1
|
Nogueira TAC, Kaefer IL, Sartim MA, Pucca MB, Sachett J, Barros AL, Júnior MBA, Baía-da-Silva DC, Bernarde PS, Koolen HHF, Monteiro WM. The Amazonian kambô frog Phyllomedusa bicolor (Amphibia: Phyllomedusidae): Current knowledge on biology, phylogeography, toxinology, ethnopharmacology and medical aspects. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:997318. [PMID: 36278168 PMCID: PMC9582840 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.997318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllomedusa bicolor (Phyllomedusidae), popularly known as the kambô in Brazil, is a tree frog that is widely distributed in South American countries and is known for producing a skin secretion that is rich in bioactive peptides, which are often used in indigenous rituals. The biological effects of the skin secretion were observed in the first studies with indigenous communities. Over the last six decades, researchers have been studying the chemical composition in detail, as well as the potential pharmacological applications of its constituents. For this reason, indigenous communities and health agents fear the misuse of the kambô, or the inappropriate use of the species, which can result in health complications or even death of users. This article seeks to provide a transdisciplinary review that integrates knowledge regarding the biology of P. bicolor, ethnoknowledge about the ritual of the kambô, and the chemistry and pharmacology of the skin secretion of this species, in addition to medical aspects of the indiscriminate use of the kambô. Furthermore, this review seeks to shed light on perspectives on the future of research related to the kambô.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais A. C. Nogueira
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Igor Luis Kaefer
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Igor Luis Kaefer, ; Wuelton M. Monteiro,
| | - Marco A. Sartim
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - André L. Barros
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Moysés B. A. Júnior
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Djane C. Baía-da-Silva
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Hector H. F. Koolen
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Igor Luis Kaefer, ; Wuelton M. Monteiro,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Drinkwater E, Allen WL, Endler JA, Hanlon RT, Holmes G, Homziak NT, Kang C, Leavell BC, Lehtonen J, Loeffler‐Henry K, Ratcliffe JM, Rowe C, Ruxton GD, Sherratt TN, Skelhorn J, Skojec C, Smart HR, White TE, Yack JE, Young CM, Umbers KDL. A synthesis of deimatic behaviour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:2237-2267. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Drinkwater
- Department of Animal Science Writtle University College Writtle Chelmsford CM1 3RR UK
| | - William L. Allen
- Department of Biosciences Swansea University Sketty Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - John A. Endler
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences Deakin University Waurn Ponds VIC 3216 Australia
| | | | - Grace Holmes
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK
| | - Nicholas T. Homziak
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Changku Kang
- Department of Biosciences Mokpo National University Muan Jeollanamdo 58554 South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea
- Department of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Brian C. Leavell
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä 40014 Finland
| | | | - John M. Ratcliffe
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Candy Rowe
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK
| | - Graeme D. Ruxton
- School of Biology University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9TH UK
| | - Tom N. Sherratt
- Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - John Skelhorn
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK
| | - Chelsea Skojec
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Hannah R. Smart
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Thomas E. White
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jayne E. Yack
- Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | | | - Kate D. L. Umbers
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
- School of Science Western Sydney University Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antoniazzi MM, Mailho-Fontana PL, Nomura F, Azevedo HB, Pimenta DC, Sciani JM, Carvalho FR, Rossa-Feres DC, Jared C. Reproductive behaviour, cutaneous morphology, and skin secretion analysis in the anuran Dermatonotus muelleri. iScience 2022; 25:104073. [PMID: 35372815 PMCID: PMC8968045 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the common poison and mucous glands, some amphibian groups have differentiated glands associated with reproduction and usually present on the male ventral surface. Known as breeding glands or sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs), they are related to intraspecific chemical communication during mating. Until recently, reproduction associated with skin glands was recognized only in salamanders and caecilians and remained unexplored among anurans. The Brazilian microhylid Dermatonotus muelleri (Muller's termite frog) is known for its very toxic skin secretion. Despite the slippery body, the male adheres to the female back during reproduction, as they have differentiated ventral glands. In this paper, we have gathered data proposing an integrative approach correlated with the species' biology and biochemical properties of their skin secretions. Furthermore, we suggest that the adhesion phenomenon is related to arm shortening and rounded body that make amplexus inefficient, although constituting important adaptive factors to life underground. Dermatonotus muelleri mating involves peculiar male adherence to the female’s back Adhesion phenomenon is possibly related to arm shortening and round-shaped body Differentiated adhesive glands are distributed in the male’s anterior ventral skin Male skin secretion contains compounds related to the adhesive properties
