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Feng L, Zhang N, Luo L, Liu J, Yao Y, Gao MS, Pan J, He C. Investigation of the Proteasome 26S Subunit, ATPase Family Genes as Potential Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2024; 16:95-111. [PMID: 38370535 PMCID: PMC10874222 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s449488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies suggest that Proteasome 26S Subunit, ATPase (PSMC) family genes are of great importance in tumor progression and spreading, but the study for systematic evaluation of the function of PSMC genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently lacking. Methods The functions of PSMC genes in HCC were analyzed using multiple online databases, including the TCGA database, GEO database, HPA database, cBioPortal database, DAVID, and KEGG pathway. Experiments were later conducted to verify PSMC expression. Results High levels of PSMC gene expression were detected in HCC tissues and PSMCs exhibited potentially powerful abilities in diagnosing HCC patients. All PSMC proteins are expressed to varying degrees in HCC tissues and high expression of the PSMC genes lead to poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Moreover, DNA methylation involves the regulation of the expression of PSMC2 and PSMC5 in HCC, and the levels of methylation of PSMC2 or PSMC5 correlate positively with patient overall survival in HCC patients. The copy number alteration and mutation of PSMC genes were observed and related to the expression of PSMCs in HCC. Functional enrichment analysis showed that many highly co-expressed genes of PSMCs had a potential role in tumor progression and metastasis, which merited further in-depth study. Functional network analysis also suggests that the primary biological function of PSMC genes is the regulation of protein homeostasis and energy metabolism in HCC. Moreover, the expression levels of PSMCs are related to immune cell infiltrates and immunomodulatory factors in HCC. Conclusion Our study indicates that PSMC genes are the potential target for precision immunotherapy and novel prognostic biomarkers for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Luo
- The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yao
- The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Sheng Gao
- The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Pan
- The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cai He
- The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yibin Second People’s Hospital, Yibin City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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Abizanda-Campo S, Virumbrales-Muñoz M, Humayun M, Marmol I, Beebe DJ, Ochoa I, Oliván S, Ayuso JM. Microphysiological systems for solid tumor immunotherapy: opportunities and challenges. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:154. [PMID: 38106674 PMCID: PMC10724276 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy remains more effective for hematologic tumors than for solid tumors. One of the main challenges to immunotherapy of solid tumors is the immunosuppressive microenvironment these tumors generate, which limits the cytotoxic capabilities of immune effector cells (e.g., cytotoxic T and natural killer cells). This microenvironment is characterized by hypoxia, nutrient starvation, accumulated waste products, and acidic pH. Tumor-hijacked cells, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, and T regulatory cells, also contribute to this inhospitable microenvironment for immune cells by secreting immunosuppressive cytokines that suppress the antitumor immune response and lead to immune evasion. Thus, there is a strong interest in developing new drugs and cell formulations that modulate the tumor microenvironment and reduce tumor cell immune evasion. Microphysiological systems (MPSs) are versatile tools that may accelerate the development and evaluation of these therapies, although specific examples showcasing the potential of MPSs remain rare. Advances in microtechnologies have led to the development of sophisticated microfluidic devices used to recapitulate tumor complexity. The resulting models, also known as microphysiological systems (MPSs), are versatile tools with which to decipher the molecular mechanisms driving immune cell antitumor cytotoxicity, immune cell exhaustion, and immune cell exclusion and to evaluate new targeted immunotherapies. Here, we review existing microphysiological platforms to study immuno-oncological applications and discuss challenges and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abizanda-Campo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME lab), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Virumbrales-Muñoz
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Mouhita Humayun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ines Marmol
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME lab), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David J Beebe
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME lab), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Oliván
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME lab), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose M Ayuso
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
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Huang S, Zheng G, Yang K. Neoadjuvant PD-1/PD-L1 combined with CTLA-4 inhibitors for solid malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:349. [PMID: 37926852 PMCID: PMC10626778 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness and safety of neoadjuvant PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with CTLA-4 inhibitors is controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with CTLA-4 inhibitors as neoadjuvant therapy for malignant solid tumors. METHODS This study has been registered with the number CRD42023407275 on PROSPERO. Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases until March 17, 2023. In addition, manual searches were performed. The inclusion criteria encompassed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the utilization of neoadjuvant PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with CTLA-4 inhibitors PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for patients with solid malignancies. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials (ROB1) were used. Risk ratios (RRs), hazared ratios (HRs) and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Stata17.0 MP and Review Manager 5.4 software. RESULTS A total of 2780 records were identified, and ultimately 10 studies involving 273 patients were included. The meta-analysis showed that the addition of CTLA-4 inhibitors to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors did not demonstrate a significant effect on overall response rate, main pathological response, pathological complete response, surgical resection, radical resection, overall survival, progression-free survival, recurrence-free survival, grade 3-4 adverse events, all-cause mortality, and completed treatment (P > 0.05). However, further subgroup analysis indicated that the combination of PD-1 with CTLA-4 inhibitors significantly increased the occurrence of grade 3-4 adverse events in patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS As neoadjuvant therapy for malignant solid tumors, the addition of CTLA-4 inhibitors to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors does not appear to enhance efficacy.Moreover, there is a potential increase in the risk of grade 3-4 adverse events associated with this combination. However, it is important to note that the studies included in this analysis suffer from limitations such as small samples and single-center designs, which are inherent constrains with the available published literature. Further research involving large-sample and multicenter RCTs are warranted to obtain more reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Shapingba Hospital affiliated to Chongqing University, No.44, Xiaolongkan New Street, Chongqing, Shapingba District, 400030, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Anorectal Department, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 6 Panxi 7 Road, Jiangbei District, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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