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Garibotto G, Russo E, Viazzi F, Moore LW. Hypoglycemia in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr 2024; 34:187-191. [PMID: 38718929 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Garibotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Russo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Italy; Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Viazzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Italy; Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Linda W Moore
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Zhang XM, Shen QQ. Application and management of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetic kidney disease. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:591-597. [PMID: 38680699 PMCID: PMC11045421 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that contributes to the risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Wide glycemic var-iations, such as hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, are broadly found in diabetic patients with DKD and especially ESKD, as a result of impaired renal metabolism. It is essential to monitor glycemia for effective management of DKD. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has long been considered as the gold standard for monitoring glycemia for > 3 months. However, assessment of HbA1c has some bias as it is susceptible to factors such as anemia and liver or kidney dysfunction. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has provided new insights on glycemic assessment and management. CGM directly measures glucose level in interstitial fluid, reports real-time or retrospective glucose concentration, and provides multiple glycemic metrics. It avoids the pitfalls of HbA1c in some contexts, and may serve as a precise alternative to estimation of mean glucose and glycemic variability. Emerging studies have demonstrated the merits of CGM for precise monitoring, which allows fine-tuning of glycemic management in diabetic patients. Therefore, CGM technology has the potential for better glycemic monitoring in DKD patients. More research is needed to explore its application and management in different stages of DKD, including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Miao Zhang
- Geriatric Medicine Center, Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Quan-Quan Shen
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
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Ma S, Alvear A, Schreiner PJ, Seaquist ER, Kirsh T, Chow LS. Development and Validation of an Electronic Health Record-Based Risk Assessment Tool for Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023:19322968231184497. [PMID: 37381607 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231184497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent availability of high-quality data from clinical trials, together with machine learning (ML) techniques, presents exciting opportunities for developing prediction models for clinical outcomes. METHODS As a proof-of-concept, we translated a hypoglycemia risk model derived from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study into the HypoHazardScore, a risk assessment tool applicable to electronic health record (EHR) data. To assess its performance, we conducted a 16-week clinical study at the University of Minnesota where participants (N = 40) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) had hypoglycemia assessed prospectively by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). RESULTS The HypoHazardScore combines 16 risk factors commonly found within the EHR. The HypoHazardScore successfully predicted (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.723) whether participants experienced least one CGM-assessed hypoglycemic event (glucose <54 mg/dL for ≥15 minutes from two CGMs) while significantly correlating with frequency of CGM-assessed hypoglycemic events (r = 0.38) and percent time experiencing CGM-assessed hypoglycemia (r = 0.39). Compared to participants with a low HypoHazardScore (N = 19, score <4, median score of 4), participants with a high HypoHazardScore (N = 21, score ≥4) had more frequent CGM-assessed hypoglycemic events (high: 1.6 ± 2.2 events/week; low: 0.3 ± 0.5 events/week) and experienced more CGM-assessed hypoglycemia (high: 1.4% ± 2.0%; low: 0.2% ± 0.4% time) during the 16-week follow-up. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that a hypoglycemia risk model can be successfully adapted from the ACCORD data to the EHR, with validation by a prospective study using CGM-assessed hypoglycemia. The HypoHazardScore represents a significant advancement toward implementing an EHR-based decision support system that can help reduce hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Ma
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alison Alvear
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pamela J Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Thomas Kirsh
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lisa S Chow
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Ushiogi Y, Kanehara H, Kato T. Frequency of Hypoglycemia Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 18:475-484. [PMID: 36723294 PMCID: PMC10103209 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoglycemia represents a risk for serious morbidity. We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of hypoglycemia by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in patients with CKD with or without diabetes. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, outpatients with CKD stages G3-G5 (including hemodialysis) and type 2 diabetes without CKD were enrolled and underwent intermittently scanned CGM measurements for 7 days. The burden of CGM-measured hypoglycemia was assessed using the 7-day sum of area over the curve with glucose levels <70 mg/dl and the sum of time spent <54 mg/dl. RESULTS A total of 366 participants (148 participants with CKD and diabetes, 115 with CKD and without diabetes, and 103 without CKD and with diabetes) were included. Glucose levels of <54 mg/dl were observed in 41% of participants with CKD and diabetes, 48% of participants with CKD and without diabetes, and 14% of participants with diabetes and without CKD. However, only two participants reported hypoglycemic symptoms during CGM measurements, which were confirmed and documented by capillary blood glucose measurements. Between-group differences of 7-day area over the curve (<70 mg/dl) were as follows: hemodialysis group versus CKD stage G4 and G5 groups, -0.25 min·mg/dl per hour (95% confidence interval [CI], -6.40 to -0.59) P <0.001; CKD stage G4 and G5 groups versus CKD stage G3 group, -0.08 min·mg/dl per hour (95% CI, -0.0 to -0.50) P =0.15; and CKD stage G3 group versus diabetes without CKD group, -0.14 min·mg/dl per hour (95% CI, -0.0 to -0.20) P =0.01. In addition, the subgroup analysis of the diabetic or nondiabetic and at daytime or nighttime showed that the 7-day area over the curve (<70 mg/dl) and time spent (<54 mg/dl) was larger with worse kidney function. CONCLUSIONS The lowering level of kidney function was strongly associated with the burden of hypoglycemia in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Ushiogi
