1
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Huang WH, Kajal K, Wibowo RH, Amartuvshin O, Kao SH, Rastegari E, Lin CH, Chiou KL, Pi HW, Ting CT, Hsu HJ. Excess dietary sugar impairs Drosophila adult stem cells via elevated reactive oxygen species-induced JNK signaling. Development 2024; 151:dev201772. [PMID: 38063853 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
High-sugar diets (HSDs) often lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes, both metabolic syndromes associated with stem cell dysfunction. However, it is unclear whether excess dietary sugar affects stem cells. Here, we report that HSD impairs stem cell function in the intestine and ovaries of female Drosophila prior to the onset of insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Although 1 week of HSD leads to obesity, impaired oogenesis and altered lipid metabolism, insulin resistance does not occur. HSD increases glucose uptake by germline stem cells (GSCs) and triggers reactive oxygen species-induced JNK signaling, which reduces GSC proliferation. Removal of excess sugar from the diet reverses these HSD-induced phenomena. A similar phenomenon is found in intestinal stem cells (ISCs), except that HSD disrupts ISC maintenance and differentiation. Interestingly, tumor-like GSCs and ISCs are less responsive to HSD, which may be because of their dependence on glycolytic metabolism and high energy demand, respectively. This study suggests that excess dietary sugar induces oxidative stress and damages stem cells before insulin resistance develops, a mechanism that may also occur in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Huang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Sinica, Taipei 11529
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10917
| | - Kreeti Kajal
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Sinica, Taipei 11529
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227
| | | | - Oyundari Amartuvshin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Sinica, Taipei 11529
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490
| | - Shih-Han Kao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Sinica, Taipei 11529
| | - Elham Rastegari
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Sinica, Taipei 11529
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Sinica, Taipei 11529
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490
| | - Kuan-Lin Chiou
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Wei Pi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ti Ting
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10917
| | - Hwei-Jan Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Sinica, Taipei 11529
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2
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Abstract
NAFLD, or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, has increased in prevalence hand in hand with the rise in obesity and increased free sugars in the food supply. The causes of NAFLD are genetic in origin combined with environmental drivers of the disease phenotype. Dietary intake of added sugars has been shown to have a major role in the phenotypic onset and progression of the disease. Simple sugars are key drivers of steatosis, likely through fueling de novo lipogenesis, the conversion of excess carbohydrates into fatty acids, but also appear to upregulate lipogenic metabolism and trigger hyperinsulinemia, another driver. NAFLD carries a clinical burden as it is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Patient quality of life is also impacted, and there is an enormous economic burden due to healthcare use, which is likely to increase in the coming years. This review aims to discuss the role of dietary sugar in NAFLD pathogenesis, the health and economic burden, and the promising potential of sugar reduction to improve health outcomes for patients with this chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helaina E. Huneault
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ana Ramirez Tovar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cristian Sanchez-Torres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jean A. Welsh
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Miriam B. Vos
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Zhao S, Zheng H, Lu Y, Zhang N, Soladoye OP, Zhang Y, Fu Y. Sweet Taste Receptors and Associated Sweet Peptides: Insights into Structure and Function. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:13950-13964. [PMID: 37698386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term consumption of a high-sugar diet may contribute to the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Sweet peptides derived from a wide range of food sources can enhance sweet taste without compromising the sensory properties. Therefore, the research and application of sweet peptides are promising strategies for reducing sugar consumption. This work first outlined the necessity for global sugar reduction, followed by the introduction of sweet taste receptors and their associated transduction mechanisms. Subsequently, recent research progress in sweet peptides from different protein sources was summarized. Furthermore, the main methods for the preparation and evaluation of sweet peptides were presented. In addition, the current challenges and potential applications are also discussed. Sweet peptides can stimulate sweetness perception by binding sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 in taste buds, which is an effective strategy for reducing sugar consumption. At present, sweet peptides are mainly prepared artificially by synthesis, hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and bioengineering strategies. Furthermore, sensory evaluation, electronic tongues, and cell models have been used to assess the sweet taste intensity. The present review can provide a theoretical reference for reducing sugar consumption with the aid of sweet peptides in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Westa College, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyuan Zheng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Westa College, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, People's Republic of China
| | - Olugbenga P Soladoye
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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Beraza N. Ketohexokinase-C: The mechanistic link between dietary sugars and protein acetylation during liver steatosis. J Hepatol 2023; 79:16-18. [PMID: 36958528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Beraza
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Pearce VH, Groisman EA, Townsend GE. Dietary sugars silence the master regulator of carbohydrate utilization in human gut Bacteroides species. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2221484. [PMID: 37358144 PMCID: PMC10294740 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2221484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gut microbiota is a critical human health determinant with therapeutic potential for remediation of many diseases. The host diet is a key factor governing the gut microbiota composition by altering nutrient availability and supporting the expansion of distinct microbial populations. Diets rich in simple sugars modify the abundance of microbial subsets, enriching for microbiotas that elicit pathogenic outcomes. We previously demonstrated that diets rich in fructose and glucose can reduce the fitness and abundance of a human gut symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, by silencing the production of a critical intestinal colonization protein, called Roc, via its mRNA leader through an unknown mechanism. We have now determined that dietary sugars silence Roc by reducing the activity of BT4338, a master regulator of carbohydrate utilization. Here, we demonstrate that BT4338 is required for Roc synthesis, and that BT4338 activity is silenced by glucose or fructose. We show that the consequences of glucose and fructose on orthologous transcription factors are conserved across human intestinal Bacteroides species. This work identifies a molecular pathway by which a common dietary additive alters microbial gene expression in the gut that could be harnessed to modulate targeted microbial populations for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria H. Pearce
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Penn State Microbiome Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Eduardo A. Groisman
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guy E. Townsend