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fausto Nomura
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Denise Cerqueira Rossa-Feres
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Jared
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An Evaluation of Immersive and Handling Methods for Collecting Salamander Skin Peptides. J HERPETOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1670/20-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
5
|
Cox CL, Chung AK, Blackwell C, Davis MM, Gulsby M, Islam H, Miller N, Lambert C, Lewis O, Rector IV, Walsh M, Yamamoto AD, Davis Rabosky AR. Tactile stimuli induce deimatic antipredator displays in ringneck snakes. Ethology 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian L. Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL USA
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Albert K. Chung
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
| | | | - Maura M. Davis
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Miranda Gulsby
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- Department of Biology Kennesaw State University Kennesaw GA USA
| | - Hasib Islam
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Nathan Miller
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- James Madison University Harrisonburg VA USA
| | - Carson Lambert
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Olivia Lewis
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Ian V. Rector
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Marleigh Walsh
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Alannah D. Yamamoto
- Mountain Lake Biological Station University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferraro DP, Pereyra MO, Topa PE, Faivovich J. Evolution of macroglands and defensive mechanisms in Leiuperinae (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Anurans show a wide variety of anti-predator mechanisms, and the species of the Neotropical clade Leiuperinae display several of them. Most species of Edalorhina, Physalaemus and Pleurodema show eyespots, hidden bright colours, macroglands in a inguinal/lumbar position, defensive behaviours and/or chemical defence. We conducted a histological analysis of dorsal and lumbar skin and revised the colour patterns, defensive behaviours and glandular secretions to study the diversity and evolution of anti-predator mechanisms associated with macroglands. We describe 17 characters and optimize these in a phylogenetic hypothesis of Leiuperinae. In the most recent common ancestor of Edalorhina + Engystomops + Physalaemus + Pleurodema, a particular type of serous gland (the main component of macroglands) evolved in the lumbar skin, along with the absence of the Eberth–Katschenko layer. A defensive behaviour observed in leiuperines with macroglands includes four displays (‘crouching down’ behaviour, rear elevation, body inflation and eye protection), all present in the same ancestor. The two elements associated with aposematism (hidden bright colours and eyespots) evolved independently in several species. Our results provide phylogenetic evidence for the startle-first hypothesis, which suggests that behavioural displays arise as sudden movements in camouflaged individuals to avoid predatory attacks, before the origin of bright coloration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Paola Ferraro
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Oscar Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva ‘Claudio J. Bidau’, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pascual Emilio Topa
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Székely D, Cogălniceanu D, Székely P, Denoël M. Adult-Juvenile interactions and temporal niche partitioning between life-stages in a tropical amphibian. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238949. [PMID: 32925925 PMCID: PMC7489520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Divergence in ecological niche offers organisms the opportunity of exploiting different food and habitat resources, scaling down competition and predation both among species, and within different age or size-classes of the same species. In harsh environments, where abiotic factors determine a clustering of resources during short timespans, competition and predation between organisms is likely to be enhanced. This is the case in tropical dry forests, where amphibians have limited opportunities to feed, their activity being restricted to the short rainy season. One way to maximize resource exploitation while avoiding predation risk is by adopting different diel activity patterns. We tested this hypothesis by comparing activity patterns in adults and recently metamorphosed juveniles of Pacific horned frogs (Ceratophrys stolzmanni) during field surveys and in an experimental study. Field surveys showed that the adults are strictly nocturnal, whereas freshly metamorphosed juveniles can be found active above ground at all hours, with a peak activity during daytime. The average body condition index of juveniles found active during the night was higher than that of juveniles found active during the day, suggesting that the weaker individuals may be constrained to being active during the day. On the other hand, in a laboratory experiment, juveniles that were visually exposed to adults moved less than those in the absence of adults. Both field and experimental observations indicate a temporal niche divergence between life stages. The results of the experiment offer support to the hypothesis that the juveniles in this species display an inverse activity pattern compared to adults, which can reduce competitive interactions and predation pressure from the larger conspecifics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Székely
- Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos - EcoSs Lab, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University Constanța, Constanța, Romania
