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Erdogan Bamac O, Cizmecigil UY, Mete A, Yilmaz A, Aydin O, Tali HE, Tali BH, Yilmaz SG, Gurel A, Turan N, Ozsoy S, Vatansever Celik E, Sadeyen JR, Roman-Sosa G, Iqbal M, Richt JA, Yilmaz H. Emergence of West Nile Virus Lineage-2 in Resident Corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:892-899. [PMID: 34748405 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile fever is a vector-borne viral disease affecting animals and humans causing significant health and economic problems globally. This study was aimed at investigating circulating West Nile virus (WNV) strains in free-ranging corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. Brain, liver, and kidney were collected from corvids (n = 34) between June 2019 and April 2020 and analyzed for the presence of WNV-specific RNA by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed. Samples found to be positive by qRT-PCR were partially sequenced. WNV-specific RNA was detected in 8 of 34 corvids analyzed, which included 7 hooded crows (Corvus cornix) and 1 Eurasian magpie (Pica pica). Phylogenetic analysis based on partial WNV sequences from the 8 WNV-positive corvids identified in this study revealed that all sequences clustered within the WNV lineage-2; they were at least 97% homologues to WNV lineage-2 sequences from Slovakia, Italy, Czechia, Hungary, Senegal, Austria, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Germany. WNV sequences showed a divergence (87.94-94.46%) from sequences reported from Romania, Central African Republic, South Africa, Madagascar, Israel, and Cyprus, which clustered into a different clade of WNV lineage-2. Common histopathologic findings of WNV-positive corvids included lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis, myocarditis, and splenitis. The liver and heart were found to be the tissues most consistently positive for WNV-specific antigen by immunohistochemistry, followed by the kidney and brain. This study demonstrates for the first time the existence of WNV virus belonging to the genetic lineage-2 in resident corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. We hypothesize that the WNV strains circulating in Istanbul are possibly the result of a spillover event from Europe. Since WNV is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquito vectors, the emergence of WNV in Istanbul also poses a risk to humans and other susceptible animals in this densely populated city and needs to be addressed by animal and public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Erdogan Bamac
- Department of Pathology, and Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Utku Y Cizmecigil
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asli Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Davis Branch, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Aysun Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Aydin
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan E Tali
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Besim H Tali
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semaha G Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydin Gurel
- Department of Pathology, and Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Turan
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serhat Ozsoy
- Department of Wild Animals and Ecology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Vatansever Celik
- Department of Wild Animals and Ecology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jean-Remy Sadeyen
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Huseyin Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Luo M, Xu L, Qian Z, Sun X. Infection-Associated Thymic Atrophy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652538. [PMID: 34113341 PMCID: PMC8186317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a vital organ of the immune system that plays an essential role in thymocyte development and maturation. Thymic atrophy occurs with age (physiological thymic atrophy) or as a result of viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infection (pathological thymic atrophy). Thymic atrophy directly results in loss of thymocytes and/or destruction of the thymic architecture, and indirectly leads to a decrease in naïve T cells and limited T cell receptor diversity. Thus, it is important to recognize the causes and mechanisms that induce thymic atrophy. In this review, we highlight current progress in infection-associated pathogenic thymic atrophy and discuss its possible mechanisms. In addition, we discuss whether extracellular vesicles/exosomes could be potential carriers of pathogenic substances to the thymus, and potential drugs for the treatment of thymic atrophy. Having acknowledged that most current research is limited to serological aspects, we look forward to the possibility of extending future work regarding the impact of neural modulation on thymic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Luo
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingxin Xu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Qian
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
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Del Valle FP, Camba SI, Umali DV, Sasai K, Shirota K, Katoh H, Tajima T. Research Note: Molecular and pathologic characterization of avian adenovirus isolated from the oviducts of laying hens in eastern Japan. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2459-2468. [PMID: 32359581 PMCID: PMC7597548 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of poor egg production were investigated in 2 layer farms from Ibaraki Prefecture in eastern Japan. To identify any microbial agents that may have caused the problem, necropsy, bacterial isolation, histopathology, and virus detection were performed. Members of the avian adenoviruses was detected by PCR in oviduct samples from both farms; chicken anemia virus coinfection was also confirmed in one of the farms. Avian adenovirus was isolated from the oviducts of the affected chickens on each farm. Inoculation into chick embryos showed tropism for the chorio-allantoic membrane. Stunting and hemorrhaging was observed in all infected embryos, as well as death in a few. Inoculation of 1-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks, and 400-day-old commercial hens, did not result in any significant findings. The isolated viruses were analyzed by sequencing of the hexon gene and were confirmed as fowl adenovirus type-c serotype-4 (FAdV-4). The 2 virus strains were found to be 99.29% similar to each other. One of the strains, Japan/Ibaraki/Y-H6/2016, was 99.15% similar to the KR5 strain. The other, Japan/Ibaraki/M-HB2/2016, was 99.57% similar to the KR5 strain. Fiber-2 gene analysis confirmed the identity as FAdV-4 that is closely related to nonpathogenic strains. Although nonpathogenic to chicks and laying hens, this infection can possibly cause economic damage. Perhaps the bigger concern is the effect on infected breeder operations. Because the virus is fatal to 9.09% of infected embryos, this could translate to a considerable loss in chick production owing to embryonic death. This is the first report of detection and isolation of FAdV-4 from the chicken oviduct; however, further studies are needed to elucidate its impact on both layer and breeder flocks. Indeed, FAdV-4 has negative effects on the avian reproductive tract as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher P Del Valle
- Poultry Products Quality Control, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0062, Japan; Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sherwin I Camba
- Poultry Products Quality Control, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0062, Japan; Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Dennis V Umali
- Poultry Products Quality Control, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0062, Japan; Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shirota
- Poultry Products Quality Control, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0062, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Katoh
- Poultry Products Quality Control, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0062, Japan; Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Tomoko Tajima
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.
