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Williams RJ, Laagland LT, Bach FC, Ward L, Chan W, Tam V, Medzikovic A, Basatvat S, Paillat L, Vedrenne N, Snuggs JW, Poramba-Liyanage DW, Hoyland JA, Chan D, Camus A, Richardson SM, Tryfonidou MA, Le Maitre CL. Recommendations for intervertebral disc notochordal cell investigation: From isolation to characterization. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1272. [PMID: 37780826 PMCID: PMC10540834 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lineage-tracing experiments have established that the central region of the mature intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus (NP), develops from the embryonic structure called "the notochord". However, changes in the cells derived from the notochord which form the NP (i.e., notochordal cells [NCs]), in terms of their phenotype and functional identity from early developmental stages to skeletal maturation are less understood. These key issues require further investigation to better comprehend the role of NCs in homeostasis and degeneration as well as their potential for regeneration. Progress in utilizing NCs is currently hampered due to poor consistency and lack of consensus methodology for in vitro NC extraction, manipulation, and characterization. Methods Here, an international group has come together to provide key recommendations and methodologies for NC isolation within key species, numeration, in vitro manipulation and culture, and characterization. Results Recommeded protocols are provided for isolation and culture of NCs. Experimental testing provided recommended methodology for numeration of NCs. The issues of cryopreservation are demonstrated, and a pannel of immunohistochemical markers are provided to inform NC characterization. Conclusions Together we hope this article provides a road map for in vitro studies of NCs to support advances in research into NC physiology and their potential in regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Williams
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism Medical School, The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
| | - Lisanne T Laagland
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Frances C Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lizzy Ward
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Wilson Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong China
| | - Vivian Tam
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong China
| | - Adel Medzikovic
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Shaghayegh Basatvat
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism Medical School, The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
| | - Lily Paillat
- Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1229 Nantes France
| | - Nicolas Vedrenne
- Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1229 Nantes France
| | - Joseph W Snuggs
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism Medical School, The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
| | - Deepani W Poramba-Liyanage
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Judith A Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health The University of Manchester Manchester UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester UK
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong China
| | - Anne Camus
- Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1229 Nantes France
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Le Maitre
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism Medical School, The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
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Peng B, Du L, Zhang T, Chen J, Xu B. Research progress in decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels for intervertebral disc degeneration. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1981-1993. [PMID: 36734099 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01862d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most common clinical disorders, low back pain (LBP) influences patient quality of life and causes substantial social and economic burdens. Many factors can result in LBP, the most common of which is intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The progression of IDD cannot be alleviated by conservative or surgical treatments, and gene therapy, growth factor therapy, and cell therapy have their own limitations. Recently, research on the use of hydrogel biomaterials for the treatment of IDD has garnered great interest, and satisfactory treatment results have been achieved. This article describes the classification of hydrogels, the methods of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) production and the various types of gel formation. The current research on dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD is described in detail in this article. First, an overview of the material sources, decellularization methods, and gel formation methods is given. The focus is on research performed over the last three years, which mainly consists of bovine and porcine NP tissues, while for decellularization methods, combinations of several approaches are primarily used. dECM hydrogels have significantly improved mechanical properties after the polymers are cross-linked. The main effects of these gels include induction of stem cell differentiation to intervertebral disc (IVD) cells, good mechanical properties to restore IVD height after polymer cross-linking, and slow release of exosomes. Finally, the challenges and problems still faced by dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD are summarised, and potential solutions are proposed. This paper is the first to summarise the research on dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD and aims to provide a theoretical reference for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Peng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lilong Du
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, No.406, Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Tongxing Zhang
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, No.406, Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Liuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beizhengzhong Road, Hunan, 410399, China.
