JM, Lin WY, Chang CW. Cancer risk assessment for occupational exposure to chromium and nickel in welding fumes from pipeline construction, pressure container manufacturing, and shipyard building in Taiwan. J Occup Health 2018; 60:515-524. [PMID: 30122732 PMCID: PMC6281631 DOI: 10.1539/joh.2018-0075-fs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the cancer risks resulting from the exposure to chromium, hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI) ), oxidic nickel (Ni), and soluble Ni in welding fumes during pipeline and shipyard construction and pressure container manufacturing in Taiwan. We also determined the roles of welding performance and demographic characteristics during the exposure to Cr and Ni. METHODS Personal air samples were collected for the analysis of Cr and Ni, and the concentrations of Cr (VI), oxidic Ni, and soluble Ni were quantified. We assessed cancer slope factors for Cr, Cr (VI), oxidic Ni, and soluble Ni, and we used the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk model proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to calculate excess risk. RESULTS The risks of exposure to Cr and Cr (VI) in welding fumes exceeded the acceptable level of occupational exposure (10-3). We ranked the excess cancer risk in three industries in decreasing order as follows: pipeline construction, shipyard construction, and pressure container manufacturing. The most sensitive parameters for the risk assessment were Cr and Ni concentrations. Statistically significant determinants of Cr (VI), oxidic Ni, and soluble Ni concentrations were the following: stainless steel as the base metal and the filler metals of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). CONCLUSION The study revealed that welders belong to a high cancer-risk group. Furthermore, we demonstrated the roles of filler metals and stainless steel in exposure to Cr and Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Show-Yi Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor in Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ming Lin
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
| | - Wan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
| | - Ching-Wen Chang
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
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Wohak LE, Baranski AC, Krais AM, Schmeiser HH, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. The impact of p53 function on the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic air pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone and its metabolites 3-aminobenzanthrone and N-hydroxy-3-aminobenzanthrone in human cells. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:311-321. [PMID: 30215795 PMCID: PMC6180618 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53, encoded by TP53, is a key player in a wide network of signalling pathways. We investigated its role in the bioactivation of the environmental carcinogen 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA)found in diesel exhaust and its metabolites 3-aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA) and N-hydroxy-3-aminobenzanthrone (N-OH-3-ABA) in a panel of isogenic human colorectal HCT116 cells differing only with respect to their TP53 status [i.e. TP53(+/+), TP53(+/-), TP53(-/-), TP53(R248W/+) or TP53(R248W/-)]. As a measure of metabolic competence, DNA adduct formation was determined using 32P-postlabelling. Wild-type (WT) p53 did not affect the bioactivation of 3-NBA; no difference in DNA adduct formation was observed in TP53(+/+), TP53(+/-) and TP53(-/-) cells. Bioactivation of both metabolites 3-ABA and N-OH-3-ABA on the other hand was WT-TP53 dependent. Lower 3-ABA- and N-OH-3-ABA-DNA adduct levels were found in TP53(+/-) and TP53(-/-) cells compared to TP53(+/+) cells, and p53's impact was attributed to differences in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 expression for 3-ABA whereas for N-OH-3-ABA, an impact of this tumour suppressor on sulphotransferase (SULT) 1A1/3 expression was detected. Mutant R248W-p53 protein function was similar to or exceeded the ability of WT-p53 in activating 3-NBA and its metabolites, measured as DNA adducts. However, identification of the xenobiotic-metabolising enzyme(s) (XMEs), through which mutant-p53 regulates these responses, proved difficult to decipher. For example, although both mutant cell lines exhibited higher CYP1A1 induction after 3-NBA treatment compared to TP53(+/+) cells, 3-NBA-derived DNA adduct levels were only higher in TP53(R248W/-) cells but not in TP53(R248W/+) cells. Our results show that p53's influence on carcinogen activation depends on the agent studied and thereby on the XMEs that mediate the bioactivation of that particular compound. The phenomenon of p53 regulating CYP1A1 expression in human cells is consistent with other recent findings; however, this is the first study highlighting the impact of p53 on sulphotransferase-mediated (i.e. SULT1A1) carcinogen metabolism in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Wohak
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Ann-Christin Baranski
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Annette M Krais
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King’s College London, Public Health England and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King’s College London, Public Health England and Imperial College London, London, UK
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Pedersen M, Stafoggia M, Weinmayr G, Andersen ZJ, Galassi C, Sommar J, Forsberg B, Olsson D, Oftedal B, Krog NH, Aamodt G, Pyko A, Pershagen G, Korek M, De Faire U, Pedersen NL, Östenson CG, Fratiglioni L, Sørensen M, Eriksen KT, Tjønneland A, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Vermeulen R, Eeftens M, Plusquin M, Key TJ, Jaensch A, Nagel G, Concin H, Wang M, Tsai MY, Grioni S, Marcon A, Krogh V, Ricceri F, Sacerdote C, Ranzi A, Cesaroni G, Forastiere F, Tamayo I, Amiano P, Dorronsoro M, Stayner LT, Kogevinas M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Sokhi R, de Hoogh K, Beelen R, Vineis P, Brunekreef B, Hoek G, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Is There an Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Bladder Cancer Incidence? Analysis of 15 European Cohorts. Eur Urol Focus 2018; 4:113-120. [PMID: 28753823 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution contains low concentrations of carcinogens implicated in the etiology of urinary bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about whether exposure to air pollution influences BC in the general population. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and BC incidence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We obtained data from 15 population-based cohorts enrolled between 1985 and 2005 in eight European countries (N=303431; mean follow-up 14.1 yr). We estimated exposure to nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx), particulate matter (PM) with diameter <10μm (PM10), <2.5μm (PM2.5), between 2.5 and 10μm (PM2.5-10), PM2.5absorbance (soot), elemental constituents of PM, organic carbon, and traffic density at baseline home addresses using standardized land-use regression models from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects project. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We used Cox proportional-hazards models with adjustment for potential confounders for cohort-specific analyses and meta-analyses to estimate summary hazard ratios (HRs) for BC incidence. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS During follow-up, 943 incident BC cases were diagnosed. In the meta-analysis, none of the exposures were associated with BC risk. The summary HRs associated with a 10-μg/m3 increase in NO2 and 5-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 were 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89-1.08) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.63-1.18), respectively. Limitations include the lack of information about lifetime exposure. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of an association between exposure to outdoor air pollution levels at place of residence and risk of BC. PATIENT SUMMARY We assessed the link between outdoor air pollution at place of residence and bladder cancer using the largest study population to date and extensive assessment of exposure and comprehensive data on personal risk factors such as smoking. We found no association between the levels of outdoor air pollution at place of residence and bladder cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pedersen
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Epidemiology and Screening, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudrun Weinmayr
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zorana J Andersen
- Centre for Epidemiology and Screening, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy
| | - Johan Sommar
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - David Olsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | | | - Norun H Krog
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Aamodt
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Andrei Pyko
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michal Korek
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf De Faire
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mette Sørensen