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Jamshidian-Mojaver M, Tabatabaeizadeh SE, Naeemipour M, R. Farzin H, R. Bassami M. Use of degenerate oligonucleotide primed polymerase chain reaction for detection of chicken anaemia virus contamination in avian viral vaccines. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For quality control of biologicals of veterinary use, the absence of extraneous agents needs to be certified. One of the requirements for quality control of avian viral vaccines is to demonstrate freedom from extraneous and adventitious pathogenic agents, like chicken anaemia virus (CAV). In this study, a degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR (DOP-PCR) for the detection of CAV was developed. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were selected based on sequences corresponding to conserved regions of VP1 gene. After spiking of CAV genomic DNA to an infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccine, detection limit for the test was 3.056×10-9 ng/µl. To evaluate the performance of the test, 11 avian viral vaccines including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and ILTV vaccines from 5 manufacturers were screened for CAV and no contamination was detected. The test described here may provide a rapid, sensitive and specific method for contamination detection of avian viral vaccines with CAV, and may be applied for quality control of live and killed commercial vaccines.
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Current scenario of viral diseases in Turkish poultry industry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933919000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Davidson I, Shulman LM. Unraveling the puzzle of human anellovirus infections by comparison with avian infections with the chicken anemia virus. Virus Res 2008; 137:1-15. [PMID: 18656506 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical studies on human annelloviruses infections are directed towards finding an associated disease. In this review we have emphasized the many similarities between human anellovirus and avian circoviruses and the cell and tissue types infected by these pathogens. We have done this in order to explore whether knowledge acquired from natural and experimental avian infections could reflect and be extrapolated to the less well-characterized human annellovirus infections. The knowledge gained from the avian system may provide suggestions for decoding the enigmatic human anellovirus infections, and finding the specific disease or diseases caused by these human anellovirus infections. Each additional parallelism between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Torque teno virus (TTV) further strengthens this premise. As we have seen information from human infections can also be used to better understand avian infections as well. Increased attention must be focused on the "hidden" or unrecognized, seemingly asymptomatic effects of circovirus and anellovirus infections. Understanding the facilitating effect of these infections on disease progression caused by other pathogens may help to explain differences in outcome of complicated poultry and human diseases. The final course of a pathogenic infection is determined by variations in the state of health of the host before, during and after contact with a pathogen, in addition to the phenotype of the pathogen and host. The health burden of circoviridae and anellovirus infections may be underestimated, due to lack of awareness of the need to search past the predominant clinical effect of identified pathogens and look for modulation of cellular-based immunity caused by co-infecting circoviruses, and by analogy, human anneloviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Kuscu B, Gurel A. Lesions in the thymus and bone marrow in chicks with experimentally induced chicken infectious anemia disease. J Vet Sci 2008; 9:15-23. [PMID: 18296884 PMCID: PMC2839108 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2008.9.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated with the Cux-l strain of chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), and the clinical development of disease and its macroscopic and microscopic alterations in the thymus and bone marrow, were observed. Tissue sections of thymus and bone marrow were stained using the streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method and examined under light microscope for evaluation of antigenic intensities in tissues. Those findings were then compared with blood parameters and ELISA results obtained through collected sera during sacrifice procedures. We sought to determine: the localization of viral antigens in thymus and bone marrow tissues after inoculation, the correlation between antigen intensities and hematologic, serologic and histopathologic findings, definitive diagnostic criteria using histopathologic and immunoperoxidase methods, and the reliability of these methods in the diagnosis of CIAV infection. For this purpose, 83, one-day-old SPF chicks were used. The birds were divided into experimental (n = 52) and control (n = 26) groups. A virus dose of TCID50 of 100,000/ml was administered intramuscularly to every bird in the experimental group. Based on the results of this study, we have suggested that clinical examination, along with macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the thymus and bone marrow, maybe undertaken starting from day 7 post-inoculation (PI). ELISA, might be of value, as it might give consistent results starting from day 14 PI. However, the most reliable results were obtained through examination of thymus and bone marrow sections from infected birds stained by immunoperoxidase technique, as early as day 4 PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Kuscu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Avcilar 34310, Istanbul, Turkey
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Simionatto S, Lima-Rosa CADV, Binneck E, Ravazzolo AP, Canal CW. Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Brazilian Chicken Anaemia Virus. Virus Genes 2006; 33:5-10. [PMID: 16791412 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) was detected by a Nested-PCR assay in field samples from different regions of Brazil. The 539 bp amplified fragments of vp1 gene from 44 field samples were sequenced and 10 new nucleotide sequences of CAV were observed. These sequences were phylogenetically analysed by Mega2 using neighbour joining distance methods with 1000 bootstrap replications. Phylogenetic analysis did not show correlation between CAV pathology pattern and genetic groups. The 10 nucleotide sequences of the Brazilian samples were also analysed together with 30 sequences of CAV strains previously described from other countries. The genetic variability observed was not related to the geographical distribution. Amino acid substitutions were detected at 9 positions of the Brazilian sequences and two of them had not been observed before, (65)R replacing the Q residue and (98)F replacing Y residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Simionatto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cep: 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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