The nuclear factor-kappa B pathway and response to treatment in breast cancer

Proteomic and Transcriptomic Profiling Revealed Vital Molecular Events in the Transition from Goat Colostrum to Mature Milk

As an important nutrient source in large areas of the world, goat milk is favored by more and more consumers; however, the composition, nutritional value, and regulation mechanism of goat milk are not fully characterized. Mammary gland development is as important as detailed annotation of protein composition to address the physiological and nutritional values of goat milk. In the present study, 4353 colostrum and mature goat milk proteins were identified. The abundance of 118 proteins was significantly different between colostrum and mature milk proteins. Our results indicate that the milk protein changes were associated with a network of mammary gene expression changes; importantly, the prime factors include enhanced mammary growth/development, decreased protein translation, attenuated protein folding, and lower lip/carbohydrate metabolism. The present study provides insights into the changes in mammary metabolisms during the transition from colostrum to mature milk, which can help deeply explore the difference and regulation mechanism of active milk protein in colostrum and mature milk and provide references for the identification and functional study of bioactive milk proteins in colostrum.

Targeting the Cell Cycle, RRM2 and NF-κB for the Treatment of Breast Cancers

A hallmark of cancer is the dysregulation of the cell cycle. The CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib is approved for treating advanced estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer, but its success is limited by the development of acquired resistance owing to long-term therapy despite promising clinical outcomes. This situation necessitates the development of potential combination strategies. Here, we report that didox, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase in combination with palbociclib, can overcome palbociclib resistance in ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers. This study shows didox downregulates an element of the cell cycle checkpoint, cyclin D1, accompanied by a reduction in NF-κB activity in vitro and tumor growth inhibition of palbociclib-resistant ER positive breast cancer tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, didox induces cell cycle arrest at G1 as well as reduces ROS generated by on-target effects of palbociclib on the cell cycle. Our current study also reports that the CCND1 and RRM2 upregulation associated with palbociclib-resistant breast cancers decreases upon ribonucleotide reductase inhibition. Our data present a novel and promising biomarker-driven combination therapeutic approach for the treatment of ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers that involves the inhibition of the CDK4/6-cyclinD1/pRb cell cycle axis that merits further clinical investigation in human models.

Interplay between proteasome inhibitors and NF-κB pathway in leukemia and lymphoma: a comprehensive review on challenges ahead of proteasome inhibitors

The current scientific literature has extensively explored the potential role of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) in the NF-κB pathway of leukemia and lymphoma. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a critical component in regulating protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. PIs, such as BTZ, are used to target the 26S proteasome in hematologic malignancies, resulting in the prevention of the degradation of tumor suppressor proteins, the activation of intrinsic mitochondrial-dependent cell death, and the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. NF-κB is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the regulation of apoptosis, cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor migration. Despite the successful use of PIs in various hematologic malignancies, there are limitations such as resistant to these inhibitors. Some reports suggest that PIs can induce NF-κB activation, which increases the survival of malignant cells. This article discusses the various aspects of PIs' effects on the NF-κB pathway and their limitations. Video Abstract.

Isoliquiritin modulates ferroptosis via NF-κB signaling inhibition and alleviates doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer

CONTEXT

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent diagnosed tumor and the major reason for tumor-related death in females around the world. Isoliquiritin, a type of plant extract, has exhibited a probable inhibitory effect in a variety of cancers. However, the anti-tumor effect on BC is still unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To reveal the effect and potential mechanism of Isoliquiritin on BC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cell viabilities were detected by CCK-8 assay. The levels of indicators of ferroptosis, oxidative stress, glycolysis, and inflammation were evaluated by commercial kits, flow cytometry, western blot, spectrophotometry, and ELISA assays. Mechanically, the expressions expression of the NF-κB pathway was determined by western blot. In vivo assay was also yielded on the BALB/c nude mice.

RESULTS

Iso induced a concentration and time-dependent decrease of viability in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Iso treatment significantly increased the levels of Fe²⁺, ROS, and MDA, and decreased the GSH level, and the relative protein expressions of GPX4 and xCT. Furthermore, Iso modulated oxidative stress, glycolysis, and inflammation through ferroptosis. In addition, Iso induced a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability and a concentration-dependent increase in apoptosis rate in both MDA-MB-231/Dox and MCF-7/Dox cells. Iso notably counteracted the LPS-induced relative protein levels of p-p50/p50, p-p65/p65, and IκB, and the levels of ferroptosis, oxidative stress, glycolysis, and inflammation. The same results were also verified in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Iso inhibited the NF-κB signaling to regulate ferroptosis and improved Dox-resistance in breast cancer.