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Penn State Microbiome Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Lee SM, Cho DH, Jung HJ, Kim B, Kim SH, Bhatia SK, Gurav R, Jeon JM, Yoon JJ, Park JH, Park JH, Kim YG, Yang YH. Enhanced tolerance of Cupriavidus necator NCIMB 11599 to lignocellulosic derived inhibitors by inserting NAD salvage pathway genes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1719-1729. [PMID: 36121506 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a bio-based, biodegradable and biocompatible plastic that has the potential to replace petroleum-based plastics. Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for industrial fermentation to produce bioproducts such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). However, the pretreatment processes of lignocellulosic biomass lead to the generation of toxic byproducts, such as furfural, 5-HMF, vanillin, and acetate, which affect microbial growth and productivity. In this study, to reduce furfural toxicity during PHB production from lignocellulosic hydrolysates, we genetically engineered Cupriavidus necator NCIMB 11599, by inserting the nicotine amide salvage pathway genes pncB and nadE to increase the NAD(P)H pool. We found that the expression of pncB was the most effective in improving tolerance to inhibitors, cell growth, PHB production and sugar consumption rate. In addition, the engineered strain harboring pncB showed higher PHB production using lignocellulosic hydrolysates than the wild-type strain. Therefore, the application of NAD salvage pathway genes improves the tolerance of Cupriavidus necator to lignocellulosic-derived inhibitors and should be used to optimize PHB production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ju Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungchan Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranjit Gurav
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Jeon
- Green & Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Jun Yoon
- Green & Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Park
- Sustainable Technology and Wellness R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Park
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children resulting from the obesity epidemic is widespread and increasing. Although the complexities of pediatric NAFLD are recognized, screening and therapies in children remain limited. Moreover, pediatric NAFLD diagnosis fails to consider insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction as important determinants. In this issue of the JCI, Cohen et al. explored the contribution of dietary factors to the pathogenesis of NAFLD in adolescent boys with biopsy-proven NAFLD and control participants. Notably, dietary sugar restriction over 8 weeks decreased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and hepatic fat. The change in DNL correlated with changes in insulin and weight, but not with changes in hepatic fat, supporting the relevance of metabolic dysfunction to NAFLD. These results confirm the pathological link between excessive dietary sugar intake and NAFLD in children and support recent recommendations to change the nomenclature of NAFLD to metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T. Chung
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheela N. Magge
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Berenyiova A, Golas S, Drobna M, Cebova M, Cacanyiova S. Fructose Intake Impairs the Synergistic Vasomotor Manifestation of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide in Rat Aorta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4749. [PMID: 33946264 PMCID: PMC8124179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of eight weeks of administration of 10% fructose solution to adult Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats on systolic blood pressure (SBP), plasma and biometric parameters, vasoactive properties of the thoracic aorta (TA), NO synthase (NOS) activity, and the expression of enzymes producing NO and H2S. Eight weeks of fructose administration did not affect SBP, glycaemia, or the plasma levels of total cholesterol or low-density and high-density lipoprotein; however, it significantly increased the plasma levels of γ-glutamyl transferase and alanine transaminase. Chronic fructose intake deteriorated endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (EDVR) and increased the sensitivity of adrenergic receptors to noradrenaline. Acute NOS inhibition evoked a reduction in EDVR that was similar between groups; however, it increased adrenergic contraction more in fructose-fed rats. CSE inhibition decreased EDVR in WKY but not in fructose-fed rats. The application of a H2S scavenger evoked a reduction in the EDVR in WKY rats and normalized the sensitivity of adrenergic receptors in rats treated with fructose. Fructose intake did not change NOS activity but reduced the expression of eNOS and CBS in the TA and CSE and CBS in the left ventricle. Based on our results, we could assume that the impaired vascular function induced by increased fructose intake was probably not directly associated with a decreased production of NO, but rather with impairment of the NO-H2S interaction and its manifestation in vasoactive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Berenyiova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.G.); (M.D.); (M.C.); (S.C.)
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Plaza-Diaz J, Bernal MJ, Schutte S, Chenoll E, Genovés S, Codoñer FM, Gil A, Sanchez-Siles LM. Effects of Whole-Grain and Sugar Content in Infant Cereals on Gut Microbiota at Weaning: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051496. [PMID: 33925049 PMCID: PMC8145071 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of complementary foods during infancy marks an important step in the development of the infant gut microbiome. Infant cereals are popular weaning foods but consistent evidence on their effect on the intestinal microbiota, especially when differing in nutritional quality, is lacking. Fecal samples from 4–7-month-old Spanish infants who consumed infant cereals differing in whole grain and sugar content as first weaning foods were analyzed on changes in microbial composition by massively parallel sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene at baseline and after 7 weeks of intervention. Samples were obtained from a previous trial conducted in Spain demonstrating whole-grain cereal acceptability. In total, samples of 18 infants consuming 0% whole grain cereals with 24 g sugar (0-WG) and 25 infants consuming 50% whole grain cereals with 12 g sugar (50-WG) were analyzed. Microbial composition changed significantly over time (p = 0.001), per intervention group (p = 0.029) and per infant (p = 0.001). Abundance of genus Veillonella increased in both groups while Enterococcus decreased. Within the 0-WG group, phylum Actinobacteria decreased along with genus Bifidobacterium. In the 50-WG, we observed an increase in Lachnoclostridium and Bacteroides. In addition, 50-WG decreased Proteobacteria and Escherichia to levels lower than 0-WG. Although weaning itself appeared to be responsible for most changes, the increased presence of anaerobic fermenters together with inhibition of pathogenic Escherichia may indicate a supporting effect of infant cereals with 50% whole grains and a reduced sugar content over infant cereals manufactured with refined hydrolyzed flours on the infant microbiota. In fact, using a novel methodology for the identification of microbial signatures, we found two groups of microbial taxa predictive of infants consuming enriched whole-grain infant cereals with a high predictive value of about 93%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS. GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Maria Jose Bernal
- Research and Nutrition Department, Hero Group, 30820 Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain; (M.J.B.); (S.S.)
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Schutte
- Research and Nutrition Department, Hero Group, 30820 Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain; (M.J.B.); (S.S.)
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland
| | - Empar Chenoll
- Biopolis-ADM, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (E.C.); (S.G.); (F.M.C.)
| | | | | | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS. GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition & Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (L.M.S.-S.)
| | - Luis Manuel Sanchez-Siles
- Research and Nutrition Department, Hero Group, 30820 Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain; (M.J.B.); (S.S.)
