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Pappritz K, Lin J, El-Shafeey M, Fechner H, Kühl U, Alogna A, Spillmann F, Elsanhoury A, Schulz R, Tschöpe C, Van Linthout S. Colchicine prevents disease progression in viral myocarditis via modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome in the cardiosplenic axis. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:925-941. [PMID: 35178861 PMCID: PMC8934990 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The acute phase of a coxsackievirus 3 (CVB3)‐induced myocarditis involves direct toxic cardiac effects and the systemic activation of the immune system, including the cardiosplenic axis. Consequently, the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor pyrin domain‐containing‐3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway is activated, which plays a role in disease pathogenesis and progression. The anti‐inflammatory drug colchicine exerts its effects, in part, via reducing NLRP3 activity, and has been shown to improve several cardiac diseases, including acute coronary syndrome and pericarditis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of colchicine to improve experimental CVB3‐induced myocarditis. Methods and results C57BL6/j mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 × 105 plaque forming units of CVB3. After 24 h, mice were treated with colchicine (5 μmol/kg body weight) or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) via oral gavage (p.o.). Seven days post infection, cardiac function was haemodynamically characterized via conductance catheter measurements. Blood, the left ventricle (LV) and spleen were harvested for subsequent analyses. In vitro experiments on LV‐derived fibroblasts (FB) and HL‐1 cells were performed to further evaluate the anti‐(fibro)inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic effects of colchicine via gene expression analysis, Sirius Red assay, and flow cytometry. CVB3 + colchicine mice displayed improved LV function compared with CVB3 + PBS mice, paralleled by a 4.7‐fold (P < 0.01) and 1.7‐fold (P < 0.001) reduction in LV CVB3 gene expression and cardiac troponin‐I levels in the serum, respectively. Evaluation of components of the NLRP3 inflammasome revealed an increased percentage of apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD domain (ASC)‐expressing, caspase‐1‐expressing, and interleukin‐1β‐expressing cells in the myocardium and in the spleen of CVB3 + PBS vs. control mice, which was reduced in CVB3 + colchicine compared with CVB3 + PBS mice. This was accompanied by 1.4‐fold (P < 0.0001), 1.7‐fold (P < 0.0001), and 1.7‐fold (P < 0.0001) lower numbers of cardiac dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages, respectively, in CVB3 + colchicine compared with CVB3 + PBS mice. A 1.9‐fold (P < 0.05) and 4.6‐fold (P < 0.001) reduced cardiac gene expression of the fibrotic markers, Col1a1 and lysyl oxidase, respectively, was detected in CVB3 + colchicine mice compared with CVB3 + PBS animals, and reflected by a 2.2‐fold (P < 0.05) decreased Collagen I/III protein ratio. Colchicine further reduced Col3a1 mRNA and collagen protein expression in CVB3‐infected FB and lowered apoptosis and viral progeny release in CVB3‐infected HL‐1 cells. In both CVB3 FB and HL‐1 cells, colchicine down‐regulated the NLRP3 inflammasome‐related components ASC, caspase‐1, and IL‐1β. Conclusions Colchicine improves LV function in CVB3‐induced myocarditis, involving a decrease in cardiac and splenic NLRP3 inflammasome activity, without exacerbation of CVB3 load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Pappritz
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jie Lin
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhammad El-Shafeey
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Physiologisches Institut, Fachbereich Medizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany.,Medical Biotechnology Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kühl
- Department of Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessio Alogna
- Department of Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Spillmann
- Department of Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elsanhoury
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Physiologisches Institut, Fachbereich Medizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Micheu MM, Scarlatescu AI, Scafa-Udriste A, Dorobantu M. The Winding Road of Cardiac Regeneration-Stem Cell Omics in the Spotlight. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120255. [PMID: 30544622 PMCID: PMC6315576 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in treating ischemic cardiac disease and succeeding heart failure, there is still an unmet need to develop effective therapeutic strategies given the persistent high-mortality rate. Advances in stem cell biology hold great promise for regenerative medicine, particularly for cardiac regeneration. Various cell types have been used both in preclinical and clinical studies to repair the injured heart, either directly or indirectly. Transplanted cells may act in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner to improve the myocyte survival and migration of remote and/or resident stem cells to the site of injury. Still, the molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac protection and repair are poorly understood. Stem cell fate is directed by multifaceted interactions between genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Decoding stem cells’ “panomic” data would provide a comprehensive picture of the underlying mechanisms, resulting in patient-tailored therapy. This review offers a critical analysis of omics data in relation to stem cell survival and differentiation. Additionally, the emerging role of stem cell-derived exosomes as “cell-free” therapy is debated. Last but not least, we discuss the challenges to retrieve and analyze the huge amount of publicly available omics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miruna Mihaela Micheu
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Floreasca Street 8, 014461 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alina Ioana Scarlatescu
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Floreasca Street 8, 014461 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Scafa-Udriste
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Floreasca Street 8, 014461 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department 4-Cardiothoracic Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Eroii Sanitari Bvd. 8, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Maria Dorobantu