Attenuation of Inflammatory Responses in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Cells by a Novel Chalcone Derivative and Its Increased Potency by Curcumin

Background

Breast and ovarian cancers are two common malignancies in women and a leading cause of death globally. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of a novel chalcone derivative 1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-(phenylthio)-3-(p-tolyl)propane-1-one (MPP) individually or combined with curcumin, a well-known herbal medicine with anticancer properties, as a new combination therapy on inflammatory pathways in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines.

Methods

LPS-induced NF-κB DNA-binding activity and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were measured in the MPP- and MPP-curcumin combination-treated MDA-MB-231 and SKOV3 cells by ELISA-based methods. The expression of COX2, INOS, and MMP9 genes and nitrite levels was also evaluated by real-time qRT-PCR and Griess method, respectively. IκB levels were evaluated by Western blotting.

Results

MPP significantly inhibited the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB in each cell line and subsequently suppressed the expression of downstream genes including COX2, MMP9, and INOS. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as NO, were also decreased in response to MPP. All the effects of MPP were enhanced by the addition of curcumin. MPP, especially when combined with curcumin, caused a remarkable increase in the concentration of IκB.

Conclusion

MPP and its coadministration with curcumin effectively reduced the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to a reduced inflammatory response in the environment of cancer cells. Thus, MPP, either alone or combined with curcumin, might be considered an effective remedy for the suppression of inflammatory processes in breast and ovarian cancer cells.

Tissue Reactions and Mechanism in Cardiovascular Diseases Induced by Radiation

The long-term survival rate of cancer patients has been increasing as a result of advances in treatments and precise medical management. The evidence has accumulated that the incidence and mortality of non-cancer diseases have increased along with the increase in survival time and long-term survival rate of cancer patients after radiotherapy. The risk of cardiovascular disease as a radiation late effect of tissue damage reactions is becoming a critical challenge and attracts great concern. Epidemiological research and clinical trials have clearly shown the close association between the development of cardiovascular disease in long-term cancer survivors and radiation exposure. Experimental biological data also strongly supports the above statement. Cardiovascular diseases can occur decades post-irradiation, and from initiation and development to illness, there is a complicated process, including direct and indirect damage of endothelial cells by radiation, acute vasculitis with neutrophil invasion, endothelial dysfunction, altered permeability, tissue reactions, capillary-like network loss, and activation of coagulator mechanisms, fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. We summarize the most recent literature on the tissue reactions and mechanisms that contribute to the development of radiation-induced cardiovascular diseases (RICVD) and provide biological knowledge for building preventative strategies.

Analysis of RANK-c interaction partners identifies TRAF3 as a critical regulator of breast cancer aggressiveness

Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease both at the histological and molecular levels. We have previously shown that RANK-c is a regulator of NF-κB signaling and exerts a suppressive effect on aggressive properties of ER negative breast cancer cells, while there is an opposite effect on ER positive cell lines. In order to identify molecular determinants that govern the opposing function of RANK-c in breast cancer cells we employed the two cell lines with the highest degree of phenotypic divergence upon RANK-c-expression (SKBR3 and BT474) and identified proteins that interact with RANK-c by affinity-enrichment mass spectrometry (AE-MS) analysis. Annotating enriched proteins with NF-κB signaling pathway revealed TRAF3 as an interacting partner of RANK-c in SKBR3 cell protein lysates, but not in BT474 breast cancer cells in which RANK-c induces cell aggressiveness. To determine the role of TRAF3 in the phenotype of BT474-RANK-c cells, we reconstructed the TRAF3/RANK-c interaction both in parental BT474 and RANK-c expressing cells and tested for aggressive properties through colony formation, migration and invasion assays. TRAF3 forced expression was able to reverse BT474 phenotypic changes imposed by RANK-c, rendering cells less aggressive. Finally, TRAF3 gene expression data and TRAF3 immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis on breast cancer samples indicated that TRAF3 expression correlates with Overall Survival (OS), Recurrence Free Survival (RFS) and several clinicopathological parameters (histological grade, proliferation index) of breast cancer disease.

TNF Receptor Associated Factor 2 (TRAF2) Signaling in Cancer

Simple Summary

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) is an intracellular adapter protein with E3 ligase activity, which interacts with a plethora of other signaling proteins, including plasma membrane receptors, kinases, phosphatases, other E3 ligases, and deubiquitinases. TRAF2 is involved in various cancer-relevant cellular processes, such as the activation of transcription factors of the NFκB family, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, autophagy, and the control of cell death programs. In a context-dependent manner, TRAF2 promotes tumor development but it can also act as a tumor suppressor. Based on a general description, how TRAF2 in concert with TRAF2-interacting proteins and other TRAF proteins act at the molecular level is discussed for its importance for tumor development and its potential usefulness as a therapeutic target in cancer therapy.