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (L.M.S.-S.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Herman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Jones S, Luo S, Dorton HM, Angelo B, Yunker AG, Monterosso JR, Page KA. Evidence of a Role for the Hippocampus in Food-Cue Processing and the Association with Body Weight and Dietary Added Sugar. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:370-378. [PMID: 33491312 PMCID: PMC7842690 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current analysis used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore a model of energy regulation postulating that the hippocampus integrates interoceptive signals and environmental stimuli to suppress responding to food cues. It was hypothesized that hippocampal activity would increase in response to food cues under postnutritive relative to fasted conditions, given the role of the hippocampus in integrating postnutritive signals with food cues, and that obesity, added sugar intake, or a combination of these factors would alter this response. METHODS Data were analyzed on 65 participants (29 males). Participants consumed drinks containing 75 g of glucose or water and underwent an fMRI-based food-cue task. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI was used to examine hippocampal responses to food and nonfood cues. RESULTS In lean participants, the hippocampal BOLD signal was higher following glucose compared with water, but participants with obesity showed the opposite pattern. BMI interacted with added sugar intake such that BMI was more negatively correlated with hippocampal food-cue reactivity after glucose ingestion in individuals who consumed high levels of added sugar. Hippocampal BOLD was negatively correlated with prospective food intake. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with the view that energy regulation involves hippocampal processes in humans and that added sugar and excess weight may impair this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jones
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hilary M. Dorton
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
| | - Alexandra G. Yunker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
| | - John R. Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
- Correspondence and reprint requests can be made to Dr. Kathleen A. Page, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, 2250 Alcazar Street; CSC 209, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
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12
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Tappy L. Metabolism of sugars: A window to the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis by splanchnic organs. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1691-1698. [PMID: 33413911 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND &AIMS Dietary sugars are absorbed in the hepatic portal circulation as glucose, fructose, or galactose. The gut and liver are required to process fructose and galactose into glucose, lactate, and fatty acids. A high sugar intake may favor the development of cardio-metabolic diseases by inducing Insulin resistance and increased concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. METHODS A narrative review of the literature regarding the metabolic effects of fructose-containing sugars. RESULTS Sugars' metabolic effects differ from those of starch mainly due to the fructose component of sucrose. Fructose is metabolized in a set of fructolytic cells, which comprise small bowel enterocytes, hepatocytes, and kidney proximal tubule cells. Compared to glucose, fructose is readily metabolized in an insulin-independent way, even in subjects with diabetes mellitus, and produces minor increases in glycemia. It can be efficiently used for energy production, including during exercise. Unlike commonly thought, fructose when ingested in small amounts is mainly metabolized to glucose and organic acids in the gut, and this organ may thus shield the liver from potentially deleterious effects. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic functions of splanchnic organs must be performed with homeostatic constraints to avoid exaggerated blood glucose and lipid concentrations, and thus to prevent cellular damages leading to non-communicable diseases. Excess fructose intake can impair insulin-induced suppression of glucose production, stimulate de novo lipogenesis, and increase intrahepatic and blood triglyceride concentrations. With chronically high fructose intake, enterocyte can switch to lipid synthesis and accumulation of triglyceride, possibly causing an enterocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Tappy
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland, Ch. d'Au Bosson 7, CH-1053 Cugy, Switzerland.
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent advances in our understanding of mammalian erythritol metabolism and its use as a predictive biomarker of cardiometabolic disease risk. RECENT FINDINGS Elevated serum erythritol predicts future central adiposity gain and type 2 diabetes mellitus in healthy adults. Erythritol is a newly recognized human metabolic product of glucose, synthesized through the pentose phosphate pathway. The final conversion of this metabolic pathway is catalyzed by the enzymes sorbitol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase 1. Erythritol is also a well characterized nonnutritive sweetener. Recent studies show that dietary erythritol can be metabolized to erythrose or erythronate in humans before excretion. SUMMARY Elevated serum erythritol predicts risk for cardiometabolic disease, but more research is required to maximize its utility as a biomarker, including characterizing the determinants of endogenous erythritol synthesis from glucose. New insights into dietary erythritol metabolism also highlight the need to evaluate the effects of long-term erythritol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semira R Ortiz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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14
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic, frequently progressive condition that develops in response to excessive hepatocyte fat accumulation (i.e., steatosis) in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. Liver steatosis develops as a result of imbalanced lipid metabolism, driven largely by increased rates of de novo lipogenesis and hepatic fatty acid uptake and reduced fatty acid oxidation and/or disposal to the circulation. Fructose is a naturally occurring simple sugar, which is most commonly consumed in modern diets in the form of sucrose, a disaccharide comprised of one molecule of fructose covalently bonded with one molecule of glucose. A number of observational and experimental studies have demonstrated detrimental effects of dietary fructose consumption not only on diverse metabolic outcomes such as insulin resistance and obesity, but also on hepatic steatosis and NAFLD-related fibrosis. Despite the compelling evidence that excessive fructose consumption is associated with the presence of NAFLD and may even promote the development and progression of NAFLD to more clinically severe phenotypes, the molecular mechanisms by which fructose elicits effects on dysregulated liver metabolism remain unclear. Emerging data suggest that dietary fructose may directly alter the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, including those that increase hepatic fat accumulation or reduce hepatic fat removal. The aim of this review is to summarize the current research supporting a role for dietary fructose intake in the modulation of transcriptomic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K DiStefano
- Diabetes and Fibrotic Disease Unit, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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15