| | - Baoshan Xu
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, No.406, Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Hechavarria ME, Richard SA. Elucidating the Focal Immunomodulatory Clues Influencing Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Milieu of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 18:62-75. [PMID: 35450531 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220420134619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intervertebral discs (IVDs) are a relatively mobile joint that interconnects vertebrae of the spine. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is one of the leading causes of low back pain, which is most often related to patient morbidity as well as high medical costs. Patients with chronic IVDD often need surgery that may sometimes lead to biomechanical complications as well as augmented degeneration of the adjacent segments. Moreover, treatment modalities like rigid intervertebral fusion, dynamic instrumentation, as well as other surgical interventions are still controversial. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have exhibited to have immunomodulatory functions and the ability to differentiate into cartilage, making these cells possibly an epitome for IVD regeneration. Transplanted MSCs were able to repair IVDD back to the normal disc milieu via the activation of the generation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as aggrecan, proteoglycans and collagen types I and II. IVD milieu clues like, periostin, cluster of differentiation, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukins, chemokines, transforming growth factor beta, reactive oxygen species, toll-like receptors, tyrosine protein kinase receptor and disialoganglioside, exosomes are capable of influencing the MSCs during treatment of IVDD. ECM microenvironment clues above have potentials as biomarkers as well as accurate molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seidu A Richard
- Department of Medicine, Princefield University, P. O. Box MA 128, Ho-Volta Region, Ghana, West Africa
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4
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Jacob B, Jüllig M, Middleditch M, Payne L, Broom N, Sarojini V, Thambyah A. Protein Levels and Microstructural Changes in Localized Regions of Early Cartilage Degeneration Compared with Adjacent Intact Cartilage. Cartilage 2021; 12:192-210. [PMID: 30486653 PMCID: PMC7970373 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518809401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It was hypothesized that the respective protein profiles of bovine cartilage from sites of localized mild to moderate (GI to GII) degeneration versus adjacent sites of intact tissue would vary in accordance with the tissue microstructural changes associated with a pre-osteoarthritic state. METHODS A total of 15 bovine patellae were obtained for this study. Paired samples of tissue were collected from the lateral region of each patella. If the patella contained a site of degeneration, a paired tissue set involved taking one sample each from the degenerated site and the intact tissue adjacent to it. Sufficient tissue was collected to facilitate 2 arms of investigation: microstructural imaging and proteome analysis. The microstructural analysis used a bespoke tissue preparation technique imaged with differential interference contrast optical microscopy to assess fibrillar scale destructuring and underlying bone spicule formation. An iTRAQ-based proteome analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify the differential levels of proteins across the intact and degenerated cartilage and further, the results were validated with multiple reaction monitoring assay. RESULTS In the healthy cartilage pairs, there was no significant variation in protein profiles between 2 adjacent sample sites. In pairs of tissue that contained a sample of GI/GII tissue, there were both significant microstructural changes as well as the difference in abundance levels of 24 proteins. CONCLUSIONS From the known functions of the 24 proteins, found to be strongly aligned with the specific microstructural changes observed, a unique "proteins ensemble" involved in the initiation and progression of early cartilage degeneration is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bincy Jacob
- School of Biological Sciences, The
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mia Jüllig
- School of Biological Sciences, The
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences, The
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leo Payne
- School of Biological Sciences, The
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Neil Broom
- Department of Chemical and Materials
Engineering, Experimental Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ashvin Thambyah
- Department of Chemical and Materials
Engineering, Experimental Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand,Ashvin Thambyah, Department of Chemical and
Materials Engineering, Experimental Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, University of
Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
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5
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Wei Q, Zhang X, Zhou C, Ren Q, Zhang Y. Roles of large aggregating proteoglycans in human intervertebral disc degeneration. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:209-218. [PMID: 29992840 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1499731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral discs, a natural progression of the aging process, is strongly implicated as a cause of low back pain. Aggrecan is the major structural proteoglycan in the extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc. It is large, possessing numerous glycosaminoglycan chains and the ability to form aggregates in association with hyaluronan. The negatively charged glycosaminoglycan side chains in aggrecan in the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs can bind electrostatically to polar water molecules, which are crucial for maintaining the well-hydrated state that enables the discs to undergo reversible deformation under compressive loading. A more in-depth understanding of the molecular basis of disc degeneration is essential to the design of therapeutic solutions to treat degenerative discs. Within this scope, we discuss the current knowledge concerning the structure and function of aggrecan in intervertebral disc degeneration. These data suggest that aggrecan plays a central role in the function and degeneration of the intervertebral disc, which may suggest potential aggrecan-based therapies for disc regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Wei