Abstract

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) has been originally identified as a protein interacting with TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) but also binds to several other receptors of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). TRAF2, often in concert with other members of the TRAF protein family, is involved in the activation of the classical NFκB pathway and the stimulation of various mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades by TNFRSF receptors (TNFRs), but is also required to inhibit the alternative NFκB pathway. TRAF2 has also been implicated in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, the regulation of autophagy, and the control of cell death programs. TRAF2 fulfills its functions by acting as a scaffold, bringing together the E3 ligase cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2 with their substrates and various regulatory proteins, e.g., deubiquitinases. Furthermore, TRAF2 can act as an E3 ligase by help of its N-terminal really interesting new gene (RING) domain. The finding that TRAF2 (but also several other members of the TRAF family) interacts with the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) oncogene of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) indicated early on that TRAF2 could play a role in the oncogenesis of B-cell malignancies and EBV-associated non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). TRAF2 can also act as an oncogene in solid tumors, e.g., in colon cancer by promoting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Moreover, tumor cell-expressed TRAF2 has been identified as a major factor-limiting cancer cell killing by cytotoxic T-cells after immune checkpoint blockade. However, TRAF2 can also be context-dependent as a tumor suppressor, presumably by virtue of its inhibitory effect on the alternative NFκB pathway. For example, inactivating mutations of TRAF2 have been associated with tumor development, e.g., in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. In this review, we summarize the various TRAF2-related signaling pathways and their relevance for the oncogenic and tumor suppressive activities of TRAF2. Particularly, we discuss currently emerging concepts to target TRAF2 for therapeutic purposes.

Anti-cancer therapeutic strategies based on HGF/MET, EpCAM, and tumor-stromal cross talk

As an intelligent disease, tumors apply several pathways to evade the immune system. It can use alternative routes to bypass intracellular signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Wnt, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Therefore, these mechanisms lead to therapeutic resistance in cancer. Also, these pathways play important roles in the proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion of cells. In most cancers, these signaling pathways are overactivated, caused by mutation, overexpression, etc. Since numerous molecules share these signaling pathways, the identification of key molecules is crucial to achieve favorable consequences in cancer therapy. One of the key molecules is the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET; c-Met) and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Another molecule is the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), which its binding is hemophilic. Although both of them are involved in many physiologic processes (especially in embryonic stages), in some cancers, they are overexpressed on epithelial cells. Since they share intracellular pathways, targeting them simultaneously may inhibit substitute pathways that tumor uses to evade the immune system and resistant to therapeutic agents.

Reconnoitering the Therapeutic Role of Curcumin in Disease Prevention and Treatment: Lessons Learnt and Future Directions

Turmeric is a plant with a very long history of medicinal use across different cultures. Curcumin is the active part of turmeric, which has exhibited various beneficial physiological and pharmacological effects. This review aims to critically appraise the corpus of literature associated with the above pharmacological properties of curcumin, with a specific focus on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antimicrobial properties. We have also reviewed the different extraction strategies currently in practice, highlighting the strengths and drawbacks of each technique. Further, our review also summarizes the clinical trials that have been conducted with curcumin, which will allow the reader to get a quick insight into the disease/patient population of interest with the outcome that was investigated. Lastly, we have also highlighted the research areas that need to be further scrutinized to better grasp curcumin’s beneficial physiological and medicinal properties, which can then be translated to facilitate the design of better bioactive therapeutic leads.

Crocin attenuates NF-κB-mediated inflammation and proliferation in breast cancer cells by down-regulating PRKCQ

Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer confronting women worldwide. Crocin, a glycosylated carotenoid extracted from Crocus sativus L., possesses anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. This study tried to explore the influences of crocin on proliferation and inflammation of BC cells, and to investigate the possible mechanism. The protein levels of protein kinase C theta (PRKCQ) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p-p65 and p65 were examined using western blot analysis. The potential targets of crocin were predicted using the PharmMapper database. Cell viability and proliferation were determined utilizing CCK-8 and EdU incorporation assays, respectively. Inflammation was assessed by detecting the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) using RT-qPCR and ELISA. Results showed that crocin inhibited NF-κB activation and suppressed cell viability and proliferation in BC cells. Crocin caused a significant reduction of levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, suggesting that crocin suppressed inflammation in BC cells. NF-κB inhibition decreased proliferation and inflammation in BC cells. Additionally, PRKCQ was identified as a potential target of crocin according to PharmMapper database. Crocin treatment inhibited the activation of NF-κB in BC cells by reducing PRKCQ expression. Mechanistically, PRKCQ-dependent activation of NF-κB pathway reversed the effects of crocin on the proliferation and inflammation in BC cells. In conclusion, crocin inhibited NF-κB-mediated inflammation and proliferation in BC cells through reducing PRKCQ expression.

