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Singh C, Jin B, Shrestha N, Markhard AL, Panda A, Calvo SE, Deik A, Pan X, Zuckerman AL, Ben Saad A, Corey KE, Sjoquist J, Osganian S, AminiTabrizi R, Rhee EP, Shah H, Goldberger O, Mullen AC, Cracan V, Clish CB, Mootha VK, Goodman RP. ChREBP is activated by reductive stress and mediates GCKR-associated metabolic traits. Cell Metab 2024; 36:144-158.e7. [PMID: 38101397 PMCID: PMC10842884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Common genetic variants in glucokinase regulator (GCKR), which encodes GKRP, a regulator of hepatic glucokinase (GCK), influence multiple metabolic traits in genome-wide association studies (GWASs), making GCKR one of the most pleiotropic GWAS loci in the genome. It is unclear why. Prior work has demonstrated that GCKR influences the hepatic cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio, also referred to as reductive stress. Here, we demonstrate that reductive stress is sufficient to activate the transcription factor ChREBP and necessary for its activation by the GKRP-GCK interaction, glucose, and ethanol. We show that hepatic reductive stress induces GCKR GWAS traits such as increased hepatic fat, circulating FGF21, and circulating acylglycerol species, which are also influenced by ChREBP. We define the transcriptional signature of hepatic reductive stress and show its upregulation in fatty liver disease and downregulation after bariatric surgery in humans. These findings highlight how a GCKR-reductive stress-ChREBP axis influences multiple human metabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charandeep Singh
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Byungchang Jin
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nirajan Shrestha
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrew L Markhard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Apekshya Panda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E Calvo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy Deik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xingxiu Pan
- The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Austin L Zuckerman
- The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Program in Mathematics and Science Education, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Program in Mathematics and Science Education, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120
| | - Amel Ben Saad
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Julia Sjoquist
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stephanie Osganian
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Roya AminiTabrizi
- Metabolomics Platform, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eugene P Rhee
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hardik Shah
- Metabolomics Platform, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olga Goldberger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alan C Mullen
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Valentin Cracan
- The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Chemistry, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Russell P Goodman
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Zhang Z, Ji G, Li M. Glucokinase regulatory protein: a balancing act between glucose and lipid metabolism in NAFLD. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1247611. [PMID: 37711901 PMCID: PMC10497960 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1247611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease worldwide, affected by both genetics and environment. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) stands as an independent environmental risk factor that precipitates the onset of hepatic steatosis and accelerates its progression to severe stages of liver damage. Furthermore, the coexistence of T2D and NAFLD magnifies the risk of cardiovascular disease synergistically. However, the association between genetic susceptibility and metabolic risk factors in NAFLD remains incompletely understood. The glucokinase regulator gene (GCKR), responsible for encoding the glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP), acts as a regulator and protector of the glucose-metabolizing enzyme glucokinase (GK) in the liver. Two common variants (rs1260326 and rs780094) within the GCKR gene have been associated with a lower risk for T2D but a higher risk for NAFLD. Recent studies underscore that T2D presence significantly amplifies the effect of the GCKR gene, thereby increasing the risk of NASH and fibrosis in NAFLD patients. In this review, we focus on the critical roles of GKRP in T2D and NAFLD, drawing upon insights from genetic and biological studies. Notably, prior attempts at drug development targeting GK with glucokinase activators (GKAs) have shown potential risks of augmented plasma triglycerides or NAFLD. Conversely, overexpression of GKRP in diabetic rats improved glucose tolerance without causing NAFLD, suggesting the crucial regulatory role of GKRP in maintaining hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism balance. Collectively, this review sheds new light on the complex interaction between genes and environment in NAFLD, focusing on the GCKR gene. By integrating evidence from