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Arnaud M, Krause S, Norby RJ, Dang TH, Acil N, Kettridge N, Gauci V, Ullah S. Global mangrove root production, its controls and roles in the blue carbon budget of mangroves. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3256-3270. [PMID: 36994691 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are among the most carbon-dense ecosystems worldwide. Most of the carbon in mangroves is found belowground, and root production might be an important control of carbon accumulation, but has been rarely quantified and understood at the global scale. Here, we determined the global mangrove root production rate and its controls using a systematic review and a recently formalised, spatially explicit mangrove typology framework based on geomorphological settings. We found that global mangrove root production averaged ~770 ± 202 g of dry biomass m-2 year-1 globally, which is much higher than previously reported and close to the root production of the most productive tropical forests. Geomorphological settings exerted marked control over root production together with air temperature and precipitation (r2 ≈ 30%, p < .001). Our review shows that individual global changes (e.g. warming, eutrophication, drought) have antagonist effects on root production, but they have rarely been studied in combination. Based on this newly established root production rate, root-derived carbon might account for most of the total carbon buried in mangroves, and 19 Tg C lost in mangroves each year (e.g. as CO2 ). Inclusion of root production measurements in understudied geomorphological settings (i.e. deltas), regions (Indonesia, South America and Africa) and soil depth (>40 cm), as well as the creation of a mangrove root trait database will push forward our understanding of the global mangrove carbon cycle for now and the future. Overall, this review presents a comprehensive analysis of root production in mangroves, and highlights the central role of root production in the global mangrove carbon budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Arnaud
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Stefan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, Birmingham, UK
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023, Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Richard J Norby
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Thuong Huyen Dang
- Faculty of Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Technology, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Vietnam
| | - Nezha Acil
- Institute for Environmental Futures, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nicholas Kettridge
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vincent Gauci
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sami Ullah
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, Birmingham, UK
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Amato MT, Giménez D. Quantifying root turnover in grasslands from biomass dynamics: Application of the growth-maintenance respiration paradigm and re-analysis of historical data. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Morris JT, Barber DC, Callaway JC, Chambers R, Hagen SC, Hopkinson CS, Johnson BJ, Megonigal P, Neubauer SC, Troxler T, Wigand C. Contributions of organic and inorganic matter to sediment volume and accretion in tidal wetlands at steady state. EARTH'S FUTURE 2016; 4:110-121. [PMID: 27819012 PMCID: PMC5074445 DOI: 10.1002/2015ef000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A mixing model derived from first principles describes the bulk density (BD) of intertidal wetland sediments as a function of loss on ignition (LOI). The model assumes that the bulk volume of sediment equates to the sum of self-packing volumes of organic and mineral components or BD = 1/[LOI/k1 + (1-LOI)/k2], where k1 and k2 are the self-packing densities of the pure organic and inorganic components, respectively. The model explained 78% of the variability in total BD when fitted to 5075 measurements drawn from 33 wetlands distributed around the conterminous United States. The values of k1 and k2 were estimated to be 0.085 ± 0.0007 g cm-3 and 1.99 ± 0.028 g cm-3, respectively. Based on the fitted organic density (k1) and constrained by primary production, the model suggests that the maximum steady state accretion arising from the sequestration of refractory organic matter is ≤ 0.3 cm yr-1. Thus, tidal peatlands are unlikely to indefinitely survive a higher rate of sea-level rise in the absence of a significant source of mineral sediment. Application of k2 to a mineral sediment load typical of East and eastern Gulf Coast estuaries gives a vertical accretion rate from inorganic sediment of 0.2 cm yr-1. Total steady state accretion is the sum of the parts and therefore should not be greater than 0.5 cm yr-1 under the assumptions of the model. Accretion rates could deviate from this value depending on variation in plant productivity, root:shoot ratio, suspended sediment concentration, sediment-capture efficiency, and episodic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine & Coastal Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA
| | - Donald C Barber
- Department of Geology Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania USA
| | - John C Callaway
- Department of Environmental Science University of San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Randy Chambers
- Keck Environmental Field Laboratory College of William and Mary Williamsburg Virginia USA
| | - Scott C Hagen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Center for Computation & Technology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott C Neubauer
