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Jiang W, Glaeser JD, Kaneda G, Sheyn J, Wechsler JT, Stephan S, Salehi K, Chan JL, Tawackoli W, Avalos P, Johnson C, Castaneda C, Kanim LEA, Tanasansomboon T, Burda JE, Shelest O, Yameen H, Perry TG, Kropf M, Cuellar JM, Seliktar D, Bae HW, Stone LS, Sheyn D. Intervertebral disc human nucleus pulposus cells associated with back pain trigger neurite outgrowth in vitro and pain behaviors in rats. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg7020. [PMID: 38055799 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg7020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is often associated with the degeneration of human intervertebral discs (IVDs). However, the pain-inducing mechanism in degenerating discs remains to be elucidated. Here, we identified a subtype of locally residing human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), generated by certain conditions in degenerating discs, that was associated with the onset of discogenic back pain. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human tissues showed a strong correlation between a specific cell subtype and the pain condition associated with the human degenerated disc, suggesting that they are pain-triggering. The application of IVD degeneration-associated exogenous stimuli to healthy NPCs in vitro recreated a pain-associated phenotype. These stimulated NPCs activated functional human iPSC-derived sensory neuron responses in an in vitro organ-chip model. Injection of stimulated NPCs into the healthy rat IVD induced local inflammatory responses and increased cold sensitivity and mechanical hypersensitivity. Our findings reveal a previously uncharacterized pain-inducing mechanism mediated by NPCs in degenerating IVDs. These findings could aid in the development of NPC-targeted therapeutic strategies for the clinically unmet need to attenuate discogenic LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensen Jiang
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Juliane D Glaeser
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Giselle Kaneda
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jacob T Wechsler
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Stephen Stephan
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Khosrowdad Salehi
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julie L Chan
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Wafa Tawackoli
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Pablo Avalos
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Christopher Johnson
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Chloe Castaneda
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Linda E A Kanim
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Teerachat Tanasansomboon
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Center of Excellence in Biomechanics and Innovative Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joshua E Burda
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Oksana Shelest
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Haneen Yameen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Israeli Institute of Technology Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Tiffany G Perry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michael Kropf
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jason M Cuellar
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dror Seliktar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Israeli Institute of Technology Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hyun W Bae
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Laura S Stone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Israeli Institute of Technology Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Dmitriy Sheyn
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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2
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Lee DH, Park KS, Shin HE, Kim SB, Choi H, An SB, Choi H, Kim JP, Han I. Safety and Feasibility of Intradiscal Administration of Matrilin-3-Primed Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Spheroids for Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain: Phase 1 Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16827. [PMID: 38069151 PMCID: PMC10706656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionally enhanced mesenchymal stromal cells participate in the repair of intervertebral disc. This study aimed to assess the safety and tolerability of intradiscal administration of matrilin-3-primed adipose-derived stromal cell (ASC) spheroids with hyaluronic acid (HA) in patients with chronic discogenic low back pain (LBP). In this single-arm, open-label phase I clinical trial, eight patients with chronic discogenic LBP were observed over 6 months. Each patient underwent a one-time intradiscal injection of 1 mL of 6.0 × 106 cells/disc combined with HA under real-time fluoroscopic guidance. Safety and feasibility were gauged using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores and magnetic resonance imaging. All participants remained in the trial, with no reported adverse events linked to the procedure or stem cells. A successful outcome-marked by a minimum 2-point improvement in the VAS pain score and a 10-point improvement in ODI score from the start were observed in six participants. Although the modified Pfirrmann grade remained consistent across all participants, radiological improvements were evident in four patients. Specifically, two patients exhibited reduced high-intensity zones while another two demonstrated decreased disc protrusion. In conclusion, the intradiscal application of matrilin-3-primed ASC spheroids with HA is a safe and feasible treatment option for chronic discogenic LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine Center, The Leon Wiltse Memorial Hospital, Suwon 16480, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sook Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Eun Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bum Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejeong Choi
- Department of Radiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bae An
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Pyung Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea
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Später T, Kaneda G, Chavez M, Sheyn J, Wechsler J, Yu V, Del Rio P, Huang D, Metzger M, Tawackoli W, Sheyn D. Retention of Human iPSC-Derived or Primary Cells Following Xenotransplantation into Rat Immune-Privileged Sites. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1049. [PMID: 37760151 PMCID: PMC10525500 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In regenerative medicine, experimental animal models are commonly used to study potential effects of human cells as therapeutic candidates. Although some studies describe certain cells, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) or human primary cells, as hypoimmunogenic and therefore unable to trigger strong inflammatory host responses, other studies report antibody formation and immune rejection following xenotransplantation. Accordingly, the goal of our study was to test the cellular retention and survival of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs)-derived MSCs (iMSCs) and primary nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) following their xenotransplantation into immune-privileged knee joints (14 days) and intervertebral discs (IVD; 7 days) of immunocompromised Nude and immunocompetent Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. At the end of both experiments, we could demonstrate that both rat types revealed comparably low levels of systemic IL-6 and IgM inflammation markers, as assessed via ELISA. Furthermore, the number of recovered cells was with no significant difference between both rat types. Conclusively, our results show that xenogeneic injection of human iMSC and NPC into immunoprivileged knee and IVD sites did not lead to an elevated inflammatory response in immunocompetent rats when compared to immunocompromised rats. Hence, immunocompetent rats represent suitable animals for xenotransplantation studies targeting immunoprivileged sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Später
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (T.S.); (G.K.); (M.C.); (J.S.); (J.W.); (V.Y.); (P.D.R.); (W.T.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Giselle Kaneda
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (T.S.); (G.K.); (M.C.); (J.S.); (J.W.); (V.Y.); (P.D.R.); (W.T.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Melissa Chavez
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (T.S.); (G.K.); (M.C.); (J.S.); (J.W.); (V.Y.); (P.D.R.); (W.T.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (T.S.); (G.K.); (M.C.); (J.S.); (J.W.); (V.Y.); (P.D.R.); (W.T.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jacob Wechsler
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (T.S.); (G.K.); (M.C.); (J.S.); (J.W.); (V.Y.); (P.D.R.); (W.T.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Victoria Yu
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (T.S.); (G.K.); (M.C.); (J.S.); (J.W.); (V.Y.); (P.D.R.); (W.T.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Patricia Del Rio
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (T.S.); (G.K.); (M.C.); (J.S.); (J.W.); (V.Y.); (P.D.R.); (W.T.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dave Huang
- Orthopedics Biomechanics Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (D.H.); (M.M.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Melodie Metzger
- Orthopedics Biomechanics Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (D.H.); (M.M.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Wafa Tawackoli
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (T.S.); (G.K.); (M.C.); (J.S.); (J.W.); (V.Y.); (P.D.R.); (W.T.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dmitriy Sheyn
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (T.S.); (G.K.); (M.C.); (J.S.); (J.W.); (V.Y.); (P.D.R.); (W.T.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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4
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McDonnell EE, Wilson N, Barcellona MN, Ní Néill T, Bagnall J, Brama PAJ, Cunniffe GM, Darwish SL, Butler JS, Buckley CT. Preclinical to clinical translation for intervertebral disc repair: Effects of species-specific scale, metabolism, and matrix synthesis rates on cell-based regeneration. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1279. [PMID: 37780829 PMCID: PMC10540833 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A significant hurdle for potential cell-based therapies is the subsequent survival and regenerative capacity of implanted cells. While many exciting developments have demonstrated promise preclinically, cell-based therapies for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration fail to translate equivalent clinical efficacy. Aims This work aims to ascertain the clinical relevance of both a small and large animal model by experimentally investigating and comparing these animal models to human from the perspective of anatomical scale and their cellular metabolic and regenerative potential. Materials and Methods First, this work experimentally investigated species-specific geometrical scale, native cell density, nutrient metabolism, and matrix synthesis rates for rat, goat, and human disc cells in a 3D microspheroid configuration. Second, these parameters were employed in silico to elucidate species-specific nutrient microenvironments and predict differences in temporal regeneration between animal models. Results This work presents in silico models which correlate favorably to preclinical literature in terms of the capabilities of animal regeneration and predict that compromised nutrition is not a significant challenge in small animal discs. On the contrary, it highlights a very fine clinical balance between an adequate cell dose for sufficient repair, through de novo matrix deposition, without exacerbating the human microenvironmental niche. Discussion Overall, this work aims to provide a path towards understanding the effect of cell injection number on the nutrient microenvironment and the "time to regeneration" between preclinical animal models and the large human IVD. While these findings help to explain failed translation of promising preclinical data and the limited results emerging from clinical trials at present, they also enable the research field and clinicians to manage expectations on cell-based regeneration. Conclusion Ultimately, this work provides a platform to inform the design of clinical trials, and as computing power and software capabilities increase in the future, it is conceivable that generation of patient-specific models could be used for patient assessment, as well as pre- and intraoperative planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. McDonnell
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
- Discipline of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
| | - Niamh Wilson
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
- Discipline of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
| | - Marcos N. Barcellona
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
- Discipline of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
| | - Tara Ní Néill
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
- Discipline of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
| | - Jessica Bagnall
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
- Discipline of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
| | - Pieter A. J. Brama
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Gráinne M. Cunniffe
- National Spinal Injuries UnitMater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
- School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Stacey L. Darwish
- National Spinal Injuries UnitMater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
- School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
- National Orthopaedic HospitalDublinIreland
- St Vincent's University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Joseph S. Butler
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
- National Spinal Injuries UnitMater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
- School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Conor T. Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
- Discipline of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland & Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublinIreland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative MedicineRoyal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublinIreland
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5