genetics, biology, and drug development, we reassess the therapeutic potential of targeting GK or GKRP for metabolic disease treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that selectively activating GK or enhancing GK-GKRP binding may represent a holistic strategy for restoring glucose and lipid metabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meng Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Mendelian randomization analysis of vitamin D in the secondary prevention of hypertensive-diabetic subjects: role of facilitating blood pressure control. GENES & NUTRITION 2022; 17:1. [PMID: 35093020 PMCID: PMC8903706 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-022-00704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Vitamin D (Vit-D) promotes vascular repair and its deficiency is closely linked to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension. Whether genetially predicted vitamin D status (serological 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) confers secondary protection against cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among high-risk hypertensive-diabetic subjects was unknown. Methods This is a prospective, individual-data, two-sample Mendelian randomization study. We interrogated 12 prior GWAS-detected SNPs of comprehensive Vit-D mechanistic pathways using high-throughput exome chip analyses in a derivation subcohort (n = 1460) and constructed a genetic risk score (GRS) (rs2060793, rs4588, rs7041; F-statistic = 32, P < 0.001) for causal inference of comprehensive CVD hard clinical endpoints in an independent sample of hypertensive subjects (n = 3746) with prevailing co-morbid T2DM (79%) and serological 25(OH)D deficiency [< 20 ng/mL] 45%. Results After 55.6 ± 28.9 months, 561 (15%) combined CVD events including myocardial infarction, unstable angina, ischemic stroke, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and cardiovascular death had occurred. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that genetically predicted reduced vitamin D status was associated with reduced event-free survival from combined CVD events (log-rank = 13.5, P = 0.001). Multivariate-adjusted per-allele increase in GRS predicted reduced combined CVD events (HR = 0.90 [0.84 to 0.96], P = 0.002). Mendelian randomization indicates that increased Vit-D exposure, leveraged through each 1 ng/mL genetically instrumented rise of serum Vit-D, protects against combined CVD events (Wald’s estimate: OR = 0.86 [95%CI 0.75 to 0.95]), and myocardial infarction (OR = 0.76 [95%CI 0.60 to 0.90]). Furthermore, genetically predicted increase in Vit-D status ameliorates risk of deviation from achieving guideline-directed hypertension control (JNC-8: systolic target < 150 mmHg) (OR = 0.89 [95%CI 0.80 to 0.96]). Conclusions Genetically predicted increase in Vit-D status [25(OH)D] may confer secondary protection against incident combined CVD events and myocardial infarction in a hypertensive-diabetic population where serological 25(OH)D deficiency is common, through facilitating blood pressure control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12263-022-00704-z.
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Excess Heritability Contribution of Alcohol Consumption Variants in the "Missing Heritability" of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212318. [PMID: 34830198 PMCID: PMC8623960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to compare the relative heritability contributed by variants of behavior-related environmental phenotypes and elucidate the role of these factors in the conundrum of “missing heritability” of type 2 diabetes. Methods: We used Linkage-Disequilibrium Adjusted Kinships (LDAK) and LDAK-Thin models to calculate the relative heritability of each variant and compare the relative heritability for each phenotype. Biological analysis was carried out for the phenotype whose variants made a significant contribution. Potential hub genes were prioritized based on topological parameters of the protein-protein interaction network. We included 16 behavior-related phenotypes and 2607 valid variants. In the LDAK model, we found the variants of alcohol consumption and caffeine intake were identified as contributing higher relative heritability than that of the random variants. Compared with the relative expected heritability contributed by the variants associated with type 2 diabetes, the relative expected heritability contributed by the variants associated with these two phenotypes was higher. In the LDAK-Thin model, the relative heritability of variants of 11 phenotypes was statistically higher than random variants. Biological function analysis showed the same distributions among type 2 diabetes and alcohol consumption. We eventually screened out 31 hub genes interacting intensively, four of which were validated and showed the upregulated expression pattern in blood samples seen in type 2 diabetes cases. Conclusion: We found that alcohol consumption contributed higher relative heritability. Hub genes may influence the onset of type 2 diabetes by a mediating effect or a pleiotropic effect. Our results provide new insight to reveal the role of behavior-related factors in the conundrum of “missing heritability” of type 2 diabetes.