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Tjønneland
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra H Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Eeftens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Jaensch
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriele Nagel
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Hans Concin
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ming-Yi Tsai
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcon
- Unit of Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ricceri
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Ranzi
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Cesaroni
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ibon Tamayo
- Institute de Salut Global Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Dorronsoro
- Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leslie T Stayner
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Institute de Salut Global Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Institute de Salut Global Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ranjeet Sokhi
- Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rob Beelen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK; Molecular and Epidemiology Unit, Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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11
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Hassfjell CS, Grimsrud TK, Standring WJF, Tretli S. Lung cancer incidence associated with radon exposure in Norwegian homes. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2017; 137:16-0127. [PMID: 28828814 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radioactive radon gas is generated from uranium and thorium in underlying rocks and seeps into buildings. The gas and its decay products emit carcinogenic radiation and are regarded as the second most important risk factor for lung cancer after active tobacco smoking. The average radon concentration in Norwegian homes is higher than in most other Western countries. From a health and cost perspective, it is important to be able to quantify the risk of lung cancer posed by radon exposure. MATERIAL AND METHOD We estimated the radon-related risk of lung cancer in Norway based on risk estimates from the largest pooled analysis of European case-control studies, combined with the hitherto largest set of data on radon concentration measurements in Norwegian homes. RESULTS Based on these estimates, we calculate that radon is a contributory factor in 12 % of all cases of lung cancer annually, assuming an average radon concentration of 88 Bq/m3 in Norwegian homes. For 2015, this accounted for 373 cases of lung cancer, with an approximate 95 % confidence interval of 145 – 682. INTERPRETATION Radon most likely contributes to a considerable number of cases of lung cancer. Since most cases of radon-associated lung cancer involve smokers or former smokers, a reduction of the radon concentration in homes could be a key measure to reduce the risk, especially for persons who are unable to quit smoking. The uncertainty in the estimated number of radon-associated cases can be reduced through a new national radon mapping study with an improved design.
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13
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Agudelo-Castañeda DM, Teixeira EC, Schneider IL, Lara SR, Silva LFO. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM 1.0 of urban environments: Carcinogenic and mutagenic respiratory health risk by age groups. Environ Pollut 2017; 224:158-170. [PMID: 28268029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the carcinogenic and mutagenic respiratory health risks related to the exposure to atmospheric PAHs in an urban area. Our study focused in the association of these pollutants and their possible effect in human health, principally respiratory and circulatory diseases. Also, we determined a relationship between the inhalation risk of PAHs and meteorological conditions. We validated the hypothesis that in winter PAHs with high molecular weight associated to submicron particles (PM1) may increase exposure risk, especially for respiratory diseases, bronchitis and pneumonia diseases. Moreover, in our study we verified the relationship between diseases and several carcinogenic PAHs (Ind, BbkF, DahA, BaP, and BghiP). These individual PAHs contributed the most to the potential risk of exposure for inhalation of PM1.0. Even at lower ambient concentrations of BaP and DahA in comparison with individual concentrations of other PAHs associated to PM1.0. Mainly, research suggests to include carcinogenic and mutagenic PAHs in future studies of environmental health risk due to their capacity to associate to PM10. Such carcinogenic and mutagenic PAHs are likely to provide the majority of the human exposure, since they originate from dense traffic urban areas were humans congregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana M Agudelo-Castañeda
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
| | - Elba C Teixeira
- Research Department, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler, Av. Borges de Medeiros, 261, Porto Alegre, RS, 90020-021, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing and Meteorology, Geosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Ismael L Schneider
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
| | - Sheila Rincón Lara
- Clinical Research Unit, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
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14
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Guha N, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Vilahur N, Muller K, Straif K. Carcinogenicity of welding, molybdenum trioxide, and indium tin oxide. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:581-582. [PMID: 28408286 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neela Guha
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Dana Loomis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Nadia Vilahur
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Karen Muller
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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15
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16
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Gawełek E, Drozdzowska B, Fuchs A. Radon as a risk factor of lung cancer. Przegl Epidemiol 2017; 71:90-98. [PMID: 28742310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. Indoor radon concentration poses a significant and potentially subject to the prevention risk factor of lung cancer development. The paper present the history of studies assessing occupational and indoor radon exposure and an impact of international organizations for raise public and political awareness about the consequences of long term exposure to residential radon, resulting in the European Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Gawełek
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bogna Drozdzowska
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Fuchs
- Department of Women’s Health, School of Public Health, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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17
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Fazzo L, Carere M, Tisano F, Bruno C, Cernigliaro A, Cicero MR, Comba P, Contrino ML, De Santis M, Falleni F, Ingallinella V, Madeddu A, Marcello I, Regalbuto C, Sciacca G, Soggiu ME, Zona A. Cancer incidence in Priolo, Sicily: a spatial approach for estimation of industrial air pollution impact. Geospat Health 2016; 11:320. [PMID: 27087035 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2016.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The territory around the industrial Sicilian area of Priolo, Italy, has been defined as a contaminated site (CS) of national priority for remediation because of diffuse environmental contamination caused by large industrial settlements. The present study investigates the spatial distribution of cancer into the CS territory (period 1999-2006). Different geographical methods used for the evaluation of the impact of industrial air pollutants were adopted. Using the database of Syracuse Province Cancer Registry, gender-specific standardised incidence ratios were calculated for 35 tumour sites for the CS overall and for each municipality included in the CS. A cluster analysis for 17 selected neoplasms was performed at micro-geographical level. The identification of the priority index contaminants (PICs) present in environmental matrices and a review of their carcinogenicity have been performed and applied in the interpretation of the findings. The area has a higher cancer incidence with respect to the provincial population, in particular excess is registered among both genders of lung, bladder and breast cancers as well as skin melanoma and pleural mesothelioma and there is an a priori evidence of association with the exposure to PICs. The study highlights the need to provide different approaches in CSs where several exposure pathways might be relevant for the population. The presence of potential sources of asbestos exposure deserves specific concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Fazzo
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, National Institute of Health, Rome.
