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Zeng H, Tian Q, Wang C, Zhu X, Li W, Guo H, Zhang Z, Wu X. Cel-CS1K: A Celastrol-Chitosan Conjugate for Treating Diet-Induced Obesity. Chem Res Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38771988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Celastrol (Cel), extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook, is a potential antiobesity drug, except for its adverse reactions in clinic. In the present study, we synthesized a promising celastrol-chitosan conjugate (Cel-CS1K) and evaluated its antiobesity effect and biological safety in diet-induced obese mice. Cel-CS1K showed higher drug loading (over 10 wt %), good solubility (18-19 mg/mL) in water, slower peak time (Tmax = 4 h), and clearance (T1/2 = 8.97 h) in rats. Cel-CS1K effectively attenuated the cytotoxicity, celastrol-induced apoptosis, and fat accumulation of hepatocytes. Cel-CS1K reduced body weight and dietary amount same as the free Cel but with lower toxicity in blood, liver, and testis. Cel-CS1K improved the glucose homeostasis, HDL-C level, insulin sensitivity, and leptin sensitivity, while it significantly reduced the gene expression levels of LDL-C, TG, and TC in obese mice. Furthermore, the adipose-related gene expression levels provided evidence in support of a role for Cel-CS1K in losing weight by the multimode regulation. Overall, Cel-CS1K provides a translatable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diet-induced obese humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahui Zeng
- Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qikang Tian
- Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Can Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou Henan 450046, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou Henan 450046, China
| | - Wenyang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou Henan 450046, China
| | - Hang Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou Henan 450046, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangxiang Wu
- Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou Henan 450046, China
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Liu JJ, Zhang X, Cai BL, Qi MM, Chi YB, Peng B, Zhang DH. Ferroptosis inhibitors reduce celastrol toxicity and preserve its insulin sensitizing effects in insulin resistant HepG2 cells. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:286-294. [PMID: 38565435 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has shown that celastrol can effectively treat a variety of diseases, yet when passing a certain dosage threshold, celastrol becomes toxic, causing complications such as liver and kidney damage and erythrocytopenia, among others. With this dichotomy in mind, it is extremely important to find ways to preserve celastrol's efficacy while reducing or preventing its toxicity. METHODS In this study, insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cells were prepared using palmitic acid and used for in vitro experiments. IR-HepG2 cells were treated with celastrol alone or in combination with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) for 12, 24 or 48 h, at a range of doses. Cell counting kit-8 assay, Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, glucose consumption assessment, and flow cytometry were performed to measure celastrol's cytotoxicity and whether the cell death was linked to ferroptosis. RESULTS Celastrol treatment increased lipid oxidation and decreased expression of anti-ferroptosis proteins in IR-HepG2 cells. Celastrol downregulated glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) mRNA. Molecular docking models predicted that solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and GPX4 were covalently bound by celastrol. Importantly, we found for the first time that the application of ferroptosis inhibitors (especially NAC) was able to reduce celastrol's toxicity while preserving its ability to improve insulin sensitivity in IR-HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION One potential mechanism of celastrol's cytotoxicity is the induction of ferroptosis, which can be alleviated by treatment with ferroptosis inhibitors. These findings provide a new strategy to block celastrol's toxicity while preserving its therapeutic effects. Please cite this article as: Liu JJ, Zhang X, Qi MM, Chi YB, Cai BL, Peng B, Zhang DH. Ferroptosis inhibitors reduce celastrol toxicity and preserve its insulin sensitizing effects in insulin resistant HepG2 cells. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(3): 286-294.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Health Commission Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence-Based Management of Inflammation and Chronic Diseases, Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Shanghai Health Commission Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence-Based Management of Inflammation and Chronic Diseases, Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China; School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bang-Lan Cai
- Shanghai Health Commission Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence-Based Management of Inflammation and Chronic Diseases, Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China; School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Man-Man Qi
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Health Commission Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence-Based Management of Inflammation and Chronic Diseases, Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Yong-Bin Chi
- Shanghai Health Commission Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence-Based Management of Inflammation and Chronic Diseases, Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Bin Peng
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Health Commission Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence-Based Management of Inflammation and Chronic Diseases, Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China.