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Chan YH, Schooling CM, Zhao J, Au Yeung SL, Hai JJ, Thomas GN, Cheng KK, Jiang CQ, Wong YK, Au KW, Tang CS, Cheung CYY, Xu A, Sham PC, Lam TH, Lam KSL, Tse HF. Mendelian Randomization Focused Analysis of Vitamin D on the Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2021; 52:3926-3937. [PMID: 34565175 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Experimental studies showed vitamin D (Vit-D) could promote vascular regeneration and repair. Prior randomized studies had focused mainly on primary prevention. Whether Vit-D protects against ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction recurrence among subjects with prior ischemic insults was unknown. Here, we dissected through Mendelian randomization any effect of Vit-D on the secondary prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. METHODS Based on a genetic risk score for Vit-D constructed from a derivation cohort sample (n=5331, 45% Vit-D deficient, 89% genotyped) via high-throughput exome-chip screening of 12 prior genome-wide association study-identified genetic variants of Vit-D mechanistic pathways (rs2060793, rs4588, and rs7041; F statistic, 73; P<0.001), we performed a focused analysis on prospective recurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke in an independent subsample with established ischemic disease (n=441, all with prior first ischemic event; follow-up duration, 41.6±14.3 years) under a 2-sample, individual-data, prospective Mendelian randomization approach. RESULTS In the ischemic disease subsample, 11.1% (n=49/441) had developed recurrent ischemic stroke or MI and 13.3% (n=58/441) had developed recurrent or de novo ischemic stroke/MI. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that genetic risk score predicted improved event-free survival from recurrent ischemic stroke or MI (log-rank, 13.0; P=0.001). Cox regression revealed that genetic risk score independently predicted reduced risk of recurrent ischemic stroke or MI combined (hazards ratio, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.48-0.81]; P<0.001), after adjusted for potential confounders. Mendelian randomization supported that Vit-D is causally protective against the primary end points of recurrent ischemic stroke or MI (Wald estimate: odds ratio, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.35-0.81]) and any recurrent or de novo ischemic stroke/MI (odds ratio, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.42-0.91]) and recurrent MI alone (odds ratio, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.30-0.81]). CONCLUSIONS Genetically predicted lowering in Vit-D level is causal for the recurrence of ischemic vascular events in persons with prior ischemic stroke or MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yap-Hang Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Queen Mary Hospital (Y.-H.C., J.J.H., Y.-K.W., K.-W.A., H.-F.T.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health (C.M.S., J.Z., S.-L.A.Y., T.-H.L.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Public Health (C.M.S., J.Z., S.-L.A.Y., T.-H.L.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiu-Lun Au Yeung
- School of Public Health (C.M.S., J.Z., S.-L.A.Y., T.-H.L.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jo Jo Hai
- Division of Cardiology, Queen Mary Hospital (Y.-H.C., J.J.H., Y.-K.W., K.-W.A., H.-F.T.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Hong Kong University Hospital, China (J.J.H., H.-F.T.)
| | - G Neil Thomas
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (G.N.T., K.-K.C.)
| | - Kar-Keung Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (G.N.T., K.-K.C.)
| | | | - Yuen-Kwun Wong
- Division of Cardiology, Queen Mary Hospital (Y.-H.C., J.J.H., Y.-K.W., K.-W.A., H.-F.T.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Wing Au
- Division of Cardiology, Queen Mary Hospital (Y.-H.C., J.J.H., Y.-K.W., K.-W.A., H.-F.T.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clara S Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Centre for Genomic Sciences (C.S.T., P.-C.S.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chloe Y Y Cheung
- Division of Endocrinology, Queen Mary Hospital (C.Y.Y.C., A.X., K.S.-L.L.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Queen Mary Hospital (C.Y.Y.C., A.X., K.S.-L.L.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry and Centre for Genomic Sciences (C.S.T., P.-C.S.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tai-Hing Lam
- School of Public Health (C.M.S., J.Z., S.-L.A.Y., T.-H.L.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Karen Siu-Ling Lam
- Division of Endocrinology, Queen Mary Hospital (C.Y.Y.C., A.X., K.S.-L.L.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Division of Cardiology, Queen Mary Hospital (Y.-H.C., J.J.H., Y.-K.W., K.-W.A., H.-F.T.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (H.-F.T.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Institutes of Research and Innovation (H.-F.T.), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Hong Kong University Hospital, China (J.J.H., H.-F.T.)