A Network Pharmacology Analysis of the Systems-Perspective Anticancer Mechanisms of the Herbal Drug FDY2004 for Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with high incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates in women. In recent years, herbal drugs have been assessed as anticancer therapy against breast cancer, owing to their promising therapeutic effects and reduced toxicity. However, their pharmacological mechanisms have not been fully explored at the systemic level. Here, we conducted a network pharmacology analysis of the systems-perspective molecular mechanisms of FDY2004, an anticancer herbal formula that consists of Moutan Radicis Cortex, Persicae Semen , and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, against breast cancer. We determined that FDY2004 may contain 28 active compounds that exert pharmacological effects by targeting 113 breast cancer-related human genes/proteins. Based on the gene ontology terms, the FDY2004 targets were involved in modulating biological processes such as cell growth, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Pathway enrichment analysis identified various breast cancer-associated pathways that may mediate the anticancer activity of FDY2004, including the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, TNF, HIF-1, focal adhesion, estrogen, ErbB, NF-kappa B, p53, and VEGF signaling pathways. Thus, our analysis offers novel insights into the anticancer properties of herbal drugs for breast cancer treatment from a systemic perspective.

Prognostic Value of NLRP3 Inflammasome and TLR4 Expression in Breast Cancer Patients

Inflammasome complexes play a pivotal role in different cancer types. NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is one of the most well-studied inflammasomes. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induces abnormal secretion of soluble cytokines, generating advantageous inflammatory surroundings that support tumor growth. The expression levels of the NLRP3, PYCARD and TLR4 were determined by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of primary invasive breast carcinomas (BCs). We observed different NLRP3 and PYCARD expressions in non-tumor vs tumor areas (p<0.0001). All the proteins were associated to more aggressive clinicopathological characteristics (tumor size, grade, tumor proliferative activity etc.). Univariate analyses were carried out and related Kaplan-Meier curves plotted for NLRP3, PYCARD and TLR4 expression. Patients with higher NLRP3 and TLR4 expression had worse 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) compared to patients with lower NLRP3 and TLR4 expression (p =0.021 and p = 0.009, respectively). In multivariate analysis, TLR4 was confirmed as independent prognostic factors for DFS (HR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.16–3.57, p = 0.014), and high NLRP3 expression showed a slight association with DFS (HR = 1.75, 95% CI 0.98–3.15, p = 0.06). In conclusion, we showed TLR4 expression as independent prognostic factors and we highlighted for the first time that high expression of NLRP3 is linked to a poor prognosis in BC patients. These results suggest that NLRP3 and TLR4 could be two new good prognostic factor for BC patients.

Mangifera indica (Mango): A Promising Medicinal Plant for Breast Cancer Therapy and Understanding Its Potential Mechanisms of Action

Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer type and is one of the most significant causes of deaths in women. To date, multiple clinical interventions have been applied, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy. However, 1) the lack of therapeutic options for metastatic breast cancer, 2) resistance to drug therapy and 3) the lack of more selective therapy for triple-negative breast cancer are some of the major challenges in tackling breast cancer. Given the safe nature of natural products, numerous studies have focused on their anti-cancer potentials. Mangifera indica, commonly known as mango, represents one of the most extensively investigated natural sources. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of M. indica extracts (bark, kernel, leaves, peel and pulp) and phytochemicals (mangiferin, norathyriol, gallotannins, gallic acid, pyrogallol, methyl gallate and quercetin) reported for in vitro and in vivo anti-breast cancer activities and their underlying mechanisms based on relevant literature from several scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar till date. Overall, the in vitro findings suggest that M. indica extracts and/or phytochemicals inhibit breast cancer cell growth, proliferation, migration and invasion as well as trigger apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In vivo results demonstrated that there was a reduction in breast tumor xenograft growth. Several potential mechanisms underlying the anti-breast cancer activities have been reported, which include modulation of oxidative status, receptors, signalling pathways, miRNA expression, enzymes and cell cycle regulators. To further explore this medicinal plant against breast cancer, future research directions are addressed. The outcomes of the review revealed that M. indica extracts and their phytochemicals may have potential benefits in the management of breast cancer in women. However, to validate its utility in the creation of innovative and potent therapeutic agents to treat breast cancer, more dedicated research, especially clinical studies are needed to explore the anti-breast cancer potentials of M. indica extracts and their phytochemicals.