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians (LECA), Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dan Cogălniceanu
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University Constanța, Constanța, Romania
- Asociation Chelonia, București, Romania
| | - Paul Székely
- Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos - EcoSs Lab, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
- Asociation Chelonia, București, Romania
- * E-mail:
| | - Mathieu Denoël
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians (LECA), Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ferreira RB, Lourenço-de-Moraes R, Zocca C, Duca C, Beard KH, Brodie ED. Antipredator mechanisms of post-metamorphic anurans: a global database and classification system. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Bae S, Kim D, Sherratt TN, Caro T, Kang C. How size and conspicuousness affect the efficacy of flash coloration. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sangryong Bae
- Department of Biosciences, Mokpo National University, Chenggye-myeon, Muan, Jeollanam-do, South Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Biosciences, Mokpo National University, Chenggye-myeon, Muan, Jeollanam-do, South Korea
| | | | - Tim Caro
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Changku Kang
- Department of Biosciences, Mokpo National University, Chenggye-myeon, Muan, Jeollanam-do, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sachan RK, Kushwaha DS. A Generalized and Robust Anti-Predatory Nature-Inspired Algorithm for Complex Problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED METAHEURISTIC COMPUTING 2019. [DOI: 10.4018/ijamc.2019010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article describes how nature-inspired algorithms (NIAs) have evolved as efficient approaches for addressing the complexities inherent in the optimization of real-world applications. These algorithms are designed to imitate processes in nature that provide some ways of problem solving. Although various nature-inspired algorithms have been proposed by various researchers in the past, a robust and computationally simple NIA is still missing. A novel nature-inspired algorithm that adapts to the anti-predatory behavior of the frog is proposed. The algorithm mimics the self defense mechanism of a frog. Frogs use their reflexes as a means of protecting themselves from the predators. A mathematical formulation of these reflexes forms the core of the proposed approach. The robustness of the proposed algorithm is verified through performance evaluation on sixteen different unconstrained mathematical benchmark functions based on best and worst values as well as mean and standard deviation of the computed results. These functions are representative of different properties and characteristics of the problem domain. The strength and robustness of the proposed algorithm is established through a comparative result analysis with six well-known optimization algorithms, namely: genetic, particle swarm, differential evolution, artificial bee colony, teacher learning and Jaya. The Friedman rank test and the Holm-Sidak test have been used for statistical analysis of obtained results. The proposed algorithm ranks first in the case of mean result and scores second rank in the case of “standard deviation”. This proves the significance of the proposed algorithm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Sachan
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee-Jenkins SSY, Robinson SA. Effects of neonicotinoids on putative escape behavior of juvenile wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) chronically exposed as tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:3115-3123. [PMID: 30358909 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are water-soluble neurotoxic insecticides widely used in agriculture that are being detected in nontarget aquatic environments. Nontarget aquatic wildlife, such as amphibians, may be at risk of exposure. Studies using larval stages suggest neonicotinoids are a minor concern to amphibians; however, behavioral effects manifesting later in life are not often considered. Behavioral endpoints could further our understanding of potential sublethal neurotoxic effects after exposure has ended. Using juvenile wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), we investigated the effects of chronic larval exposure to 3 concentrations (1, 10, and 100 μg/L) of formulations containing imidacloprid or thiamethoxam on the putative escape response to a simulated heron attack. We found that control frogs actively responded (i.e., moved or jumped) to the simulated predator attack but frogs exposed to imidacloprid at 10 and 100 μg/L were less likely to respond. The exposed frogs, specifically from the imidacloprid treatment at 10 μg/L (tendency at 100 μg/L) were less likely to leave the attack area compared with controls. However, frogs used refuge similarly among all treatments. Finally, there were no differences in locomotor performance, as measured by total number of jumps and distance traveled during a trial among treatments. In conclusion, our study suggests that exposure to neonicotinoids during amphibian larval development may affect a juvenile frog's ability to perceive or respond to a predator, potentially increasing their vulnerability to predation. Future studies should validate and explore this potential effect further. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3115-3123. © 2018 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey S Y Lee-Jenkins
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey A Robinson