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Goodman RP, Markhard AL, Shah H, Sharma R, Skinner OS, Clish CB, Deik A, Patgiri A, Hsu YHH, Masia R, Noh HL, Suk S, Goldberger O, Hirschhorn JN, Yellen G, Kim JK, Mootha VK. Hepatic NADH reductive stress underlies common variation in metabolic traits. Nature 2020; 583:122-126. [PMID: 32461692 PMCID: PMC7536642 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cellular NADH/NAD+ ratio is fundamental to biochemistry, but the extent to which it reflects versus drives metabolic physiology in vivo is poorly understood. Here we report the in vivo application of Lactobacillus brevis (Lb)NOX1, a bacterial water-forming NADH oxidase, to assess the metabolic consequences of directly lowering the hepatic cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio in mice. By combining this genetic tool with metabolomics, we identify circulating α-hydroxybutyrate levels as a robust marker of an elevated hepatic cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio, also known as reductive stress. In humans, elevations in circulating α-hydroxybutyrate levels have previously been associated with impaired glucose tolerance2, insulin resistance3 and mitochondrial disease4, and are associated with a common genetic variant in GCKR5, which has previously been associated with many seemingly disparate metabolic traits. Using LbNOX, we demonstrate that NADH reductive stress mediates the effects of GCKR variation on many metabolic traits, including circulating triglyceride levels, glucose tolerance and FGF21 levels. Our work identifies an elevated hepatic NADH/NAD+ ratio as a latent metabolic parameter that is shaped by human genetic variation and contributes causally to key metabolic traits and diseases. Moreover, it underscores the utility of genetic tools such as LbNOX to empower studies of 'causal metabolism'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Goodman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew L Markhard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hardik Shah
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Owen S Skinner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy Deik
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anupam Patgiri
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu-Han H Hsu
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hye Lim Noh
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sujin Suk
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Olga Goldberger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary Yellen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Genetic variation, adipokines, and cardiometabolic disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 52:33-39. [PMID: 32480034 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines are adipocyte-secreted cell signalling proteins that travel to distant target organs and tissues, where they regulate a variety of biological actions implicated in cardiometabolic health. In the past decade, genome-wide association studies have identified multiple genetic variants associated with circulating levels of adipokines, providing new instruments for examining the role of adipokines in cardiometabolic pathologies. Currently, there is limited genetic evidence of causal relationships between adipokines and cardiometabolic disease, which is consistent with findings from randomized clinical trials that have thus far shown limited success for adipokine-based treatments in improving cardiometabolic health. Incorporating human genetic data in early phases of target selection is essential for enhancing the success of adipokine-based therapies for cardiometabolic disease.
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8
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Genetic contributions to NAFLD: leveraging shared genetics to uncover systems biology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:40-52. [PMID: 31641249 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects around a quarter of the global population, paralleling worldwide increases in obesity and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD arises in the context of systemic metabolic dysfunction that concomitantly amplifies the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. These interrelated conditions have long been recognized to have a heritable component, and advances using unbiased association studies followed by functional characterization have created a paradigm for unravelling the genetic architecture of these conditions. A novel perspective is to characterize the shared genetic basis of NAFLD and other related disorders. This information on shared genetic risks and their biological overlap should in future enable the development of precision medicine approaches through better patient stratification, and enable the identification of preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge of the genetic basis of NAFLD and of possible pleiotropy between NAFLD and other liver diseases as well as other related metabolic disorders. We also discuss evidence of causality in NAFLD and other related diseases and the translational significance of such evidence, and future challenges from the study of genetic pleiotropy.