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Marinho AR, Severo M, Ramos E, Lopes C. Evaluating the association of free sugars intake and glycemic load on cardiometabolic outcomes: A prospective analysis throughout adolescence into early adulthood. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:142-150. [PMID: 32446617 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively evaluate the relation of free sugars intake and glycemic load with adiposity and insulin resistance, from adolescence into early adulthood. METHODS Data from the population-based cohort EPITeen (Porto, Portugal) at 13 and 21 years old was used (n = 1034). At both ages, dietary assessment was obtained by food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Added sugar of each food item was estimated based on a systematic methodology described by Louie et al. Free sugars (FS) were defined according to World Health Organization. To each food item of the FFQ, a calculated mean value of FS and glycemic index was assigned. Dietary glycemic load (GL) was determined for each participant. Sex- and age-specific body mass index z-score (BMIz) and waist-to-weight ratio (WWr) were used as measures of adiposity, and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) as a measure of insulin resistance. A cross-lagged path analysis was performed to examine causal relationships between FS intake or dietary GL with BMIz, WWr or HOMA-IR. RESULTS No significant association was found between intake of FS and dietary GL at 13 years with BMIz, WWr or HOMA-IR at 21. A significant inverse association was found between BMIz at 13 and FS (β = -0.595,95%CI -0.830, -0.359) and dietary GL (β = -0.687,95%CI -0.937,-0.437) at 21 years. Intake of FS, dietary GL, as well as BMIz, WWr and HOMA-IR tracked from 13 to 21 years. CONCLUSION No significant association was found between consumption of FS and GL at 13 years with cardiometabolic features at 21 years. Dietary intake and cardiometabolic outcomes tracked from adolescence into early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Marinho
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Milton Severo
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ramos
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Lopes
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Sh Shawky A, S Abbas M, Rabie SMH, Assous MTM, Mostafa Zeinab MA. Impact of Pretreatments and Drying Temperatures on Quality of Siwi and Sakkoti Dates. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:658-666. [PMID: 32363822 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.658.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Drying of date helps in preserving it to be consumed outside the harvest season and removes some moisture from dates and also slows down the action of date endogenous enzymes. This study was carried out to investigate pretreatments and drying temperature on the physical and chemical properties of 2 date varieties (Siwi and Sakkoti) at the khalal stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS The date fruits at khalal stage were dipped in ascorbic acid solution, sodium metabisulfite solution and sulfur dioxide before cut into pieces, halves and as whole. Then dates were dried at 50, 55, 60 and 65°C, respectively till ~20% moisture content and examined the physical and chemical properties of dried dates. RESULTS Moisture content of Siwi and Sakkoti at the khalal stage was 56.90 and 51.72%, respectively, while total sugars were 79.76 and 75.74%, respectively on dry weight bases. The color of dates Hunter (L and b) were the highest of treated with meta-bisulfate solution or sulfur dioxide and the lowest of color date observed (Hunter, a) comparing with control and ascorbic acid. CONCLUSION The pretreatments indicated that the dipping dates in sodium meta-bisulfate solution or sulfur dioxide then, dried at 60˚C produce high quality parameters of semi-dry dates comparing control and ascorbic acid.
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17
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Tan HE, Sisti AC, Jin H, Vignovich M, Villavicencio M, Tsang KS, Goffer Y, Zuker CS. The gut-brain axis mediates sugar preference. Nature 2020; 580:511-516. [PMID: 32322067 PMCID: PMC7185044 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The taste of sugar is one of the most basic sensory percepts for humans and other animals. Animals can develop a strong preference for sugar even if they lack sweet taste receptors, indicating a mechanism independent of taste1-3. Here we examined the neural basis for sugar preference and demonstrate that a population of neurons in the vagal ganglia and brainstem are activated via the gut-brain axis to create preference for sugar. These neurons are stimulated in response to sugar but not artificial sweeteners, and are activated by direct delivery of sugar to the gut. Using functional imaging we monitored activity of the gut-brain axis, and identified the vagal neurons activated by intestinal delivery of glucose. Next, we engineered mice in which synaptic activity in this gut-to-brain circuit was genetically silenced, and prevented the development of behavioural preference for sugar. Moreover, we show that co-opting this circuit by chemogenetic activation can create preferences to otherwise less-preferred stimuli. Together, these findings reveal a gut-to-brain post-ingestive sugar-sensing pathway critical for the development of sugar preference. In addition, they explain the neural basis for differences in the behavioural effects of sweeteners versus sugar, and uncover an essential circuit underlying the highly appetitive effects of sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Ee Tan
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander C Sisti
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hao Jin
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Vignovich
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Villavicencio
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine S Tsang
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yossef Goffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles S Zuker
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Zhao S, Jang C, Liu J, Uehara K, Gilbert M, Izzo L, Zeng X, Trefely S, Fernandez S, Carrer A, Miller KD, Schug ZT, Snyder NW, Gade TP, Titchenell PM, Rabinowitz JD, Wellen KE. Dietary fructose feeds hepatic lipogenesis via microbiota-derived acetate. Nature 2020; 579:586-591. [PMID: 32214246 PMCID: PMC7416516 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of fructose has risen markedly in recent decades owing to the use of sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup in beverages and processed foods1, and this has contributed to increasing rates of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease2-4. Fructose intake triggers de novo lipogenesis in the liver4-6, in which carbon precursors of acetyl-CoA are converted into fatty acids. The ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) enzyme cleaves cytosolic citrate to generate acetyl-CoA, and is upregulated after consumption of carbohydrates7. Clinical trials are currently pursuing the inhibition of ACLY as a treatment for metabolic diseases8. However, the route from dietary fructose to hepatic acetyl-CoA and lipids remains unknown. Here, using in vivo isotope tracing, we show that liver-specific deletion of Acly in mice is unable to suppress fructose-induced lipogenesis. Dietary fructose is converted to acetate by the gut microbiota9, and this supplies lipogenic acetyl-CoA independently of ACLY10. Depletion of the microbiota or silencing of hepatic ACSS2, which generates acetyl-CoA from acetate, potently suppresses the conversion of bolus fructose into hepatic acetyl-CoA and fatty acids. When fructose is consumed more gradually to facilitate its absorption in the small intestine, both citrate cleavage in hepatocytes and microorganism-derived acetate contribute to lipogenesis. By contrast, the lipogenic transcriptional program is activated in response to fructose in a manner that is independent of acetyl-CoA metabolism. These data reveal a two-pronged mechanism that regulates hepatic lipogenesis, in which fructolysis within hepatocytes provides a signal to promote the expression of lipogenic genes, and the generation of microbial acetate feeds lipogenic pools of acetyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kahealani Uehara
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Gilbert
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luke Izzo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xianfeng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sully Fernandez
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alessandro Carrer
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Katelyn D Miller
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zachary T Schug
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Terence P Gade
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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19