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Briolat ES, Burdfield-Steel ER, Paul SC, Rönkä KH, Seymoure BM, Stankowich T, Stuckert AMM. Diversity in warning coloration: selective paradox or the norm? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:388-414. [PMID: 30152037 PMCID: PMC6446817 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency‐dependent learning. However, widespread variation in warning signals is observed across closely related species, populations and, most problematically for evolutionary biologists, among individuals in the same population. Recent research has yielded an increased awareness of this diversity, challenging the paradigm of signal monomorphy in aposematic animals. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis of these disparate lines of investigation, identifying within them three broad classes of explanation for variation in aposematic warning signals: genetic mechanisms, differences among predators and predator behaviour, and alternative selection pressures upon the signal. The mechanisms producing warning coloration are also important. Detailed studies of the genetic basis of warning signals in some species, most notably Heliconius butterflies, are beginning to shed light on the genetic architecture facilitating or limiting key processes such as the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms, hybridisation, and speciation. Work on predator behaviour is changing our perception of the predator community as a single homogenous selective agent, emphasising the dynamic nature of predator–prey interactions. Predator variability in a range of factors (e.g. perceptual abilities, tolerance to chemical defences, and individual motivation), suggests that the role of predators is more complicated than previously appreciated. With complex selection regimes at work, polytypisms and polymorphisms may even occur in Müllerian mimicry systems. Meanwhile, phenotypes are often multifunctional, and thus subject to additional biotic and abiotic selection pressures. Some of these selective pressures, primarily sexual selection and thermoregulation, have received considerable attention, while others, such as disease risk and parental effects, offer promising avenues to explore. As well as reviewing the existing evidence from both empirical studies and theoretical modelling, we highlight hypotheses that could benefit from further investigation in aposematic species. Finally by collating known instances of variation in warning signals, we provide a valuable resource for understanding the taxonomic spread of diversity in aposematic signalling and with which to direct future research. A greater appreciation of the extent of variation in aposematic species, and of the selective pressures and constraints which contribute to this once‐paradoxical phenomenon, yields a new perspective for the field of aposematic signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle S Briolat
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Emily R Burdfield-Steel
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Sarah C Paul
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K.,Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Katja H Rönkä
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Brett M Seymoure
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, U.S.A.,Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, U.S.A
| | - Theodore Stankowich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, U.S.A
| | - Adam M M Stuckert
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth St, Greenville, NC 27858, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borteiro C, Rosset SD, Kolenc F, Barrasso DA, Lescano JN, Baldo D. Stereotyped Defensive Behaviours in Frogs of the GenusOdontophrynus(Amphibia: Anura: Odontophrynidae). CURRENT HERPETOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5358/hsj.37.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Borteiro
- Sección Herpetología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, 25 de mayo 582, Montevideo, URUGUAY
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, Montevideo, URUGUAY
| | - Sergio D. Rosset
- Sección Herpetología, División Zoología Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Av. 60 y 122, La Plata, Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA
| | - Francisco Kolenc
- Sección Herpetología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, 25 de mayo 582, Montevideo, URUGUAY
| | - Diego A. Barrasso
- IDEAUS (Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia “San Juan Bosco” (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, ARGENTINA
| | - Julián N. Lescano
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET—Universidad Nacional de Córdoba) and Centro de Zoología Aplicada (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Rondeau 798, Córdoba, ARGENTINA
| | - Diego Baldo
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICETUNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, Posadas, Misiones, ARGENTINA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Differential responses of avian and mammalian predators to phenotypic variation in Australian Brood Frogs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195446. [PMID: 29621321 PMCID: PMC5886526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-predator signaling is highly variable with numerous examples of species employing cryptic coloration to avoid detection or conspicuous coloration (often coupled with a secondary defense) to ensure detection and recollection. While the ends of this spectrum are clear in their function, how species use intermediate signals is less clear. Australian Brood Frogs (Pseudophryne) display conspicuous coloration on both their dorsum and venter. Coupled with the alkaloid toxins these frogs possess, this coloration may be aposematic, providing a protective warning signal to predators. We assessed predation rates of known and novel color patterns and found no difference for avian or mammalian predators. However, when Pseudophryne dorsal phenotypes were collectively compared to the high-contrast ventral phenotype of this genus, we found birds, but not mammals, attacked dorsal phenotypes significantly less frequently than the ventral phenotype. This study, importantly, shows a differential predator response to ventral coloration in this genus which has implications for the evolution of conspicuous signaling in Pseudophryne.