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Ohnishi T, Homan K, Fukushima A, Ukeba D, Iwasaki N, Sudo H. A Review: Methodologies to Promote the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Regeneration of Intervertebral Disc Cells Following Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Cells 2023; 12:2161. [PMID: 37681893 PMCID: PMC10486900 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD), a highly prevalent pathological condition worldwide, is widely associated with back pain. Treatments available compensate for the impaired function of the degenerated IVD but typically have incomplete resolutions because of their adverse complications. Therefore, fundamental regenerative treatments need exploration. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been recognized as a mainstream research objective by the World Health Organization and was consequently studied by various research groups. Implanted MSCs exert anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-pyroptotic effects and promote extracellular component production, as well as differentiation into IVD cells themselves. Hence, the ultimate goal of MSC therapy is to recover IVD cells and consequently regenerate the extracellular matrix of degenerated IVDs. Notably, in addition to MSC implantation, healthy nucleus pulposus (NP) cells (NPCs) have been implanted to regenerate NP, which is currently undergoing clinical trials. NPC-derived exosomes have been investigated for their ability to differentiate MSCs from NPC-like phenotypes. A stable and economical source of IVD cells may include allogeneic MSCs from the cell bank for differentiation into IVD cells. Therefore, multiple alternative therapeutic options should be considered if a refined protocol for the differentiation of MSCs into IVD cells is established. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed the molecules, scaffolds, and environmental factors that facilitate the differentiation of MSCs into IVD cells for regenerative therapies for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohnishi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (T.O.); (K.H.); (A.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Kentaro Homan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (T.O.); (K.H.); (A.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Akira Fukushima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (T.O.); (K.H.); (A.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Daisuke Ukeba
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan;
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (T.O.); (K.H.); (A.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Hideki Sudo
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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6
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Munesada D, Sakai D, Nakamura Y, Schol J, Matsushita E, Tamagawa S, Sako K, Ogasawara S, Sato M, Watanabe M. Investigation of the Mitigation of DMSO-Induced Cytotoxicity by Hyaluronic Acid following Cryopreservation of Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12289. [PMID: 37569664 PMCID: PMC10419032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop an off-the-shelf therapeutic product for intervertebral disc (IVD) repair using nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), it is beneficial to mitigate dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-induced cytotoxicity caused by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been shown to protect chondrocytes against ROS. Therefore, we examined the potential of HA on mitigating DMSO-induced cytotoxicity for the enhancement of NPC therapy. Human NPC cryopreserved in DMSO solutions were thawed, mixed with equal amounts of EDTA-PBS (Group E) or HA (Group H), and incubated for 3-5 h. After incubation, DMSO was removed, and the cells were cultured for 5 days. Thereafter, we examined cell viability, cell proliferation rates, Tie2 positivity (a marker of NP progenitor cells), and the estimated numbers of Tie2 positive cells. Fluorescence intensity of DHE and MitoSOX staining, as indicators for oxidative stress, were evaluated by flow cytometry. Group H showed higher rates of cell proliferation and Tie2 expressing cells with a trend toward suppression of oxidative stress compared to Group E. Thus, HA treatment appears to suppress ROS induced by DMSO. These results highlight the ability of HA to maintain NPC functionalities, suggesting that mixing HA at the time of transplantation may be useful in the development of off-the-shelf NPC products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Munesada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (D.M.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (K.S.); (S.O.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (D.M.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (K.S.); (S.O.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Center for Musculoskeletal Innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakamura
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (Y.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Jordy Schol
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (D.M.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (K.S.); (S.O.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Center for Musculoskeletal Innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (Y.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Erika Matsushita
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (Y.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Shota Tamagawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (D.M.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (K.S.); (S.O.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor Organ, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8431, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sako
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (D.M.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (K.S.); (S.O.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Shota Ogasawara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (D.M.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (K.S.); (S.O.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (D.M.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (K.S.); (S.O.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Center for Musculoskeletal Innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (D.M.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (K.S.); (S.O.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Center for Musculoskeletal Innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
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7
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Miranda L, Quaranta M, Oliva F, Maffulli N. Stem cells and discogenic back pain. Br Med Bull 2023; 146:73-87. [PMID: 37164906 PMCID: PMC10788843 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low back pain, common from the sixth decade, negatively impacts the quality of life of patients and health care systems. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been introduced in the management of degenerative discogenic pain. The present study summarizes the current knowledge on the effectiveness of MSCs in patients with discogenic back pain. SOURCES OF DATA We performed a systematic review of the literature following the PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar database, and identified 14 articles about management of chronic low back pain with MSCs injection therapy. We recorded information on type of stem cells employed, culture medium, clinical scores and MRI outcomes. AREAS OF AGREEMENT We identified a total of 303 patients. Ten studies used bone marrow stem cells. In the other four studies, different stem cells were used (of adipose, umbilical, or chondrocytic origin and a pre-packaged product). The most commonly used scores were Visual Analogue Scale and Oswestry Disability Index. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY There are few studies with many missing data. GROWING POINTS The studies analysed demonstrate that intradiscal injections of MSCs are effective on discogenic low-back pain. This effect may result from inhibition of nociceptors, reduction of catabolism and repair of injured or degenerated tissues. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Further research should define the most effective procedure, trying to standardize a single method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Miranda
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 43, Baronissi SA 84081, Italy
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona, Via San Leonardo, Salerno 84131, Italy
| | - Marco Quaranta
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 43, Baronissi SA 84081, Italy
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona, Via San Leonardo, Salerno 84131, Italy
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 43, Baronissi SA 84081, Italy
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona, Via San Leonardo, Salerno 84131, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 43, Baronissi SA 84081, Italy
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona, Via San Leonardo, Salerno 84131, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, England
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, England
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8
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Soufi KH, Castillo JA, Rogdriguez FY, DeMesa CJ, Ebinu JO. Potential Role for Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy as a Treatment for Degenerative Disc Disease and Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108893. [PMID: 37240236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Back pain is the single leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite the prevalence and morbidity of lower back pain, we still lack a gold-standard treatment that restores the physiological function of degenerated intervertebral discs. Recently, stem cells have emerged as a promising strategy for regenerative therapy for degenerative disc disease. In this study, we review the etiology, pathogenesis, and developing treatment strategies for disc degeneration in low back pain with a focus on regenerative stem cell therapies. A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE/Embase/Clinical Trials.gov databases was conducted for all human subject abstracts or studies. There was a total of 10 abstracts and 11 clinical studies (1 RCT) that met the inclusion criteria. The molecular mechanism, approach, and progress of the different stem cell strategies in all studies are discussed, including allogenic bone marrow, allogenic discogenic cells, autologous bone marrow, adipose mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), human umbilical cord MSC, adult juvenile chondrocytes, autologous disc derived chondrocytes, and withdrawn studies. Clinical success with animal model studies is promising; however, the clinical outcomes of stem cell regenerative therapy remain poorly understood. In this systematic review, we found no evidence to support its use in humans. Further studies on efficacy, safety, and optimal patient selection will establish whether this becomes a viable, non-invasive therapeutic option for back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija H Soufi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jose A Castillo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Freddie Y Rogdriguez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Charles J DeMesa
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Julius O Ebinu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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9
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Nimbolide targeting SIRT1 mitigates intervertebral disc degeneration by reprogramming cholesterol metabolism and inhibiting inflammatory signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2269-2280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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10
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Axial Spine and Sacroiliac Joint. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-75517-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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11
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Centeno CJ, Hyzy M, Williams CJ, Lucas M, Jerome MA, Cartier C. Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells and Their Application in Pain Medicine. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-75517-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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12
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Schol J, Sakai D. Comprehensive narrative review on the analysis of outcomes from cell transplantation clinical trials for discogenic low back pain. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL 2022; 13:100195. [PMID: 36655116 PMCID: PMC9841054 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2022.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the primary causes of low back pain (LBP) and despite a prominent prevalence, present treatment options remain inadequate for a large portion of LBP patients. New developments in regenerative therapeutics offer potentially powerful medical tools to modify this pathology, with specific focus on (stem) cell transplantations. Multiple clinical trials have since reported overall beneficial outcomes favoring cell therapy. Nonetheless, the significance of these improvements is often not (clearly) discussed. As such, this narrative review aims to summarize the significance of the reported improvements from human clinical trials on IVD-targeted cell therapy. Methods Through a comprehensive narrative review we discuss the improvements in pain, disability, quality of life, and imaging modalities and reported adverse events following cell therapy for discogenic pain. Results Most clinical trials were able to report clear and significant improvements in pain and disability outcomes. Imaging and quality of life improvements however were not as clearly reported but did present some enhancements for a select number of patients. Finally, whether cell therapy can outperform placebo treatment remains intangible. Conclusions Our review highlights the clinical significance of observed trends in pain and disability improvement. Nevertheless, reporting quality was found unsatisfactory and large-scale randomized controlled studies remain small in number. Future studies and articles should put more emphasis on improvements in imaging modalities and compare outcomes to (placebo) control groups to fully elucidate the efficacy and safety of cellular therapeutics against LBP.