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Tiffany Troxler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeast Environmental Research Center Florida International University Miami Florida USA
| | - Cathleen Wigand
- Atlantic Ecology Division U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Narragansett Rhode Island USA
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Davey E, Wigand C, Johnson R, Sundberg K, Morris J, Roman CT. Use of computed tomography imaging for quantifying coarse roots, rhizomes, peat, and particle densities in marsh soils. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:2156-71. [PMID: 21939051 DOI: 10.1890/10-2037.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) imaging has been used to describe and quantify subtidal, benthic animals such as polychaetes, amphipods, and shrimp. Here, for the first time, CT imaging is used to quantify wet mass of coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat in cores collected from organic-rich (Jamaica Bay, New York) and mineral (North Inlet, South Carolina) Spartina alterniflora soils. Image analysis software was coupled with the CT images to measure abundance and diameter of the coarse roots and rhizomes in marsh soils. Previously, examination of marsh roots and rhizomes was limited to various hand-sieving methods that were often time-consuming, tedious, and error prone. CT imaging can discern the coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat based on their varying particle densities. Calibration rods composed of materials with standard densities (i.e., air, water, colloidal silica, and glass) were used to operationally define the specific x-ray attenuations of the coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat in the marsh cores. Significant regression relationships were found between the CT-determined wet mass of the coarse roots and rhizomes and the hand-sieved dry mass of the coarse roots and rhizomes in both the organic-rich and mineral marsh soils. There was also a significant relationship between the soil percentage organic matter and the CT-determined peat particle density among organic-rich and mineral soils. In only the mineral soils, there was a significant relationship between the soil percentage organic matter and the CT-determined peat wet mass. Using CT imaging, significant positive nitrogen fertilization effects on the wet masses of the coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat, and the abundance and diameter of rhizomes were measured in the mineral soils. In contrast, a deteriorating salt marsh island in Jamaica Bay had significantly less mass of coarse roots and rhizomes at depth (10-20 cm), and a significantly lower abundance of roots and rhizomes compared with a stable marsh. However, the diameters of the rhizomes in the deteriorating marsh were significantly greater than in the stable marsh. CT imaging is a rapid approach to quantify coarse roots, rhizomes, peat, and soil particle densities in coastal wetlands, but the method is unable at this time to quantify fine roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl Davey
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
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Cahill KN, Kucharik CJ, Foley JA. Prairie restoration and carbon sequestration: difficulties quantifying C sources and sinks using a biometric approach. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2009; 19:2185-201. [PMID: 20014587 DOI: 10.1890/08-0069.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated carbon cycling and ecosystem characteristics among two prairie restoration treatments established in 1987 and adjacent cropland, all part of the Conservation Reserve Program in southwestern Wisconsin, USA. We hypothesized that different plant functional groups (cool-season C3 vs. warm-season C4 grasses) between the two prairie restoration treatments would lead to differences in soil and vegetation characteristics and amount of sequestered carbon, compared to the crop system. We found significant (P < 0.05) differences between the two prairie restoration treatments in soil CO2 respiration and above- and belowground productivity, but no significant differences in long-term (approximately 16-year) carbon sequestration. We used a biometric approach aggregating short-term observations of above- and belowground productivity and CO2 respiration to estimate total net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) using varied methods suggested in the literature. Net ecosystem production is important because it represents the ecosystem carbon sequestration, which is of interest to land managers and policymakers seeking or regulating credits for ecosystem carbon storage. Such a biometric approach would be attractive because it might offer the ability to rapidly assess the carbon source/sink status of an ecosystem. We concluded that large uncertainties in (1) estimating aboveground NPP, (2) determining belowground NPP, and (3) partitioning soil respiration into microbial and plant components strongly affect the magnitude, and even the sign, of NEP estimates made from aggregating its components. A comparison of these estimates across treatments could not distinguish differences in NEP, nor the absolute sign of the overall carbon balance. Longer-term quantification of carbon stocks in the soil, periodically linked to measurements of individual processes, may offer a more reliable measure of the carbon balance in grassland systems, suitable for assigning credits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Nicholas Cahill
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA.