Curcumin-cisplatin chemotherapy: A novel strategy in promoting chemotherapy efficacy and reducing side effects

The efficacy of chemotherapy in cancer therapy is limited due to resistance, treatment selectivity, and severe adverse effects. Immunotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation, and surgery are the most common therapeutic strategies for treatment, with chemotherapy being the most successful. Nonetheless, these treatments exhibit poor effectiveness due to toxicity and resistance. Therefore, combination therapies of natural products may be used as an effective and novel strategy to overcome such barriers. Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, and when administered alone, it can lead to severe adverse effects and resistance mechanism resulting in therapeutic failure. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa) exhibiting anticancer potential with minimal adverse effects. The combination therapy of curcumin and cisplatin is a novel strategy to mitigate/attenuate cisplatin-related adverse effects and improve the barrier of resistance reducing unwanted effects. However, there are uncertainties on the efficacy of curcumin, and more in depth and high-quality studies are needed. This review aims to explain the adverse effects related to individual cisplatin delivery, the positive outcome of individual curcumin delivery, and the combination therapy of curcumin and cisplatin from nano platform as a novel strategy for cancer therapy.

A macrolide from Streptomyces sp. modulates apoptosis and autophagy through Mcl-1 downregulation in human breast cancer cells

Secondary metabolites in marine organisms exhibit various pharmacological activities against diseases, such as cancer. In this study, the anti-proliferative effect of JBIR-100, a macrolide isolated from Streptomyces sp., was investigated in breast cancer cells. Cell growth was inhibited in response to JBIR-100 treatment concentration- and time-dependently in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. JBIR-100 caused apoptosis, as verified by caspase activation and the cleavage of PARP. Western blotting revealed that JBIR-100 modulated the expression of Akt/NF-κB signaling components and Bcl-2 family members. Overexpression of Mcl-1 partially rescued MCF-7 cells from JBIR-100-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, transmission electron microscopy analyses, confocal analysis, and western blot assay indicated that JBIR-100 inhibited autophagy in MCF-7 cells. Exposure to the autophagy inhibitor did not synergize JBIR-100-induced apoptosis. In summary, our results suggested that JBIR-100 may be potentially used for breast cancer therapy.

Nuclear factor-κB signaling inhibitors revert multidrug-resistance in breast cancer cells

The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) is among the crucial obstacles to breast cancer therapy success. The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB is correlated to the pathogenesis of breast cancer and resistance to therapy. NF-κB augments the expression of MDR1 gene, which encodes for the membrane transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in cancer cells. Since NF-κB activity is considered to be relatively high in particular when it comes to breast cancer, in the present work, we proposed that the inhibition of NF-κB activity can augment and enhance the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy such as doxorubicin (DOX) by virtue of MDR modulation. Our results demonstrated that the DOX-resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 clones exhibit higher NF-κB (p65) activity, which is linked to the upregulated expression of ABCB1 and ABCC1 transporter proteins. Combined treatment with NF-kB inhibitors (pentoxifylline and bortezomib) sensitized the resistant breast cancer cells to DOX. Such synergy was compromised by forced overexpression of p65. The DOX/NF-κB inhibitor combinations hampered NF-κB (p65) activation and downregulated MDR efflux transporters' level. Breast cancer cell migration was sharply suppressed in cells co-treated with DOX/NF-κB inhibitors. The same treatments successfully enhanced DOX-mediated induction of apoptosis, which is reflected by the elevated ratio of annexin-V/PI positively stained cells, along with the activation of other apoptotic markers. In conclusion, the data generated from this study provide insights for future translational investigations introducing the use of the clinically approved NF-κB inhibitors as an adjuvant in the treatment protocols of resistant breast cancer to overcome the multidrug resistance and enhance the therapeutic outcomes.

Redox Homeostasis in Poultry: Regulatory Roles of NF-κB

Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox homeostasis in health and disease have recently received tremendous attention. There are a range of redox pairs in the cells/tissues responsible for redox homeostasis maintenance/regulation. In general, all redox elements are interconnected and regulated by various means, including antioxidant and vitagene networks. The redox status is responsible for maintenance of cell signaling and cell stress adaptation. Physiological roles of redox homeostasis maintenance in avian species, including poultry, have received limited attention and are poorly characterized. However, for the last 5 years, this topic attracted much attention, and a range of publications covered some related aspects. In fact, transcription factor Nrf2 was shown to be a master regulator of antioxidant defenses via activation of various vitagenes and other protective molecules to maintain redox homeostasis in cells/tissues. It was shown that Nrf2 is closely related to another transcription factor, namely, NF-κB, responsible for control of inflammation; however, its roles in poultry have not yet been characterized. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe a current view on NF-κB functioning in poultry with a specific emphasis to its nutritional modulation under various stress conditions. In particular, on the one hand, it has been shown that, in many stress conditions in poultry, NF-κB activation can lead to increased synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines leading to systemic inflammation. On the other hand, there are a range of nutrients/supplements that can downregulate NF-κB and decrease the negative consequences of stress-related disturbances in redox homeostasis. In general, vitagene-NF-κB interactions in relation to redox balance homeostasis, immunity, and gut health in poultry production await further research.