- Department of Nephrology, Fukui-ken Saiseikai Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideo Kanehara
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Fukui-ken Saiseikai Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tamayo Kato
- Department of Nephrology, Fukui-ken Saiseikai Hospital, Fukui, Japan
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McCall AL, Lieb DC, Gianchandani R, MacMaster H, Maynard GA, Murad MH, Seaquist E, Wolfsdorf JI, Wright RF, Wiercioch W. Management of Individuals With Diabetes at High Risk for Hypoglycemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:529-562. [PMID: 36477488 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypoglycemia in people with diabetes is common, especially in those taking medications such as insulin and sulfonylureas (SU) that place them at higher risk. Hypoglycemia is associated with distress in those with diabetes and their families, medication nonadherence, and disruption of life and work, and it leads to costly emergency department visits and hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality. OBJECTIVE To review and update the diabetes-specific parts of the 2009 Evaluation and Management of Adult Hypoglycemic Disorders: Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline and to address developing issues surrounding hypoglycemia in both adults and children living with diabetes. The overriding objectives are to reduce and prevent hypoglycemia. METHODS A multidisciplinary panel of clinician experts, together with a patient representative, and methodologists with expertise in evidence synthesis and guideline development, identified and prioritized 10 clinical questions related to hypoglycemia in people living with diabetes. Systematic reviews were conducted to address all the questions. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to assess the certainty of evidence and make recommendations. RESULTS The panel agreed on 10 questions specific to hypoglycemia risk and prevention in people with diabetes for which 10 recommendations were made. The guideline includes conditional recommendations for use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and algorithm-driven insulin pumps in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), use of CGM for outpatients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for hypoglycemia, use of long-acting and rapid-acting insulin analogs, and initiation of and continuation of CGM for select inpatient populations at high risk for hypoglycemia. Strong recommendations were made for structured diabetes education programs for those at high risk for hypoglycemia, use of glucagon preparations that do not require reconstitution vs those that do for managing severe outpatient hypoglycemia for adults and children, use of real-time CGM for individuals with T1D receiving multiple daily injections, and the use of inpatient glycemic management programs leveraging electronic health record data to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION The recommendations are based on the consideration of critical outcomes as well as implementation factors such as feasibility and values and preferences of people with diabetes. These recommendations can be used to inform clinical practice and health care system improvement for this important complication for people living with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L McCall
- University of Virginia Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
| | - David C Lieb
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA
| | | | | | | | - M Hassan Murad
- Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Elizabeth Seaquist
- Diabetes Center and the Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph I Wolfsdorf
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Wojtek Wiercioch
- McMaster University GRADE Centre and Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada Centre Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
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Wijewickrama P, Williams J, Bain S, Dasgupta I, Chowdhury TA, Wahba M, Frankel AH, Lambie M, Karalliedde J. Narrative Review of glycaemic management in people with diabetes on peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:700-714. [PMID: 37069983 PMCID: PMC10105084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing number of people with diabetes on peritoneal dialysis (PD) worldwide. However, there is a lack of guidelines and clinical recommendations for managing glucose control in people with diabetes on PD. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the relevant literature and highlight key clinical considerations with practical aspects in the management of diabetes in people undergoing PD. A formal systematic review was not conducted because of the lack of sufficient and suitable clinical studies. A literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, Central, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov., from 1980 through February 2022. The search was limited to publications in English. This narrative review and related guidance have been developed jointly by diabetologists and nephrologists, who reviewed all available current global evidence regarding the management of diabetes in people on PD.We focus on the importance of individualized care for people with diabetes on PD, the burden of hypoglycemia, glycemic variability in the context of PD and treatment choices for optimizing glucose control. In this review, we have summarized the clinical considerations to guide and inform clinicians providing care for people with diabetes on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyumi Wijewickrama
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Williams
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Steve Bain
- Diabetes Research Unit, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Renal Medicine, Heartlands Hospital Birmingham, Brimingham, UK
| | | | - Mona Wahba
- Department of Renal Medicine, St. Helier Hospital, Carshalton, UK
| | - Andrew H. Frankel
- Department of Renal Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare, London, UK
| | - Mark Lambie
- Department of Renal Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Janaka Karalliedde