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Hu W, He J, Fu W, Wang C, Yue H, Gu J, Zhang H, Zhang Z. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Associated With Bone Mineral Density, but not With Bone Turnover Markers and Fractures in Chinese Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Densitom 2019; 22:179-184. [PMID: 30228048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the endocrine FGF subfamily and an important metabolic regulator that has multiple beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. However, it was unclear whether FGF21 would induce bone defects in humans. This study evaluated the associations of FGF21 levels, bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporotic fracture, and bone turnover marks (BTMs) in postmenopausal women. A total of 1342 postmenopausal Chinese Han women (511 cases of fragility fracture in the case group and 831 cases in nonfragility fracture group) were enrolled. Serum FGF21 concentration was measured by ELISA (Quantikine), serum calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, β-crosslinked C-telopeptide of type l collagen, were measured using an automated Roche electro-chemiluminescence system. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The association with age, BMD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, β-crosslinked C-telopeptide of type l collagen, and FGF21 levels were also evaluated in postmenopausal women. In nonfracture group and fragility fracture group, postmenopausal women's FGF21 level was 226.57pg/mL (149.11-354.43 pg/mL) and 219.43pg/mL (147.21-323.74 pg/mL), respectively. There is no significant difference in serum FGF21 levels between the fragility fracture group and the nonfracture group (p = 0.160). There was a significant statistical difference in BMD between the fragility fracture group and the nonfracture group (p = 0.000). In multiple linear regression analysis, FGF21 levels were significantly positive associated with lumbar BMD in postmenopausal women (L1-4, p = 0.007), independent of other factors, especially in fragility fracture group (L1-4, p = 0.001). In addition, a significant positive association was also observed between serum FGF21 levels and age in postmenopausal women (p < 0.05). We reveal a positive correlation between serum FGF21 concentrations with lumbar BMD in Chinese Han postmenopausal women. No significant correlations are present between serum FGF21 and bone turnover marks or serum FGF21 and fragility fracture in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiWei Hu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwei He
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhen Fu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hue Yue
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiemei Gu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Cheung CYY, Lee CH, Tang CS, Xu A, Au KW, Fong CHY, Ng KKK, Kwok KHM, Chow WS, Woo YC, Yuen MMA, Hai J, Tan KCB, Lam TH, Tse HF, Sham PC, Lam KSL. Genetic Regulation of Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF): An Exome-Chip Association Analysis in Chinese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2019; 68:198-206. [PMID: 30305369 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated circulating levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) have been reported in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its associated microvascular complications. This study aimed to 1) identify the genetic determinants influencing circulating PEDF levels in a clinical setting of T2D, 2) examine the relationship between circulating PEDF and diabetes complications, and 3) explore the causal relationship between PEDF and diabetes complications. An exome-chip association study on circulating PEDF levels was conducted in 5,385 Chinese subjects with T2D. A meta-analysis of the association results of the discovery stage (n = 2,936) and replication stage (n = 2,449) was performed. The strongest association was detected at SERPINF1 (p.Met72Thr; Pcombined = 2.06 × 10-57; β [SE] -0.33 [0.02]). Two missense variants of SMYD4 (p.Arg131Ile; Pcombined = 7.56 × 10-25; β [SE] 0.21 [0.02]) and SERPINF2 (p.Arg33Trp; Pcombined = 8.22 × 10-10; β [SE] -0.15 [0.02]) showed novel associations at genome-wide significance. Elevated circulating PEDF levels were associated with increased risks of diabetic nephropathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. Mendelian randomization analysis showed suggestive evidence of a protective role of PEDF on sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.085). Our study provided new insights into the genetic regulation of PEDF and further support for its potential application as a biomarker for diabetic nephropathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. Further studies to explore the causal relationship of PEDF with diabetes complications are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Y Y Cheung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clara S Tang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Wing Au
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol H Y Fong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin K K Ng
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin H M Kwok
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Sun Chow
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Cho Woo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michele M A Yuen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - JoJo Hai
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathryn C B Tan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tai-Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen S L Lam
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Gillum MP. Parsing the Potential Neuroendocrine Actions of FGF21 in Primates. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1966-1970. [PMID: 29608670 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, a unique, largely liver-derived endocrine member of the FGF superfamily, is often thought of as a fasting factor owing to its induction in rodents during starvation. However, FGF21 is not increased by fasting for periods of <7 days in humans; instead, it rises sharply after acute alcohol and sugar intake and also after several days of overfeeding, suggesting another role in states of positive energy balance. Recent studies suggest that in the postingestive state, FGF21 may regulate energy intake and discourage consumption of alcohol and sugars, most likely through effector circuits in the central nervous system. FGF21 also increases fat oxidation in the liver, improves markers of insulin sensitivity, and stimulates adiponectin production. Thus, in primates, FGF21 may defend against hepatic nutrient overload by promoting adaptations that reduce ectopic lipid storage, including inhibiting sugar and alcohol appetite and promoting lipid sequestration in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
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