Effects of synthetic glucocorticoids on breast cancer progression

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely prescribed as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer patients. Unlike other steroid hormone receptors, the GC receptor is not considered an oncogene. Research in the past few years has revealed the complexity of GC-mediated signaling, but it remains puzzling whether GCs promote or inhibit tumor progression in different cancer types. Here we evaluated the potential of using a synthetic GC, dexamethasone (DEX), in the treatment of breast cancer. We found that the administration of low-dose DEX suppressed tumor growth and distant metastasis in the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse model, whereas treatment with high-dose DEX enhanced tumor growth and metastasis, respectively. Treatment of breast cancer cells with DEX inhibited cell adhesion, migration, and invasion in a dose-dependent manner. The DEX-mediated inhibition of cell adhesion, migration, and invasion is partly through induction of microRNA-708 and subsequent Rap1B-mediated signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells. On the other hand, in MCF-7 cells, DEX-suppressed cell migration is independent from microRNA-708 mediated signaling. Overall, our data reveal that DEX acts as a double-edged sword during breast-cancer progression and metastasis: Lower concentrations inhibit breast cancer tumor growth and metastasis, whereas higher concentrations may play an undesired role to promote breast cancer progression.

Significance of EGFR/HER2 Expression and PIK3CA Mutations in Giant Cell Tumour of Bone Development

Giant Cell Tumour of Bone (GCTB) is a rare bone tumour. Locally aggressive and recurrent, it might evolve into pulmonary metastases. Our present work is aimed at investigating the involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB) family and its downstream effectors in the development and recurrence of GCTB. For this purpose, we used a cohort of 32 GCTB patients and we evaluated the clinicohistological features and the expression of RANKL, EGFR, and HER2. The mutation status of KRAS, PI3KCA, and PTEN gene as potential oncogene involved in GCTB was also evaluated. We found a significant correlation between advanced histological stages, overexpression of EGFR/HER2, and tumour recurrence. Moreover, two mutations were found in the PIK3CA gene: a missense mutation, 1634A>C, detected for the first time in GCTB patients, without influencing the stability of the protein, and a frameshift mutation, c.1658_1659delGTinsC, causing the loss of the protein kinase domain. Altogether, these results suggest that overexpression of HER2/EGFR, Campanacci, and histological stages could be used as a novel prognostic marker for GCTB recurrence.

Deoxyelephantopin induces apoptosis via oxidative stress and enhances gemcitabine sensitivity in vitro and in vivo through targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a highly invasive malignant tumor of the digestive system with an unfavorable prognosis worldwide. This trait is thought to be largely attributed to chemoresistance. Chemotherapy is the only hope for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Therefore, seeking new effective chemotherapy drugs has become an urgent need. The purpose of our study was to explore whether deoxyelephantopin (DET), a sesquiterpene lactone, has a potential antitumor effect in pancreatic cancer. Additionally, the antitumor effects of DET alone or in combination with gemcitabine (GEM) and the potential mechanism of this combination were revealed. In vitro experiments showed that DET suppressed the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells, induced cell apoptosis via oxidative stress, and enhanced GEM sensitivity by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Beyond that, in vivo experiments showed that DET not only inhibited pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis but also amplified the antitumor capacity of GEM, which was related to the downregulation of NF-κB and its downstream gene products. In summary, it is possible that DET could be developed as a single agent or combined with conventional chemotherapy drugs to improve the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

The Analysis of the Anti-Tumor Mechanism of Ursolic Acid Using Connectively Map Approach in Breast Cancer Cells Line MCF-7

BACKGROUND

Ursolic acid (UA), a primary bioactive triterpenoid, was reported as an anti-cancer agent. However, the current knowledge of UA and its potential anti-cancer mechanisms and targets in breast cancer cells are limited. In this study, we aimed to illustrate the potential mechanisms and targets of UA in breast cancer cells MCF-7.

METHODS

The effect of UA on cell growth was determined in MCF-7 cells by MTT assay. The anti-tumor mechanism of UA was evaluated by microarray, CAMP, and Western blot. Moreover, the molecular docking between UA and potential receptors were predicted by iGEMDOCK software.