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Correspondence: Janaka Karalliedde, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Li M, Li Y, Lv J, Xu H, Wu X, Wen W, Wang W, Yang H. The effects of glucose-free and glucose-containing dialysate during dialysis in MHD patients: a prospective cross-over study. Perfusion 2023; 38:178-185. [PMID: 34541941 DOI: 10.1177/02676591211042726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of glucose-free and glucose-containing dialysates during dialysis in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients by the prospective cross-over study, and detect glucose control methods in MHD patients. METHODS A total of 66 MHD 18-75 years old patients in our hospital from Nov. 2019 to Mar. 2020 were recruited. All patients underwent HD with 4 hours per time, three times per week. Glucose-free dialysate (glucose-free group) and then 5.55 mmol/L glucose-containing dialysate (glucose-5.55 group) were used alternately in dialysis. The demographics and parameters of pre- and post-dialysis were recorded. RESULTS A total of 60 patients were analyzed, and 28 patients among them had type 2 diabetes. Serum glucose pre and post dialysis were 8.64 ± 4.18 mmol/L versus 5.74 ± 1.82 mmol/L (p < 0.01) in glucose-free dialysate, and 9.31 ± 4.89 mmol/L versus 7.80 ± 2.59 mmol/L (p < 0.01) in glucose-5.55 dialysate. The post-dialysis blood glucose of glucose-free group was lower than glucose-5.55 group (5.74 ± 1.82 vs 7.80 ± 2.59, p < 0.01). About 18 (30.00%) patients in glucose-free group and 1 patient (1.67%) in glucose-5.55 group whose blood glucose was lower than 4.44 mmol/L (p < 0.01). About 29 patients (48.33%) in glucose-free group and 17 patients (28.33%; p = 0.02) in glucose-5.55 group have hunger feeling. Serum sodium level in the glucose-free group was higher than that in Glucose-5.55 group (137.92 ± 1.64 vs 136.70 ± 1.64, p < 0.01). Post-dialysis blood glucose had no significant differences between patients not using diabetes-related medication (13 patients) and patients using diabetes-related medication (15 patients) in glucose-free group (7.13 ± 1.78 mmol/L vs 6.08 ± 2.84 mmol/L, p = 0.23) and glucose-5.55 group (9.22 ± 2.59 mmol/L vs 9.35 ± 2.88 mmol/L, p = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS Glucose-free and glucose-5.55 dialysate both decrease the blood glucose post-dialysis. Dialysates containing 5.55 mmol/L glucose can reduce the incidence of hypoglycemia and lower serum sodium, but have no effect on blood pressure during dialysis. Stopping insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs once before dialysis may not affect the control of blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Li
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Xianglan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, China
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Galindo RJ, de Boer IH, Neumiller JJ, Tuttle KR. Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Optimize Management of Diabetes in Patients with Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 18:130-145. [PMID: 36719162 PMCID: PMC10101590 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04510422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of patients with diabetes and CKD includes optimizing glycemic control using lifestyle modifications and drugs that safely control glycemia and improve clinical kidney and cardiovascular disease outcomes. However, patients with advanced CKD, defined as eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or kidney disease treated with dialysis, have limitations to the use of some preferred glucose-lowering medications, are often treated with insulin, and experience high rates of severe hypoglycemia. Moreover, hemoglobin A1c accuracy decreases as GFR deteriorates. Hence, there is a need for better glycemic monitoring tools. Continuous glucose monitoring allows for 24-hour glycemic monitoring to understand patterns and the effects of lifestyle and medications. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring can be used to guide the administration of insulin and noninsulin therapies. Continuous glucose monitoring can overcome the limitations of self-monitored capillary glucose testing and hemoglobin A1c and has been shown to prevent hypoglycemic excursions in some populations. More data are needed to understand whether similar benefits can be obtained for patients with diabetes and advanced CKD. This review provides an updated approach to management of glycemia in advanced CKD, focusing on the role of continuous glucose monitoring in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo J. Galindo
- Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ian H. de Boer
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua J. Neumiller
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Katherine R. Tuttle
- Nephrology Division, Kidney Research Institute and Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Washington
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Kawahara T, Tsuji M, Tominaga N, Toyama N, Toda M. Frequency of adrenal insufficiency in patients with hypoglycemia in an emergency department: A cross-sectional study. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac119. [PMID: 36042975 PMCID: PMC9419498 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
In most patients presenting with hypoglycemia in emergency departments, the etiology of hypoglycemia is identified. However, it cannot be determined in approximately 10% of cases.
Objective
We aimed to identify the causes of unknown hypoglycemia, especially adrenal insufficiency.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the etiology of hypoglycemia among patients in our emergency department with hypoglycemia (plasma glucose level <70 mg/dL [3.9 mmol/L]) between April 1, 2016, and March 31, 2021, using a rapid adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) test.
Results
There were 528 cases with hypoglycemia included (52.1% male; median age 62 years [range 19 to 92]). The majority (389 [73.7%]) of patients were using anti-diabetes drugs. Additionally, 33 (6.3%) consumed alcohol, 17 (3.2%) suffered from malnutrition, 13 (2.5%) liver dysfunction, 12 (2.3%) severe infectious disease, 11 (2.1%) malignancy, 9 (1.7%) heart failure, 4 (0.8%) insulin autoimmune syndrome, 3 (0.6%) insulinoma, 2 (0.4%) were using hypoglycemia-relevant drugs, and 1 (0.2%) suffered from non-islet cell tumor. Rapid ACTH tests revealed adrenal insufficiency in 32 (6.1%). In those patients, serum sodium levels were lower (132 vs. 139 mEq/L, P<0.01), eosinophil counts were higher (14 vs. 8%, P<0.01), and systolic blood pressure was lower (120 vs. 128 mmHg, P<0.05) at baseline than in patients with the other etiologies, respectively.