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Oliveira DTD, Fernandes IDC, Sousa GGD, Santos TAPD, Paiva NCND, Carneiro CM, Evangelista EA, Barboza NR, Guerra-Sá R. High-sugar diet leads to obesity and metabolic diseases in ad libitum -fed rats irrespective of caloric intake. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2020; 64:71-81. [PMID: 32187264 PMCID: PMC10522277 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Provide a comprehensive view of the events surrounding the sugar consumption, under conditions of energy equivalence; through the analysis of behavioral aspects of intake, and of biochemical, metabolic and physiological parameters, as well as the effect of this nutrient on the plasticity of adipose tissue. Materials and methods Newly weaned male Wistar rats were classified in two groups and subjected to the following normocaloric diets: standard chow diet or to high-sugar diet (HSD) ad libitum for 18 weeks. Results The animals submitted to the HSD were associated with a lower caloric intake during the 18 weeks of experimentation. However, the HSD induced a significant increase in body weight, white adipose tissue weight, adiposity index, Lee index, and the levels of triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein in the serum. In addition, it induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and compensatory increase of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. Also increased heart rate and induced hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of retroperitoneal visceral adipose tissue. In the liver, the HSD was associated with increased hepatic lipid content (i.e., triglycerides and cholesterol) and hepatomegaly. Conclusion The post-weaning consumption of HSD induces an adaptive response in metabolism; however, such an event is not enough to reverse the homeostatic imbalance triggered by the chronic consumption of this macronutrient, leading to the development of metabolic syndrome, irrespective of caloric intake. These findings corroborate recent evidence indicating that sugar is a direct contributor to metabolic diseases independent of a positive energy balance. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(1):71-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Teixeira de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Graziele Galdino de Sousa
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Natália Rocha Barboza
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Renata Guerra-Sá
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
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20
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Bouwman LMS, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Swarts HJM, Piga R, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J. Metabolic effects of the dietary monosaccharides fructose, fructose-glucose, or glucose in mice fed a starch-containing moderate high-fat diet. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14350. [PMID: 32026655 PMCID: PMC7002529 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose consumption has been linked to obesity and increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Excessive caloric intake often confounds the results of fructose studies, and experimental diets are generally low-fat diets, not representative for westernized diets. Here, we compared the effects of dietary fructose with those of dietary glucose, in adult male and female mice on a starch-containing moderate high-fat (HF) diet. After 5 weeks fattening on a HF high-glucose (HF-G) diet, mice were stratified per sex and assigned to one of the three intervention diets for 6 weeks: HF high fructose (HF-F), HF with equimolar glucose and fructose (HF-GF), or HF-G. Bodyweight (BW) and food intake were measured weekly. Indirect calorimetry was performed on week 5; animals were sacrificed in food-deprived state on week 6. Data were analyzed within sex. BW gain was similar among animals on the HF-G, HF-GF, and HF-F diets. Cumulative food intake was slightly lower in HF-F animals (both sexes). However, energy expenditure was not affected, or were circulating insulin and glucose concentrations, and hepatic triglyceride levels at endpoint. Hepatic gene expression analysis showed only minor alterations in hexokinase and glycolysis-related expression in males, and no alterations in sugar transporters, or DNL-related enzymes. In females, no consistent alterations in hepatic or small intestine gene expression were seen. Concluding, partial or complete replacement of dietary glucose with fructose does not increase caloric intake, and does not affect BW, hepatic triglyceride levels, or insulin concentrations in male and female mice on a moderate high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans J. M. Swarts
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rosaria Piga
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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21
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Apryatin SA, Semin MO, Gmoshinskii IV, Nikityuk DB. High-Carbohydrate Diets Affect Accumulation of Lipofuscin-Like Pigment in the Kidneys of Mice and Rats: Autofluorescence Confocal Microscopy Analysis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:628-633. [PMID: 31628553 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of lipofuscin-like granules in liver, kidneys, and spleen cells in mice and rats of different lines receiving 30% sugar solutions (fructose, glucose, their mixture, and sucrose) in addition to balanced semisynthetic diet for 62 or 122 days was studied by the method of laser scanning confocal microscopy. The granules were detected by their autofluorescence at maximum λex =570-600 nm and λex=488 nm. In the kidneys of rats receiving glucose and, especially, the mixture of glucose and fructose, significant accumulation of lipofuscin-like granules was found that was absent in the control group animals receiving water. Intensive accumulation of the granules was observed in the kidneys of all groups of mice receiving sugars (except for glucose). Lipofuscin-like granules were located in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the distal and proximal convoluted tubules. In the liver of rats and mice, the signs of accumulation of lipofuscin-like granules were absent or minimal. In rat spleen, lipofuscinlike granules were found in the red pulp in all groups, but their accumulation significantly increased in animals receiving the diet enriched with glucose and sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Apryatin
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M O Semin
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Gmoshinskii
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - D B Nikityuk
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Martínez-Azcona O, Moreno-Álvarez A, Seoane-Pillado T, Niño-Grueiro I, Ramiro-Comesaña A, Menéndez-Riera M, Pérez-Domínguez M, Solar-Boga A, Leis-Trabazo R. Fructose malabsorption in asymptomatic children and in patients with functional chronic abdominal pain: a prospective comparative study. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:1395-1403. [PMID: 31325029 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this prospective cohort study was to compare fructose malabsorption in patients with functional chronic abdominal pain and in healthy children. The sample was divided into two groups: asymptomatic children and pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders according to the Rome IV criteria. All children were tested for fructose malabsorption by a standardized breath hydrogen test. Hydrogen and methane were measured and the test was presumed positive when it exceeded 20 ppm above baseline. If positive, patients were given a low-fructose diet and the response was evaluated. One hundred five children were included (34 healthy children, 71 with functional chronic abdominal pain), with similar demographic characteristics in both groups (35.2% male, age 9.5 ± 2.8 years). Hydrogen levels in breath were tested through a hydrogen test for fructose demonstrating malabsorption in 58.8% of healthy children (95%CI 40.8%-76.8%) and in 40.8% of children with chronic abdominal pain (95%CI 28.7%-53.0%), removing those who had bacterial overgrowth. Twenty-one of 31 patients with symptoms and a positive test (72.4%) reported an improvement on a low-fructose diet.Conclusion: Fructose malabsorption is more common in asymptomatic children than in patients with chronic abdominal pain. Better standardized test conditions are necessary to improve accuracy of diagnosis before using this test in clinical practice. What is Known: • Although fructose malabsorption is believed to be related with chronic abdominal pain, high-quality evidence is lacking. • Concerns have raised regarding the use of breath hydrogen test for fructose malabsorption in children with chronic abdominal pain. What is New: • Fructose malabsorption is not more common in children with pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders than in asymptomatic children. • Improvement in symptoms with low-fructose diet may indicate that, although patients with pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders did not have a higher percentage of malabsorption, they had greater fructose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihana Martínez-Azcona
- Department of Pediatrics, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Ana Moreno-Álvarez