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Milchunas DG. Estimating Root Production: Comparison of 11 Methods in Shortgrass Steppe and Review of Biases. Ecosystems 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gaul D, Hertel D, Leuschner C. Estimating fine root longevity in a temperate Norway spruce forest using three independent methods. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:11-19. [PMID: 32688623 DOI: 10.1071/fp08195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of root systems for C cycling depends crucially on fine root longevity. We investigated mean values for fine root longevity with root diameter, root C/N ratio and soil depth using radiocarbon (14C) analyses in a temperate Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] forest. In addition, we applied sequential soil coring and minirhizotron observations to estimate fine root longevity in the organic layer of the same stand. The mean radiocarbon age of C in fine roots increased with depth from 5 years in the organic layer to 13 years in 40-60 cm mineral soil depth. Similarly, the C/N ratios of fine root samples were lowest in the organic layer with a mean value of 24 and increased with soil depth. Roots >0.5 mm in diameter tended to live longer than those being <0.5 mm in diameter. By far the strongest variability in fine root longevity estimates was due to the chosen method of investigation, with radiocarbon analyses yielding much higher estimates (5.4 years) than sequential soil coring (0.9 years) and minirhizotron observations (0.7 years). We conclude that sequential soil coring and minirhizotron observations are likely to underestimate mean fine root longevity, and radiocarbon analyses may lead to an overestimation of mean root longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Gaul
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Untere Karspüle 2, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Untere Karspüle 2, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Untere Karspüle 2, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Lauenroth WK, Wade AA, Williamson MA, Ross BE, Kumar S, Cariveau DP. Uncertainty in Calculations of Net Primary Production for Grasslands. Ecosystems 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-005-0072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Silliman BR, Bortolus A. Underestimation of Spartina
productivity in western Atlantic marshes: marsh invertebrates eat more than just detritus. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cobl D, Marshall J. Aspect differences in above- and belowground carbon allocation: a Montana case-study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2002; 116 Suppl 1:S149-S155. [PMID: 11833903 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and belowground gross primary production (BGPP) of all vegetation were measured in eight young, paired plots on a north and south aspect in western Montana. Stands of high and low overstory tree leaf area index (LAI) were compared. BGPP increased with ANPP, though they were not directly proportional. ANPP ranged from 1550 to 4400 kg C ha(-1) year(-1) and BGPP ranged from 1360 to 3500 kg C ha(-1) year(-1). ANPP and BGPP were both significantly related to LAI and aspect, where both were greater on the north aspect at any given LAI. Litterfall represented the largest share of ANPP; increases in overstory biomass represented the next largest share. Soil CO2 flux was higher on the north aspect. We conclude that growth differences were not simply a matter of re-allocating carbon between root production and ANPP. Rather, both production and allocation were different among the sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cobl
- Arthur Temple College of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, 75962, USA.
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15
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Testing the ‘CENTURY’ ecosystem level model on data sets from eight grassland sites in the former USSR representing a wide climatic/soil gradient. Ecol Modell 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(96)00067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Majdi H, Persson H. A study on fine-root dynamics in response to nutrient applications in a Norway spruce stand using the minirhizotron technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jpln.19951580504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Berntson GM, Farnsworth EJ, Bazzaz FA. Allocation, within and between organs, and the dynamics of root length changes in two birch species. Oecologia 1995; 101:439-447. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00329422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/1994] [Accepted: 10/21/1994] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Frank DA, McNaughton SJ. Evidence for the promotion of aboveground grassland production by native large herbivores in Yellowstone National Park. Oecologia 1993; 96:157-161. [PMID: 28313410 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/1992] [Accepted: 05/20/1993] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of native large herbivores on aboveground primary production of nonforested habitat in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Productivity of vegetation grazed by elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison) was compared with that of ungrazed (permanently fenced) vegetation at four sites. Two methods were used that, we believed, would provide the most accurate measurements under the different grazing regimes encountered in the study. Production of ungrazed vegetation in permanent exclosures (10×10 m or 15×15 m, 3 per site) and that of vegetation that was grazed only in the winter was taken as peak standing crop. Production of vegetation grazed during the growing season was the sum of significant increments (P<0.05) in standing crop inside temporary exclosures (1.5×1.5 m, 6 per site) moved every four weeks to account for herbivory.Aboveground productivity of grazed vegetation was .47% higher than that of ungrazed vegetation across sites (P<0.0003). This result could be explained by either a methodological or grazer effect. We believe it was the latter. Results from a computer simulation showed that sequential sampling with temporary exclosures resulted in a slight underestimation of production, suggesting that the reported differences between treatments were conservative. We suggest that stimulation of aboveground production by ungulates may be, in part, due to the migratory behavior of native ungulates that track young, high quality forage as it shifts spatially across the Yellowstone ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Frank