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IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Outdoor Air Pollution. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2016; 109:9-444. [PMID: 29905447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known carcinogen when inhaled. However, inhalational exposure to Cr(VI) affects only a small portion of the population, mainly by occupational exposures. In contrast, oral exposure to Cr(VI) is widespread and affects many people throughout the globe. In 2008, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) released a 2-year study demonstrating that ingested Cr(VI) was carcinogenic in rats and mice. The effects of Cr(VI) oral exposure are mitigated by reduction in the gut; however, a portion evades the reductive detoxification and reaches target tissues. Once Cr(VI) enters the cell, it ultimately gets reduced to Cr(III), which mediates its toxicity via induction of oxidative stress during the reduction while Cr intermediates react with protein and DNA. Cr(III) can form adducts with DNA that may lead to mutations. This review will discuss the potential adverse effects of oral exposure to Cr(VI) by presenting up-to-date human and animal studies, examining the underlying mechanisms that mediate Cr(VI) toxicity, as well as highlighting opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- NYU School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Jason Brocato
- NYU School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Max Costa
- NYU School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
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Robey RB, Weisz J, Kuemmerle NB, Salzberg AC, Berg A, Brown DG, Kubik L, Palorini R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Colacci A, Mondello C, Raju J, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Amedei A, Hamid RA, Williams GP, Lowe L, Meyer J, Martin FL, Bisson WH, Chiaradonna F, Ryan EP. Metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated metabolism: cause, consequence and/or enabler of environmental carcinogenesis? Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S203-31. [PMID: 26106140 PMCID: PMC4565609 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contributions to cancer development are widely accepted, but only a fraction of all pertinent exposures have probably been identified. Traditional toxicological approaches to the problem have largely focused on the effects of individual agents at singular endpoints. As such, they have incompletely addressed both the pro-carcinogenic contributions of environmentally relevant low-dose chemical mixtures and the fact that exposures can influence multiple cancer-associated endpoints over varying timescales. Of these endpoints, dysregulated metabolism is one of the most common and recognizable features of cancer, but its specific roles in exposure-associated cancer development remain poorly understood. Most studies have focused on discrete aspects of cancer metabolism and have incompletely considered both its dynamic integrated nature and the complex controlling influences of substrate availability, external trophic signals and environmental conditions. Emerging high throughput approaches to environmental risk assessment also do not directly address the metabolic causes or consequences of changes in gene expression. As such, there is a compelling need to establish common or complementary frameworks for further exploration that experimentally and conceptually consider the gestalt of cancer metabolism and its causal relationships to both carcinogenesis and the development of other cancer hallmarks. A literature review to identify environmentally relevant exposures unambiguously linked to both cancer development and dysregulated metabolism suggests major gaps in our understanding of exposure-associated carcinogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. Although limited evidence exists to support primary causal roles for metabolism in carcinogenesis, the universality of altered cancer metabolism underscores its fundamental biological importance, and multiple pleiomorphic, even dichotomous, roles for metabolism in promoting, antagonizing or otherwise enabling the development and selection of cancer are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brooks Robey
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA, Departments of Medicine and of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03756, USA,
| | - Judith Weisz
- Departments of Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nancy B Kuemmerle
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA, Departments of Medicine and of
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Departments of Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Arthur Berg
- Departments of Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Laura Kubik
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Roberta Palorini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy, SYSBIO Center for Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057 USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057 USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo, 12515, Egypt
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Graeme P Williams
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK, Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada, and
| | - Joel Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Francis L Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy, SYSBIO Center for Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Arshad MN, Nisar MA, Khurshid M, Hussain SZ, Maqsood U, Asghar MT, Nazir J. Molecular basis of arsenite (As⁺³)-induced acute cytotoxicity in human cervical epithelial carcinoma cells. Libyan J Med 2015; 10:26875. [PMID: 25922308 PMCID: PMC4412877 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v10.26875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid industrialization is discharging toxic heavy metals into the environment, disturbing human health in many ways and causing various neurologic, cardiovascular, and dermatologic abnormalities and certain types of cancer. The presence of arsenic in drinking water from different urban and rural areas of the major cities of Pakistan, for example, Lahore, Faisalabad, and Kasur, was found to be beyond the permissible limit of 10 parts per billion set by the World Health Organization. Therefore the present study was initiated to examine the effects of arsenite (As(+3)) on DNA biosynthesis and cell death. METHODS After performing cytotoxic assays on a human epithelial carcinoma cell line, expression analysis was done by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and flow cytometry. RESULTS We show that As(+3) ions have a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect through the activation of the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. In contrast to previous research, the present study was designed to explore the early cytotoxic effects produced in human cells during exposure to heavy dosage of As(+3) (7.5 µg/ml). Even treatment for 1 h significantly increased the mRNA levels of p21 and p27 and caspases 3, 7, and 9. It was interesting that there was no change in the expression levels of p53, which plays an important role in G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that sudden exposure of cells to arsenite (As(+3)) resulted in cytotoxicity and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis resulting from up-regulation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Atif Nisar
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan;
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Zajif Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umer Maqsood
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Jawad Nazir
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Heck JE, Park AS, Qiu J, Cockburn M, Ritz B. Retinoblastoma and ambient exposure to air toxics in the perinatal period. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2015; 25:182-6. [PMID: 24280682 PMCID: PMC4059784 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined ambient exposure to specific air toxics in the perinatal period in relation to retinoblastoma development. Cases were ascertained from California Cancer Registry records of children diagnosed between 1990 and 2007 and matched to California birth certificates. Controls were randomly selected from state birth records for the same time period. We chose 27 air toxics for the present study that had been listed as possible, probable, or established human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Children (103 cases and 30,601 controls) included in the study lived within 5 miles of an air pollution monitor. Using logistic regression analyses, we modeled the risk of retinoblastoma due to air toxic exposure, separately for exposures in pregnancy and the first year of life. With a per interquartile range increase in air toxic exposure, retinoblastoma risk was found to be increased with pregnancy exposure to benzene (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.64) and other toxics which primarily arise from gasoline and diesel combustion: toluene, 1,3-butadiene, ethyl benzene, ortho-xylene, and meta/para-xylene; these six toxics were highly correlated. Retinoblastoma risk was also increased with pregnancy exposure to chloroform (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.70), chromium (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.60), para-dichlorobenzene (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.49), nickel (OR=1.48, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.01), and in the first year of life, acetaldehyde (OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.48). Sources of these agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Heck