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Floreasca Street 8, 014461 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department 4-Cardiothoracic Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Eroii Sanitari Bvd. 8, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
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3
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Devetzi M, Goulielmaki M, Khoury N, Spandidos DA, Sotiropoulou G, Christodoulou I, Zoumpourlis V. Genetically‑modified stem cells in treatment of human diseases: Tissue kallikrein (KLK1)‑based targeted therapy (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:1177-1186. [PMID: 29328364 PMCID: PMC5819898 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is an endogenous multiprotein metabolic cascade which is implicated in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular, renal and central nervous system. Human tissue kallikrein (KLK1) is a serine protease, component of the KKS that has been demonstrated to exert pleiotropic beneficial effects in protection from tissue injury through its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic and anti-oxidative actions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) constitute populations of well-characterized, readily obtainable multipotent cells with special immunomodulatory, migratory and paracrine properties rendering them appealing potential therapeutics in experimental animal models of various diseases. Genetic modification enhances their inherent properties. MSCs or EPCs are competent cellular vehicles for drug and/or gene delivery in the targeted treatment of diseases. KLK1 gene delivery using adenoviral vectors or KLK1 protein infusion into injured tissues of animal models has provided particularly encouraging results in attenuating or reversing myocardial, renal and cerebrovascular ischemic phenotype and tissue damage, thus paving the way for the administration of genetically modified MSCs or EPCs with the human tissue KLK1 gene. Engraftment of KLK1-modified MSCs and/or KLK1-modified EPCs resulted in advanced beneficial outcome regarding heart and kidney protection and recovery from ischemic insults. Collectively, findings from pre-clinical studies raise the possibility that tissue KLK1 may be a novel future therapeutic target in the treatment of a wide range of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Devetzi
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Nicolas Khoury
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Christodoulou
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
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4
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Müller I, Pappritz K, Savvatis K, Puhl K, Dong F, El-Shafeey M, Hamdani N, Hamann I, Noutsias M, Infante-Duarte C, Linke WA, Van Linthout S, Tschöpe C. CX3CR1 knockout aggravates Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182643. [PMID: 28800592 PMCID: PMC5553786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on inflammatory disorders elucidated the pivotal role of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis with respect to the pathophysiology and diseases progression. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis is associated with severe cardiac inflammation, which may progress to heart failure. We therefore investigated the influence of CX3CR1 ablation in the model of acute myocarditis, which was induced by inoculation with 5x105 plaque forming units of CVB3 (Nancy strain) in either CX3CR1-/- or C57BL6/j (WT) mice. Seven days after infection, myocardial inflammation, remodeling, and titin expression and phosphorylation were examined by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and Pro-Q diamond stain. Cardiac function was assessed by tip catheter. Compared to WT CVB3 mice, CX3CR1-/- CVB3 mice exhibited enhanced left ventricular expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which was associated with an increase of immune cell infiltration/presence. This shift towards a pro-inflammatory immune response further resulted in increased cardiac fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which was reflected by an impaired cardiac function in CX3CR1-/- CVB3 compared to WT CVB3 mice. These findings demonstrate a cardioprotective role of CX3CR1 in CVB3-infected mice and indicate the relevance of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 system in CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Chemokine CX3CL1/genetics
- Chemokine CX3CL1/immunology
- Coxsackievirus Infections/genetics
- Coxsackievirus Infections/immunology
- Coxsackievirus Infections/pathology
- Coxsackievirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterovirus B, Human/growth & development
- Enterovirus B, Human/pathogenicity
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heart Function Tests
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocarditis/genetics
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/pathology
- Myocarditis/virology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/immunology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Müller
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathleen Pappritz
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Savvatis
- Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Puhl
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fengquan Dong
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhammad El-Shafeey
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Isabell Hamann
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Noutsias
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A. Linke
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Figueiredo EL, Magalhães CA, Belli KC, Mandil A, Garcia JCF, Araújo RA, Figueiredo AFDS, Pellanda LC. Human Tissue Kallikrein Activity in Angiographically Documented Chronic Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 105:457-565. [PMID: 26351984 PMCID: PMC4651403 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human tissue kallikrein (hK1) is a key enzyme in the kallikrein–kinin system
(KKS). hK1-specific amidase activity is reduced in urine samples from hypertensive
and heart failure (HF) patients. The pathophysiologic role of hK1 in coronary
artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. Objective To evaluate hK1-specific amidase activity in the urine of CAD patients Methods Sixty-five individuals (18–75 years) who underwent cardiac catheterism (CATH) were
included. Random midstream urine samples were collected immediately before CATH.