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Teresa Seoane-Pillado
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Alfonso Solar-Boga
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Rosaura Leis-Trabazo
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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23
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Abstract
Consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has increased dramatically in the last 40 years and is today commonly used commercially in soft drinks, juice, and baked goods. These products comprise a large proportion of the modern diet, in particular in children, adolescents, and young adults. A large body of evidence associate consumption of fructose and other sugar-sweetened beverages with insulin resistance, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and hypertriglyceridemia. In the long term, these risk factors may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Fructose is absorbed in the small intestine and metabolized in the liver where it stimulates fructolysis, glycolysis, lipogenesis, and glucose production. This may result in hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying intestinal and hepatic fructose metabolism is important. Here we review recent evidence linking excessive fructose consumption to health risk markers and development of components of the Metabolic Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Medicine Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Zeng W, Zhang B, Li M, Ding S, Chen G, Liang Z. Development and benefit evaluation of fermentation strategies for poly(malic acid) production from malt syrup by Aureobasidium melanogenum GXZ-6. Bioresour Technol 2019; 274:479-487. [PMID: 30553959 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Malt syrup, as a low-cost substrate without any pretreatment, was proved to be able to replace maltose for ploymalic acid (PMA) production by Aureobasidium melanogenum GXZ-6. The PMA titer of 55.53 ± 1.72 g/L was obtained by batch fermentation in a 10-L fermentor with addition of malate, citrate and sodium malonate. Then, a higher PMA titer of 124.07 ± 2.28 g/L was obtained in fed-batch fermentation, which increased by 123.43% than that from batch fermentation. Moreover, repeated-batch fermentation with three batches gave a PMA titer of 64.06 g/L on average with a higher yield of 0.81 g/g and productivity of 0.56 g/L·h. Fermentation process and economics analysis were performed by SuperPro Designer for a 2000 metric tons plant. Results showed that PMA production cost was as low as $ 1.716/kg by fed-batch fermentation, which provides an economical strategy for large-scale PMA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Mengxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Su Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Guiguang Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqun Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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25
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Loza-Medrano SS, Baiza-Gutman LA, Ibáñez-Hernández MÁ, Cruz-López M, Díaz-Flores M. [Molecular alterations induced by fructose and its impact on metabolic diseases]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2019; 56:491-504. [PMID: 30777418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evidence has identified that the excessive consumption of products made from high-fructose corn syrup is a trigger for obesity, whose prevalence increased in recent years. Due to the metabolic characteristics of fructose, a rapid gastric emptying is produced, altering signals of hunger-satiety and decreasing the appetite. In addition to the hepatic level during catabolism, triose phosphate is generated and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is reduced, producing uric acid. Triose phosphate triggers the synthesis of fatty acids that increase the production and accumulation of triglycerides, diacylglycerols and ceramides that induce insulin resistance. Hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and hyperuricemia contribute to the development of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and some kinds of cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways altered by the consumption of fructose is relevant to understand the development of metabolic diseases, as well as to seek therapeutic strategies to improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Margarita Díaz-Flores
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital de Especialidades “Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez”, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica. Ciudad de México, México
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26
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Wang F, Song X, Zhou L, Liang G, Huang F, Jiang G, Zhang L. The downregulation of sweet taste receptor signaling in enteroendocrine L-cells mediates 3-deoxyglucosone-induced attenuation of high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:430-435. [PMID: 29277113 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1419366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sweet taste receptors (STRs) involve in regulating the release of glucose-stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Our in vivo and in vitro studies found that 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG) inhibited glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the role of STRs in 3DG-induced inhibition of high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. METHODS STC-1 cells were incubated with lactisole or 3DG for 1 h under 25 mM glucose conditions. Western blotting was used to study the expression of STRs signaling molecules and ELISA was used to analyse GLP-1 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. RESULTS Lactisole inhibited GLP-1 secretion. Exposure to 25 mM glucose increased the expressions of STRs subunits when compared with 5.6 mM glucose. 3DG decreased GLP-1 secretion and STRs subunits expressions, with affecting other components of STRs pathway, including the downregulation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5) expression and the reduction of intracellular cAMP levels. CONCLUSION 3DG attenuates high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion by reducing STR subunit expression and downstream signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Xiudao Song
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
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Nier A, Brandt A, Conzelmann IB, Özel Y, Bergheim I. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Overweight Children: Role of Fructose Intake and Dietary Pattern. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091329. [PMID: 30235828 PMCID: PMC6165138 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nutrition and diet in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still not fully understood. In the present study, we determined if dietary pattern and markers of intestinal permeability differ between overweight children with and without NAFLD. In addition, in a feasibility study, we assessed the effect of a moderate dietary intervention only focusing on nutrients identified to differ between groups on markers of intestinal barrier function and health status. Anthropometric data, dietary intake, metabolic parameters, and markers of inflammation, as well as of intestinal permeability, were assessed in overweight children (n = 89, aged 5⁻9) and normal-weight healthy controls (n = 36, aged 5⁻9). Sixteen children suffered from early signs of NAFLD, e.g., steatosis grade 1 as determined by ultrasound. Twelve children showing early signs of NAFLD were enrolled in the intervention study (n = 6 intervention, n = 6 control). Body mass index (BMI), BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), and waist circumference were significantly higher in NAFLD children than in overweight children without NAFLD. Levels of bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and proinflammatory markers like interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were also significantly higher in overweight children with NAFLD compared to those without. Total energy and carbohydrate intake were higher in NAFLD children than in those without. The higher carbohydrate intake mainly resulted from a higher total fructose and glucose intake derived from a significantly higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. When counseling children with NAFLD regarding fructose intake (four times, 30⁻60 min within 1 year; one one-on-one counseling and three group counselings), neither alanine aminotransferase (ALT) nor aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in serum changed; however, diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) and bacterial endotoxin levels (p = 0.06) decreased markedly in the intervention group after one year. Similar changes were not found in uncounseled children. Our results suggest that a sugar-rich diet might contribute to the development of early stages of NAFLD in overweight children, and that moderate dietary counseling might improve the metabolic status of overweight children with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Nier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Annette Brandt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ina Barbara Conzelmann