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew S Park
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiaheng Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Ruano-Ravina A, García-Lavandeira JA, Torres-Durán M, Prini-Guadalupe L, Parente-Lamelas I, Leiro-Fernández V, Montero-Martínez C, González-Barcala FJ, Golpe-Gómez A, Martínez C, Castro-Añón O, Mejuto-Martí MJ, Barros-Dios JM. Leisure time activities related to carcinogen exposure and lung cancer risk in never smokers. A case-control study. Environ Res 2014; 132:33-37. [PMID: 24742725 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We aim to assess the relationship between leisure time activities related to exposure to carcinogenic substances and lung cancer risk in a hospital-based case-control study performed in never smokers. We included never smoking cases with anatomopathologically confirmed lung cancer and never smoking controls undergoing trivial surgery, at 8 Spanish hospitals. The study was conducted between January 2011 and June 2013. Participants were older than 30 and had no previous neoplasms. All were personally interviewed focusing on lifestyle, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, occupational history and leisure time activities (including duration of such activities). Results were analyzed through logistic regression and adjusted also by residential radon and education level. We included 513 never smokers, 191 cases and 322 controls. The OR for those performing the studied leisure time activities was 1.43 (95%CI 0.78-2.61). When we restricted the analysis to those performing do-it-yourself activities for more than 10 years the OR was 2.21 (95%CI 0.93-5.27). Environmental tobacco smoke exposure did not modify this association. The effect for the different lung cancer histological types was very close to significance for adenocarcinoma but only when these activities were performed for more than 10 years. We encourage health professionals to recommend protective measures for those individuals while performing these hobbies to reduce the risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ruano-Ravina
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Antonio García-Lavandeira
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, A Coruña University Hospital Complex, Coruña, Spain
| | - María Torres-Durán
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Service of Neumology, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luciana Prini-Guadalupe
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Golpe-Gómez
- Service of Neumology, Santiago de Compostela University Clinic Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez
- National Institute of Silicosis, University Hospital of Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Miguel Barros-Dios
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain; Service of Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Lezhnin VL, Kazantsev VS, Polzik EV. [A multifactor assessment of effects of technogenic pollution on the occurrence of lung cancer in the population of an industrial town]. Gig Sanit 2014:26-30. [PMID: 25306695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study was devoted to the evaluation of technogenic geochemical pollution of the residential area of an industrial town and its effects on lung cancer incidence in the population living under severe exposure to emissions of a copper smelter plant. For mathematical treatment of epidemiologic data there were used methods of a system multifactor analysis based on pattern recognition principles. The result of the long-term operation of the copper smelter plant was established to become the intensive technogenic pollution of environment with carcinogenic substances. The contribution of environmental contamination in the lung cancer incidence of the population exposed to industrial emissions of the copper smelter was shown to be about 10%.
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Ramos MA, Cury FDP, Scapulatempo Neto C, Marques MMC, Silveira HCS. Micronucleus evaluation of exfoliated buccal epithelial cells using liquid-based cytology preparation. Acta Cytol 2014; 58:582-8. [PMID: 25402342 DOI: 10.1159/000366224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Micronuclei (MN) are biomarkers that can be applied to buccal epithelial cells to assess populations occupationally exposed to potentially carcinogenic agents. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is a way to improve and refine the results obtained by this test. STUDY DESIGN Exfoliated buccal cells were collected from 40 subjects (20 construction workers from the Barretos Cancer Hospital and 20 administrative staff from the same institution). LBC and three stains (Feulgen/fast green, Papanicolaou and Giemsa) were used to prepare the slides. Student's t test was applied for statistical comparisons of the data. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Regardless of the stain employed, the frequency of MN was greater in the case group (Feulgen/fast green: 5.15; Papanicolaou: 29; Giemsa: 26) than in the control group (Feulgen/fast green: 2.30; Papanicolaou: 17; Giemsa: 15). CONCLUSIONS Using LBC to prepare slides and evaluate the frequency of MN potentially serves as a screening option for more comprehensive studies of cancer risk among populations occupationally exposed to potentially carcinogenic agents. In addition, the residual fluid enables the preparation of slides for DNA-specific stains that can be compared to those with Papanicolaou stain.
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Shen Y, Xu Q, Xu J, Ren ML, Cai YL. Environmental exposure and risk of uterine leiomyoma: an epidemiologic survey. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17:3249-3256. [PMID: 24338469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study was undertaken to explore the relationship between environmental exposure and risk of uterine leiomyoma in women using an epidemiologic survey. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We conducted a case-control survey of premenopausal Han women aged 30-50 years in Nanjing. The subjects included 600 patients with uterine leiomyoma confirmed at the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University between February 2010 and June 2012 and 600 patients with non-uterine leiomyoma or healthy volunteers who presented to the above mentioned hospital for physical examination during the same period. We entered the results into a database and explored the relationship between risk factors and prevalence of uterine leiomyoma using univariate or multivariate non-conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The results showed that patients aged 40-45 years had a high prevalence of uterine leiomyoma. The prevalence of uterine leiomyoma in subjects with an education beyond high school was higher than in those with a high school education or less. Exposure to plastic products (odds ratio [OR]: 1.481; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.046-2.097); exposure to cosmetics and other chemicals (OR: 1.954; 95% CI: 1.479-2.582); and consumption of soybean milk (OR: 2.518; 95% CI: 1.894-3.347), food additives, sweeteners, and preserved food (OR: 3.166, 95% CI: 2.247-4.461) had a significant effect on the occurrence of uterine leiomyoma (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to plastic products, cosmetics, and other chemicals as well as intake of soybean milk, food additives, sweetener, and preserved foods may be risk factors for uterine leiomyoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Tsugane S. [Environmental carcinogenic agents and cancer prevention: risk assessment and management]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2013; 40:1436-1440. [PMID: 24231696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many agents in our environment have been established as being carcinogenic, and in most cases, the carcinogenic properties of these agents were identified because of high-dose occupational or accidental exposure. Risk characterization, taking into account the dose-response relationship, and exposure assessment are essential for risk assessment and subsequent cancer prevention. Based on scientific risk assessment, risk management should be conducted practically by considering the economic, social, political, and other technical issues and by balancing the risks and benefits. Asbestos and environmental tobacco smoke are typical examples of established carcinogenic agents in the general environment, contributing to low-dose exposure. Further epidemiological studies are required to investigate the carcinogenicity of low-dose exposure to known carcinogenic agents such as arsenic and cadmium through dietary intake, radiation via medical and natural exposure, and air pollution due to diesel exhaust. In contrast, occupational chemical exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane and/or dichloromethane, whose carcinogenicity had not been established, was suggested to cause cholangiocarcinoma among workers involved in offset color proof-printing only after a rare situation of high-dose exposure was unveiled. Continuous monitoring of unusual cancer occurrences in target populations such as workers in occupational and regional settings as well as exposure reduction to suspected carcinogenic agents to levels as low as reasonably achievable is essential for reducing the risk of cancer due to environmental carcinogens.
