Proteomic Analysis and Molecular Characterization of Airborne Bioaerosols in Indoor and Outdoor Environment in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia

A, Brunner-Mendoza C, Guerrero-Guerra C. C, Sanchez-Flores A, Salinas-Peralta I, López Jacome LE, Colín Castro C. CA, Martínez Zavaleta MG. Assessment of airborne bacteria from a public health institution in Mexico City

In this work, the composition of the bacterial community in the air of a hospital in Mexico City was evaluated using metabarcoding and proteomics approaches, along with the assessment of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and suspended particles. Two types of aerobiological samplers were used: Andersen One-Stage Viable Particle Sampler (AVPS) and Coriolis μ sampler (CμS-Sampler). Sampling was performed in four areas of the hospital: Floor 1 (F1), Floor 2 (F2), and Emergency Unit (EU), as well as outdoors (OH). The use of both samplers showed variations in diversity and composition. Bacterial abundance was 89.55% with the CμS-Sampler and 74.00% with the AVPS. The predominant phyla with the AVPS were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, while with the CμS-Sampler, the main phyla were Proteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The highest diversity and richness of bacteria was recorded in F1 and F2, with 32 species identified, with a greater number within the hospital. Potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus spp., B. cereus, B. pumilus, Clostridium spp., Enterococcus gallinarum, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus spp. were detected. Furthermore, a high concentration of particles between 2.5 μm and 10 μm, and Total Particulate Matter (TPM) was observed, with values of TPM, 303 μg/m3 in F1, 195 μg/m3 in F2, 235 μg/m3 in EU and 188 μg/m3 in OH. Temperatures averaged between 26 and 27°C, and relative humidity ranged between 39.8 and 43.5%. These environmental conditions and particulate matter can promote bacterial growth and their dispersion in the air, constituting a continuous risk of exposure to pathogens, mainly in indoor areas of the hospital. This study provides a framework for air monitoring, where the results of different samplers complement the detection of potential pathogens.

Application of MALDI-TOF MS for identification of environmental bacteria: A review

Bacteria play a variety of roles in the environment. They maintain the balance in the ecosystem and provide different ecosystem services such as in biogeochemical cycling of nutrients, biodegradation of toxic pollutants, and others. Therefore, isolation and identification of different environmental bacteria are important to most environmental research. Due to the high cost and time associated with the conventional molecular techniques, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has gained considerable attention for routine identification of bacteria. This review aims to provide an overview of the application of MALDI-TOF MS in various environmental studies through bibliometric analysis and literature review. The bibliometric analysis helped to understand the time-variable application of MALDI-TOF MS in various environmental studies. The categorical literature review covers various environmental studies comprising areas like ecology, food microbiology, environmental biotechnology, agriculture, and plant sciences, which show the application of the technique for identification and characterization of pollutant-degrading, plant-associated, disease-causing, soil-beneficial, and other environmental bacteria. Further research should focus on bridging the gap between the phylogenetic identity of bacteria and their specific environmental functions or metabolic traits that can help in rapid advancements in environmental research, thereby, improving time and cost savings.