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13
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The Influence of Intervertebral Disc Microenvironment on the Biological Behavior of Engrafted Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:8671482. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8671482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is the main cause of low back pain. Traditional treatment methods cannot repair degenerated intervertebral disc tissue. The emergence of stem cell therapy makes it possible to regenerate and repair degenerated intervertebral disc tissue. At present, mesenchymal stem cells are the most studied, and different types of mesenchymal stem cells have their own characteristics. However, due to the harsh and complex internal microenvironment of the intervertebral disc, it will affect the biological behaviors of the implanted mesenchymal stem cells, such as viability, proliferation, migration, and chondrogenic differentiation, thereby affecting the therapeutic effect. This review is aimed at summarizing the influence of each intervertebral disc microenvironmental factor on the biological behavior of mesenchymal stem cells, so as to provide new ideas for using tissue engineering technology to assist stem cells to overcome the influence of the microenvironment in the future.
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14
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Tamagawa S, Sakai D, Schol J, Sako K, Nakamura Y, Matsushita E, Warita T, Hazuki S, Nojiri H, Sato M, Ishijima M, Watanabe M. N-acetylcysteine attenuates oxidative stress-mediated cell viability loss induced by dimethyl sulfoxide in cryopreservation of human nucleus pulposus cells: A potential solution for mass production. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1223. [PMID: 36601378 PMCID: PMC9799083 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell therapy is considered a promising strategy for intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration. However, cell products often require long-term cryopreservation, which compromises cell viability and potency, thus potentially hindering commercialization and off-the-shelf availability. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a commonly used cryoprotectant, however, DMSO is associated with cytotoxicity and cell viability loss. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DMSO on human nucleus pulposus cells (NPC) and the role of oxidative stress in DMSO-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we examined the potential of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation to mitigate the negative effects of DMSO. Methods NPC were exposed to various concentrations of DMSO with or without a freezing cycle. Cell viability, cell apoptosis and necrosis rates, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and gene expression of major antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. In addition, NAC was added to cryopreservation medium containing 10% DMSO and its effects on ROS levels and cell viability were assessed. Results DMSO concentrations ≤1% for 24 h did not significantly affect the NPC viability, whereas exposure to 5 and 10% DMSO (most commonly used concentration) caused cell viability loss (loss of 57% and 68% respectively after 24 h) and cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. DMSO increased intracellular and mitochondrial ROS (1.9-fold and 3.6-fold respectively after 12 h exposure to 10% DMSO) and downregulated gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. Tempering ROS through NAC treatment significantly attenuated DMSO-induced oxidative stress and supported maintenance of cell viability. Conclusions This study demonstrated dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects of DMSO on human NPC. The addition of NAC to the cryopreservation medium ameliorated cell viability loss by reducing DMSO-induced oxidative stress in the freeze-thawing cycle. These findings may be useful for future clinical applications of whole cells and cellular products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tamagawa
- Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor OrganJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan
| | - Jordy Schol
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan
| | - Kosuke Sako
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakamura
- Research Center for Regenerative MedicineTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan
| | - Erika Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan
| | - Takayuki Warita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan,TUNZ Pharma Co., Ltd.OsakaJapan
| | - Soma Hazuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan,TUNZ Pharma Co., Ltd.OsakaJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Nojiri
- Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor OrganJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan
| | - Muneaki Ishijima
- Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor OrganJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan
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15
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McDonnell EE, Buckley CT. Two‐ and three‐dimensional in vitro nucleus pulposus cultures: An in silico analysis of local nutrient microenvironments. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1222. [PMID: 36203867 PMCID: PMC9520769 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well established that the unique biochemical microenvironment of the intervertebral disc plays a predominant role in cell viability and biosynthesis. However, unless the effect of microenvironmental conditions is primary to a study objective, in vitro culture parameters that are critical for reproducibility are both varied and not routinely reported. Aims This work aims to investigate the local microenvironments of commonly used culture configurations, highlighting physiological relevance, potential discrepancies, and elucidating possible heterogeneity across the research field. Materials and Methods This work uses nutrient‐transport in silico models to reflect on the effect of often underappreciated parameters, such as culture geometry and diffusional distance (vessel, media volume, construct size), seeding density, and external boundary conditions on the local microenvironment of two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) in vitro culture systems. Results We elucidate important discrepancies between the external boundary conditions such as the incubator level or media concentrations and the actual local cellular concentrations. Oxygen concentration and cell seeding density were found to be highly influential parameters and require utmost consideration when utilizing 3D culture systems. Discussion This work highlights that large variations in the local nutrient microenvironment can easily be established without consideration of several key parameters. Without careful deliberation of the microenvironment within each specific and unique system, there is the potential to confound in vitro results leading to heterogeneous results across the research field in terms of biosynthesis and matrix composition. Conclusion Overall, this calls for a greater appreciation of key parameters when designing in vitro experiments. Better harmony and standardization of physiologically relevant local microenvironments are needed to push toward reproducibility and successful translation of findings across the research field. Large variations in the local nutrient microenvironment can easily be established without careful consideration of several key parameters. While one external concentration may be suitable for one culture configuration, they may not be appropriate for another. External conditions need to be tailored to the specific cells and culture system to establish homogeneous and physiologically relevant microenvironments. Taken together, more deliberate consideration of the external boundary concentrations and in vitro culture design, harmony and standardization of a physiologically relevant microenvironment will push toward greater reproducibility and more successful translation of findings across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. McDonnell
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin The University of Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Discipline of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin The University of Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Conor T. Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin The University of Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Discipline of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin The University of Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland & Trinity College Dublin The University of Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland
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16
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Intradiscal Therapies for Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2022; 30:e1084-e1094. [PMID: 35984081 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-21-01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Discogenic low back pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint in patients presenting to orthopaedic surgeons. In addition to surgical options, there are several nonsurgical intradiscal treatments that have gained interest, ranging from biologic, nonbiologic, cell-based, and molecular therapies. However, there is limited evidence for many of these techniques, and some are still in the clinical trial stage. We describe a broad overview of these intradiscal therapies, the mechanism of action, and the evidence behind them.
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17
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Imaging Evaluation of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Painful Discs-Advances and Challenges in Quantitative MRI. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030707. [PMID: 35328260 PMCID: PMC8946895 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, various quantitative and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences have been developed and used in clinical practice for the diagnosis of patients with low back pain (LBP). Until now, T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), a visual qualitative evaluation method, has been used to diagnose intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. However, this method has limitations in terms of reproducibility and inter-observer agreement. Moreover, T2WI observations do not directly relate with LBP. Therefore, new sequences such as T2 mapping, T1ρ mapping, and MR spectroscopy have been developed as alternative quantitative evaluation methods. These new quantitative MRIs can evaluate the anatomical and physiological changes of IVD degeneration in more detail than conventional T2WI. However, the values obtained from these quantitative MRIs still do not directly correlate with LBP, and there is a need for more widespread use of techniques that are more specific to clinical symptoms such as pain. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art methodologies and future challenges of quantitative MRI as an imaging diagnostic tool for IVD degeneration and painful discs.
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Application of stem cells in the repair of intervertebral disc degeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:70. [PMID: 35148808 PMCID: PMC8832693 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common disease that increases with age, and its occurrence is stressful both psychologically and financially. Stem cell therapy for IDD is emerging. For this therapy, stem cells from different sources have been proven in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials to relieve pain and symptoms, reverse the degeneration cascade, delay the aging process, maintain the spine shape, and retain mechanical function. However, further research is needed to explain how stem cells play these roles and what effects they produce in IDD treatment. This review aims to summarize and objectively analyse the current evidence on stem cell therapy for IDD.
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Clinical Development of Regenerative Medicine Targeted for Intervertebral Disc Disease. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020267. [PMID: 35208590 PMCID: PMC8878570 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is critical health, social, and economic issue in modern societies. This disease is often associated with intervertebral disc degeneration; however, contemporary treatments are unable to target this underlying pathology to alleviate the pain symptoms. Cell therapy offers a promising novel therapeutic that, in theory, should be able to reduce low back pain through mitigating the degenerative disc environment. With the clinical development of cell therapeutics ongoing, this review aims to summarize reporting on the different clinical trials and assess the different regenerative strategies being undertaken to collectively obtain an impression on the potential safety and effectiveness of cell therapeutics against intervertebral disc-related diseases.