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Hoshuyama T, Pan G, Tanaka C, Feng Y, Yu L, Liu T, Liu L, Hanaoka T, Takahashi K. Mortality of Iron-Steel Workers in Anshanl China: A Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 2013; 12:193-202. [PMID: 16967824 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.2006.12.3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Foundry workers have increased mortality and morbidity risks from numerous causes, including various cancers. A retrospective Chinese iron-steel cohort study was conducted to examine the mortality effects of exposure to foundry work. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and standardized rate ratios (SRRs) were calculated to evaluate mortality risks among male workers with exposure to 15 hazardous factors, adjusting for confounders. During 14 years of follow-up, 13,363 of 121,846 male workers died. SMR analysis showed a healthy-worker effect in comparison with the general population. SRR analysis showed increased risks for all causes, all neoplasms, and others among the exposed workers compared with non-exposed blue-collar workers. Combined exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and two or more dusts increased the risks of lung cancer (SRR = 654; 95% CI: 113-3,780) and other malignancies. Foundry work has adverse health effects, including carcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Hoshuyama
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
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Abstract
Human biomarker measurements in tissues including blood, breath, and urine can serve as efficient surrogates for environmental monitoring because a single biological sample integrates personal exposure across all environmental media and uptake pathways. However, biomarkers represent a "snapshot" in time, and risk assessment is generally based on long-term averages. In this study, a statistical approach is proposed for estimating long-term average exposures from distributions of spot biomarker measurements using intraclass correlations based upon measurement variance components from the literature. This methodology was developed and demonstrated using a log-normally distributed data set of urinary OH-pyrene taken from our own studies. The calculations are generalized for any biomarker data set of spot measures such as those from the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Studies (NHANES) requiring only spreadsheet calculations. A three-tiered approach depending on the availability of metadata was developed for converting any collection of spot biomarkers into an estimated distribution of individual means that can then be compared to a biologically relevant risk level. Examples from a Microsoft Excel-based spreadsheet for calculating estimates of the proportion of the population exceeding a given biomonitoring equivalent level are provided as an appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Falcone U, Gilardi L, Santoro S, Orengia M, Marighella M, Coffano ME. [MATline, a job-exposure matrix for the prevision of exposure to carcinogens: new functions and potential applications]. Epidemiol Prev 2013; 37:60-66. [PMID: 23585435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
MATline, the job-exposure matrix for carcinogenic agents, is a data bank free accessible online. It provides data as classification and toxicological properties of carcinogenic agents, and a list of industrial processes with potential exposure to each carcinogen agent, and an up-to-date estimation of the number of activities and workers related to the industrial process on Regional basis. It also lists the target organs for which a causal relationship with the agent has been established. MATline was recently updated with the new classifications introduced by Regulation EC No. 1272/2008 (CLP). The Authorisation List or the Restriction of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization of Chemicals (REACh) regulation specifically mark chemicals. The matrix is helpful for professionals in the public health sector to identify in advance the potential sources of exposure, and prioritise intervention plans; for occupational physicians to help identifying causes of occupational cancer cases; for health professionals in the private sector to address chemical risks; for company physicians to validate health surveillance plans; for trade unions to independently check formation contents provided to workers potentially exposed to such risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Falcone
- Centro Regionale di Documentazione per la Promozione della Salute, ASL TO3, Grugliasco (TO).
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Liao YH, Chen PS, Chiu HF, Yang CY. Magnesium in drinking water modifies the association between nitrate ingestion and risk of death from esophageal cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2013; 76:192-200. [PMID: 23356648 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.752324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore whether magnesium (Mg) levels in drinking water modified the effects of nitrate on esophageal cancer risk occurrence. A matched cancer case-control study was used to investigate the relationship between the risk of death from esophageal cancer and exposure to nitrate in drinking water in Taiwan. All esophageal cancer deaths of Taiwan residents from 2006 through 2010 were obtained from the Bureau of Vital Statistics of the Taiwan Provincial Department of Health. Controls were deaths from other causes and were pair-matched to cancer cases by gender, year of birth, and year of death. Information on the levels of nitrate-nitrogen (NO(3)-N) and Mg in drinking water were collected from Taiwan Water Supply Corporation (TWSC). The municipality of residence for cancer cases and controls was presumed to be the source of the subject's NO(3)-N and Mg exposure via drinking water. Evidence of an interaction was noted between drinking water NO(3)-N and Mg intake. This is the first study to report effect modification by Mg intake originating from drinking water on an association between NO(3)-N exposure and increased risk mortality attributed to esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsiung Liao
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Garavito Rentería J, Araujo Banchón WJ, Quesada Ríos MP, Ponce de León D. [Gastric non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with heavy metal exposures]. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2012; 32:418-422. [PMID: 23307094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary extranodal Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a non epithelial tumours that accounts for 40% of cases of NHL. Spread of nodal lymphomas to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the most common location. Within the GIT is the stomach the most affected organ (60%). We report the case of 52-year- old man , mining company worker for over 10 years, which is derived to the Service of Gastroenterology with history of epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting and weight loss. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examination revealed an ulcerated lesion on greater curve of stomach and histopathological examination and subsequent immunohistochemical analysis showed diffuse large B cell gastric NHL. Also, the patient had multiple organ involvement in relation to chronic exposure to heavy metals, which was found in the mineralograma, with the highest concentration of uranium, thallium, arsenic, lead and mercury. The literature has described the association of chronic occupational exposure to uranium and arsenic with NHL presenting gastrointestinal involvement. Therefore, gastric commitment can not be considered as an isolated injury, but rather part of systemic involvement associated with elevated concentrations of metals. Mining is a key driver of income for Peru; however, there are no reports to date of the association of gastrointestinal NHL commitment regarding occupational exposure to heavy metals.