| | - Deng-Hai Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Health Commission Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence-Based Management of Inflammation and Chronic Diseases, Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China; School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
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3
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Wang L, Xiao Y, Luo Y, Master RP, Mo J, Kim MC, Liu Y, Maharjan CK, Patel UM, De U, Carelock ME, Tithi TI, Li X, Shaffer DR, Guertin KR, Zhuang H, Moser E, Smalley KS, Lv D, Zhou D, Zheng G, Zhang W. PROTAC-mediated NR4A1 degradation as a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231519. [PMID: 38334978 PMCID: PMC10857906 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
An effective cancer therapy requires killing cancer cells and targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME). Searching for molecules critical for multiple cell types in the TME, we identified NR4A1 as one such molecule that can maintain the immune suppressive TME. Here, we establish NR4A1 as a valid target for cancer immunotherapy and describe a first-of-its-kind proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC, named NR-V04) against NR4A1. NR-V04 degrades NR4A1 within hours in vitro and exhibits long-lasting NR4A1 degradation in tumors with an excellent safety profile. NR-V04 inhibits and frequently eradicates established tumors. At the mechanistic level, NR-V04 induces the tumor-infiltrating (TI) B cells and effector memory CD8+ T (Tem) cells and reduces monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (m-MDSC), all of which are known to be clinically relevant immune cell populations in human melanomas. Overall, NR-V04-mediated NR4A1 degradation holds promise for enhancing anticancer immune responses and offers a new avenue for treating various types of cancers such as melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yufeng Xiao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yuewan Luo
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rohan P. Master
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jiao Mo
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Myung-Chul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, South Korea
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chandra K. Maharjan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Urvi M. Patel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Umasankar De
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madison E. Carelock
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tanzia Islam Tithi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Haoyang Zhuang
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily Moser
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Keiran S.M. Smalley
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dongwen Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center of Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center of Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Guangrong Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Vilariño-García T, Polonio-González ML, Pérez-Pérez A, Ribalta J, Arrieta F, Aguilar M, Obaya JC, Gimeno-Orna JA, Iglesias P, Navarro J, Durán S, Pedro-Botet J, Sánchez-Margalet V. Role of Leptin in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2338. [PMID: 38397015 PMCID: PMC10888594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide, estimated to affect 1 in every 11 adults; among them, 90-95% of cases are type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is partly attributed to the surge in the prevalence of obesity, which has reached epidemic proportions since 2008. In these patients, cardiovascular (CV) risk stands as the primary cause of morbidity and mortality, placing a substantial burden on healthcare systems due to the potential for macrovascular and microvascular complications. In this context, leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, plays a fundamental role. This hormone is essential for regulating the cellular metabolism and energy balance, controlling inflammatory responses, and maintaining CV system homeostasis. Thus, leptin resistance not only contributes to weight gain but may also lead to increased cardiac inflammation, greater fibrosis, hypertension, and impairment of the cardiac metabolism. Understanding the relationship between leptin resistance and CV risk in obese individuals with type 2 DM (T2DM) could improve the management and prevention of this complication. Therefore, in this narrative review, we will discuss the evidence linking leptin with the presence, severity, and/or prognosis of obesity and T2DM regarding CV disease, aiming to shed light on the potential implications for better management and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vilariño-García
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain;
| | - María L. Polonio-González
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009, Spain; (M.L.P.-G.); (A.P.-P.)
| | - Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009, Spain; (M.L.P.-G.); (A.P.-P.)
| | - Josep Ribalta
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, University Rovira i Vigili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Francisco Arrieta
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Manuel Aguilar
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz University (UCA), 11001 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Juan C. Obaya
- Chopera Helath Center, Alcobendas Primary Care,Alcobendas 28100 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José A. Gimeno-Orna
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 15 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Pedro Iglesias
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jorge Navarro
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia,46011 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Santiago Durán
- Endodiabesidad Clínica Durán & Asociados,41018 Seville, Spain;
| | - Juan Pedro-Botet
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk Unit, Hospital del Mar, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009, Spain; (M.L.P.-G.); (A.P.-P.)
