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Antonelli G, Cappelli L, Cinelli P, Cuffaro R, Manca B, Nicchi S, Tondi S, Vezzani G, Viviani V, Delany I, Scarselli M, Schiavetti F. Strategies to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance: The Example of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4943. [PMID: 34066555 PMCID: PMC8125385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional antimicrobial treatments consist of drugs which target different essential functions in pathogens. Nevertheless, bacteria continue to evolve new mechanisms to evade this drug-mediated killing with surprising speed on the deployment of each new drug and antibiotic worldwide, a phenomenon called antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Nowadays, AMR represents a critical health threat, for which new medical interventions are urgently needed. By 2050, it is estimated that the leading cause of death will be through untreatable AMR pathogens. Although antibiotics remain a first-line treatment, non-antibiotic therapies such as prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are increasingly interesting alternatives to limit the spread of such antibiotic resistant microorganisms. For the discovery of new vaccines and mAbs, the search for effective antigens that are able to raise protective immune responses is a challenging undertaking. In this context, outer membrane vesicles (OMV) represent a promising approach, as they recapitulate the complete antigen repertoire that occurs on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria. In this review, we present Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as specific examples of key AMR threats caused by Gram-negative bacteria and we discuss the current status of mAbs and vaccine approaches under development as well as how knowledge on OMV could benefit antigen discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Antonelli
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigia Cappelli
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossella Cuffaro
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Benedetta Manca
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sonia Nicchi
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Tondi
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Vezzani
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Viola Viviani
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabel Delany
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
| | - Maria Scarselli
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
| | - Francesca Schiavetti
- GSK Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (L.C.); (P.C.); (R.C.); (B.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (G.V.); (V.V.); (I.D.)
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