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Vlaanderen J, Lan Q, Kromhout H, Rothman N, Vermeulen R. Occupational benzene exposure and the risk of chronic myeloid leukemia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies incorporating study quality dimensions. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:779-85. [PMID: 22729623 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We documented previously that if study quality is accounted for, evidence from occupational cohort studies on benzene supports a possible association with some lymphoma subtypes, in particular multiple myeloma, and acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Here, we extend these analyses to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). METHODS Three strategies to assess study quality (stratification by the year-of-start of follow-up, stratification by the strength of the reported acute myeloid leukemia (AML) association, and stratification by the quality of benzene exposure assessment) were employed in a meta-analysis of occupational benzene exposure and CML. We hypothesized that stratification by these study quality dimensions would identify a subgroup of occupational cohort studies that is most informative for the evaluation of the possible association between benzene and CML. RESULTS The overall meta-relative risk (mRR) was non-significantly elevated (1.23; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93-1.63). The mRRs increased with increasing study quality for all dimensions with a significant elevation for studies with start of follow-up after 1970 (1.67; 95% CI: 1.02-2.74). The highest study quality stratum for AML significance and exposure quality showed an elevated but non-significant increased mRR (1.40; 95% CI: 0.86-2.27, and 1.68; 95% CI: 0.74-3.84, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although limited by low statistical power, the current meta-analysis provides support for a possible association of occupational exposure to benzene and the risk of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaanderen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Many professional emergency responders (ERs) who belong to the Korean National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) have been cross-trained and serve multiple roles. As such, firefighters and other ERs in Korea are exposed to similar occupational hazards. This study was conducted to estimate cancer morbidity in male ERs and compare that with Korean men. METHODS The cohort was comprised of 33,416 male ERs working between 1980 and 2007, who were alive on December 31, 1995. Work histories were merged with the Korea National Central Cancer Registry (KNCCR) to assess cancer morbidity between 1996 and 2007. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with reference to Korean men were analyzed. RESULTS SIRs with reference to national cancer rates were not significantly decreased for overall cancer (SIR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.90-1.08) in all ERs. However, colorectal (SIR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.07-1.67), kidney (SIR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.00-2.41), and bladder (SIR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.08-2.73) cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SIR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.12-2.76) morbidities were significantly increased among all ERs. In firefighters, significantly increased cancer types were as same as those of all ERs. In non-firefighter ERs, colorectal (SIR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.20-4.61) and bone and articular cartilage cancers (SIR = 9.53, 95% CI = 1.07-34.41) were significantly higher than those of Korean men. CONCLUSIONS Korean firefighters showed excess morbidity in several cancer types, including colorectal and urologic cancers, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, demonstrating similar trends to previous studies for firefighters conducted in other countries. Increased incidence in these cancer types suggests occupational exposure to carcinogens and shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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Bonneterre V, Mathern G, Pelen O, Balthazard AL, Delafosse P, Mitton N, Colonna M. Cancer incidence in a chlorochemical plant in Isère, France: an occupational cohort study, 1979-2002. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:756-67. [PMID: 22692930 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major French chlorine chemical plant (chlor-alkali process with diaphragm cell and manufacturing of organochlorine chemicals) has used or produced known or suspected carcinogenic compounds. METHODS A cohort study, based on the plant occupational health service and the regional cancer registry, analyzed the standardized incidence ratios of malignant tumors for the period 1979-2002. Individual exposures were estimated from workers' occupational histories in a dual division of jobs into 9 sectors and 115 workshops with known exposures. RESULTS Men (2,742) were followed, corresponding to 52,794 person-years. Primary tumors (304) were observed for 290 expected cases, a non-significant 5% excess. A significant excess was found of pleural mesothelioma and bladder cancer in employees hired before 1964. CONCLUSION Excesses of mesothelioma and bladder cancer were found, whereas there was no excess of hematopoietic cancers despite high benzene and dioxin exposures. Surprisingly, mesothelioma cases did not include workers who were the most exposed to asbestos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bonneterre
- Consultation de Pathologies Professionnelles et Environnementales, Pôle de Santé Publique, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
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Consonni D, De Matteis S, Pesatori AC, Cattaneo A, Cavallo DM, Lubin JH, Tucker M, Bertazzi PA, Caporaso NE, Wacholder S, Landi MT. Increased lung cancer risk among bricklayers in an Italian population-based case-control study. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:423-8. [PMID: 22298231 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bricklayers may be at increased risk of lung cancer, although a firm association has not been established. We examined this association within the EAGLE (Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology) study, a population-based case-control study conducted in Italy between 2002 and 2005. METHODS For men in selected occupations in the construction sector we calculated smoking-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). For bricklayers we estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) and the attributable community risk (ACR). RESULTS We found increased lung cancer risk for bricklayers (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12-2.21; 147 cases, 81 controls). The PAF was 3.5% (95% CI 0.6-6.3), corresponding to an ACR of 3.6 cases annually per 100,000 men (95% CI 0.6-6.6) [corrected] in the whole community. Among bricklayers, there were increased risks for squamous cell (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.32-3.13, 56 exposed cases) and small cell carcinomas (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.29-4.07, 21 exposed cases), while no excess (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.68-1.65, 41 exposed cases) was found for adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide additional evidence of increased lung cancer risk in Italian bricklayers. The association is plausible because they are exposed to several carcinogens, notably crystalline silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Consonni
- Unit of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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Sethi TK, El-Ghamry MN, Kloecker GH. Radon and lung cancer. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2012; 10:157-164. [PMID: 22402423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung cancer, following tobacco smoke. Radon is not only an independent risk factor; it also increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers. Numerous cohort, case-control, and experimental studies have established the carcinogenic potential of radon. The possibility of radon having a causative effect on other cancers has been explored but not yet proven. One of the postulated mechanisms of carcinogenesis is DNA damage by alpha particles mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species. The latter are also thought to constitute one of the common mechanisms underlying the synergistic effect of radon and tobacco smoke. With an estimated 21,000 lung cancer deaths attributable to radon in the United States annually, the need for radon mitigation is well acknowledged. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established an indoor limit of 4 picocuries (pCi)/L, and various methods are available for indoor radon reduction when testing shows higher levels. Radon mitigation should accompany smoking cessation measures in lung cancer prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsheen K Sethi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Portier CJ. ATSDR in the 21st century. J Environ Health 2012; 74:30-31. [PMID: 22428320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Luo JH, Zheng BH, Fu Q, Hung MS. [Safety concentration of genotoxic carcinogens in water pollution accident based on human health risk]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2012; 33:342-345. [PMID: 22509565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It was an urgent problem to determine short-term exposure safety concentration of genetic carcinogens in water pollution accident in China. Based on the hypothesis that the relationship between exposure dosage and carcinogenic risk was linear, the calculation process of genetic carcinogens safety concentration was put forwarded, and the method using life-time exposed safety concentration to calculate short-term exposure safety concentration was set up. Based on the statistical result of water pollution accident occurred in china during 2000-2010, arsenic was a major characteristic contaminate in water pollution accident. According to the method of short-term exposure safety concentration of genotoxic carcinogens, the safety concentration of arsenic was 0.5 mg x L(-1), it showed that the method was feasible in emergence management of water pollution accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Luo