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, (180), University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Yelda Özel
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, (180), University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Campbell GJ, Belobrajdic DP, Bell-Anderson KS. Determining the Glycaemic Index of Standard and High-Sugar Rodent Diets in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070856. [PMID: 29966395 PMCID: PMC6073758 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycaemic index (GI) is a useful tool to compare the glycaemic responses of foods. Numerous studies report the favorable effects of low GI diets on long term metabolic health compared with high GI diets. However, it has not been possible to link these effects to the GI itself because of other components such as macronutrients and dietary fibre, which are known to affect GI. This study aimed to create and evaluate isocaloric diets differing in GI independent of macronutrient and fibre content. The GIs of eight diets differing in carbohydrate source were evaluated in mice; cooked cornstarch (CC), raw cornstarch (RC), chow, maltodextrin, glucose, sucrose, isomaltulose, and fructose. A glucose control was also tested. The GIs of all eight diets were different from the GI of the glucose control (GI: 100; p < 0.0001). The GIs of the glucose (mean ± SEM: 52 ± 3), maltodextrin (52 ± 6), CC (50 ± 4), RC (50 ± 6), and chow (44 ± 4) diets were similar, while the GIs of the sucrose (31 ± 4), isomaltulose (24 ± 5), and fructose (18 ± 2) diets were lower than all other diets (p < 0.05). This is the first trial to report GI testing in vivo in mice, resulting in three main findings: chow is relatively high GI, the glucose availability of raw and cooked cornstarch is similar, and the GI of different sugar diets occur in the same rank order as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace J Campbell
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Damien P Belobrajdic
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Kim S Bell-Anderson
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Hammer V, Hammer K, Memaran N, Huber WD, Hammer K, Hammer J. Relationship Between Abdominal Symptoms and Fructose Ingestion in Children with Chronic Abdominal Pain. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:1270-1279. [PMID: 29511898 PMCID: PMC5895692 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-4997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited valid data are available regarding the association of fructose-induced symptoms, fructose malabsorption, and clinical symptoms. AIM To develop a questionnaire for valid symptom assessment before and during a carbohydrate breath test and to correlate symptoms with fructose breath test results in children/adolescents with functional abdominal pain. METHODS A Likert-type questionnaire assessing symptoms considered relevant for hydrogen breath test in children was developed and underwent initial validation. Fructose malabsorption was determined by increased breath hydrogen in 82 pediatric patients with functional abdominal pain disorders; fructose-induced symptoms were quantified by symptom score ≥2 and relevant symptom increase over baseline. The results were correlated with clinical symptoms. The time course of symptoms during the breath test was assessed. RESULTS The questionnaire exhibited good psychometric properties in a standardized assessment of the severity of carbohydrate-related symptoms. A total of 40 % (n = 33) had malabsorption; symptoms were induced in 38 % (n = 31), but only 46 % (n = 15) with malabsorption were symptomatic. There was no significant correlation between fructose malabsorption and fructose-induced symptoms. Clinical symptoms correlated with symptoms evoked during the breath test (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.21) but not with malabsorption (NS). Malabsorbers did not differ from non-malabsorbers in terms of symptoms during breath test. Symptomatic patients had significantly higher pain and flatulence scores over the 9-h observation period (p < 0.01) than did nonsymptomatic patients; the meteorism score was higher after 90 min. CONCLUSIONS Fructose-induced symptoms but not fructose malabsorption are related to increased abdominal symptoms and have distinct timing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hammer
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin 3, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18 - 20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Hammer
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin 3, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18 - 20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nima Memaran
- Klinische Abteilung für Pädiatrische Nephrologie und Gastroenterologie, Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Huber
- Klinische Abteilung für Pädiatrische Nephrologie und Gastroenterologie, Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hammer
- St. Anna Kinderspital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Hammer
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin 3, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18 - 20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, a unique, largely liver-derived endocrine member of the FGF superfamily, is often thought of as a fasting factor owing to its induction in rodents during starvation. However, FGF21 is not increased by fasting for periods of <7 days in humans; instead, it rises sharply after acute alcohol and sugar intake and also after several days of overfeeding, suggesting another role in states of positive energy balance. Recent studies suggest that in the postingestive state, FGF21 may regulate energy intake and discourage consumption of alcohol and sugars, most likely through effector circuits in the central nervous system. FGF21 also increases fat oxidation in the liver, improves markers of insulin sensitivity, and stimulates adiponectin production. Thus, in primates, FGF21 may defend against hepatic nutrient overload by promoting adaptations that reduce ectopic lipid storage, including inhibiting sugar and alcohol appetite and promoting lipid sequestration in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Abstract
Stomatologists and dental practitioners, as they are called in different parts of the world according to tradition and history, are basically physicians who specialise in the study and treatment of diseases of the mouth and surrounding structures. They have always been outstanding in advocating the reduction of sugar consumption, mainly due to its direct connection to the pathogenesis of dental caries. Increasingly, it has come to the attention of researchers, epidemiologists and many healthcare workers and professionals that excessive consumption of sugar is also closely tied to the increase in tandem of our current major health issues like obesity, diabetes, heart, liver and kidney disease, and a host of other associated ailments. This development of current health crises throughout the world wherever traditional diets are replaced with modern fast food diets, which are usually packed with hidden, added refined sugars, is extremely troubling. It becomes all the more urgent and incumbent upon clinicians and stomatologists throughout the world to redouble their efforts to reduce and even eliminate the excessive consumption of added or extrinsic or secondary or hidden sugars to food and drinks. It will not only be to reduce dental caries, but also to reduce the many systemic and organ diseases associated with added sugars and which also exacerbate many oral diseases. This review is to give a basic history of sugar, the current understanding of sugar metabolism and the developing literature and research on the impact of sugar consumption on oral and overall health, as the mouth cannot be divorced from the body and vice versa. The author hopes to kick-start more research into this area that will result in various positive developments in the food and drink industry and persuade stakeholders to comprehensively address this universal health crisis that is closely tied to excessive consumption of added sugar in all its forms.
