Apoptosis pathway in the combined treatment of x-ray and 5-FU-loaded triblock copolymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles

Enhancing X-Ray Sensitization with Multifunctional Nanoparticles

In the progression of X-ray-based radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer, the incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) has a transformative impact. This study investigates the potential of NPs, particularly those comprised of high atomic number elements, as radiosensitizers. This aims to optimize localized radiation doses within tumors, thereby maximizing therapeutic efficacy while preserving surrounding tissues. The multifaceted applications of NPs in radiotherapy encompass collaborative interactions with chemotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic, and targeted pharmaceuticals, along with contributions to photodynamic/photothermal therapy, imaging enhancement, and the integration of artificial intelligence technology. Despite promising preclinical outcomes, the paper acknowledges challenges in the clinical translation of these findings. The conclusion maintains an optimistic stance, emphasizing ongoing trials and technological advancements that bolster personalized treatment approaches. The paper advocates for continuous research and clinical validation, envisioning the integration of NPs as a revolutionary paradigm in cancer therapy, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.

Active targeted delivery of theranostic thermo/pH dual-responsive magnetic Janus nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid/fluorescein ligands for enhanced DOX combination therapy of rat glioblastoma

Doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapy drug, has demonstrated limited efficacy against glioblastoma, an aggressive brain tumor with resistance attributed to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study aims to overcome this challenge by proposing the targeted delivery of magnetic Janus nanoparticles (MJNPs) functionalized with folic acid ligands, fluorescent dye, and doxorubicin (DOX/MJNPs-FLA). The properties of these nanoparticles were comprehensively evaluated using bio-physiochemical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), fluorescence microscopy, MTT assay, hemolysis assay, and liver enzyme level evaluation. Dual-controlled DOX release was investigated under different pH and temperature conditions. Additionally, the impact of DOX/MJNPs-FLA on apoptosis induction in tumor cells, body weight, and survival time of cancerous animals was assessed. The targeted delivery system was assessed using C6 and OLN-93 cell lines as representatives of cancerous and healthy cell lines, respectively, alongside Wistar rat tumor-bearing models. Results from Prussian blue staining and confocal microscopy tests demonstrated the effective targeted internalization of MJNPs-FLA by glioblastoma cells. Additionally, we investigated the biodistribution of the nanoparticles utilizing fluorescence imaging techniques. This enabled us to track the distribution pattern of MJNPs-FLA in vivo, shedding light on their movement and accumulation within the biological system. Furthermore, the combination of chemotherapy and magnetic hyperthermia exhibited enhanced efficacy in inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by the increase of the pro-apoptotic Bax gene and a decrease in the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene. Remarkably, this combination treatment did not cause any hepatotoxicity. This study highlights the potential of DOX/MJNPs-FLA as carriers for therapeutic and diagnostic agents in the context of theranostic applications for the treatment of brain malignancies. Additionally, it demonstrates the promising performance of DOX/MJNPs-FLA in combination treatment through passive and active targeting.

Dual-drug delivery by thermo-responsive Janus nanogel for improved cellular uptake, sustained release, and combination chemo-thermal therapy

The goal of this work was to examine the heat-sensitizing effects of Janus-coated magnetic nanoparticles (JMNPs) as a vehicle for 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) and Quercetin (Qu) in C6 and OLN-93 cell lines. The cellular uptake of nanoparticles was evaluated using Prussian blue staining and ICP-OES after monolayer culturing of C6 (rat brain cancer cell) and OLN-93 (normal rat brain cell) cells. The cells were treated with free 5-Fu, Qu, and MJNPs loaded with Qu/5-Fu for 24 h, followed by magnetic hyperthermia under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) at a temperature of 43 °C. Using the MTT test and Flow cytometry, the C6 and OLN-93 cells were investigated after being subjected to hyperthermia with and without magnetic nanoparticles. The results of Prussian blue staining confirmed the potential of MJNPs as carriers that facilitate the uptake of drugs by cancer cells. The results showed that the combined application of Qu/5-Fu/MJNPs with hyperthermia significantly increased the amount of ROS production compared to interventions without MJNPs. The therapeutic results demonstrated that the combination of Qu/5-Fu/MJNPs with hyperthermia considerably enhanced the rate of apoptotic and necrotic cell death compared to that of interventions without MJNPs. Furthermore, MTT findings indicated that controlled exposure of Qu/5-Fu/MJNPs to AMF caused a synergistic effect. The advanced Janus magnetic nanoparticles in this study can be proposed as a promising dual drug carrier (Qu/5-Fu) and thermosensitizer platform for dual-modal synergistic cancer therapy.

Apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis as alternative cell death pathways induced by chemotherapeutic agents?

For decades, common chemotherapeutic drugs have been established to trigger apoptosis, the preferred immunologically "silent" form of cell death. The primary objective of this review was to show that various FDA-approved chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin, cyclosporine, doxorubicin, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, or vinblastine can trigger necroptosis and pyroptosis. We aimed to provide the advantages and disadvantages of the induction of the given type of cell death by chemotherapeutical agents. Moreover, we give a short overview of the molecular mechanism of each type of cell death and indicate the existing crosstalks between cell death types. Finally, we provide a comparison of cell death types to facilitate the exploration of cell death types induced by other chemotherapeutical agents. Understanding the cell death pathway induced by a drug can lessen side effects and assist the discovery of new combinations with synergistic effects and low systemic toxicity.

Anticancer evaluation of methotrexate and curcumin coencapsulated niosomes against colorectal cancer cell line

Aim: The aim of the present investigation was to develop niosomes containing both curcumin (CUR) and methotrexate (MTX). Also, the combinational effect of CUR and MTX in both free and niosomal forms on growth inhibition potential and induction of apoptosis in the HCT-116 cell line were exploited. Materials & methods: Niosomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and their physicochemical properties were determined by various techniques. Cellular uptake, cell apoptosis, wound healing and MTT assay were conducted to ascertain niosomes' feasibility for cancer therapy. Results: The combination of CUR and MTX in niosomal formulation showed more toxicity than their combination in free form. Conclusion: The nanocarrier-based approach was effective for the codelivery of CUR and MTX against cancer cells in vitro.

Potential anti-tumor activity of 13.56 MHz alternating magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy on the induction of apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines HT29 and HCT116 by up-regulation of Bax, cleaved caspase 3&9, and cleaved PARP proteins

Background

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of chemo-magnetic hyperthermia (MH), a combination of alternating magnetic field (AMF) and superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) coated with Polyethylene glycol-Poly(butyl acrylate)-Polyethylene glycol (PEG-PBA-PEG) carrying 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), at inducing apoptosis in the human cancer cell lines HT29 and HCT116. This process can be mediated by alterations in the expression of apoptotic effector proteins, including Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase 3&9, and cleaved PARP, which are involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. For this purpose, the cells were cultured as monolayers. Then both cell lines were treated with 5-Fu/magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic hyperthermia. Finally, the effect of treatment on cancer cells was determined by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry.

Results

Our results showed that combined chemo-magnetic thermotherapy significantly increased the apoptosis in colon cancer cells compared to chemotherapy or hyperthermia alone (P < 0.05). Up-regulation of Bax, cleaved caspase 3&9, and cleaved PARP proteins was indicative of apoptosis induction in cancer cells, which are involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that localized hyperthermia was able to significantly trigger the 5-Fu release and inhibit cell viability, which, due to the synchronization of hyperthermia and chemotherapy, exacerbated the damage of cancer cells.

Graphical Abstract

An overview and bibliometric analysis on the colorectal cancer therapy by magnetic functionalized nanoparticles for the responsive and targeted drug delivery

With the growing demands for personalized medicine and medical devices, nanomedicine is a modern scientific field, and research continues to apply nanomaterials for therapeutic and damaged tissue diagnosis. In this regard, substantial progress has been made in synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles with desired sizes, chemical composition, morphologies, and surface chemistry. Among these materials, nanomagnetic iron oxides have demonstrated promise as unique drug delivery carriers due to cancer treatment. This carrier could lead to responsive properties to a specific trigger, including heat, pH, alternative magnetic field, or even enzymes, through functionalization and coating of magnetic nanoparticles, along with biocompatibility, good chemical stability, easy functionalization, simple processing, and ability to localize to the tumor site with the assistance of external magnetic field. Current studies have focused on magnetic nanoparticles' utilities in cancer therapy, especially for colorectal cancer. Additionally, a bibliometric investigation was performed on the public trends in the field of the magnetic nanoparticle to drug delivery and anticancer, which represented progressing applications of these carriers in the multidisciplinary zones with a general view on future research and identified potential opportunities and challenges. Furthermore, we outline the current challenges and forthcoming research perspective for high performance and fostering advanced MNPs in colorectal cancer treatment.