RESULTS

The result of MTT assay demonstrated that UA could inhibit MCF-7 cell growth with IC50 values of 20 μM. Microarray and CMAP analysis, validated by Western blot, indicated that UA significantly modulated IKK/NF-κB, RAF/ERK pathways, and down-regulated the phosphorylation level of PLK1 in MCF-7 cells.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicated that the anti-tumor effects of UA are due to the inhibited RAF/ERK pathway and IKK/NF-κB pathway. It could also be explained by the reduced phosphorylation of PLK1 in MCF-7 cells. This study provides a new insight for deep understanding of the new anti-cancer mechanisms of UA in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Active fraction of Polyrhachis vicina Rogers (AFPR) suppressed breast cancer growth and progression via regulating EGR1/lncRNA-NKILA/NF-κB axis

Breast cancer (BC) is a major contributor of cancer-associated mortality in women. It is essential to find new therapeutic targets and drugs. Polyrhachis vicina Rogers is one of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Our previous studies have shown an active fraction of Polyrhachis vicina Rogers (AFPR) has significant anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting its anti-cancer effect. Here, we aimed to explore the inhibitory effects of AFPR on BC and reveal its mechanism. The effects of AFPR on BC were examined by cell proliferation assay, wound healing assay, invasion assay and xenograft assay. Microarray sequencing, qRT-PCR, Western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and luciferase reporter assay were performed to investigate the regulation of AFPR on related genes and underlying mechanisms. As a result, AFPR suppressed BC cell growth, migration and invasion and inhibited tumor growth. LncRNA NKILA was most prominently upregulated in AFPR-treated MCF7 cells. AFPR inactivated NF-κB signaling pathway via regulating NKILA. Furthermore, AFPR regulated the expression of NKILA by inhibiting its transcript suppressor EGR1. This study firstly indicated that AFPR was a potential inhibitor of BC development via regulating EGR1/NKILA/NF-κB axis.

Esophageal Tumor Microenvironment

Treatment options for patients with esophageal cancer are limited and the overall survival is disappointing. While surgical resection remains the only curative treatment option, there is a need for innovative medical therapies to extend patient survival. The tumor microenvironment represents an interesting target for the development of new treatment strategies. The tumor microenvironment consists of different cell types including immune, inflammatory, and stromal cells. In the past two decades many potential targets for the treatment of esophageal cancers were evaluated in preclinical experiments and transferred into clinical trials.In this chapter of the book, we will provide an overview of in vitro data, preclinical animal studies, and translational research on the role of the tumor microenvironment in the development and treatment of esophageal cancer. In particular, we will discuss the impact of inflammatory cytokines like interleukins. Preclinical mouse models with interleukin overexpression develop Barrett lesions in the esophagus and clinical studies have shown an association between an interleukin overexpression in human tumors and shortened overall survival.Beside the inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment, recent preclinical studies have shown an important role for stem cells in the development of esophageal carcinoma. In this chapter we summarize the current research on stem cells in the development of esophageal cancer and highlight potential therapeutic options. In addition, we will discuss the role of angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic therapy in the development and treatment of esophageal cancer. In the last section of this chapter, we provide an overview of current clinical trials that investigate the therapeutic potential of the tumor microenvironment.

The NF-KB pathway and endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which over time acquires various adaptive changes leading to more aggressive biological characteristics and development of treatment resistance. Several mechanisms of resistance have been established; however, due to the complexity of oestrogen receptor (ER) signalling and its crosstalk with other signalling networks, various areas still need to be investigated. This article focusses on the role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB) as a key link between inflammation and cancer and addresses its emerging role as a key player in endocrine therapy resistance. Understanding the precise mechanism of NF-KB-driven endocrine therapy resistance provides a possible opportunity for therapeutic intervention.

Shikimic acid promotes estrogen receptor(ER)-positive breast cancer cells proliferation via activation of NF-κB signaling

Shikimic acid (SA), a widely-known hydroaromatic compound enriched in Bracken fern and Illicium verum (also known as Chinese star anise), increases the risk of gastric and esophageal carcinoma, nevertheless, the influence of SA on breast cancer remains indistinct. Herein we found that, with models in vitro, SA significantly promoted estrogen receptor(ER) positive cells proliferation and NF-κB activation was involved in it. Moreover, our data showed that IκBα, a critically endogenous inhibitor of NF-κB, was repressed. Subsequently, we found increase of miR-300 by SA treatment sand miR-300 could target IκBα mRNA. Additionally, inhibition of miR-300 abrogated the repression of IκBα by SA. As a result, miR-300 was also involved in NF-κB activation and breast cancer cells proliferation promotion due to SA exposure. Taken together, with ER-positive breast cancer cell models in vitro, MCF-7 and T47D, our results implied that SA promoted breast cancer cells proliferation via a miR-300-induced NF-κB dependent pathway controlling cell cycle proteins.