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Fisberg M, Kovalskys I, Gómez G, Rigotti A, Sanabria LYC, García MCY, Torres RGP, Herrera-Cuenca M, Zimberg IZ, Koletzko B, Pratt M, Aznar LAM, Guajardo V, Fisberg RM, Sales CH, Previdelli ÁN. Total and Added Sugar Intake: Assessment in Eight Latin American Countries. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040389. [PMID: 29565308 PMCID: PMC5946174 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases are growing at an alarming rate in Latin America. We assessed total and added sugar intake in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, to verify the adequacy of the World Health Organization’s recommendations, considering gender, socioeconomic level (SEL) and age. A total of 9218 non-institutionalized individuals living in urban areas (age range 15–65 years) were assessed in the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS), a multicenter household population-based cross-sectional survey. Socio-demographic data were collected. Total and added sugar intakes were measured using two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. The prevalence of excessive sugar intake was estimated. A large proportion of individuals showed high consumption of total and added sugar intake, which reflected in the high prevalence of excessive sugar intake. With minimal differences across countries, in general, women, individuals with high SEL, and younger people had higher percentages of total energy intake from total and added sugar intake, and of contribution of carbohydrates from total and added sugars. Thus, there is high consumption of total and added sugar intake in the Latin American countries with some peculiarities considering socio-demographic variables, which should be considered in each country’s health intervention proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Fisberg
- Instituto Pensi, Fundação Jose Luiz Egydio Setubal, Sabará Hospital Infantil, São Paulo 01239-040, Brazil.
- Departamento de Pediatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil.
| | - Irina Kovalskys
- Committee of Nutrition and Wellbeing, International Life Science Institute (ILSI-Argentina), Buenos Aires C1059ABF, Argentina.
| | - Georgina Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- Centro de Nutrición Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago 833-0024, Chile.
| | | | | | | | - Marianella Herrera-Cuenca
- Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo, Universidad Central de Venezuela (CENDES-UCV)/Fundación Bengoa, Caracas 1010, Venezuela.
| | - Ioná Zalcman Zimberg
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil.
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- University of Munich Medical Center, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Pratt
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Luis A Moreno Aznar
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
| | - Viviana Guajardo
- Committee of Nutrition and Wellbeing, International Life Science Institute (ILSI-Argentina), Buenos Aires C1059ABF, Argentina.
| | - Regina Mara Fisberg
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Hermes Sales
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 03178-200, Brazil.
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Collins J, Robinson C, Danhof H, Knetsch C, van Leeuwen H, Lawley T, Auchtung J, Britton. R. Dietary trehalose enhances virulence of epidemic Clostridium difficile. Nature 2018; 553:291-294. [PMID: 29310122 PMCID: PMC5984069 DOI: 10.1038/nature25178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile disease has recently increased to become a dominant nosocomial pathogen in North America and Europe, although little is known about what has driven this emergence. Here we show that two epidemic ribotypes (RT027 and RT078) have acquired unique mechanisms to metabolize low concentrations of the disaccharide trehalose. RT027 strains contain a single point mutation in the trehalose repressor that increases the sensitivity of this ribotype to trehalose by more than 500-fold. Furthermore, dietary trehalose increases the virulence of a RT027 strain in a mouse model of infection. RT078 strains acquired a cluster of four genes involved in trehalose metabolism, including a PTS permease that is both necessary and sufficient for growth on low concentrations of trehalose. We propose that the implementation of trehalose as a food additive into the human diet, shortly before the emergence of these two epidemic lineages, helped select for their emergence and contributed to hypervirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Collins
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Virology and
Microbiology
| | - C. Robinson
- University of Oregon, Institute for Molecular Biology
| | - H. Danhof
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Virology and
Microbiology
| | - C.W. Knetsch
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Medical
Microbiology, The Netherlands
| | - H.C. van Leeuwen
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Medical
Microbiology, The Netherlands
| | - T.D. Lawley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus,
United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Auchtung
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Virology and
Microbiology
| | - R.A. Britton.
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Virology and
Microbiology
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34
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Ter Horst KW, Serlie MJ. Fructose Consumption, Lipogenesis, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:E981. [PMID: 28878197 PMCID: PMC5622741 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased fructose consumption has been suggested to contribute to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, but a causal role of fructose in these metabolic diseases remains debated. Mechanistically, hepatic fructose metabolism yields precursors that can be used for gluconeogenesis and de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Fructose-derived precursors also act as nutritional regulators of the transcription factors, including ChREBP and SREBP1c, that regulate the expression of hepatic gluconeogenesis and DNL genes. In support of these mechanisms, fructose intake increases hepatic gluconeogenesis and DNL and raises plasma glucose and triglyceride levels in humans. However, epidemiological and fructose-intervention studies have had inconclusive results with respect to liver fat, and there is currently no good human evidence that fructose, when consumed in isocaloric amounts, causes more liver fat accumulation than other energy-dense nutrients. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the seemingly contradicting literature on fructose and NAFLD. We outline fructose physiology, the mechanisms that link fructose to NAFLD, and the available evidence from human studies. From this framework, we conclude that the cellular mechanisms underlying hepatic fructose metabolism will likely reveal novel targets for the treatment of NAFLD, dyslipidemia, and hepatic insulin resistance. Finally, fructose-containing sugars are a major source of excess calories, suggesting that a reduction of their intake has potential for the prevention of NAFLD and other obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Added sugar consumption is associated with adverse health outcomes, including weight gain and cardio-metabolic disease, yet the reliance on self-reported methods to determine added sugar intake continues to be a significant research limitation. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the development of two potential predictive biomarkers of added sugar intake: δC and urinary sugar excretion. RECENT FINDINGS The results of numerous cross-sectional investigations have indicated modest associations of the δC sugar biomarker measured in a variety of sample types (e.g., fingerstick blood, serum, red blood cells, and hair) with self-reported added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage intake, and δC values have been reported to change over time with changes in reported sugar-sweetened beverage intake. Results from large-scale trials have suggested modest associations of urinary sugar excretion with reported sugar intake, and a dose-response relation has been demonstrated between urinary sugar excretion and actual sugar intake. SUMMARY Valid markers of sugar intake are urgently needed to more definitively determine the health consequences of added sugar intake. Adequately powered controlled feeding studies are needed to validate and compare these two biomarkers of sugar intake, and to determine what individual characteristics and conditions impact biomarker results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech
| | - Hope Jahren
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii at Manoa
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