Conclusion
The frequency of adrenal insufficiency as a cause of hypoglycemia was much higher than what we anticipated. When protracted hypoglycemia of unknown etiology is recognized, we recommend that the patient is checked for adrenal function using a rapid ACTH test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kawahara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Shinkomonji Hospital , 8000057 Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Maiko Tsuji
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shinkomonji Hospital , 8000057 Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Naoki Tominaga
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shinkomonji Hospital , 8000057 Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Toyama
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shinkomonji Hospital , 8000057 Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Mikio Toda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shinkomonji Hospital , 8000057 Kitakyushu, Japan
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Grube D, Wei G, Boucher R, Abraham N, Zhou N, Gonce V, Carle J, Simmons DL, Beddhu S. Insulin use in chronic kidney disease and the risk of hypoglycemic events. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:73. [PMID: 35189851 PMCID: PMC8862360 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) whether the use of insulin and the risk of serious hypoglycemic events with insulin is higher in persons with more advanced CKD. METHODS In a national cohort of 855,133 veterans with T2D seen at Veteran Affairs clinics between Jan 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010 with at least two serum creatinine measurements, we defined insulin use from pharmacy records and serious hypoglycemic events by ICD-9/10 codes from emergency room visits or hospitalizations that occurred until December 31, 2016. RESULTS Mean age was 66 ± 11 years and 97% were men. Mean baseline eGFR was 73 ± 22 ml/min/1.73 m2. In a multivariable Cox regression model of those without insulin use at baseline (N = 653,200), compared to eGFR ≥90 group, eGFR < 30 group had higher hazard (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.74 to 1.88) of subsequent insulin use. In a multivariable Cox model with propensity score matching for baseline insulin use (N = 305,570), both insulin use (HR 2.34, 95% CI 2.24 to 2.44) and advanced CKD (HR 2.28, 95% CI 2.07 to 2.51 for comparison of eGFR < 30 to eGFR ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2 groups) were associated with increased risk of subsequent serious hypoglycemic events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In T2D, more advanced CKD was associated with greater insulin use. Both insulin use and advanced CKD were risk factors for serious hypoglycemic events. The safety of insulin compared to newer glycemic agents in more advanced CKD needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daulton Grube
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Study Design and Biostatistics Center, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert Boucher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nikita Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Victoria Gonce
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Judy Carle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Debra L Simmons
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Srinivasan Beddhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,University of Utah Health Sciences, 421 Wakara Way Suite 360, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
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Chao G, Zhu Y, Chen L. Evaluation of risk factors and correlation in large sample from the perspective of hypoglycemia. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6627-6633. [PMID: 34925792 PMCID: PMC8645704 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To further clarify the correlation between glucose and other biochemical indicators, to search the risk factors of hypoglycemia through a cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from subjects who underwent health examination in the Health Promotion Center from July 2018 to June 2019. Hypoglycemia is defined as fasting blood glucose less than 4.2 mmol/L. All data were analyzed using Windows R software. A total of 23,935 subjects were included. There were significant differences in age, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, lipid, thyroid function, liver function, and kidney function between men and women (p < .05). The occurrence of hypoglycemia was affected by gender and nondiabetic patients (p < .001). In nondiabetic patients, hypoglycemia was affected by age (p < .05). For each year of age increase, the risk of hypoglycemia was reduced by 2.6%; the risk of hypoglycemia decreased by 3.7% when the waist circumference increased by 1 cm; the risk of hypoglycemia increased by 30.3% with each unit of TG increased; the risk of hypoglycemia decreased by 66.1% for each unit increased by TC; the risk of hypoglycemia increased by 1.715 times for each increased unit of HDLC; the risk of hypoglycemia increased by 1.185 times for each unit of LDLC. Women and nondiabetic people are more likely to have hypoglycemia. Among the group without diabetes, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, HDLC, and LDLC are risk factors of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chao
- Department of General PracticeSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of General PracticeSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Liying Chen
- Department of General PracticeSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Porcellati F, Di Mauro S, Mazzieri A, Scamporrino A, Filippello A, De Fano M, Fanelli CG, Purrello F, Malaguarnera R, Piro S. Glucagon as a Therapeutic Approach to Severe Hypoglycemia: After 100 Years, Is It Still the Antidote of Insulin? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091281. [PMID: 34572493 PMCID: PMC8464883 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycemia represents a dark and tormented side of diabetes mellitus therapy. Patients treated with insulin or drug inducing hypoglycemia, consider hypoglycemia as a harmful element, which leads to their resistance and lack of acceptance of the pathology and relative therapies. Severe hypoglycemia, in itself, is a risk for patients and relatives. The possibility to have novel strategies and scientific knowledge concerning hypoglycemia could represent an enormous benefit. Novel available glucagon formulations, even now, allow clinicians to deal with hypoglycemia differently with respect to past years. Novel scientific evidence leads to advances concerning physiopathological mechanisms that regulated glycemic homeostasis. In this review, we will try to show some of the important aspects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Porcellati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia University School of Medicine, Via Gambuli 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.P.); (A.M.); (M.D.F.); (C.G.F.)
| | - Stefania Di Mauro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (S.D.M.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Alessio Mazzieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia University School of Medicine, Via Gambuli 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.P.); (A.M.); (M.D.F.); (C.G.F.)
| | - Alessandra Scamporrino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (S.D.M.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Agnese Filippello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (S.D.M.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Michelantonio De Fano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia University School of Medicine, Via Gambuli 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.P.); (A.M.); (M.D.F.); (C.G.F.)
| | - Carmine Giuseppe Fanelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia University School of Medicine, Via Gambuli 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.P.); (A.M.); (M.D.F.); (C.G.F.)
| | - Francesco Purrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (S.D.M.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0935-536577
| | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (S.D.M.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (S.P.)