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Yamada K, Iwasaki N, Sudo H. Biomaterials and Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration with a Focus on Biological and Biomechanical Functional Repair: Targeting Treatments for Disc Herniation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040602. [PMID: 35203253 PMCID: PMC8870062 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common cause of low back pain and most spinal disorders. As IVD degeneration is a major obstacle to the healthy life of so many individuals, it is a major issue that needs to be overcome. Currently, there is no clinical treatment for the regeneration of degenerated IVDs. However, recent advances in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering suggest the potential of cell-based and/or biomaterial-based IVD regeneration therapies. These treatments may be indicated for patients with IVDs in the intermediate degenerative stage, a point where the number of viable cells decreases, and the structural integrity of the disc begins to collapse. However, there are many biological, biomechanical, and clinical challenges that must be overcome before the clinical application of these IVD regeneration therapies can be realized. This review summarizes the basic research and clinical trials literature on cell-based and biomaterial-based IVD regenerative therapies and outlines the important role of these strategies in regenerative treatment for IVD degenerative diseases, especially disc herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (K.Y.); (N.I.)
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (K.Y.); (N.I.)
| | - Hideki Sudo
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- Correspondence:
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21
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Effects of Growth Factor Combinations TGFβ3, GDF5 and GDF6 on the Matrix Synthesis of Nucleus Pulposus and Nasoseptal Chondrocyte Self-Assembled Microtissues. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been significant interest in identifying alternative cell sources and growth factor stimulation to improve matrix synthesis for disc repair. Recent work has identified nasoseptal chondrocytes (NC) as a possible alternative cell source with significant matrix-forming abilities. While various growth factors such as members of the TGFβ superfamily have been explored to enhance matrix formation, no consensus exists as to the optimum growth factor needed to induce cells towards a discogenic phenotype. This study assessed both nucleus pulposus (NP) and NC microtissues of different densities (1000, 2500 or 5000 cells/microtissue) stimulated by individual or combinations of the growth factors TGFβ3, GDF5, and GDF6. Lower cell densities result in increased sGAG/DNA and collagen/DNA levels due to higher nutrient availability levels. Our findings suggest that growth factors exert differential effects on matrix synthesis depending on the cell type. NP cells were found to be relatively insensitive to the different growth factor types examined in isolation or in combination. Overall, NCs exhibited a higher propensity to form extracellular matrix compared to NP cells. In addition, stimulating NC-microtissues with GDF5 or TGFβ3 alone induced enhanced matrix formation and may be an appropriate growth factor to stimulate this cell type for disc regeneration.
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22
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Williams RJ, Tryfonidou MA, Snuggs JW, Le Maitre CL. Cell sources proposed for nucleus pulposus regeneration. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1175. [PMID: 35005441 PMCID: PMC8717099 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower back pain (LBP) occurs in 80% of adults in their lifetime; resulting in LBP being one of the biggest causes of disability worldwide. Chronic LBP has been linked to the degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD). The current treatments for chronic back pain only provide alleviation of symptoms through pain relief, tissue removal, or spinal fusion; none of which target regenerating the degenerate IVD. As nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration is thought to represent a key initiation site of IVD degeneration, cell therapy that specifically targets the restoration of the NP has been reviewed here. A literature search to quantitatively assess all cell types used in NP regeneration was undertaken. With key cell sources: NP cells; annulus fibrosus cells; notochordal cells; chondrocytes; bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells; adipose-derived stromal cells; and induced pluripotent stem cells extensively analyzed for their regenerative potential of the NP. This review highlights: accessibility; expansion capability in vitro; cell survival in an IVD environment; regenerative potential; and safety for these key potential cell sources. In conclusion, while several potential cell sources have been proposed, iPSC may provide the most promising regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Williams
- Biomedical Research Centre, BiosciencesSheffield Hallam UniversitySheffieldUK
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Stem Cell Therapy and Exercise for Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:7982333. [PMID: 34691192 PMCID: PMC8528633 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7982333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the motor system, intervertebral disc (IVD) is a complicated tissue with multiple components. The degeneration of IVD may result in low back pain (LBP), which strongly impairs quality of life. Various causes are related to the degeneration of IVD, including cell senescence, hydration lost, and inflammation. Stem cells founded in different tissues have attracted the interest of the researchers and clinicians to study the implication of these cells in the treatment for tissue injury and degeneration. In this report, we will review the study of stem cells in the treatment for IVD degeneration. On the other hand, the effect of exercise on IVD degeneration and the relationship between IVD degeneration and musculoskeletal disorders like sarcopenia are discussed.
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Zhang XB, Chen XY, Qi J, Zhou HY, Zhao XB, Hu YC, Zhang RH, Yu DC, Gao XD, Wang KP, Ma L. New hope for intervertebral disc degeneration: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:291-302. [PMID: 34636308 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666211012092855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), multidirectional cells with self-renewal capacity, can differentiate into many cell types and play essential roles in tissue healing and regenerative medicine. Cell experiments and in vivo research in animal models have shown that BMSCs can repair degenerative discs by promoting cell proliferation and expressing extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as type II collagen and protein-polysaccharides. Delaying or reversing the intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) process at an etiological level may be an effective strategy. However, despite increasingly in-depth research, some deficiencies in cell transplantation timing and strategy remain, preventing the clinical application of cell transplantation. Exosomes exhibit the characteristics of the mother cells from which they were secreted and can inhibit nucleus pulposus (NP) cell (NPC) apoptosis and delay IDD through intercellular communication. Furthermore, the use of exosomes effectively avoids problems associated with cell transplantation, such as immune rejection. This manuscript introduces almost all of the BMSCs and exosomes derived from BMSCs (BMSCs-Exos) described in the IDD literature. Many challenges regarding the use of cell transplantation and therapeutic exosome intervention for IDD remain to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi 710000. China
| | - Xiang-Yi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Hai-Yu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Yi-Cun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Rui-Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - De-Chen Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Xi-Dan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Ke-Ping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
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25
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A comparative study of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and NTG-101 molecular therapy to treat degenerative disc disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14804. [PMID: 34285277 PMCID: PMC8292352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular replacement therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and/or the delivery of growth factors are at the forefront of minimally invasive biological treatment options for Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD). In this study, we compared the therapeutic potential of a novel drug candidate, NTG-101 to MSCs, including rat cartilage derived stem cells (rCDSCs), bone marrow stem cells (rBMSCs) and human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUCMSCs) for the treatment of DDD. We induced DDD using a validated image-guided needle puncture injury in rat-tail IVDs. Ten weeks post-injury, animals were randomized and injected with MSCs, NTG-101 or vehicle. At the end of the study, histological analysis of the IVD-Nucleus Pulposus (NPs) injected with NTG-101 or rCDSCs showed a healthy or mild degenerative phenotype in comparison to vehicle controls. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong expression of aggrecan, collagen 2, brachyury and Oct4 in IVD-NPs injected with NTG-101. Our results also demonstrated suppression of inflammation induced p38 and NFκB resulting in inhibition of catabolic genes, but activation of Smad-2/3, Erk-1/2 and Akt-dependent signaling inducing anabolic genes in IVD-NP on treatment with NTG-101. In conclusion, a single injection of NTG-101 into the degenerative disc demonstrated superior benefits compared to stem cell transplantation.
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26
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Friedmann A, Baertel A, Schmitt C, Ludtka C, Milosevic J, Meisel HJ, Goehre F, Schwan S. Intervertebral Disc Regeneration Injection of a Cell-Loaded Collagen Hydrogel in a Sheep Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4248. [PMID: 33921913 PMCID: PMC8072963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs) were treated with autologous adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) loaded into an injectable collagen scaffold in a sheep model to investigate the implant's therapeutic potential regarding the progression of degeneration of previously damaged discs. In this study, 18 merino sheep were subjected to a 3-step minimally invasive injury and treatment model, which consisted of surgically induced disc degeneration, treatment of IVDs with an ASC-loaded collagen hydrogel 6 weeks post-operatively, and assessment of the implant's influence on degenerative tissue changes after 6 and 12 months of grazing. Autologous ASCs were extracted from subcutaneous adipose tissue and cultivated in vitro. At the end of the experiment, disc heights were determined by µ-CT measurements and morphological tissue changes were histologically examined.Histological investigations show that, after treatment with the ASC-loaded collagen hydrogel implant, degeneration-specific features were observed less frequently. Quantitative studies of the degree of degeneration did not demonstrate a significant influence on potential tissue regeneration with treatment. Regarding disc height analysis, at both 6 and 12 months after treatment with the ASC-loaded collagen hydrogel implant a stabilization of the disc height can be seen. A complete restoration of the intervertebral disc heights however could not be achieved.The reported injection procedure describes in a preclinical model a translational therapeutic approach for degenerative disc diseases based on adipose-derived stem cells in a collagen hydrogel scaffold. Further investigations are planned with the use of a different injectable scaffold material using the same test model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Friedmann
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Andre Baertel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.F.); (C.S.)