Collapse
|
15
|
Loeffler-Henry K, Kang C, Yip Y, Caro T, Sherratt TN. Flash behavior increases prey survival. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Changku Kang
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biosciences, Mokpo National University, Chenggye-myeon, Muan, Jeollanam-do, South Korea
| | - Yolanda Yip
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Caro
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bordignon DW, Caorsi VZ, Colombo P, Abadie M, Brack IV, Dasoler BT, Borges-Martins M. Are the unken reflex and the aposematic colouration of Red-Bellied Toads efficient against bird predation? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193551. [PMID: 29596437 PMCID: PMC5875753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aposematic signals as well as body behaviours may be important anti-predator defences. Species of the genus Melanophryniscus are characterised by having toxic lipophilic alkaloids in the skin and for presenting a red ventral colouration, which can be observed when they perform the behaviour called the unken reflex. Both the reflex behaviour and the colouration pattern are described as defence mechanisms. However, there are currently no studies testing their effectiveness against predators. This study aimed to test experimentally if both ventral conspicuous colouration and the unken reflex in Melanophryniscus cambaraensis function as aposematic signals against visually oriented predators (birds). We simulated the species studied using three different clay toad models as follows: (a) in a normal position with green coloured bodies, (b) in the unken reflex position with green coloured body and extremities and (c) in the unken reflex position with a green body and red extremities. Models were distributed on a known M. cambaraensis breeding site and in the adjacent forest. More than half of the attacks on the models were from birds; however, there was no preference for any model type. Thus, just the presence of the red colour associated with the motionless unken reflex position does not seem to prevent attacks from potential predators. It is possible that the effective aposematic signal in Melanophryniscus is achieved through the unken reflex movement together with the subsequent exhibition of the warning colouration and the secretion of toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Wolff Bordignon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Valentina Zaffaroni Caorsi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Patrick Colombo
- Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Michelle Abadie
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Ismael Verrastro Brack
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Bibiana Terra Dasoler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Márcio Borges-Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Evolutionary shifts in anti-predator responses of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
18
|
Valdez JW, Klop-Toker K, Stockwell MP, Fardell L, Clulow S, Clulow J, Mahony MJ. Differences in microhabitat selection patterns between a remnant and constructed landscape following management intervention. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/wr16172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context Achieving successful conservation outcomes in habitat creation and reintroductions requires an understanding of how species use their habitat and respond to these interventions. However, few initiatives directly compare microhabitat selection between remnant and managed habitats to measure effectiveness and evaluate outcomes. Probability of detection is also rarely included in studies on microhabitat use, which may lead to erroneous conclusions if detectability varies between variables. Methods In this study, we used the endangered green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) to compare differences in microhabitat-use patterns in both a remnant and a constructed habitat. A detectability study was also conducted to determine detection probabilities among microhabitats. Key results Aquatic vegetation was used more than expected in both the remnant and constructed habitats, and rock piles were utilised less than expected in the constructed habitat, despite their recommendation in most habitat templates. We found that detection probabilities altered the outcomes of abundance estimates for nearly all the measured microhabitat variables. Conclusions Future management for this species should focus on providing high proportions of aquatic vegetation. Furthermore, although rock piles have been utilised greatly in past L. aurea habitat creation, placing large rocks on a managed site is expensive and time consuming. Future management initiatives may need to focus on providing smaller proportion of rocks, which would be a more appropriate use of resources. Implications With conservation management projects increasing over the next few decades, understanding habitat use before implementing strategies should be a priority as it will provide important insights and inform decision-making for optimum habitat creation and restoration. Furthermore, accounting for detectability in microhabitat use studies is essential to avoid wrong conclusions that may negatively affect the success of ecological management strategies.