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Liu W, Liu Q, Liu W, Qiu C. Maternal risk factors and pregnancy complications associated with low birth weight neonates in preterm birth. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:3196-3202. [PMID: 34137133 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the association between common pregnancy complications and low birth weight (LBW) neonates in preterm birth. METHODS The study included 1764 pregnant women who experienced a single birth prematurely at a city hospital in Guangzhou, China between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019. A total of 874 normal birth weight neonates and 890 LBW neonates were included. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify and measure risk factors; two-tailed test was applied, with a p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS Hypertension was the primary risk factor of LBW in preterm neonates, odds ratio (OR) = 2.912 (p < 0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.044-4.149), followed by hypothyroidism, OR = 1.807 (p = 0.046; 95% CI, 1.012-3.226), placental abruption, OR = 1.759 (p = 0.049; 95% CI, 1.002-3.087), reproductive tract infection, OR = 1.746 (p < 0.001; 95% CI, 1.325-2.301), abnormal amniotic fluid volume, OR = 1.737 (p = 0.003; 95% CI, 1.202-2.501), and fetal distress OR = 1.690 (p = 0.012; 95% CI, 1.120-2.551). CONCLUSION Preventing risk factors, such as hypertension, hypothyroidism, and reproductive tract infections, during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of LBW neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Maternal and Children Health Care Hospital (Huzhong Hospital) of Huadu, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Weiling Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chancheng Centre Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Cuiqing Qiu
- Medical Information Office, Maternal and Children Health Care Hospital (Huzhong Hospital) of Huadu, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Spires DR, Palygin O, Levchenko V, Isaeva E, Klemens CA, Khedr S, Nikolaienko O, Kriegel A, Cheng X, Yeo JY, Joe B, Staruschenko A. Sexual dimorphism in the progression of type 2 diabetic kidney disease in T2DN rats. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:223-234. [PMID: 33870721 PMCID: PMC8285576 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00009.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common complication of diabetes, which frequently leads to end-stage renal failure and increases cardiovascular disease risk. Hyperglycemia promotes renal pathologies such as glomerulosclerosis, tubular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, and a decline in glomerular filtration rate. Importantly, recent clinical data have demonstrated distinct sexual dimorphism in the pathogenesis of DKD in people with diabetes, which impacts both severity- and age-related risk factors. This study aimed to define sexual dimorphism and renal function in a nonobese type 2 diabetes model with the spontaneous development of advanced diabetic nephropathy (T2DN rats). T2DN rats at 12- and over 48-wk old were used to define disease progression and kidney injury development. We found impaired glucose tolerance and glomerular hyperfiltration in T2DN rats to compare with nondiabetic Wistar control. The T2DN rat displays a significant sexual dimorphism in insulin resistance, plasma cholesterol, renal and glomerular injury, urinary nephrin shedding, and albumin handling. Our results indicate that both male and female T2DN rats developed nonobese type 2 DKD phenotype, where the females had significant protection from the development of severe forms of DKD. Our findings provide further evidence for the T2DN rat strain's effectiveness for studying the multiple facets of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisha R Spires
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Vladislav Levchenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena Isaeva
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Christine A Klemens
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sherif Khedr
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Oksana Nikolaienko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alison Kriegel
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ji-Youn Yeo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Ohio
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Ohio
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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15
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Hu Y, Li Q, Min R, Deng Y, Xu Y, Gao L. The association between serum uric acid and diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by gender: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10691. [PMID: 33520463 PMCID: PMC7811288 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and several diabetic complications or co-morbidities remains a matter of debate. The study aims to explore the association between SUA levels and the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A total of 2,809 participants (1,784 males and 1,025 females) were included in this cross-sectional study. Clinical characteristics and the prevalence of each of the four diseases were analyzed based on gender-specific quartiles of SUA levels. The Pearson correlation analysis and linear-regression analysis were used to access the correlation between SUA levels and clinical characteristics. Furthermore, a binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine whether SUA was an independent risk factor for each of the four complications. RESULTS SUA levels were positively correlated to BMI, BUN, Scr and TG, but negatively associated with eGFR, HDL, FBG, 2h-PG and HbA1c% for the patients with T2DM. The prevalence of NAFLD and DN, but not DR or DPN, were increased with SUA levels from the first to the fourth quartile. Binary logistic regression further disclosed that SUA was an independent risk factor for NAFLD (ORs Male = 1.002, ∗ P = 0.0013; ORs Female = 1.002, ∗ P = 0.015) and DN (ORs Male = 1.006, ∗ P < 0.001; ORs Female = 1.005, ∗ P < 0.001), but not for DR and DPN. After adjustment for the confounders, SUA levels were significantly associated with NAFLD within the 3rd (ORs = 1.829, P = 0.004) and 4th quartile (ORs = 2.064, P = 0.001) for women, but not independently associated with SUA for man. On the other hand, our results revealed increased prevalence of DN for SUA quartile 2 (ORs = 3.643, P = 0.039), quartile 3 (ORs = 3.967, P = 0.024) and quartile 4 (ORs = 9.133, P < 0.001) in men; however, SUA quartiles were significantly associated with DN only for quartile 4 (ORs = 4.083, P = 0.042) in women. CONCLUSION For patients with T2DM, elevated SUA concentration is an independent risk factor for the prevalence of NAFLD and DN after adjustment for other indicators, but not DR or DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wu Han, Hu Bei, China
| | - Qinge Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Min
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingfeng Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX, USA
| | - Yancheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wu Han, Hu Bei, China
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16
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Toyoda M, Murata T, Saito N, Kimura M, Takahashi H, Ishida N, Kitamura M, Hida M, Hayashi A, Moriguchi I, Kobayashi N, Tsuriya D, Sakao Y, Matsushita T, Ito Y, Suzuki S, Kasama S, Kasahara M, Yamakawa T, Mori K, Kuroda A, Miura J, Hirota Y, Abe M, Fukagawa M, Sakane N, Hosoda K. Assessment of the accuracy of an intermittent-scanning continuous glucose monitoring device in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis (AIDT2H) study. Ther Apher Dial 2021; 25:586-594. [PMID: 33403763 PMCID: PMC8495855 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