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Smith DR, Beh EJ. Asbestos kills: no matter how you cut the data. Arch Environ Occup Health 2012; 67:187-188. [PMID: 23074975 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2012.675791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Dogan M. Quantitative characterization of the mesothelioma-inducing erionite series minerals by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Scanning 2012; 34:37-42. [PMID: 21866558 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Air-collected erionite series minerals from Cappadocia region of Turkey were characterized quantitatively by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Field emission scanning electron microscopy aided identification of fibrous minerals. Quantitative characterization guidelines for positive identification of erionites proposed by Dogan and Dogan (2008) was applied and the modified balance error formula (E%<10) and Mg-content test <0.80 were performed for each analysis. Erionite species computation showed that the mineral is erionite-K and a mean chemical formula is proposed based upon the TEM-EDS results. Among the 60 analyses, 11 passed E% test (18.3%), 33 passed Mg-content test (55.0%), and only 3 passed both E% and Mg-content tests (5.0%). This shows difficulty of quantitative characterization of the erionite series minerals. However, as erionite is the most carcinogenic mineral known and is classified by IARC as a Group-I (human) carcinogen, it requires special attention from the mineralogical community to help establish its true mineralogical properties. Quantitatively characterized erionite data are very scarce in literature. Correctly identified erionite mineral types will be useful to medical researchers in their search to find a possible cure for the deadly disease of mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Dogan
- Department of Geological Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Gross SA, Irons RD, Scott PK, Galbraith D, Wang XQ, Chen Y, Paustenbach D. A case-control study of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) in Shanghai, China: evaluation of risk factors for CMML, with special focus on benzene. Arch Environ Occup Health 2012; 67:206-218. [PMID: 23074978 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2011.627892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The authors report the results of a hospital-based case-control study of all patients diagnosed with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) (n = 36) from 28 participating hospitals over a 4-year period. Diagnoses were made by a single laboratory using 2001 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Subjects were matched to 2 control patients and interviewed concerning previous diseases, work histories, and exposures to potential etiologic agents. Peripheral blood and bone marrow findings revealed clinical features of both myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), consistent with hematopoietic disease category of MDS/MPN. The frequency of clonal cytogenetic abnormalities in all CMML cases was 31%, with no consistent pattern identified. A select number of risk factors associated with occupational exposure, nonoccupational exposure, and prior medical or family history of disease were extracted from the questionnaire. The results were compared between the case and control subjects. A total of 5 study subjects (2 CMML cases and 3 control subjects) were determined to have had some benzene exposure. In addition, none of the highlighted risk factors associated with nonoccupational exposure to etiologic agents was significantly different among the study subjects. These results do not support an increased risk for developing CMML associated with historical exposures to benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherilyn A Gross
- Fudan-Cinpathogen Clinical and Molecular Research Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Wadhwa SK, Kazi TG, Kolachi NF, Afridi HI, Khan S, Chandio AA, Shah AQ, Kandhro GA, Nasreen S. Case-control study of male cancer patients exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water and tobacco smoke with relation to non-exposed cancer patients. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30:2013-22. [PMID: 21558145 DOI: 10.1177/0960327111408154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The investigated data indicated that inorganic arsenic in drinking water is associated with increased mortality from different types of cancers. In the present study, biological samples (blood and scalp hair) of male subjects having lung and bladder cancers and non-cancerous subjects belonging to arsenic (As)-exposed area of southern parts of Pakistan were analysed for As contents. The As levels in drinking water of understudy area showed that sections of understudy population are exposed to arsenic concentrations, which was 3-15-fold higher than the permissible level (<10 μg/L). For comparative purposes the biological samples of matched male cancer patient, as referent patients belonging to big city (Hyderabad) who had used municipal treated water with low arsenic levels <10 μg/L, were also collected. The exposed cancer patients have 2-3-fold higher level of As in both biological samples compared to non-exposed case-matched cancerous male subjects. This study is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between arsenic-contaminated water, food and cigarette with different types of risks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sham Kumar Wadhwa
- Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
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Carton M, Bonnaud S, Nachtigal M, Serrano A, Carole C, Bonenfant S, Coste D, Lepinay P, Varsat B, Wadoux B, Zins M, Goldberg M. Post-retirement surveillance of workers exposed to asbestos or wood dust: first results of the French national SPIRALE Program. Epidemiol Prev 2011; 35:315-323. [PMID: 22166778 PMCID: PMC3401973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In France, 15 000-20 000 cancers attributable to occupational exposure occur each year. These cancers appear most often after the worker has retired. Since 1995, a system of post-retirement medical surveillance (PRMS) has been set up for former workers, but it remains largely underused. DESIGN The SPIRALE program is a public health intervention aimed at identifying the former workers having been exposed to asbestos or wood dust during their working life and to propose them a PRMS. Additionally, it is also an epidemiologic research on the longterm effects of occupational exposure.We report the results of first years of the program conducted in 2006-2008, in 13 districts. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS a self-administered questionnaire was sent to 50 000 newly retired men, to identify potential past occupational carcinogen exposure. For respondents detected as possibly exposed, exposure was assessed in Health Screening Centres and a PRMS was recommended if necessary. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participation rate, rate of confirmed exposure, increased rate of PRMS, satisfaction about the program. RESULTS The participation rate was 24%. From 12 002 questionnaires analysed, 72% of respondents were identified as possibly exposed: 3%to wood dust, 50%to asbestos and 19%to both exposures. Exposure to asbestos was confirmed for 73.4%, and according to the level of exposure, PRMS was recommended for 47.1%. Wood dust exposure was confirmed for 56.7%. In these districts, PRMS for asbestos increased by 45% and for wood dust by 600%. Additional surveys showed that participants showed a high degree of satisfaction about the program. CONCLUSIONS The results are positive in terms of detection, information and medical surveillance of exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Carton
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1018, Villejuif, France.