Collapse
|
19
|
The impacts of a toxic invasive prey species (the cane toad, Rhinella marina) on a vulnerable predator (the lace monitor, Varanus varius). Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
20
|
McGregor H, Legge S, Jones ME, Johnson CN. Feral Cats Are Better Killers in Open Habitats, Revealed by Animal-Borne Video. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133915. [PMID: 26288224 PMCID: PMC4545751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key gaps in understanding the impacts of predation by small mammalian predators on prey is how habitat structure affects the hunting success of small predators, such as feral cats. These effects are poorly understood due to the difficulty of observing actual hunting behaviours. We attached collar-mounted video cameras to feral cats living in a tropical savanna environment in northern Australia, and measured variation in hunting success among different microhabitats (open areas, dense grass and complex rocks). From 89 hours of footage, we recorded 101 hunting events, of which 32 were successful. Of these kills, 28% were not eaten. Hunting success was highly dependent on microhabitat structure surrounding prey, increasing from 17% in habitats with dense grass or complex rocks to 70% in open areas. This research shows that habitat structure has a profound influence on the impacts of small predators on their prey. This has broad implications for management of vegetation and disturbance processes (like fire and grazing) in areas where feral cats threaten native fauna. Maintaining complex vegetation cover can reduce predation rates of small prey species from feral cat predation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh McGregor
- Australian Wildlife Conservancy; Mornington Wildlife Sanctuary, PMB 925, Derby, Western Australia, 6728 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001 Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Legge
- Australian Wildlife Conservancy; Mornington Wildlife Sanctuary, PMB 925, Derby, Western Australia, 6728 Australia
| | - Menna E. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001 Australia
| | - Christopher N. Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Hagman M, Löwenborg K, Shine R. Determinants of anti-predator tactics in hatchling grass snakes (Natrix natrix). Behav Processes 2015; 113:60-5. [PMID: 25617750 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms exhibit diverse anti-predator tactics, influenced by genetics and prior experience. In ectothermic taxa, offspring phenotypes are often sensitive to developmental temperatures. If the effectiveness of alternative anti-predator responses depends on thermally sensitive traits, then the temperatures experienced during embryonic life should also affect how offspring respond to an approaching predator. We incubated 16 clutches of Swedish grass snakes (Natrix natrix) at a range of developmental temperatures, and scored body size, colour pattern, locomotor performance and anti-predator responses of 213 hatchlings from those clutches. A hatchling snake's size and locomotor abilities were affected by its clutch of origin, its developmental temperature, and by an interaction between these two factors. Anti-predator tactics were strongly linked to locomotor ability, such that slower snakes tended to rely upon aggressive displays rather than flight. Incubation temperatures that generated slow (and thus aggressive) snakes also modified the colour of the snake's nuchal spot. Temperatures in the low to medium range generated mostly cream, white and orange spots, whereas medium to high temperatures generated more yellow spots. Incubation effects, and gene X environment interactions, thus may generate complex correlations between morphology, locomotor ability, and anti-predator tactics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Hagman
- Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences D26, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Kristin Löwenborg
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Shine
- Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jared SGS, Jared C, Egami MI, Mailho-Fontana PL, Rodrigues MT, Antoniazzi MM. Functional assessment of toad parotoid macroglands: a study based on poison replacement after mechanical compression. Toxicon 2014; 87:92-103. [PMID: 24911375 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Toads have a pair of parotoid macroglands behind the eyes that secrete poison used in passive defence against predators. These macroglands are composed of juxtaposed alveoli, each one bearing a syncytial gland, all connected to the exterior by ducts. When the parotoids are bitten, the poison is expelled on the predator oral mucosa in the form of jets, causing several pharmacological actions. After poison release, the empty secretory syncytia immediately collapse in the interior of their respective alveoli and gradually start refilling. After parotoid manual compression, simulating a predator's bite, we studied, by means of morphological methods, the replacement of the poison inside the alveoli. The results showed that after compression, a considerable number of alveoli remained intact. In the alveoli that were effectively affected the recovery occurs in different levels, from total to punctual and often restrict to some areas of the syncytia. The severely affected alveoli seem not recover their original functional state. The fact that only a part of the parotoid alveoli is compressed during an attack seems to be crucial for toad survival, since the amphibian, after being bitten by a predator, do not lose all its poison stock, remaining protected in case of new attacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone G S Jared
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Jared
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mizue I Egami
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, EPM, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Miguel T Rodrigues