- Biological Research Laboratories, Syracuse University, 13244-1220, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Samuel J McNaughton
- Biological Research Laboratories, Syracuse University, 13244-1220, Syracuse, NY, USA
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20
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Effect of winter fire on primary productivity and nutrient concentration of a dry tropical savanna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00044858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Aerts R. Nutrient use efficiency in evergreen and deciduous species from heathlands. Oecologia 1990; 84:391-397. [PMID: 28313031 DOI: 10.1007/bf00329765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/1990] [Accepted: 05/18/1990] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nutrient (N, P) use efficiency (NUE: g g-1 nutrient), measured for the entire plant, of field populations of the evergreen shrubs Erica tetralix (in a wet heathland) and Calluna vulgaris (in a dry heathland) and the deciduous grass Molinia caerulea (both in a wet and a dry heathland) was compared. Erica and Calluna are crowded out by Molinia when nutrient availability increases. NUE was measured as the product of the mean residence time of a unit of nutrient in the population (MRT: yr) and nutrient productivity (A: annual productivity per unit of nutrient in the population, g g-1 nutrient yr-1. It was hypothesized that 1) in low-nutrient habitats selection is on features leading to a high MRT, whereas in high-nutrient habitats selection is on features leading to a high A; and that 2) due to evolutionary trade-offs plants cannot combine genotypically determined features which maximize both components of NUE.Both total productivity and litter production of the Molinia populations exceeded that of both evergreens about three-fold. Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption from senescing shoots was much lower in the evergreens compared with Molinia. In a split-root experiment no nutrient resorption from senescing roots was observed. Nutrient concentrations in the litter were equal for all species, except for litter P-concentration of Molinia at the wet site. Both Erica and Calluna had a long mean residence time of both nitrogen and phosphorus and a low nitrogen and phosphorus productivity. The Molinia populations showed a shorter mean residence time of N and P and a higher N- and P-productivity. These patterns resulted in an equal nitrogen use efficiency and an almost equal phosphorus use efficiency for the species under study. However, when only aboveground NUE was considered the Molinia populations had a much higher NUE than the evergreens.The results are consistent with the hypotheses. Thus, the low potential growth rate of species from low-nutrient habitats is probably the consequence of their nutrient conserving strategy rather than a feature on which direct selection takes place in these habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rien Aerts
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Utrecht, Lange Nieuwstraat 106, NL-3512 PN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Aerts R, Berendse F, Klerk NM, Bakker C. Root production and root turnover in two dominant species of wet heathlands. Oecologia 1989; 81:374-378. [PMID: 28311192 DOI: 10.1007/bf00377087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/1989] [Accepted: 06/01/1989] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Root biomass production, root length production and root turnover of Erica tetralix and Molinia caerulea were estimated by sequential core sampling and by observations in permanent minirhizotrons in the field. Root biomass production, estimated by core sampling, was 370 (Erica) and 1080 (Molinia) g m-2 yr-1. This was for both species equal to aboveground production. Assuming steady-state conditions for the root system, root biomass turnover rates (yr-1), estimated by core sampling, were 1.72 (Erica) and 1.27 (Molinia). Root length production of both species, estimated by minirhizotron observations, varied significantly with observation depth. Root length turnover rate (yr-1) of both species did not vary significantly with observation depth and averaged 0.92 in Erica and 2.28 in Molinia. Reasons are given for the discrepancy between the results of the two types of turnover measurements. The data suggest that the replacement of Erica by Molinia in a wet heathland, which occurs when nutrient availability increases, leads to an increased flow of carbon and nutrients into the soil-system. Therefore, there may be a positive feedback between dominance of Molinia and nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aerts
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Utrecht, Lange Nieuwstraat 106, NL-3512 PN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Berendse
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Utrecht, Lange Nieuwstraat 106, NL-3512 PN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N M Klerk
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Utrecht, Lange Nieuwstraat 106, NL-3512 PN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Bakker
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Utrecht, Lange Nieuwstraat 106, NL-3512 PN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sala O, Biondini M, Lauenroth W. Bias in estimates of primary production: An analytical solution. Ecol Modell 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3800(88)90081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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