MicroRNA Shuttle from Cell-To-Cell by Exosomes and Its Impact in Cancer

The identification of exosomes, their link to multivesicular bodies and their potential role as a messenger vehicle between cancer and healthy cells opens up a new approach to the study of intercellular signaling. Furthermore, the fact that their main cargo is likely to be microRNAs (miRNAs) provides the possibility of the transfer of such molecules to control activities in the recipient cells. This review concerns a brief overview of the biogenesis of both exosomes and miRNAs together with the movement of such structures between cells. The possible roles of miRNAs in the development and progression of breast, ovarian and prostate cancers are discussed.

Long noncoding RNA LINC00511 contributes to breast cancer tumourigenesis and stemness by inducing the miR-185-3p/E2F1/Nanog axis

BACKGROUND

Emerging evidence have illustrated the vital role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 00511 (LINC00511) on the human cancer progression and tumorigenesis. However, the role of LINC00511 in breast cancer tumourigenesis is still unknown. This research puts emphasis on the function of LINC00511 on the breast cancer tumourigenesis and stemness, and investigates the in-depth mechanism.

METHODS

The lncRNA and RNA expression were measured using RT-PCR. Protein levels were measured using western blotting analysis. CCK-8, colony formation assays and transwell assay were performed to evaluate the cell proliferation ability and invasion. Sphere-formation assay was also performed for the stemness. Bioinformatic analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays were carried to confirm the molecular binding.

RESULTS

LINC00511 was measured to be highly expressed in the breast cancer specimens and the high-expression was correlated with the poor prognosis. Functionally, the gain and loss-of-functional experiments revealed that LINC00511 promoted the proliferation, sphere-formation ability, stem factors (Oct4, Nanog, SOX2) expression and tumor growth in breast cancer cells. Mechanically, LINC00511 functioned as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-185-3p to positively recover E2F1 protein. Furthermore, transcription factor E2F1 bind with the promoter region of Nanog gene to promote it transcription.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our data concludes that LINC00511/miR-185-3p/E2F1/Nanog axis facilitates the breast cancer stemness and tumorigenesis, providing a vital insight for them.

Molecular targets of curcumin in breast cancer (Review)

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), an orange‑yellow component of turmeric or curry powder, is a polyphenol natural product isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa. For centuries, curcumin has been used in medicinal preparations and as a food colorant. In recent years, extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that curcumin possesses activity against cancer, viral infection, arthritis, amyloid aggregation, oxidation and inflammation. Curcumin exerts anticancer effects primarily by activating apoptotic pathways in cancer cells and inhibiting pro‑cancer processes, including inflammation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Curcumin targets numerous signaling pathways associated with cancer therapy, including pathways mediated by p53, Ras, phosphatidylinositol‑3‑kinase, protein kinase B, Wnt‑β catenin and mammalian target of rapamycin. Clinical studies have demonstrated that curcumin alone or combined with other drugs exhibits promising anticancer activity in patients with breast cancer without adverse effects. In the present review, the chemistry and bioavailability of curcumin and its molecular targets in breast cancer are discussed. Future research directions are discussed to further understand this promising natural product.

NF-κB Signaling in Targeting Tumor Cells by Oncolytic Viruses-Therapeutic Perspectives

In recent years, oncolytic virotherapy became a promising therapeutic approach, leading to the introduction of a novel generation of anticancer drugs. However, despite evoking an antitumor response, introducing an oncolytic virus (OV) to the patient is still inefficient to overcome both tumor protective mechanisms and the limitation of viral replication by the host. In cancer treatment, nuclear factor (NF)-κB has been extensively studied among important therapeutic targets. The pleiotropic nature of NF-κB transcription factor includes its involvement in immunity and tumorigenesis. Therefore, in many types of cancer, aberrant activation of NF-κB can be observed. At the same time, the activity of NF-κB can be modified by OVs, which trigger an immune response and modulate NF-κB signaling. Due to the limitation of a monotherapy exploiting OVs only, the antitumor effect can be enhanced by combining OV with NF-κB-modulating drugs. This review describes the influence of OVs on NF-κB activation in tumor cells showing NF-κB signaling as an important aspect, which should be taken into consideration when targeting tumor cells by OVs.

Autophagy and oxidative stress in non-communicable diseases: A matter of the inflammatory state?

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are long-lasting conditions that affect millions of people around the world. Different factors contribute to their genesis and progression; however they share common features, which are critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. A persistently altered inflammatory response is typically observed in many NCDs together with redox imbalance. Additionally, dysregulated proteostasis, mainly derived as a consequence of compromised autophagy, is a common feature of several chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the crosstalk among inflammation, autophagy and oxidative stress, and how they participate in the progression of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and type II diabetes mellitus.