- Department for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Martin Luther University, Halle Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Christopher Ludtka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | | | - Hans-Joerg Meisel
- Department of Neurosurgery, BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost, 06110 Halle, Germany; (H.-J.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Felix Goehre
- Department of Neurosurgery, BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost, 06110 Halle, Germany; (H.-J.M.); (F.G.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Schwan
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.F.); (C.S.)
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27
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Fiani B, Dahan A, El-Farra MH, Kortz MW, Runnels JM, Suliman Y, Miranda A, Nguy A. Cellular transplantation and platelet-rich plasma injections for discogenic pain: a contemporary review. Regen Med 2021; 16:161-174. [PMID: 33650437 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is the leading cause of chronic back pain. It is a pathologic condition associated with aging and is believed to result from catabolic excess in the intervertebral discs' (IVD) extracellular matrix. Two new treatment options are intradiscal cellular transplantation and growth factor therapy. Recent investigations on the use of these therapies are discussed and compared with emerging evidence supporting novel cellular injections. At present, human and animal studies provide a compelling rationale for the use of cellular injections in the treatment of discogenic pain. Since DDD results from the IVD extracellular matrix's unmitigated catabolism, cellular injections are used to induce regeneration and homeostasis in the IVD. Here, we review intervertebral disc anatomy, DDD pathophysiology and clinical considerations, as well as the current and emerging literature investigating outcomes associated with cellular transplantation and platelet-rich plasma for discogenic pain. Further high-quality trials are certainly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fiani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, 92262 CA, USA
| | - Alden Dahan
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, 92507 CA, USA
| | - Mohamed H El-Farra
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, 92507 CA, USA
| | - Michael W Kortz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, 80045 CO, USA
| | - Juliana M Runnels
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, 87106 NM, USA
| | - Yasmine Suliman
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, 92507 CA, USA
| | - Anita Miranda
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, 92507 CA, USA
| | - Austin Nguy
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, 92507 CA, USA
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28
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Binch ALA, Fitzgerald JC, Growney EA, Barry F. Cell-based strategies for IVD repair: clinical progress and translational obstacles. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:158-175. [PMID: 33526926 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-00568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major cause of low back pain, a prevalent and chronic condition that has a striking effect on quality of life. Currently, no approved pharmacological interventions or therapies are available that prevent the progressive destruction of the IVD; however, regenerative strategies are emerging that aim to modify the disease. Progress has been made in defining promising new treatments for disc disease, but considerable challenges remain along the entire translational spectrum, from understanding disease mechanism to useful interpretation of clinical trials, which make it difficult to achieve a unified understanding. These challenges include: an incomplete appreciation of the mechanisms of disc degeneration; a lack of standardized approaches in preclinical testing; in the context of cell therapy, a distinct lack of cohesion regarding the cell types being tested, the tissue source, expansion conditions and dose; the absence of guidelines regarding disease classification and patient stratification for clinical trial inclusion; and an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underpinning therapeutic responses to cell delivery. This Review discusses current approaches to disc regeneration, with a particular focus on cell-based therapeutic strategies, including ongoing challenges, and attempts to provide a framework to interpret current data and guide future investigational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie L A Binch
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Joan C Fitzgerald
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Emily A Growney
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Frank Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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29
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Silverman LI, Heaton W, Farhang N, Saxon LH, Dulatova G, Rodriguez-Granrose D, Flanagan F, Foley KT. Perspectives on the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Degeneration: The Value Proposition for a Cell-Based Therapy, Immunomodulatory Properties of Discogenic Cells and the Associated Clinical Evaluation Strategy. Front Surg 2020; 7:554382. [PMID: 33392242 PMCID: PMC7772215 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2020.554382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a serious medical condition that affects a large percentage of the population worldwide. One cause of LBP is disc degeneration (DD), which is characterized by progressive breakdown of the disc and an inflamed disc environment. Current treatment options for patients with symptomatic DD are limited and are often unsuccessful, so many patients turn to prescription opioids for pain management in a time when opioid usage, addiction, and drug-related deaths are at an all-time high. In this paper, we discuss the etiology of lumbar DD and currently available treatments, as well as the potential for cell therapy to offer a biologic, non-opioid alternative to patients suffering from the condition. Finally, we present an overview of an investigational cell therapy called IDCT (Injectable Discogenic Cell Therapy), which is currently under evaluation in multiple double-blind clinical trials overseen by major regulatory agencies. The active ingredient in IDCT is a novel allogeneic cell population known as Discogenic Cells. These cells, which are derived from intervertebral disc tissue, have been shown to possess both regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. Cell therapies have unique properties that may ultimately lead to decreased pain and improved function, as well as curb the numbers of patients pursuing opioids. Their efficacy is best assessed in rigorous double-blinded and placebo-controlled clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ionescu Silverman
- DiscGenics Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Will Heaton
- DiscGenics Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kevin T Foley
- DiscGenics Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Semmes-Murphey Clinic, Memphis, TN, United States
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30
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Nakashima D, Fujita N, Hata J, Komaki Y, Suzuki S, Nagura T, Fujiyoshi K, Watanabe K, Tsuji T, Okano H, Jinzaki M, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M. Quantitative analysis of intervertebral disc degeneration using Q-space imaging in a rat model. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:2220-2229. [PMID: 32458477 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The degree of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is qualitatively evaluated on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI). However, it is difficult to assess subtle changes in IVD degeneration using T2WI. Q-space imaging (QSI) is a quantitative diffusion-weighted imaging modality used to detect subtle changes in microenvironments. This study aimed to evaluate whether QSI can detect the inhibitory effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in IVD degeneration. We classified female Wistar rats into control, puncture, and NAC groups (n = 5 per group). In the puncture and NAC groups, IVDs were punctured using a needle. The antioxidant NAC, which suppresses the progression of IVD degeneration, was orally administered in the NAC group 1 week prior to puncture. The progression and inhibitory effect of NAC in IVD degeneration were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): IVD height, T2 mapping, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and QSI. MRI was performed using a 7-Tesla system with a conventional probe (20 IVDs in each group). QSI parameters that were assessed included Kurtosis, the probability at zero displacement (ZDP), and full width at half maximum (FWHM). IVD degeneration by puncture was confirmed by histology, IVD height, T2 mapping, ADC, and all QSI parameters (P < .001); however, the inhibitory effect of NAC was confirmed only by QSI parameters (Kurtosis and ZDP: both P < .001; FWHM: P < .01). Kurtosis had the largest effect size (Kurtosis: 1.13, ZDP: 1.06, and FWHM: 1.02) when puncture and NAC groups were compared. QSI has a higher sensitivity than conventional quantitative methods for detecting the progressive change and inhibitory effect of NAC in IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junichi Hata
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Komaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeo Nagura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Biomechanics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanehiro Fujiyoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Murayama Medical Center, Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Mujawar S, Iyengar K, Nadkarni S, Mulherkar R. Expansion and characterization of cells from surgically removed intervertebral disc fragments in xenogen-free medium. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00091-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Hirase T, Jack RA, Sochacki KR, Harris JD, Weiner BK. Systematic Review: Is Intradiscal Injection of Bone Marrow Concentrate for Lumbar Disc Degeneration Effective? Cureus 2020; 12:e9045. [PMID: 32782864 PMCID: PMC7410505 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies evaluating the outcomes of an intradiscal injection of bone marrow concentrate (BMC) for lumbar disc degeneration are limited. The purpose of this review was to determine if an intradiscal injection of BMC for lumbar disc degeneration results in a statistically significant improvement in clinical outcomes. A systematic review was performed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Levels I-IV investigations of intradiscal BMC injections in symptomatic lumbar disc degeneration were included in the analysis. Modified Coleman Methodology Scores (MCMS) were used to analyze study methodological quality. Only outcome measurements used by more than 50% of included studies, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months, were eligible for final data analysis. Pre-injection and post-injection visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were compared using two-sample Z-tests. Seven articles (97 subjects (47 males, 38 females, 12 unspecified), mean age 33.9 ± 14.3 years, mean follow-up 44.4 ± 25.4 months) were analyzed. Six articles were level IV evidence and one article was level II. Mean MCMS was 56.6 ± 9.1. All subjects received single injections into the nucleus pulposus of one or more affected discs. VAS (66.0 mm to 20.9 mm; p<0.001) and ODI (44.4 to 19.1; p<0.001) significantly improved following the intradiscal BMC injection. One patient (1.0%) experienced herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) following treatment. No other complications or re-injections were reported. In conclusion, despite our skepticism regarding the efficacy of the procedure, intradiscal injection of BMC for lumbar disc degeneration resulted in statistically significant improvement in VAS and ODI with low re-injection and complication rates in the studies assessed. Given that this study is limited to level IV evidence, the findings suggest that further randomized controlled studies may be worthwhile to evaluate the true efficacy of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirase
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Robert A Jack