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Rizhao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital , Rizhao , China
| | - Xiangwei Zhang
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Rizhao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital , Rizhao , China
| | - Caiju Zhou
- b School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jining Medical University , Rizhao , China
| | - Qiang Ren
- b School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jining Medical University , Rizhao , China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- b School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jining Medical University , Rizhao , China
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6
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Yang C, Shi Z, Hu J, Wei R, Yue G, Zhou D. miRNA-155 expression and role in pathogenesis in spinal tuberculosis-induced intervertebral disc destruction. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3239-3246. [PMID: 30936999 PMCID: PMC6434382 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate microRNA-155 (miR-155) expression in spinal tuberculosis-induced intervertebral disc destruction and its regulatory role in disease pathogenesis. A total of 26 patients with intervertebral disc destruction induced by spinal tuberculosis and 31 healthy individuals were included. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reactions, western blot analysis and ELISA were performed to detect mRNA and protein expression levels. A bioinformatics analysis was applied to predict the upstream regulator of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)13, which was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Compared with the control group, mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP13 were significantly increased in the intervertebral disc of patients with spinal tuberculosis. However, miR-155 expression in the intervertebral disc of patients with spinal tuberculosis was significantly decreased compared with the control group. Dual-luciferase reporter assays suggested that miR-155 bound to the 3′-untranslated region of MMP13 to regulate gene expression. In primary annulus fibrosus cells, upregulated miR-155 expression significantly decreased MMP13 expression in the cells and culture supernatant, whereas it increased type II collagen expression. Upregulated MMP13 expression in the intervertebral disc in patients with spinal tuberculosis may be correlated with downregulated miR-155 expression. miR-155 may regulate expression levels of associated proteins in the intervertebral disc via modulating MMP13 expression, which contributes to the disease pathogenesis. The results of the current study may provide the theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of disc damages caused by spinal tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Yang
- Trauma Center, Guangxi Liuzhou Workers Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545000, P.R. China
| | - Zhanying Shi
- Trauma Center, Guangxi Liuzhou Workers Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545000, P.R. China
| | - Juzheng Hu
- Trauma Center, Guangxi Liuzhou Workers Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545000, P.R. China
| | - Renjie Wei
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Hechi People's Hospital, Hechi, Guangxi 547000, P.R. China
| | - Guoping Yue
- Department of Joint Osteopathy, Guangxi Liuzhou Workers Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545000, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Trauma Center, Guangxi Liuzhou Workers Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545000, P.R. China
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7
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Ge C, Li C. Expression and regulatory role of miRNA-222 in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1673205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Changwei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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8
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Aker L, Ghannam M, Alzuabi MA, Jumah F, Alkhdour SM, Mansour S, Samara A, Cronk K, Massengale J, Holsapple J, Adeeb N, Oskouian RJ, Tubbs RS. Molecular Biology and Interactions in Intervertebral Disc Development, Homeostasis, and Degeneration, with Emphasis on Future Therapies: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.26632/ss.3.2017.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Ménard AL, Grimard G, Massol E, Londono I, Moldovan F, Villemure I. Static and dynamic compression application and removal on the intervertebral discs of growing rats. J Orthop Res 2016. [PMID: 26213189 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusionless implants are used to correct pediatric progressive spinal deformities, most of them spanning the intervertebral disc. This study aimed at investigating the effects of in vivo static versus dynamic compression application and removal on discs of growing rats. A microloading device applied compression. 