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Virgen Macarena, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
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5
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Gu J, Shi YN, Zhu N, Li HF, Zhang CJ, Qin L. Celastrol functions as an emerging manager of lipid metabolism: Mechanism and therapeutic potential. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114981. [PMID: 37285754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism disorders are pivotal in the development of various lipid-related diseases, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Celastrol, a bioactive compound extracted from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has recently demonstrated potent lipid-regulating abilities and promising therapeutic effects for lipid-related diseases. There is substantial evidence indicating that celastrol can ameliorate lipid metabolism disorders by regulating lipid profiles and related metabolic processes, including lipid synthesis, catabolism, absorption, transport, and peroxidation. Even wild-type mice show augmented lipid metabolism after treatment with celastrol. This review aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in the lipid-regulating properties of celastrol, as well as to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. Besides, potential strategies for targeted drug delivery and combination therapy are proposed to enhance the lipid-regulating effects of celastrol and avoid the limitations of its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Ning Shi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Neng Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410021, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Fang Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Chan-Juan Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Li Qin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China.
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Liu S, Jia Y, Meng S, Luo Y, Yang Q, Pan Z. Mechanisms of and Potential Medications for Oxidative Stress in Ovarian Granulosa Cells: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119205. [PMID: 37298157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulosa cells are essential for follicle initiation and development, and their abnormal function or apoptosis is a crucial factor leading to follicular atresia. A state of oxidative stress occurs when the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the regulation of the antioxidant system is disturbed. Oxidative stress is one of the most important causes of the abnormal function and apoptosis of granulosa cells. Oxidative stress in granulosa cells causes female reproductive system diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian failure. In recent years, studies have confirmed that the mechanism of oxidative stress in granulosa cells is closely linked to the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, FOXO axis, Nrf2 pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and mitophagy. It has been found that drugs such as sulforaphane, Periplaneta americana peptide, and resveratrol can mitigate the functional damage caused by oxidative stress on granulosa cells. This paper reviews some of the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress in granulosa cells and describes the mechanisms underlying the pharmacological treatment of oxidative stress in granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siheng Liu
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yunbing Jia
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shirui Meng
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yiran Luo
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zezheng Pan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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7
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Ni W, Zhang J, Wang B, Liang F, Bao L, Li P, Fang Y. Actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1 up-regulation in the hypothalamus prevents high-fat diet induced obesity. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:64-77. [PMID: 36382618 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health crisis in the modern society. Studies have shown that the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) induces hypothalamic inflammation and leptin resistance, which consequently favours body mass gain. Actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1 (ARPC1B), an actin-binding protein, is highly expressed in immune cells. Recent studies have shown that ARPC1B has a certain anti-inflammatory effect. While ARPC1B expression is decreased in the hypothalamus of mice fed a HFD, the role of ARPC1B in HFD-induced obesity remains unclear. Thus, we investigated whether ARPC1B up-regulation in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) could inhibit the development of obesity. Herein, ARPC1B overexpression lentiviral particles were stereotaxically injected into the ARC of male C57BL/6J mice (7 weeks old) fed with HFD. Overexpression of ARPC1B in the hypothalamic ARC attenuated HFD-induced ARC inflammation, reduced body-weight gain and feed efficiency. Furthermore, up-regulation of ARC ARPC1B improved the glucose tolerance and reduced subcutaneous/epididymal fat mass accumulation, which decreased the serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride and leptin levels. In addition, upon ARPC1B overexpression in the hypothalamic ARC, intraperitoneal injection of leptin increased the phosphorylation level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), an important transcription factor for leptin's action, in the ARC of obese mice. Accordingly, we suggest that up-regulation of ARPC1B in the hypothalamic ARC may improve the HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation and leptin resistance. Our findings demonstrate that ARPC1B is a promising target for the treatment of diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Long Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Graduate School of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yan Fang