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Kyle R Sochacki
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Joshua D Harris
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Bradley K Weiner
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
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33
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Ramos O, Speirs JN, Danisa O. Lumbar Discitis and Osteomyelitis After a Spinal Stem Cell Injection?: A Case Report and Literature Review. JBJS Case Connect 2020; 10:e1900636. [PMID: 32773702 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.19.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CASE A 32-year-old man developed lumbar discitis and osteomyelitis after receiving a cell-based injection for the treatment of degenerative disc disease. Initial cultures were negative, but he continued to worsen, and a repeat set of cultures was taken. On day 10, Cutibacterium acnes was isolated. He was then successfully treated with 12 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS There is minimal regulation on the preparation or administration of cell-based interventions. It is important to consider slow growing organisms such as C. acnes in patients presenting with spinal infection with insidious onset after these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ramos
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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34
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Review article. OBJECTIVE A review of the literature on current strategies utilized in intervertebral regeneration and repair efforts. METHODS A review of the literature and analysis of the data to provide an updated review on current concepts of intervertebral disc repair and regeneration efforts. RESULTS Multiple regenerative strategies for intervertebral disc regeneration are being employed to reduce pain and improve quality of life. Current promising strategies include molecular therapy, gene therapy, cell-based therapy, and augmentation with biomaterials. Multiple clinical trials studying biologic, cell-based, and scaffold-based injectable therapies are currently being investigated. CONCLUSION Low back pain due to intervertebral disc disease represents a significant health and societal burden. Current promising strategies include molecular therapy, gene therapy, cell-based therapy, and augmentation with biomaterials. To date, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved intradiscal therapies for discogenic back pain, and there are no large randomized trials that have shown clinically significant improvement with any investigational regenerative treatment. Multiple clinical trials studying biologic, cell-based, or scaffold-based injectable therapies are being currently investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek G. Ju
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Hyun W. Bae
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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35
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Volleman TNE, Schol J, Morita K, Sakai D, Watanabe M. Wnt3a and wnt5a as Potential Chondrogenic Stimulators for Nucleus Pulposus Cell Induction: A Comprehensive Review. Neurospine 2020; 17:19-35. [PMID: 32252152 PMCID: PMC7136098 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2040040.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain remains a highly prevalent pathology engendering a tremendous socioeconomic burden. Low back pain is generally associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, a process involving the deterioration of nucleus pulpous (NP) cells and IVD matrix. Scientific interest has directed efforts to restoring cell numbers as a strategy to enable IVD regeneration. Currently, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being explored as cell therapy agents, due to their easy accessibility and differentiation potential. For enhancement of MSCs, growth factor supplementation is commonly applied to induce differentiation towards a chondrogenic (NP) cell phenotype. The wnt signaling pathways play a crucial role in chondrogenesis, nonetheless, literature appears to present controversies with regard to wnt3a and wnt5a for the induction of NP cells, chondrocytes, and MSCs. This review aims to summarize the reporting on wnt3a/wnt5a mediated NP cell differentiation, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in wnt3a and wnt5a mediated chondrogenesis for potential application as cell therapy supplements for IVD regeneration. Our review suggests that wnt3a, subsequently replaced with a chondrogenic stimulating growth factor, can enhance the chondrogenic potential of MSCs in vitro. Contrariwise, wnt5a is suggested to play a role in maintaining cell potency of differentiated NP or chondrogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo Nico Emmie Volleman
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jordy Schol
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Morita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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36
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Intervertebral Disc Diseases PART 2: A Review of the Current Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Intervertebral Disc Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062135. [PMID: 32244936 PMCID: PMC7139690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With an aging population, there is a proportional increase in the prevalence of intervertebral disc diseases. Intervertebral disc diseases are the leading cause of lower back pain and disability. With a high prevalence of asymptomatic intervertebral disc diseases, there is a need for accurate diagnosis, which is key to management. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical manifestation aids in understanding the natural history of these conditions. Recent developments in radiological and biomarker investigations have potential to provide noninvasive alternatives to the gold standard, invasive discogram. There is a large volume of literature on the management of intervertebral disc diseases, which we categorized into five headings: (a) Relief of pain by conservative management, (b) restorative treatment by molecular therapy, (c) reconstructive treatment by percutaneous intervertebral disc techniques, (d) relieving compression and replacement surgery, and (e) rigid fusion surgery. This review article aims to provide an overview on various current diagnostic and treatment options and discuss the interplay between each arms of these scientific and treatment advancements, hence providing an outlook of their potential future developments and collaborations in the management of intervertebral disc diseases.
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Nakamichi R, Asahara H. The transcription factors regulating intervertebral disc development. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1081. [PMID: 32211592 PMCID: PMC7084052 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the intervertebral discs (IVDs) occurs due to aging or excessive mechanical stress, causing a series of IVD-related degenerative diseases, such as spinal disc herniation and spondylosis. These IVD-related diseases are difficult to cure, partially because the regeneration ability of IVDs is not sufficient. As a novel strategy for treatment of IVD-related diseases, mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to the damaged discs has been reported in animal studies. To further develop and improve this approach, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the molecular network regulating IVD development by critical transcription factors. Recent findings reveal that during IVD development, nucleus pulposus and annuls fibrosus differentiation is coordinated by a series of transcription factors, such as Mkx, Pax1, 9, Shh, Foxa1, 2, T-Brachyury, and Sox5, 6, 9. The combination of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation with the regulation of these molecules may provide a novel strategy for treatment of degenerative disc diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakamichi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Molecular and Experimental MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
- Department of Systems BiomedicineTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
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Desai MJ, Mansfield JT, Robinson DM, Miller BC, Borg-Stein J. Regenerative Medicine for Axial and Radicular Spine-Related Pain: A Narrative Review. Pain Pract 2020; 20:437-453. [PMID: 31869517 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regenerative injection-based therapy has established itself as a therapeutic option for the management of a variety of painful musculoskeletal conditions. The aim of this work was to review the current literature regarding regenerative injection therapy for axial/radicular spine pain. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted on the use of regenerative medicine for axial/radicular spine pain. Eligible articles analyzed the therapeutic injection effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), prolotherapy, or mesenchymal signaling cells (MSCs) via intradiscal, facet joint, epidural, or sacroiliac joint delivery. RESULTS Regarding intradiscal PRP, there are level I/IV studies supporting its use. Regarding intradiscal prolotherapy, there are level III to IV studies supporting its use. Regarding intradiscal MSCs, there are level I/IV studies supporting its use with the exception of one level IV study that found no significant improvement at 12 months. Regarding facet joint injections with PRP, there are level I/IV studies supporting its use. Regarding facet joint injections with prolotherapy, there are level IV studies supporting its use, though the one level I study did not demonstrate any statistical significance supporting its use. Regarding epidural injections with PRP, there are level I/IV studies supporting its use. Regarding epidural injections with prolotherapy, there are level IV studies supporting its use, though the one level I study did not demonstrate statistical significance beyond 48 hours. Regarding sacroiliac joint injections with PRP, there are level I/IV studies supporting its use. Regarding sacroiliac joint injections with prolotherapy, there are level I/III studies supporting its use. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there are level I studies to support the use of PRP and MSC injections for discogenic pain; facet joint injections with PRP; epidural injections of autologous conditioned serum and epidural prolotherapy; and PRP and prolotherapy for sacroiliac joint pain. One level I study showed that facet joint prolotherapy has no significant benefit. Notably, no intervention has multiple published level I studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul J Desai
- International Spine, Pain & Performance Center, Washington, DC, U.S.A.,George Washington University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.,Division of Pain Medicine, Virginia Hospital Center, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - John Taylor Mansfield
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - David M Robinson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin C Miller
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Joanne Borg-Stein