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Skin Gland Morphology and Secretory Peptides in NaturalizedLitoriaSpecies in New Zealand. J HERPETOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1670/12-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Graham LD, Glattauer V, Li D, Tyler MJ, Ramshaw JAM. The adhesive skin exudate of Notaden bennetti frogs (Anura: Limnodynastidae) has similarities to the prey capture glue of Euperipatoides sp. velvet worms (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:250-9. [PMID: 23665109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal adhesive secretion of the frog Notaden bennetti and the prey-capture "slime" ejected by Euperipatoides sp. velvet worms look and handle similarly. Both consist largely of protein (55-60% of dry weight), which provides the structural scaffold. The major protein of the onychophoran glue (Er_P1 for Euperipatoides rowelli) and the dominant frog glue protein (Nb-1R) are both very large (260-500 kDa), and both give oddly "turbulent" electrophoresis bands. Both major proteins, which are rich in Gly (16-17 mol%) and Pro (7-12 mol%) and contain 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp, 4 mol%), have the composition of intrinsically unstructured proteins. Their propensities for elastomeric or amyloid structures are discussed in light of Er_P1's large content of intrinsically disordered long tandem repeats. The low carbohydrate content of both glues is consistent with conventional protein glycosylation, which in the N. bennetti adhesive was explored by 2D PAGE. The N-linked sugars of Nb-1R appear to prevent inappropriate self-aggregation. Some peptide sequences from Nb-1R are presented. Overall, there are enough similarities between the frog and the velvet worm glues to suspect that they employ related mechanisms for setting and adhesion. A common paradigm is proposed for amphibian and onychophoran adhesives, which, if correct, points to convergent evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd D Graham
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, PO Box 52, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 1670, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Melzer S, Davis LS, Bishop PJ. Cutaneous gland secretions ofLeiopelma pakekaas a potential mechanism against rat predation. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2012.665809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
27
|
Faivovich J, Ferraro DP, Basso NG, Haddad CF, Rodrigues MT, Wheeler WC, Lavilla EO. A phylogenetic analysis of Pleurodema (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, with comments on the evolution of anuran foam nests. Cladistics 2012; 28:460-482. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
28
|
Melzer S, Clerens S, Bishop PJ. Differential polymorphism in cutaneous glands of archaic Leiopelma species. J Morphol 2011; 272:1116-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Hamer R, Lemckert FL, Banks PB. Adult frogs are sensitive to the predation risks of olfactory communication. Biol Lett 2011; 7:361-3. [PMID: 21227975 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is a common sensory mode of communication in much of the Vertebrata, although its use by adult frogs remains poorly studied. Being part of an open signalling system, odour cues can be exploited by 'eavesdropping' predators that hunt by smell, making association with odour a high-risk behaviour for prey. Here, we show that adult great barred frogs (Mixophes fasciolatus) are highly attracted to odour cues of conspecifics and those of sympatric striped marsh frogs (Limnodynastes peronii). This attraction decreased significantly with the addition of odours of a scent-hunting predator, the red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus), indicating that frogs perceived predation risks from associating with frog odours. Male frogs, however, maintained some attraction to unfamiliar conspecific scents even with predator odours present, suggesting that they perceived benefits of odour communication despite the risk. Our results indicate that adult frogs can identify species and individuals from their odours and assess the associated predation risk, revealing a complexity in olfactory communication previously unknown in adult anurans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Hamer
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Interactions between Recently Metamorphosed Green Frogs and American Toads Under Laboratory Conditions. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-163.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
WARD-FEAR GEORGIA, BROWN GREGORYP, SHINE RICHARD. Factors affecting the vulnerability of cane toads (Bufo marinus) to predation by ants. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
Bruning B, Phillips BL, Shine R. Turgid female toads give males the slip: a new mechanism of female mate choice in the Anura. Biol Lett 2010; 6:322-4. [PMID: 20053661 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In many anuran species, males vocalize to attract females but will grasp any female that comes within reach and retain their hold unless displaced by a rival male. Thus, female anurans may face strong selection to repel unwanted suitors, but no mechanism is known for doing so. We suggest that a defensive trait (the ability to inflate the body to ward off attack) has been co-opted for this role: by inflating their bodies, females are more difficult for males to grasp and hence, it is easier for another male to displace an already amplexed rival. Inflating a model female cane toad (Bufo marinus) strongly reduced a male's ability to maintain amplexus; and females who were experimentally prevented from inflating their bodies experienced no successful takeovers from rival males, in contrast to control females. Thus, the ability of a female cane toad to inflate her body may allow her to manipulate the outcome of male-male competition. This overlooked mechanism of anuran mate choice may reflect a common evolutionary pattern, whereby females co-opt defensive traits for use in sexual selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
LLEWELYN JOHNS, PHILLIPS BENJAMINL, SHINE RICHARD. Sublethal costs associated with the consumption of toxic prey by snakes. AUSTRAL ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
36
|
Gerald GW. Feign versus flight: influences of temperature, body size and locomotor abilities on death feigning in neonate snakes. Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
37
|
