Calcified Splenic Lesions: Pattern Recognition Approach on CT With Pathologic Correlation

A case of sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation with central calcification

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) is a rare benign vascular disease and mostly discovered incidentally in asymptomatic patients. Since SANT grows over time and it is often difficult to rule out malignancy on imaging, splenectomy is frequently the treatment of choice. Image findings of SANT have been reported as low signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images and a characteristic enhancement pattern on dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and MR images. This report describes a case of a 43-year-old woman with SANT presenting multiple calcifications on CT images, and discusses the characteristics and mechanism of the calcification, while reviewing previously reported cases of SANT.

An Isolated Hydatid Cyst of the Spleen with High Serum Levels of CA 19-9-A Meaningful Association or Just a Challenge for Diagnosis? A Case Report

An isolated hydatid cyst of the spleen represents an exceptional pathology, and its association with high CA 19-9 serum levels was not previously reported. This case presents a patient with an isolated hydatid cyst of the spleen, with preoperative high CA 19-9 serum levels in the absence of other pathologies and normalization of CA 19-9 serum levels after surgery (i.e., splenectomy). The source and clinical value of high serum levels of CA 19-9 in hydatid cysts of the spleen remains unclear. High serum levels of CA 19-9 in the context of a splenic cyst may complicate diagnosis and challenge the therapeutic strategy.

Long-term disease-free survival of an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the spleen: A case report and literature review

INTRODUCTION

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) primarily occurs in the soft tissues of the extremities, trunk, and retroperitoneum. As the primary UPS of the spleen (splenic UPS) is extremely rare, to the best of our knowledge, only 19 cases have been reported in English literature. No cases of long-term survival without a local or distant recurrence have been reported.

PATIENT CONCERNS

We report the case of a 37-year-old man who was referred to our hospital for a splenic tumor. He had no past medical or relevant familial history. On abdominal computed tomography (CT), a low attenuation solid mass and cystic component with mural calcifications were present at the lower pole of his spleen. The fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (CT) indicated it as malignant tumor of the spleen.

DIAGNOSES

The patient's provisional diagnosis was deduced to be angiosarcoma, which was the most common malignant tumor of the spleen.

INTERVENTIONS

An elective laparoscopic splenectomy was performed, and the histology of the tumor was consistent with UPS (pT1, pN0, cM0, and AJCC8th). No adjuvant therapy was administered.

OUTCOMES

Ten years have passed since the patient's splenectomy, and he continues to do well, without evidence of local or distant recurrence.

LESSONS

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of long-term recurrence-free survival after surgical management of a splenic UPS. It is probable that radical splenectomy during the disease played the most important role in the patient's long-term survival. Understanding the characteristic findings of a splenic UPS in an abdominal CT may help to diagnose properly.

Calcification in Thoracic Splenosis

Splenosis is a rare condition described as the implantation of ectopic splenic tissue, usually after a splenic rupture. Thoracic splenosis refers to acquired ectopic splenic tissue found within the thoracic cavity, often caused by thoracoabdominal trauma or surgery. Most cases are asymptomatic and many years may elapse before they are incidentally discovered on chest radiography or thoracic computed tomography. Splenosis is often misinterpreted as a malignancy on initial imaging. We wish to highlight a rare case of thoracic splenosis presenting with calcified and non-calcified nodules. Only two other cases of calcification have been reported in intrathoracic splenosis, neither of which provided CT images of this finding.

[Incidental and leave me alone findings of abdominal organs-part 2 : Spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands and efferent urinary tracts]

For masses of the spleen, which are mostly benign, accessory spleens, cysts and hemangiomas should be radiologically described; however, if confirmed further follow-up control is unnecessary. In the case of disseminated small masses, chronic inflammation and granulomatous diseases, such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis should be considered in the differential diagnostics. Solid masses in the kidneys should always be further clarified, with the exception of a fat-rich angiomyolipoma. For cystic masses of the kidneys, the modified Bosniak classification for computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging should be used. Masses of the adrenal glands greater than 10mm in size should be clarified further as well as those where fat is not detected, independent of the size and evidence of malignancy.

Cross-sectional imaging findings of splenic infections: is differential diagnosis possible?

The spleen plays an important role in the immunological homeostasis of the body. Several neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases may affect this organ, and imaging is of fundamental importance for diagnosis. Infectious diseases of the spleen can be encountered in daily radiology practice, and differential diagnosis may sometimes be challenging. Infectious involvement of the spleen can be primary or secondary to a different source outside the spleen. Despite the fact that different infectious diseases may cause similar imaging findings, we believe that differential diagnosis between different causes may also be possible in certain patients with imaging. Early diagnosis may potentially enhance patients’ treatment and outcome. In this review, we aimed to increase imaging specialists’ awareness of splenic infections by describing the multimodality imaging features of common and atypical infections of the spleen with their differential diagnoses.