- Division of Sports and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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Silverman LI, Dulatova G, Tandeski T, Erickson IE, Lundell B, Toplon D, Wolff T, Howard A, Chintalacharuvu S, Foley KT. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of discogenic cells, an investigational cell therapy for disc degeneration. Spine J 2020; 20:138-149. [PMID: 31442616 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/CONTEXT Disc degeneration (DD) is a significant driver of low back pain and few treatments exist to treat the pain and disability associated with the disease. PURPOSE Our group has developed a method to generate therapeutic discogenic cells as a potential treatment for symptomatic DD. These cells are derived and modified from adult nucleus pulposus cells. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics, mode of action, and in vivo efficacy and safety of these cells prior to human clinical testing. STUDY DESIGN Privately funded in vitro studies and in vivo preclinical models were used in this study. METHODS Discogenic cells generated from different adult human donors were evaluated for surface marker expression profile, matrix deposition and tumorigenic potential. Discogenic cells were then injected subcutaneously into nude mice to assess cell survival and possible extracellular matrix production in vivo. Finally, a rabbit model of DD was used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of discogenic cells after disc injury. RESULTS We found that discogenic cells have a consistent surface marker profile, are multipotent for mesenchymal lineages, and produce extracellular matrix consisting of aggrecan, collagen 1 and collagen 2. Cells did not show abnormal karyotype after culturing and did not form tumor-like aggregates in soft agar. After subcutaneous implantation in a nude mouse model, the human discogenic cells were found to have generated regions rich with extracellular matrix over the course of 4 months, with no signs of tumorigenicity. Intradiscal injection of human discogenic cells in a rabbit model of DD caused an increase in disc height and improvement of tissue architecture relative to control discs or injection of vehicle alone (no cells) with no signs of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that intradiscal injection of discogenic cells may be a viable treatment for human degenerative disc disease. The cells produce extracellular matrix that may rebuild the depleting tissue within degenerating discs. Also, the cells do not pose any significant safety concerns. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Human clinical testing of discogenic cells combined with a sodium hyaluronate carrier is ongoing in multiple randomized, controlled, double-blinded studies in the United States (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03347708) and Japan (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03955315).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ionescu Silverman
- DiscGenics, Inc, 5940 W Harold Gatty Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Galina Dulatova
- DiscGenics, Inc, 5940 W Harold Gatty Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA
| | - Terry Tandeski
- DiscGenics, Inc, 5940 W Harold Gatty Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA
| | - Isaac E Erickson
- DiscGenics, Inc, 5940 W Harold Gatty Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA
| | | | - David Toplon
- WuXi AppTec, 2540 Executive Drive, St. Paul, MN 55120, USA
| | - Tricia Wolff
- Covance Laboratories, 671 S. Meridian Rd, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | - Antwain Howard
- Covance Laboratories, 671 S. Meridian Rd, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | | | - Kevin T Foley
- DiscGenics, Inc, 5940 W Harold Gatty Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Semmes-Murphey Clinic, 6325 Humphreys Blvd, Memphis, TN, USA
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Yang SH, Hu MH, Wu CC, Chen CW, Sun YH, Yang KC. CD24 expression indicates healthier phenotype and less tendency of cellular senescence in human nucleus pulposus cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:3021-3028. [PMID: 31334674 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1642205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of specific cell markers is crucial for recognizing functionally healthy nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of CD24 expression in adult human NP cells. Cells were retrieved from NP tissues of 20 patients (aged 17-44) operated on for lumbar disc herniation. Based on CD24 expression, NP cells were separated by sorting and then used to examine phenotypic behavior, the effects of culture conditions and cellular senescence pathway related proteins. CD24 expression was positive in 35.5 ± 3.7% (range 9.1-65.2%) of NP cells. Consistently, normoxic expansion and serial passages in monolayers decreased percentage positivity for CD24 in NP cells. CD24- NP cells showed a markedly decreased GSK-3β activity and increased mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation accompanying by an increased β-catenin expression. Higher levels of matrix metalloproteinases, as well as lower levels of ACAN and COL2 in CD24- cells, indicated the breakdown and reduced the formation of key extracellular matrix components. CD24+ NP cells presented a more favorable phenotype while CD24- cells showed a more prominent cellular senescence fate. CD24 in NP cells may be a surrogate marker of healthy cells, in the cell-based therapeutic treatment of degenerative disc disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Yang
- a Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiao Hu
- a Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chin Wu
- a Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- a Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hui Sun
- a Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yang
- b Department of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
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Barakat AH, Elwell VA, Lam KS. Stem cell therapy in discogenic back pain. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY (HONG KONG) 2019; 5:561-583. [PMID: 32043007 PMCID: PMC6989932 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2019.09.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low back pain has both substantial social and economic impacts on patients and healthcare budgets. Adding to the magnitude of the problem is the difficulty in identifying the exact causes of disc degeneration with modern day diagnostic and imaging techniques. With that said, current non-operative and surgical treatment modalities for discogenic low back pain fails to meet the expectations in many patients and hence the challenge. The objective for newly emerging stem cell regenerative therapy is to treat degenerative disc disease (DDD) by restoring the disc's cellularity and modulating the inflammatory response. Appropriate patient selection is crucial for the success of stem cell therapy. Regenerative modalities for discogenic pain currently focus on the use of either primary cells harvested from the intervertebral discs or stem cells from other sources whether autogenic or allogenic. The microenvironment in which stem cells are being cultured has been recognized to play a crucial role in directing or maintaining the production of the desired phenotypes and may enhance their regenerative potential. This has led to a more specific focus on innovating more effective culturing techniques, delivery vehicles and scaffolds for stem cell application. Although stem cell therapy might offer an attractive alternative treatment option, more clinical studies are still needed to establish on the safety and feasibility of such therapy. In this literature review, we aim to present the most recent in vivo and in vitro studies related to the use of stem cell therapy in the treatment of discogenic low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Barakat
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Vivian A. Elwell
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
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The Effectiveness and Safety of Percutaneous Platelet-Rich Plasma and Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate for the Treatment of Suspected Discogenic Low Back Pain: a Comprehensive Review. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-019-00243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Aoun SG, Peinado Reyes V, El Ahmadieh TY, Davies M, Patel AR, Ban VS, Plitt A, El Tecle NE, Moreno JR, Raisanen J, Bagley CA. Stem cell injections for axial back pain: a systematic review of associated risks and complications with a case illustration of diffuse hyperplastic gliosis resulting in cauda equina syndrome. J Neurosurg Spine 2019; 31:906-913. [PMID: 31491761 DOI: 10.3171/2019.6.spine19594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Axial low-back pain is a disease of epidemic proportions that exerts a heavy global toll on the active workforce and results in more than half a trillion dollars in annual costs. Stem cell injections are being increasingly advertised as a restorative solution for various degenerative diseases and are becoming more affordable and attainable by the public. There have been multiple reports in the media of these injections being easily available abroad outside of clinical trials, but scientific evidence supporting them remains scarce. The authors present a case of a serious complication after a stem cell injection for back pain and provide a systematic review of the literature of the efficacy of this treatment as well as the associated risks and complications. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed using the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus online electronic databases to identify articles reporting stem cell injections for axial back pain in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The primary focus was on outcomes and complications. A case of glial hyperplasia of the roots of the cauda equina directly related to stem cell injections performed abroad is also reported. RESULTS The authors identified 14 publications (including a total of 147 patients) that met the search criteria. Three of the articles presented data for the same patient population with different durations of follow-up and were thus analyzed as a single study, reducing the total number of studies to 12. In these 12 studies, follow-up periods ranged from 6 months to 6 years, with 50% having a follow-up period of 1 year or less. Most studies reported favorable outcomes, although 36% used subjective measures. There was a tendency for pain relief to wane after 6 months to 2 years, with patients seeking a surgical solution. Only 1 study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT). CONCLUSIONS There are still insufficient data to support stem cell injections for back pain. Additional RCTs with long-term follow-up are necessary before statements can be made regarding the efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Najib E El Tecle
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Saint Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Jack Raisanen
- 3Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
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Nukaga T, Sakai D, Schol J, Suyama K, Nakai T, Hiyama A, Watanabe M. Minimal Sustainability of Dedifferentiation by ROCK Inhibitor on Rat Nucleus Pulposus Cells In Vitro. Spine Surg Relat Res 2019; 3:385-391. [PMID: 31768460 PMCID: PMC6834460 DOI: 10.22603/ssrr.2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intervertebral disc degeneration is strongly associated with low back pain. Cell transplantation has been extensively studied as a treatment option for intervertebral disc degeneration. It is often necessary to perform cell culture prior to cell transplantation; however, during cell expansion, the cells tend to dedifferentiate and lose their potency. Although the ability to suppress dedifferentiation by ROCK inhibitor (ROCKi) has recently been reported for chondrocytes, its effects on nucleus pulposus cells are still largely unknown. Methods Rat nucleus pulposus cells were cultured with or without the addition of ROCKi (Y-27632), and cell proliferation; CD24 positivity; expression of SOX9, COL2A1, Aggrecan, and COL1A1; and cell redifferentiation ability in pellet culture were evaluated. Results Although the addition of ROCKi tended to slightly increase the cell proliferative capacity, no significant differences were observed between treated and untreated conditions. The addition of ROCKi showed a trend of minimally increased COL2A1, ACAN, and SOX9 expression. Increases in COL1A1 expression was slightly suppressed by ROCKi. In pellet culture, strong increase in type II collagen deposition was observed by the addition of ROCKi. The addition of ROCKi did not significantly change the levels of CD24 positivity. The supplementation of ROCKi did not significantly enhance nucleus pulposus cell marker expression during monolayer expansion. However, ROCKi addition did result in an increased type II collagen deposition in 3D pellet culture. Conclusions Taken together, the results suggest a minimal effect by ROCKi on nucleus pulposus cell phenotype maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nukaga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Jordy Schol
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kaori Suyama