FreeStyle Libre has been approved for use in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) in Japan, unlike Europe and the United States; however, evidence regarding its accuracy in such patients is sparse. Forty‐one participants with type 2 diabetes undergoing HD were recruited. The overall mean absolute relative difference and mean absolute difference were 23.4% and 33.9 mg/dL, respectively. Sensor glucose levels and capillary glucose levels were significantly correlated (r = 0.858, P < .01), although the sensor glucose levels were significantly lower than the capillary glucose levels. The accuracy of FreeStyle Libre in patients undergoing HD became deteriorated with the days of usage. The percentage of sensor results in Zones A and B in the consensus error grid analysis and in the Clarke error grid analysis were 99.7% and 99.0%, respectively. Its insufficient accuracy necessitates adjunct usage of FreeStyle Libre with self‐monitoring of blood glucose in patients undergoing HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Toyoda
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Murata
- Diabetes Center, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Saito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Moritsugu Kimura
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Akinori Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Daisuke Tsuriya
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takaya Matsushita
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Ito
- Bioethics Supervisory Office, Nara Medical University Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Shota Suzuki
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Nara Medical University Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Shu Kasama
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Nara Medical University Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Masato Kasahara
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Nara Medical University Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akio Kuroda
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junnosuke Miura
- Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yushi Hirota
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Division of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
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Retinal Capillary Nonperfusion on OCT-Angiography and Its Relationship to Kidney Function in Patients with Diabetes. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:2473949. [PMID: 33763237 PMCID: PMC7949871 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2473949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy and kidney disease share underlying mechanisms of microvascular damage and are often comorbid in people with diabetes. We evaluated whether there is a relationship between retinal capillary perfusion as measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Method A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted at the University of Washington among a subset of participants with diabetes and CKD participating in a larger cohort study. Participants were excluded if they were known to have kidney disease from conditions other than diabetes. Ten participants (11 eyes) were included. Retinal nonperfusion (RNP) and vessel density (VD) were measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in 30° and 60° field of view (FOV) regions centered at the fovea. Correlations of RNP and VD with eGFR and albuminuria were analyzed. Results Participants had a mean age of 72 years, hemoglobin A1c of 8.1%, eGFR of 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of 162 mg/g. Mean (SD) RNP was 6.6% (4.2%) and 16.9% (7.7%) in 30° and 60° FOV regions, respectively. eGFR was negatively correlated to RNP in both the 30° and 60° FOV regions (R = −0.69, p=0.004, and R = −0.46, p=0.057, respectively), and correlations were stronger among a subset of 7 participants with evidence of diabetic retinopathy on exam and fundus photos. The estimated GFR was not significantly correlated with vessel density. Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio was not significantly correlated with RNP or VD. Conclusions Our proof-of-concept study showed that lower eGFR was significantly correlated with retinal nonperfusion in participants with diabetes and CKD. Advanced retinal imaging may enhance the noninvasive evaluation of kidney function in diabetes.
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Bansal N, Zelnick LR, Hirsch IB, Trence D, Akoum N, de Boer IH. Temporal Relationship of Glycemia With Cardiac Arrhythmias in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 77:988-990. [PMID: 33011312 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
| | - Leila R Zelnick
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Dace Trence
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nazem Akoum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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19
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Zelnick LR, Batacchi ZO, Ahmad I, Dighe A, Little RR, Trence DL, Hirsch IB, de Boer IH. Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Use of Alternative Markers To Assess Glycemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:2379-2387. [PMID: 32788282 PMCID: PMC7510019 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In chronic kidney disease, glycated albumin and fructosamine have been postulated to be better biomarkers of glycemic control than HbA1c. We evaluated the accuracy, variability, and covariate bias of three biomarkers (HbA1c, glycated albumin, and fructosamine) compared with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived measurement of glycemia across estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted of 104 participants with type 2 diabetes, 80 with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (not treated with dialysis) and 24 frequency-matched control subjects with eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Participants wore a blinded CGM for two 6-day periods separated by 2 weeks, with blood and urine collected at the end of each CGM period. HbA1c, glycated albumin, and fructosamine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatographic, enzymatic, and colorimetric nitroblue tetrazolium methods, respectively. RESULTS Within-person biomarker values were strongly correlated between the two CGM periods (r = 0.92-0.95), although no marker fully captured the within-person variability of mean CGM glucose. All markers were similarly correlated with mean CGM glucose (r = 0.71-77). Compared with mean CGM glucose, glycated albumin and fructosamine were significantly biased by age, BMI, serum iron concentration, transferrin saturation, and albuminuria; HbA1c was underestimated in those with albuminuria. CONCLUSIONS Glycated albumin and fructosamine were not less variable than HbA1c at a given mean CGM glucose level, with several additional sources of bias. These results support measuring HbA1c to monitor trends in glycemia among patients with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Direct measurements of glucose are necessary to capture short-term variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila R Zelnick
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA .,Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Iram Ahmad
- Division of Endocrinology, Banner-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ.,University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Ashveena Dighe
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Randie R Little
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Dace L Trence
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Seattle, WA
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20