Patients were classified in two groups according to the presence of coronary
lesions: CAD (43 patients) and non-CAD (22 patients). hK1 amidase activity was
estimated using the chromogenic substrate D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan. Creatinine was
determined using Jaffé’s method. Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity was
expressed as µM/(min · mg creatinine) to correct for differences
in urine flow rates. Results Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity levels were similar between CAD [0.146
µM/(min ·mg creatinine)] and non-CAD [0.189
µM/(min . mg creatinine)] patients (p = 0.803) and remained
similar to values previously reported for hypertensive patients [0.210
µM/(min . mg creatinine)] and HF patients [0.104
µM/(min . mg creatinine)]. CAD severity and hypertension were
not observed to significantly affect urinary hK1-specific amidase activity. Conclusion CAD patients had low levels of urinary hK1-specific amidase activity, suggesting
that renal KKS activity may be reduced in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Antunes Magalhães
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Karlyse Claudino Belli
- Divisão de Cardiologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa de Patofisiologia do Exercício, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ari Mandil
- Departamento de Hemodinâmica, Hospital Lifecenter, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lucia Campos Pellanda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Chao J, Bledsoe G, Chao L. Kallikrein-kinin in stem cell therapy. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:448-457. [PMID: 25258666 PMCID: PMC4172673 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i4.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tissue kallikrein-kinin system exerts a wide spectrum of biological activities in the cardiovascular, renal and central nervous systems. Tissue kallikrein-kinin modulates the proliferation, viability, mobility and functional activity of certain stem cell populations, namely mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), mononuclear cell subsets and neural stem cells. Stimulation of these stem cells by tissue kallikrein-kinin may lead to protection against renal, cardiovascular and neural damage by inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress and promoting neovascularization. Moreover, MSCs and EPCs genetically modified with tissue kallikrein are resistant to hypoxia- and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, and offer enhanced protective actions in animal models of heart and kidney injury and hindlimb ischemia. In addition, activation of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system promotes EPC recruitment to the inflamed synovium of arthritic rats. Conversely, cleaved high molecular weight kininogen, a product of plasma kallikrein, reduces the viability and vasculogenic activity of EPCs. Therefore, kallikrein-kinin provides a new approach in enhancing the efficacy of stem cell therapy for human diseases.
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7
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Girolami JP, Blaes N, Bouby N, Alhenc-Gelas F. Genetic manipulation and genetic variation of the kallikrein-kinin system: impact on cardiovascular and renal diseases. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 69:145-196. [PMID: 25130042 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06683-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) in mice, with either gain or loss of function, and study of human genetic variability in KKS components which has been well documented at the phenotypic and genomic level, have allowed recognizing the physiological role of KKS in health and in disease. This role has been especially documented in the cardiovascular system and the kidney. Kinins are produced at slow rate in most organs in resting condition and/or inactivated quickly. Yet the KKS is involved in arterial function and in renal tubular function. In several pathological situations, kinin production increases, kinin receptor synthesis is upregulated, and kinins play an important role, whether beneficial or detrimental, in disease outcome. In the setting of ischemic, diabetic or hemodynamic aggression, kinin release by tissue kallikrein protects against organ damage, through B2 and/or B1 bradykinin receptor activation, depending on organ and disease. This has been well documented for the ischemic or diabetic heart, kidney and skeletal muscle, where KKS activity reduces oxidative stress, limits necrosis or fibrosis and promotes angiogenesis. On the other hand, in some pathological situations where plasma prekallikrein is inappropriately activated, excess kinin release in local or systemic circulation is detrimental, through oedema or hypotension. Putative therapeutic application of these clinical and experimental findings through current pharmacological development is discussed in the chapter.