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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Urits I, Capuco A, Sharma M, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Cornett EM, Orhurhu V. Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019; 23:65. [PMID: 31359164 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-019-0804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Discogenic low back pain (DLBP) stems from pathology in one or more intervertebral discs identified as the root cause of the pain. It is the most common type of chronic low back pain (LBP), representing 26-42% of attributable cases. RECENT FINDINGS The clinical presentation of DLBP includes increased pain when sitting, coughing, or sneezing, and experiencing relief when standing or ambulating. Dermatomal radiation of pain to the lower extremity and neurological symptoms including numbness, motor weakness, and urinary or fecal incontinence are signs of advanced disease with disc prolapse, nerve root compression, or spinal stenosis. Degenerative disc disease is caused by both a decrease in disc nutrient supply causing decreased oxygen, lowered pH, and lessened ability of the intervertebral disc (IVD) to respond to increased load or injury; moreover, changes in the extracellular matrix composition cause weakening of the tissue and skewing the extracellular matrix's (ECM) harmonious balance between catabolic and anabolic factors for cell turnover in favor of catabolism. Thus, the degeneration of the disc causes a shift from type II to type I collagen expression by NP cells and a decrease in aggrecan synthesis leads to dehydrated matrix cells ultimately with loss of swelling pressure needed for mechanical support. Cell-based therapies such as autologous nucleus pulposus cell re-implantation have in animal models and human trials shown improvements in LBP score, retention of hydration in IVD, and increased disc height. Percutaneously delivered multipotent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been proposed as a potential means to uniquely ameliorate discogenic LBP holistically through three mechanisms: mitigation of primary nociceptive disc pain, slow or reversal of the catabolic metabolism, and restoration of disc tissue. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into cells of all three germ layers in vitro, but their use is hindered related to ethical concerns, potential for immune rejection after transplantation, disease, and teratoma formation. Another similar approach to treating back pain is transplantation of the nucleus pulposus, which, like stem cell therapy, seeks to address the underlying cause of intervertebral disc degeneration by aiming to reverse the destructive inflammatory process and regenerate the proteoglycans and collagen found in healthy disc tissue. Preliminary animal models and clinical studies have shown mesenchymal stem cell implantation as a potential therapy for IVD regeneration and ECM restoration via a shift towards favorable anabolic balance and reduction of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Urits
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | | | - Medha Sharma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Vwaire Orhurhu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Henriksson HB, Papadimitriou N, Hingert D, Baranto A, Lindahl A, Brisby H. The Traceability of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells After Injection Into Degenerated Discs in Patients with Low Back Pain. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1203-1211. [PMID: 31237488 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a major health issue and one main cause to this condition is believed to be intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Stem cell therapy for degenerated discs using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been suggested. The aim of the study was to investigate the presence and distribution pattern of autologous MSCs transplanted into degenerated IVDs in patients and explanted posttransplantation. IVD tissues from four patients (41, 45, 47, and 47 years of age) participating in a clinical feasibility study on MSC transplantation to degenerative discs were investigated. Three patients decided to undergo fusion surgery at time points 8 months and one patient at 28 months posttransplantation. Pretransplantation, MSCs from bone marrow aspirate were isolated by centrifugation in FICOLL® test tubes and cultured (passage 1). Before transplantation, MSCs were labeled with 1 mg/mL iron sucrose (Venofer®) and 1 × 106 MSCs were transplanted into degenerated IVDs. At the time point of surgery, IVD tissues were collected. IVD tissue samples were fixated, embedded in paraffin, and sections prepared. IVD samples were stained with Prussian Blue, by which iron deposits are visualized and examined (light microscopy). Immunohistochemistry (IHC), including SOX9 (sex determining region Y box 9), Coll2A1 (collagen 2A1), and cell viability (TUNEL) were performed. Cells positive for iron deposits were observed in IVD tissues (3/4 patients). The cells/iron deposits were observed in clusters and/or as solitary cells in regions in IVD tissue samples [regions of interest (ROIs)]. By IHC, SOX9- and Coll2A1-positive cells were detected in the same regions as the detected cells/iron deposits. A few nonviable cells were detected by TUNEL assay in ROIs. Results demonstrated that MSCs, labeled with iron sucrose, transplanted into degenerated IVDs were detectable 8 months posttransplantation. The detected cellular activity indicates that MSCs have differentiated into chondrocyte-like cells and that the injected MSCs and/or their progeny have survived since the cells were found in large cluster and as solitary cells which were distributed at different parts of the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Barreto Henriksson
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Papadimitriou
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daphne Hingert
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adad Baranto
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Brisby
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Nukaga T, Sakai D, Schol J, Sato M, Watanabe M. Annulus fibrosus cell sheets limit disc degeneration in a rat annulus fibrosus injury model. JOR Spine 2019; 2:e1050. [PMID: 31463464 PMCID: PMC6686811 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, studies have explored novel approaches for cell transplantation to enable annulus fibrosus (AF) regeneration of the intervertebral disc in particular for lumbar disc herniation. Nevertheless, successful engraftment of cells is structurally challenging, and no definitive method has yet been established. This study investigated the potential of cell sheet technology to facilitate cell engraftment for AF repair. AF injury was induced by a 1 × 1 mm defect in rat tails after which AF cell sheets were transplanted. Its regenerative effects were compared to a nondegenerated and degeneration only conditions. Degenerative changes of the entire intervertebral disc were examined by disc height measurements, histology, and immunohistochemistry for 4-, 8-, and 12-weeks post-transplantation. Cell engraftment was confirmed by tracing PKH26 fluorescent dyed AF cells. In the transplant group, disc degeneration was significantly suppressed after 4, 8, and 12 weeks when compared with the degenerative group, as indicated by histological scoring and DHI observations. At 2 and 4 weeks after transplant, PKH26 positive cells could be detected in defect region and surrounding AF. The results suggest cell engraftment into AF tissue could be established by the cell sheet technology without additional scaffolding or adhesives. In short, AF cell sheets appear to be an effective and accessible tool for AF repair and to support intervertebral disc regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nukaga
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryTokai University School of MedicineIseharaKanagawaJapan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryTokai University School of MedicineIseharaKanagawaJapan
| | - Jordy Schol
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryTokai University School of MedicineIseharaKanagawaJapan
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryTokai University School of MedicineIseharaKanagawaJapan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryTokai University School of MedicineIseharaKanagawaJapan
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Clouet J, Fusellier M, Camus A, Le Visage C, Guicheux J. Intervertebral disc regeneration: From cell therapy to the development of novel bioinspired endogenous repair strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:306-324. [PMID: 29705378 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP), frequently associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, is a major public health concern. LBP is currently managed by pharmacological treatments and, if unsuccessful, by invasive surgical procedures, which do not counteract the degenerative process. Considering that IVD cell depletion is critical in the degenerative process, the supplementation of IVD with reparative cells, associated or not with biomaterials, has been contemplated. Recently, the discovery of reparative stem/progenitor cells in the IVD has led to increased interest in the potential of endogenous repair strategies. Recruitment of these cells by specific signals might constitute an alternative strategy to cell transplantation. Here, we review the status of cell-based therapies for treating IVD degeneration and emphasize the current concept of endogenous repair as well as future perspectives. This review also highlights the challenges of the mobilization/differentiation of reparative progenitor cells through the delivery of biologics factors to stimulate IVD regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Clouet
- INSERM, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes F-44042, France; CHU Nantes, Pharmacie Centrale, PHU 11, Nantes F-44093, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France
| | - Marion Fusellier
- INSERM, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes F-44042, France; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, CRIP, National Veterinary School (ONIRIS), Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Anne Camus
- INSERM, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes F-44042, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France
| | - Catherine Le Visage
- INSERM, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes F-44042, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- INSERM, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes F-44042, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France; CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, F-44093, France.
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Lin CY, Crowley ST, Uchida S, Komaki Y, Kataoka K, Itaka K. Treatment of Intervertebral Disk Disease by the Administration of mRNA Encoding a Cartilage-Anabolic Transcription Factor. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:162-171. [PMID: 30889482 PMCID: PMC6424144 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration is often associated with severity of lower back pain. IVD core is an avascular, highly hydrated tissue composed of type II collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans. The disk degeneration is not only a destruction of IVD structure but also is related to a disorder of the turnover of the disk matrix, leading the jelly-like IVD core to be replaced by fibrous components. Here we present a disease-modifying strategy for IVD degenerative diseases by direct regulation of the cells in the IVD using mRNA medicine, to alter the misbalanced homeostasis during disk degeneration. When mRNA encoding a cartilage-anabolic transcription factor, runt-related transcription factor-1, was administered to a rat model of coccygeal disk degeneration using a polyplex nanomicelle composed of polyethylene glycol-polyamino acid block copolymers and mRNA, the disk height was maintained to a significantly higher extent (≈81%) compared to saline control (69%), with prevention of fibrosis in the disk tissue. In addition, the use of nanomicelles effectively prevented inflammation, which was observed by injection of naked mRNA into the disk. This proof-of-concept study revealed that mRNA medicine has a potential for treating IVD degenerative diseases by introducing a cartilage-anabolic factor into the host cells, proposing a new therapeutic strategy using mRNA medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yu Lin
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Samuel Thomas Crowley
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuji Komaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keiji Itaka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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