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Hong S, Presswala L, Harris YT, Romao I, Ross DW, Andrade Paz H, Zhang M, Jhaveri KD, Sakhiya V, Fishbane S. Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Observational Study. KIDNEY360 2020; 1:897-903. [PMID: 35369557 PMCID: PMC8815604 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001272020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycemic management in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and CKD can become complicated. One factor that may affect treatment is hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia risk may be increased by several biologic processes in CKD. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency, severity, and risk factors for hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM and CKD. METHODS The design was a prospective observational study. A continuous glucose monitor (CGM) was worn by 80 patients for up to 14 days; glucose was measured every 15 minutes. Patients with T2DM and eGFR <45 ml/min were enrolled. Patients on dialysis were excluded. The primary outcome was to assess the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes during the study period. Hypoglycemic episodes were defined as a reduced glucose concentration (<70 mg/dl) lasting ≥15 minutes. Secondary outcomes included assessment of severity of hypoglycemia and risk factors for its development. RESULTS A total of 80 patients wore the CGM for a mean of 12.7±2.9 days. Hypoglycemic events occurred in 61 of 80 patients (76%) with glucose <70 mg/dl, and 49 of 80 (61%) with glucose <60 mg/dl. Prolonged hypoglycemic events (CGM glucose <54 mg/dl for ≥120 consecutive minutes) occurred in 31 patients (39%) with 118 total events. Most hypoglycemic episodes occurred overnight, from 1:00 am to 9:00 am. By multivariate analysis, lower hemoglobin A1c and treatment with insulin were two modifiable risk factors for hypoglycemic events. CONCLUSIONS Patients with T2DM and CKD have frequent periods of hypoglycemia that can be severe and prolonged. Hemoglobin A1c does not portray the full scope of hypoglycemia risk. This study illustrates the need for careful monitoring of glucose levels in patients with T2DM and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Hong
- Divisions of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Lubaina Presswala
- Divisions of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Yael T. Harris
- Divisions of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Isabela Romao
- Divisions of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Daniel W. Ross
- Divisions of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Hugo Andrade Paz
- Divisions of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Meng Zhang
- Divisions of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Kenar D. Jhaveri
- Divisions of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Vipul Sakhiya
- Divisions of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Steven Fishbane
- Divisions of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
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21
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Runesson B, Xu Y, Qureshi AR, Lindholm B, Barany P, Elinder CG, Carrero JJ. Association between reduced kidney function and incident hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes: The Stockholm Creatinine Measurements (SCREAM) project. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1425-1435. [PMID: 32250539 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate possible associations between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes. METHODS We conducted an observational study in adults with diabetes from the Stockholm Creatinine Measurement (SCREAM) project, a Swedish healthcare utilization cohort during 2007 to 2011. We evaluated diagnoses and outpatient glucose tests for incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of hypoglycaemia (overall and by severity) in outpatient care by eGFR strata using zero-inflated negative binomial regression. We identified clinical predictors through ordinal logistic regression and assessed 7-day and 30-day mortality from hypoglycaemia in relation to eGFR with Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS We identified 29 434 people with diabetes (13% with type 1 diabetes). Their mean age was 66 years, 43% were women and the median eGFR was 80 mL/min/1.73 m2 . During 2 years of follow-up, 1812 patients (6.2%) had hypoglycaemia registered at least once. The risk of hypoglycaemia increased linearly with lower eGFR, with an IRR of 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-1.4) for eGFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 5.8 (95% CI 3.8-9.0) for eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 compared to eGFR 90 to 104 mL/min/1.73 m2 . This trend was observed for both mild and severe hypoglycaemia. Both 7-day and 30-day post-hypoglycaemia mortality increased with lower eGFR, peaking in those with eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (hazard ratio 21.2, 95% CI 5.1-87.9) as compared to those with eGFR 90 to 104 mL/min/1.73 m2 . Lower eGFR categories, type 1 diabetes, previous hypoglycaemia, liver disease, presence of diabetic complications and use of insulin and sulphonylureas increased the odds of hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSION In this large, observational study, low eGFR was strongly associated with the occurrence, severity and fatality of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdul R Qureshi
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Lindholm
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Barany
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl G Elinder
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan J Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Davis TME, Dwyer P, England M, Fegan PG, Davis WA. Efficacy of Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Prevention of Recurrent Severe Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Technol Ther 2020; 22:367-373. [PMID: 31724878 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2019.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: People with diabetes experiencing hypoglycemia are at increased risk of recurrence because of attenuated autonomic warning. We assessed the efficacy of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM; FreeStyle Libre™, Abbott) compared with usual-care self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in reducing this risk in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Methods: Insulin-treated adults with diabetes and an episode of clinically significant biochemical hypoglycemia (blood glucose [BG] <3.0 mM) or symptomatic hypoglycemia and BG <4.0 mM were randomized to 6 months of isCGM (intensive group) or SMBG (control group) against a background of usual care. The primary outcome was hypoglycemia requiring second-party assistance for recovery. Prespecified secondary outcomes included other hypoglycemic episodes (self-reported, and BG <3.0, 3.0-3.9, <4.0 mM) and change in HbA1c at 24 weeks. Results: Of 59 participants (mean age 53.6 years, 44.1% males, median HbA1c 61.8 mmol/mol or 7.8%), 30 were allocated to isCGM and 29 to SMBG. The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was not significantly different between the two groups (incident rate ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.49 [0.46-5.56], P = 0.47). The incidence of other recorded hypoglycemic episodes in the intervention group was double that in the control group (P < 0.001). There was no difference in the change in HbA1c between the two groups (P = 0.74). There were seven serious adverse events and none was considered related to the intervention. Conclusions: Although isCGM is safe, it does not appear to have a role in preventing recurrent severe hypoglycemia in at-risk individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M E Davis
- Medical School, Fremantle Hospital, University of Western Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Penny Dwyer
- Medical School, Fremantle Hospital, University of Western Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Michelle England
- Medical School, Fremantle Hospital, University of Western Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - P Gerry Fegan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Wendy A Davis
- Medical School, Fremantle Hospital, University of Western Australia, Fremantle, Australia
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23
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Dolores García de Lucas M, Avilés Bueno B, Rivas Ruiz F, Olalla Sierra J. Insulin degludec allows for better glycaemic control with a lower risk of hypoglycaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 162:108094. [PMID: 32113852 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective observational study to demonstrate that switching to insulin degludec from other long-acting insulins reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia events and improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and stage 2-3B chronic kidney disease.