48 immature rats (28 d.o.) were divided into two groups (43d, 53d). Each group included four subgroups: control (no surgery), sham (device installed without loading), static (0.2 MPa) and dynamic compressions (0.2 MPa ± 30% with 0.1 Hz). In 43d subgroups, compression was applied for 15 days. In 53d subgroups, compression was followed by 10 days without loading. Disc heights, nucleus/annulus volumetric proportions and nucleus proteoglycan contents were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey comparisons (p < 0.05). Disc heights of 43d and 53d static and dynamic loading rats were lower than shams (p < 0.05). Volumetric proportions remained similar. At 43d, nucleus proteoglycan contents increased in both static and dynamic loading rats. However, at 53d, static loading rats had lower proteoglycan content than dynamic loading rats (p < 0.05). Disc structure is altered following static compression removal, but nucleus proteoglycan content remaining elevated in dynamic group. Dynamic fusionless implants would better preserve disc integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Ménard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique of Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station "Centre-Ville", Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Rd., Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Guy Grimard
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Rd., Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Rd., Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Elise Massol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique of Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station "Centre-Ville", Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Rd., Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada.,École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 158 cours Fauriel, 42023 Saint-Étienne cédex 2, France
| | - Irène Londono
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Rd., Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Florina Moldovan
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Rd., Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Station "centre-ville", Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Isabelle Villemure
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique of Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station "Centre-Ville", Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Rd., Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
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10
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Peffers MJ, Thornton DJ, Clegg PD. Characterization of neopeptides in equine articular cartilage degradation. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:106-20. [PMID: 26124002 PMCID: PMC4737130 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by a loss of extracellular matrix that leads to cartilage degradation and joint space narrowing. Specific proteases, including the aggrecanases ADAMTS-4 and matrix metalloproteinase 3, are important in initiating and promoting cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. This study investigated protease-specific and disease-specific cleavage patterns of particular extracellular matrix proteins by comparing new peptide fragments, neopeptides, in specific exogenous protease-driven digestion of a crude cartilage proteoglycan extract and an in-vitro model of early osteoarthritis. Additionally, equine cartilage explants were treated with interleukin-1 and the media collected. Proteolytic cleavage products following trypsin digestion were then identified using tandem mass spectrometry. Complete sequences of proteolytically cleaved neopeptides were determined for the major cartilage proteoglycans aggrecan, biglycan, decorin, fibromodulin plus cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. The generation of neopeptides varied with enzyme specificity; however, some peptides were common to all samples. Previous known and novel cleavage sites were identifies. The identification of novel peptide fragments provides a platform for the development of antibodies that could assist in the identification of biomarkers for osteoarthritis (OA), as well as the identification of basic biochemical processes underlying OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Jayne Peffers
- Department of Musculoskeletal BiologyInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of Liverpool, LeahurstChester High RoadNestonWirralCH64 7TEUK
| | - David James Thornton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesMichael Smith BuildingOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Peter David Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal BiologyInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of Liverpool, LeahurstChester High RoadNestonWirralCH64 7TEUK
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11
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Mechanics and biology in intervertebral disc degeneration: a vicious circle. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1057-70. [PMID: 25827971 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is a major cause of low back pain. Despite its long history and large socio-economical impact in western societies, the initiation and progress of disc degeneration is not well understood and a generic disease model is lacking. In literature, mechanics and biology have both been implicated as the predominant inductive cause; here we argue that they are interconnected and amplify each other. This view is supported by the growing awareness that cellular physiology is strongly affected by mechanical loading. We propose a vicious circle of mechanical overloading, catabolic cell response, and degeneration of the water-binding extracellular matrix. Rather than simplifying the disease, the model illustrates the complexity of disc degeneration, because all factors are interrelated. It may however solve some of the controversy in the field, because the vicious circle can be entered at any point, eventually leading to the same pathology. The proposed disease model explains the comparable efficacy of very different animal models of disc degeneration, but also helps to consider the consequences of therapeutic interventions, either at the cellular, material or mechanical level.
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