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Ferrís-I-Tortajada J, Berbel-Tornero O, Garcia-I-Castell J, López-Andreu JA, Sobrino-Najul E, Ortega-García JA. [Non dietetic environmental risk factors in prostate cancer]. Actas Urol Esp 2011; 35:289-95. [PMID: 21439685 PMCID: PMC5176024 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim is to update and disclose the main environmental risk factors, excluding dietary factors, involved in the etiopathology of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHOD Bibliographic review of the last 25 years of non-dietary environmental risk factors associated with prostate cancer between 1985 and 2010, obtained from MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index and Embase. The search profiles were Environmental Risk Factors/Tobacco/Infectious-Inflammatory Factors/Pesticides/Vasectomy/Occupational Exposures/Chemoprevention Agents/Radiation and Prostate Cancer. RESULTS While some non-dietary environmental risk factors increase the risk of acquiring the disease, others decrease it. Of the former, it is worth mentioning exposal to tobacco smoke, chronic infectious-inflammatory prostatic processes and occupational exposure to cadmium, herbicides and pesticides. The first factors that reduce the risk are the use of chemopreventive drugs (Finasterida, Dutasteride) and exposure to ultraviolet solar radiation. With the current data, a vasectomy does not influence the risk of developing the disease. CONCLUSIONS The slow process of prostate carcinogenesis is the final result of the interaction of constitutional risk and environmental factors. Non-dietary environmental factors play an important role in the etiopathology of this disease. To appropriately assess the risk factors, extensive case studies that include all the possible variables must be analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ferrís-I-Tortajada
- Unidad de Salud Medioambiental Pediátrica, Unidad de Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil Universitario La Fe, Valencia, España.
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Abstract
The leading 20th century proponent for primary prevention of environmental cancer was Dr. Lorenzo Tomatis, the former Director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and founder of the IARC Monographs program. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Tomatis--eminent scientist, scholar, teacher, humanitarian, and public health champion--and includes many perspectives that he promoted throughout his career, with original quotations from some of his scientific writings on primary prevention of environmental cancer. Any attempt by us to simply summarize his views would only detract from the power and logic of his language."Cancer still remains a mainly lethal disease. Primary prevention remains the most relevant approach to reduce mortality through a reduction in incidence".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Melnick
- Ron Melnick Consulting, LLC, 111 Roundtree Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 25514, USA
| | - James Huff
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Kogevinas M. Epidemiological approaches in the investigation of environmental causes of cancer: the case of dioxins and water disinfection by-products. Environ Health 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S3. [PMID: 21489213 PMCID: PMC3073195 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-s1-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
I will refer in this paper to difficulties in research in environmental causes of cancer using as examples research on dioxins and on drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) that have created considerable controversy in the scientific and wider community. Dioxins are highly toxic chemicals that are animal carcinogens. For many years, evaluation of the carcinogenicity of dioxins in humans was based on case-control or registry based studies. The development of methods to measure dioxins in blood indicated that these studies suffered from extreme exposure misclassification. The conduct of large cohort studies of workers with widely contrasted exposures together with the use of biomarkers and models for exposure assessment, led to convincing evidence on the carcinogenicity of dioxins in humans. The high toxicity of a few dioxin congeners, the availability of a scheme to characterize the toxicity of a mixture of dioxins and related compounds and the long half-life of these compounds facilitated epidemiological research. Contrary to dioxins, trihalomethanes (THMs) and most of the hundreds of DBPs in drinking water are chemicals of low toxicity. For more than 15 years, the main evidence on the carcinogenicity of DBPs was through ecological or death certificate studies. More recent studies based on individual assessment confirmed increases in bladder cancer risk. However even those studies ignored the toxicological evidence on the importance of routes of exposure to DBPs other than ingestion and, probably, underestimated the risk. Persistence of weak study designs together with delays in advanced exposure assessment models led to delays in confirming early evidence on the carcinogenicity of DBPs. The evaluation of only a few chemicals when exposure is to a complex mixture remains a major problem in exposure assessment for DBPs. The success of epidemiological studies in identifying increased risks lies primarily on the wide contrast of exposure to DBPs in the general population that overcomes the significant exposure misclassification. Exposure assessment has been the Achilles heel for studies on dioxins and DBPs and cancer. The combination of powerful study designs, advanced exposure assessment together with a better understanding of mechanisms of disease and the use of biomarkers of exposure, led to the strengthening of the epidemiological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
As an introduction to the series of papers arising from the first 'Lorenzo Tomatis Conference on Environment and Cancer' , Tomatis' contributions to research in cancer prevention are first noted, especially the ongoing programme 'IARC Monographs on Carcinogenic Risk for humans' that he established at the International Agency for Research on Cancer' , of which he was the Director from 1982 to 1993. The programme, started in 1972, has become an international authoritative reference and represents an early 'evidence-based' development bringing together a comprehensive evaluation of both experimental and epidemiological data. Next the recurrent issue of how large is the contribution of environmental factors to cancer etiology is examined pointing to the several limitations making estimates of the population fraction of cancers attributable to environment delicate to interpret or sometimes even misleading. Finally mention is made of societal issues such as social inequalities in cancer occurrence and fatality, communication in the clinical oncology and cancer prevention and screening areas and the relation between these and the blossoming basic cancer research boosted by the revolution in molecular biology and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Saracci
- IFC- National Research Council,via Trieste 41, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC/HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, St.Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place W2 1PG, London, UK
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