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8
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Effects of a novel bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist and angiotensin II receptor blockade on experimental myocardial infarction in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51151. [PMID: 23236443 PMCID: PMC3517424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of the novel bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist BI-113823 following myocardial infarction (MI) and to determine whether B1 receptor blockade alters the cardiovascular effects of an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist after MI in rats. Methodology/Principal Findings Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to permanent occlusion of the left descending coronary artery. Cardiovascular function was determined at 7 days post MI. Treatment with either B1 receptor antagonist (BI-113823) or AT1 receptor antagonist (irbesartan) alone or in combination improved post-MI cardiac function as evidenced by attenuation of elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP); greater first derivative of left ventricular pressure (± dp/dt max), left ventricle ejection fraction, fractional shorting, and better wall motion; as we as reductions in post-MI up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and collagen III. In addition, the cardiac up-regulation of B1 receptor and AT1 receptor mRNA were markedly reduced in animals treated with BI 113823, although bradykinin B2 receptor and angiotensin 1 converting enzyme (ACE1) mRNA expression were not significantly affected by B1 receptor blockade. Conclusions/Significance The present study demonstrates that treatment with the novel B1 receptor antagonist, BI-113823 improves post-MI cardiac function and does not influence the cardiovascular effects of AT1 receptor antagonist following MI.
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9
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Yao Y, Sheng Z, Li Y, Yan F, Fu C, Li Y, Ma G, Liu N, Chao J, Chao L. Tissue kallikrein promotes cardiac neovascularization by enhancing endothelial progenitor cell functional capacity. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:859-70. [PMID: 22435954 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (TK) has been demonstrated to improve neovasculogenesis after myocardial infarction (MI). In the present study, we examined the role and underlying mechanisms of TK in peripheral endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) function. Peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells containing EPCs were isolated from rat. The in vitro effects of TK on EPC differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and vascular tube formation capacity were studied in the presence or absence of TK, kinin B(2) receptor antagonist (icatibant), and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor (LY294002). Apoptosis was evaluated by flow-cytometry analysis using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, as well as western-blot analysis of Akt phosphorylation and cleaved caspase-3. Using an MI mouse model, we then examined the in vivo effects of human TK gene adenoviral vector (Ad.hTK) administration on the number of CD34(+)Flk-1(+) progenitors in the peripheral circulation, heart tissue, extent of vasculogenesis, and heart function. Administration of TK significantly increased the number of Dil-LDL/UEA-lectin double-positive early EPCs, as well as their migration and tube formation properties in vitro. Transduction of TK in cultured EPCs attenuated apoptosis induced by hypoxia and led to an increase in Akt phosphorylation and a decrease in cleaved caspase-3 levels. The beneficial effects of TK were blocked by pretreatment with icatibant and LY294002. The expression of recombinant human TK in the ischemic mouse heart significantly improved cardiac contractility and reduced infarct size 7 days after gene delivery. Compared with the Ad.Null group, Ad.hTK reduced mortality and preserved left ventricular function by increasing the number of CD34(+)Flk-1(+) EPCs and promoting the growth of capillaries and arterioles in the peri-infarct myocardium. These data provide direct evidence that TK promotes vessel growth by increasing the number of EPCs and enhancing their functional properties through the kinin B(2) receptor-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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Rossini A, Frati C, Lagrasta C, Graiani G, Scopece A, Cavalli S, Musso E, Baccarin M, Di Segni M, Fagnoni F, Germani A, Quaini E, Mayr M, Xu Q, Barbuti A, DiFrancesco D, Pompilio G, Quaini F, Gaetano C, Capogrossi MC. Human cardiac and bone marrow stromal cells exhibit distinctive properties related to their origin. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:650-60. [PMID: 20833652 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell (BMStC) transplantation into the infarcted heart improves left ventricular function and cardiac remodelling. However, it has been suggested that tissue-specific cells may be better for cardiac repair than cells from other sources. The objective of the present work has been the comparison of in vitro and in vivo properties of adult human cardiac stromal cells (CStC) to those of syngeneic BMStC. METHODS AND RESULTS Although CStC and BMStC exhibited a similar immunophenotype, their gene, microRNA, and protein expression profiles were remarkably different. Biologically, CStC, compared with BMStC, were less competent in acquiring the adipogenic and osteogenic phenotype but more efficiently expressed cardiovascular markers. When injected into the heart, in rat a model of chronic myocardial infarction, CStC persisted longer within the tissue, migrated into the scar, and differentiated into adult cardiomyocytes better than BMStC. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that although CStC and BMStC share a common stromal phenotype, CStC present cardiovascular-associated features and may represent an important cell source for more efficient cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rossini