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24
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Mayeda L, Katz R, Ahmad I, Bansal N, Batacchi Z, Hirsch IB, Robinson N, Trence DL, Zelnick L, de Boer IH. Glucose time in range and peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000991. [PMID: 31958307 PMCID: PMC7039577 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Compared with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) may better capture risk of diabetes complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). We hypothesized that glucose time in range (TIR), measured by CGM, is associated with DPN symptoms among participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and moderate-to-severe CKD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We enrolled 105 people with type 2 DM treated with insulin or sulfonylurea, 81 participants with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and 24 matched control participants with eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Each participant wore a CGM for two 6-day periods. Calculated glycemic measures included TIR (glucose 70-180 mg/dL) and glucose management indicator (GMI). DPN symptoms were assessed using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) questionnaire, with a positive MNSI score defined as ≥2 symptoms. RESULTS: Participants with CKD had a mean age of 68 years, diabetes duration 20 years, eGFR 38 mL/min/1.73 m2 and HbA1c 7.8%, 61 mmol/mol. Sixty-two participants reported ≥2 DPN symptoms, 51 (63%) with CKD and 11 (46%) controls. Less TIR and higher GMI were associated with higher risk of MNSI questionnaire score ≥2 (OR 1.25 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.52) per 10% lower TIR, and OR 1.79 (95% CI 1.05 to 3.04) per 1% higher GMI, adjusting for age, gender and race). Similar results were observed when analyses were restricted to participants with CKD. In contrast, there was no significant association of HbA1c with DPN symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms of DPN were common among participants with long-standing type 2 DM and CKD. Lower TIR and higher GMI were associated with DPN symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mayeda
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ronit Katz
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Iram Ahmad
- Division of Endocrinology, Banner-MD Anderson Health System, Gilbert, Arizona, USA
| | - Nisha Bansal
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zona Batacchi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Robinson
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dace L Trence
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Leila Zelnick
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
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25
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Majumder A, RoyChaudhuri S, Sanyal D. A Retrospective Observational Study of Insulin Glargine in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Cureus 2019; 11:e6191. [PMID: 31890395 PMCID: PMC6919959 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects are on multiple oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) but as kidney dysfunction progresses, many of them become inappropriate. Basal insulin, such as glargine, is generally recommended as first-line insulin therapy by most guidelines. However, there is limited data on the safety and efficacy of the use of glargine in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of insulin glargine in T2 DM patients with Stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD). Material and methods This single-centered, retrospective, observational study evaluates the efficacy and safety of insulin glargine in DKD with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 60 and below. Non-pregnant T2DM patients with DKD receiving insulin glargine for 24 weeks and beyond were included for analysis. Data relating to anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, renal parameters, and glycemic control were analyzed. Sixty patients were in CKD Stage 3 (group A) and 35 patients were in CKD Stage 4 (group B). Glargine was started at an initial dose of 10 units daily as per the standard of care followed by the institute and up-titrated or down-titrated using a prespecified algorithm to maintain fasting plasma glucose between 90 mg/dl and 130 mg/dl. Results The study achieves (1.2%) (13.2 mmol/mol) of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) reduction in both groups (Group A and Group B) and a significant reduction in fasting and postprandial glucose values without a significant weight change over the study period. Out of 95 patients, 32 (33.68%) had documented hypoglycemia; out of them, 9 (28.2%) had severe hypoglycemia, and 8 (25%) had nocturnal hypoglycemia (either mild or severe). No change in weight, blood pressure, or eGFR was observed during the study period. Conclusions Treatment with glargine-based basal insulin therapy in diabetes with Stage 3 or Stage 4 CKD was efficacious in reducing glycemic parameters and was safe without significant changes in weight and hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Majumder
- Endocrinology, Kali Prasad Chowdhury Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, IND
| | | | - Debmalya Sanyal
- Endocrinology, Kali Prasad Chowdhury Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, IND
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