Phillips B, Shine R. When dinner is dangerous: toxic frogs elicit species-specific responses from a generalist snake predator. Am Nat 2008; 170:936-42. [PMID: 18171175 DOI: 10.1086/522845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In arms races between predators and prey, some evolved tactics are unbeatable by the other player. For example, many types of prey are inedible because they have evolved chemical defenses. In this case, prey death removes any selective advantage of toxicity to the prey but not the selective advantage to a predator of being able to consume the prey. In the absence of effective selection for postmortem persistence of the toxicity then, some chemical defenses probably break down rapidly after prey death. If so, predators can overcome the toxic defense simply by waiting for that breakdown before consuming the prey. Floodplain death adders (Acanthophis praelongus) are highly venomous frog-eating elapid snakes native to northern Australia. Some of the frogs they eat are nontoxic (Litoria nasuta), others produce gluelike mucus when seized by a predator (Limnodynastes convexiusculus), and one species (Litoria dahlii) is dangerously toxic to snakes. Both the glue and the toxin degrade within about 20 min of prey death. Adders deal with these prey types in different and highly stereotyped ways: they consume nontoxic frogs directly but envenomate and release the other taxa, waiting until the chemical defense loses its potency before consuming the prey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Externally Attached Radio-Transmitters Have Limited Effects on the Antipredator Behavior and Vagility of Rana Pipiens and Rana Sylvatica. J HERPETOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[430:earhle]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
39
|
Abstract
The search for novel insect repellents has been driven by health concerns over established synthetic compounds such as diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Given the diversity of compounds known from frog skin and records of mosquito bite and ectoparasite infestation, the presence of mosquito repellents in frogs seemed plausible. We investigated frog skin secretions to confirm the existence of mosquito repellent properties. Litoria caerulea secretions were assessed for mosquito repellency by topical application on mice. The secretions provided protection against host-seeking Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. Olfactometer tests using aqueous washes of skin secretions from L. caerulea and four other frog species were conducted to determine whether volatile components were responsible for repellency. Volatiles from Litoria rubella and Uperoleia mjobergi secretions were repellent to C. annulirostris, albeit not as repellent as a DEET control. The demonstration of endogenous insect repellents in amphibians is novel, and demonstrates that many aspects of frog chemical ecology remain unexplored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Williams
- The University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gonzalo A, Cabido C, Galán P, López P, Martín J. Predator, but not conspecific, chemical cues influence pond selection by recently metamorphosed Iberian green frogs, Rana perezi. CAN J ZOOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/z06-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In amphibians, adults and larvae have different ecological requirements that could force recently metamorphosed individuals to disperse. The presence of chemical cues of conspecifics and predators could provide information about habitat quality, which might influence the juveniles’ settlement decisions. We examined in the laboratory whether pond choice by recently metamorphosed Iberian green frogs ( Rana perezi Seoane, 1885) is influenced by the presence of chemical cues from conspecifics and (or) from predators in the water. Our results suggest that frogs were able to detect the presence of chemical cues of snake predators in the water and that they avoided entering such ponds. However, frogs did not show either attraction or avoidance of ponds with conspecific chemical cues. Thus, juvenile frogs may select their postmetamorphic territories based on the lack of predation risk, and possibly on some habitat features, but not on the presence of conspecifics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adega Gonzalo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Cabido
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Pedro Galán
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Pilar López
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Martín
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Martín J, Luque-Larena JJ, López P. Collective detection in escape responses of temporary groups of Iberian green frogs. Behav Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arj024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
42
|
Martín J, Luque-Larena JJ, López P. Factors affecting escape behavior of Iberian green frogs (Rana perezi). CAN J ZOOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/z05-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that prey should not flee immediately upon detecting an approaching predator, but instead should adjust their escape response to minimize the costs of flight. Similarly, after deciding to escape, animals should tend to adjust the magnitude and characteristics of their escape response according to the perceived level of predation risk. Although these hypotheses have been tested in some prey types, it remains for their applicability to a wider range of taxa to be ascertained and for a larger variety of microhabitat and environmental conditions to be considered. We simulated predator approaches to Iberian green frogs (Rana perezi Seoane, 1885) in the field. Frogs were approached while they were foraging alone at the edge of water, and they escaped by jumping into the water. Results showed that escape decisions of frogs are influenced by microhabitat variables and body size. Both the approach distance allowed to the predator and the distance jumped by the frogs in response to the approach were positively correlated with the initial distance of the frog from the water's edge; they were also dependent on vegetation cover at the edge of and in the water. Small frogs appeared to rely on crypsis more than large frogs and allowed shorter predator approach distances. They also remained still on the water surface after jumping more often than large frogs. We conclude that such flexibility in the escape response may allow frogs to reduce predation risk without incurring excessive costs.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
|
45
|
Gomes FR, Bevier CR, Navas CA. Environmental and Physiological Factors Influence Antipredator Behavior in Scinax hiemalis (Anura: Hylidae). COPEIA 2002. [DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0994:eapfia]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|