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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Benfotiamine improves functional recovery of the infarcted heart via activation of pro-survival G6PD/Akt signaling pathway and modulation of neurohormonal response. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:625-38. [PMID: 20542491 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Benfotiamine (BFT) is a transketolase activator that directs glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway. The present study investigated whether BFT improves the recovery after myocardial infarction (MI) and explored underlying mechanisms of protection. Non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice were supplemented with BFT (70 mg/kg/day in drinking water) for 4 weeks and then subjected to MI or sham operation. Cardiac function was monitored by echocardiography. At two weeks post-MI, intra-ventricular pressure was measured by Millar tip-catheter and hearts were collected for biochemical, immunohistochemical and expressional analyses. No treatment effect was observed in sham-operated mice. Post-MI mortality was higher in diabetic mice and hemodynamic studies confirmed the worsening effect of diabetes on functional recovery. Furthermore, diabetic mice demonstrated increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduced reparative angiogenesis, larger scars, enhanced oxidative stress, and blunted activation of the pro-survival VEGF receptor-2/Akt/Pim-1 signaling pathway. BFT improved post-MI survival, functional recovery and neovascularization and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and neurohormonal activation in diabetic as well as in non-diabetic mice. In addition, BFT stimulated the activity of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes, leading to reduction of oxidative stress, phosphorylation/activation of VEGF receptor-2 and Akt and increased Pim-1, pBad and Bcl-2 levels. These effects were contrasted on silencing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in pentose phosphate pathway, or inhibiting Akt. BFT benefits post-MI recovery through stimulation of pro-survival mechanisms and containment of neurohormonal response. These results may have implications for the treatment of myocardial ischemia.
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Haag M, Van Linthout S, Schröder SEA, Freymann U, Ringe J, Tschöpe C, Sittinger M. Endomyocardial biopsy derived adherent proliferating cells - a potential cell source for cardiac tissue engineering. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:564-75. [PMID: 20013794 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heart diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Cardiac stem cells (CSC) are considered as candidates for cardiac-directed cell therapies. However, clinical translation is hampered since their isolation and expansion is complex. We describe a population of human cardiac derived adherent proliferating (CAP) cells that can be reliably and efficiently isolated and expanded from endomyocardial biopsies (0.1 cm(3)). Growth kinetics revealed a mean cell doubling time of 49.9 h and a high number of 2.54 x 10(7) cells in passage 3. Microarray analysis directed at investigating the gene expression profile of human CAP cells demonstrated the absence of the hematopoietic cell markers CD34 and CD45, and of CD90, which is expressed on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and fibroblasts. These data were confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. CAP cells could not be differentiated into adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, or myoblasts, demonstrating the absence of multilineage potential. Moreover, despite the expression of heart muscle markers like alpha-sarcomeric actin and cardiac myosin, CAP cells cannot be differentiated into cardiomyocytes. Regarding functionality, CAP cells were especially positive for many genes involved in angiogenesis like angiopoietin-1, VEGF, KDR, and neuropilins. Globally, principal component and hierarchical clustering analysis and comparison with microarray data from many undifferentiated and differentiated reference cell types, revealed a unique identity of CAP cells. In conclusion, we have identified a unique cardiac tissue derived cell type that can be isolated and expanded from endomyocardial biopsies and which presents a potential cell source for cardiac repair. Results indicate that these cells rather support angiogenesis than cardiomyocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Haag
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Tucholskystr. 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Savvatis K, Westermann D, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C. Kinins in cardiac inflammation and regeneration: insights from ischemic and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:119-25. [PMID: 20036002 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is a system of vasoactive peptides, the kinins, involved in different aspects of remodeling, inflammation and angiogenesis. Kinins mediate their actions through two receptors, B1R and B2R. It is increasingly recognized that the KKS is involved in the inflammatory processes of the heart. Evidence shows that the B2R is beneficial in myocardial diseases, protecting from inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis, while B1R shows a proinflammatory character contributing to the disease progression by increasing the production of cytokines and stimulating the migration of immune cells. Furthermore, novel important actions of the KKS and its receptors contribute to neovascularization and recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells in ischemic areas and endothelial dysfunction. The kinin receptors could therefore constitute potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of myocardial ischemia and diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Savvatis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Cardiology and Pneumonology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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Siragusa M, Katare R, Meloni M, Damilano F, Hirsch E, Emanueli C, Madeddu P. Involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma in angiogenesis and healing of experimental myocardial infarction in mice. Circ Res 2010; 106:757-68. [PMID: 20056919 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.207449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)gamma is expressed in hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells (ECs), and cardiomyocytes and regulates different cellular functions relevant to inflammation, tissue remodeling and cicatrization. Recently, PI3Kgamma inhibitors have been indicated for the treatment of chronic inflammatory/autoimmune diseases and atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine PI3Kgamma contribution to the angiogenic capacity of ECs and the effect of PI3Kgamma inhibition on healing of myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS Human umbilical ECs were treated with a selective PI3Kgamma inhibitor, AS605240, or a pan-phosphoinositide 3-kinases inhibitor, LY294002. Both inhibitory treatments and small interfering RNA-mediated PI3Kgamma knockdown strongly impaired ECs angiogenic capacity, because of suppression of the PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Constitutive activation of Akt rescued the angiogenic defect. Reparative angiogenesis was studied in vivo in a model of MI. AS605240 did not affect MI-induced PI3Kgamma upregulation, whereas it suppressed Akt activation and downstream signaling. AS605240 strongly reduced inflammation, enhanced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and impaired survival and proliferation of ECs in peri-infarct zone, which resulted in defective reparative neovascularization. As a consequence, AS605240-treated MI hearts showed increased infarct size and impaired recovery of left ventricular function. Similarly, PI3Kgamma-deficient mice showed impaired reparative neovascularization, enhanced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and marked deterioration of cardiac function following MI. Mice expressing catalytically inactive PI3Kgamma also failed to mount a proper neovascularization, although cardiac dysfunction was similar to wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS PI3Kgamma expression and catalytic activity are involved at different levels in reparative neovascularization and healing of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Siragusa
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, United Kingdom
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15
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Kränkel N, Katare RG, Siragusa M, Barcelos LS, Campagnolo P, Mangialardi G, Fortunato O, Spinetti G, Tran N, Zacharowski K, Wojakowski W, Mroz I, Herman A, Manning Fox JE, MacDonald PE, Schanstra JP, Bascands JL, Ascione R, Angelini G, Emanueli C, Madeddu P. Role of kinin B2 receptor signaling in the recruitment of circulating progenitor cells with neovascularization potential. Circ Res 2008; 103:1335-43. [PMID: 18927465 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.179952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduced migratory function of circulating angiogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) has been associated with impaired neovascularization in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previous findings underline the role of the kallikrein-kinin system in angiogenesis. We now demonstrate the involvement of the kinin B2 receptor (B(2)R) in the recruitment of CPCs to sites of ischemia and in their proangiogenic action. In healthy subjects, B(2)R was abundantly present on CD133(+) and CD34(+) CPCs as well as cultured endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from blood mononuclear cells (MNCs), whereas kinin B1 receptor expression was barely detectable. In transwell migration assays, bradykinin (BK) exerts a potent chemoattractant activity on CD133(+) and CD34(+) CPCs and EPCs via a B(2)R/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/eNOS-mediated mechanism. Migration toward BK was able to attract an MNC subpopulation enriched in CPCs with in vitro proangiogenic activity, as assessed by Matrigel assay. CPCs from cardiovascular disease patients showed low B(2)R levels and decreased migratory capacity toward BK. When injected systemically into wild-type mice with unilateral limb ischemia, bone marrow MNCs from syngenic B(2)R-deficient mice resulted in reduced homing of sca-1(+) and cKit(+)flk1(+) progenitors to ischemic muscles, impaired reparative neovascularization, and delayed perfusion recovery as compared with wild-type MNCs. Similarly, blockade of the B(2)R by systemic administration of icatibant prevented the beneficial effect of bone marrow MNC transplantation. BK-induced migration represents a novel mechanism mediating homing of circulating angiogenic progenitors. Reduction of BK sensitivity in progenitor cells from cardiovascular disease patients might contribute to impaired neovascularization after ischemic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Kränkel
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, UK
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Horrevoets AJ. Kallikrein teams up with GSK-3 in heart failure prevention. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:328-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Westermann D, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C. New perspective on the tissue kallikrein–kinin system in myocardial infarction: Role of angiogenesis and cardiac regeneration. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Identification of the prosurvival activity of nerve growth factor on cardiac myocytes. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:299-311. [PMID: 17992191 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) control neuron survival and regeneration. Recent research showed that NTs possess cardiovascular actions. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that the NT nerve growth factor (NGF) prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis. We demonstrated that cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes (RNCMs) produce NGF and express its trkA (tropomyosin-related receptor A (NGF high-affinity receptor)) receptor. RNCMs given a neutralizing antibody for NGF or the trkA inhibitor K252a underwent apoptosis, thus suggesting that NGF is an endogenous prosurvival factor for cardiomyocytes. Adenovirus (Ad)-mediated NGF overexpression protected RNCMs from apoptosis induced by either hypoxia/reoxygenation or angiotensin II (AngII). Similarly, recombinant NGF inhibited AngII-induced apoptosis in isolated rat adult cardiomyocytes. Finally, in a rat model of myocardial infarction, NGF gene transfer promoted cardiomyocyte survival. In RNCMs, recombinant NGF induced trkA phosphorylation, followed by Ser473 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of phospho-protein kinase B (Akt). In response to Akt activation, Forkhead transcription factors Foxo-3a and Foxo-1 were phosphorylated and excluded from the nucleus. The prosurvival effect of adenoviral vector carrying the human NGF gene was inhibited in vitro by K252a, LY294002 (a pan-phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase - PI3K - inhibitor), an Akt small interfering RNA, and adenoviruses carrying a dominant negative mutant form of Akt (Ad.DN.Akt) or an Akt-resistant Foxo-3a (Ad.AAA-Foxo-3a). These results newly demonstrate the cardiac prosurvival action of NGF and provide mechanistic information on the signaling pathway, which encompasses trkA, PI3K-Akt, and Foxo.
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Madeddu P, Emanueli C, El-Dahr S. Mechanisms of Disease: the tissue kallikrein–kinin system in hypertension and vascular remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:208-21. [PMID: 17389890 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension often involves a rise in systemic vascular resistance (vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling) and impairment of salt excretion in the kidney (inappropriate salt retention despite elevated blood pressure). Experimental and clinical evidence implicate an imbalance between endogenous vasoconstrictor and vasodilator systems in the development and maintenance of hypertension. Kinins (bradykinin and lys-bradykinin) are endogenous vasodilators and natriuretic peptides known best for their ability to antagonize angiotensin-induced vasoconstriction and sodium retention. In humans, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, a potent class of antihypertensive agents, lower blood pressure at least partially by favoring enhanced kinin accumulation in plasma and target tissues. The beneficial actions of kinins in renal and cardiovascular disease are largely mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandins, and extend beyond their recognized role in lowering blood pressure to include cardioprotection and nephroprotection. This article is a review of exciting, recently generated genetic, biochemical and clinical data from studies that have examined the importance of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system in protection from hypertension, vascular remodeling and renal fibrosis. Development of novel therapeutic approaches to bolster kinin activity in the vascular wall and in specific compartments in the kidney might be a highly effective strategy for the treatment of hypertension and its complications, including cardiac hypertrophy and renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Madeddu
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol University, Bristol, UK.
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