- Teaching and Research Section of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
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Deng Y, Dickey JE, Saito K, Deng G, Singh U, Jiang J, Toth BA, Zhu Z, Zingman LV, Resch JM, Grobe JL, Cui H. Elucidating the role of Rgs2 expression in the PVN for metabolic homeostasis in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101622. [PMID: 36307046 PMCID: PMC9638802 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE RGS2 is a GTPase activating protein that modulates GPCR-Gα signaling and mice lacking RGS2 globally exhibit metabolic alterations. While RGS2 is known to be broadly expressed throughout the body including the brain, the relative contribution of brain RGS2 to metabolic homeostasis remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to characterize RGS2 expression in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) and test its role in metabolic homeostasis. METHODS We used a combination of RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH), immunohistochemistry, and bioinformatic analyses to characterize the pattern of Rgs2 expression in the PVN. We then created mice lacking Rgs2 either prenatally or postnatally in the PVN and evaluated their metabolic consequences. RESULTS RNAscope ISH analysis revealed a broad but regionally enriched Rgs2 mRNA expression throughout the mouse brain, with the highest expression being observed in the PVN along with several other brain regions, such as the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Within the PVN, we found that Rgs2 is specifically enriched in CRH+ endocrine neurons and is further increased by calorie restriction. Functionally, although Sim1-Cre-mediated prenatal deletion of Rgs2 in PVN neurons had no major effects on metabolic homeostasis, AAV-mediated adult deletion of Rgs2 in the PVN led to significantly increased food intake, body weight (both fat and fat-free masses), body length, and blood glucose levels in both male and female mice. Strikingly, we found that prolonged postnatal loss of Rgs2 leads to neuronal cell death in the PVN, while rapid body weight gain in the early phase of viral-mediated PVN Rgs2 deletion is independent of PVN neuronal loss. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first evidence to show that PVN Rgs2 expression is not only sensitive to metabolic challenge but also critically required for PVN endocrine neurons to function and maintain metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jacob E Dickey
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kenji Saito
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Guorui Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Uday Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Brandon A Toth
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Leonid V Zingman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jon M Resch
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; F.O.E. Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; F.O.E. Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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9
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Li Z, Zhang J, Duan X, Zhao G, Zhang M. Celastrol: A Promising Agent Fighting against Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081597. [PMID: 36009315 PMCID: PMC9405053 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide; therefore, seeking effective therapeutics to reduce the global burden of CVD has become increasingly urgent. Celastrol, a bioactive compound isolated from the roots of the plant Tripterygium wilfordii (TW), has been attracting increasing research attention in recent years, as it exerts cardiovascular treatment benefits targeting both CVD and their associated risk factors. Substantial evidence has revealed a protective role of celastrol against a broad spectrum of CVD including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular injury, calcific aortic valve disease and heart failure through complicated and interlinked mechanisms such as direct protection against cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and death, and indirect action on oxidation and inflammation. This review will mainly summarize the beneficial effects of celastrol against CVD, largely based on in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies, and the potential underlying mechanisms. We will also briefly discuss celastrol’s pharmacokinetic limitations, which hamper its further clinical applications, and prospective future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Xulei Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, China
| | - Guoan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453100, China
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207848-5319; Fax: +44-207848-5193
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10
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Chen X, Wang S, Zhang L, Yuan S, Xu T, Zhu F, Zhang Y, Jia L. Celastrol Inhibited Human Esophageal Cancer by Activating DR5-Dependent Extrinsic and Noxa/Bim-Dependent Intrinsic Apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:873166. [PMID: 35754502 PMCID: PMC9219015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.873166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the deadliest digestive system cancers worldwide lacking effective therapeutic strategies. Recently, it has been found that the natural product celastrol plays an anti-cancer role in several human cancers by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, it remains elusive whether and how celastrol suppresses tumor growth of ESCC. In the present study, for the first time, we demonstrated that celastrol triggered both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways to diminish the tumor growth of ESCC in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that celastrol coordinatively induced DR5-dependent extrinsic apoptosis and Noxa-dependent intrinsic apoptosis through transcriptional activation of ATF4 in ESCC cells. Furthermore, we found that the FoxO3a-Bim pathway was involved in the intrinsic apoptosis of ESCC cells induced by celastrol. Our study elucidated the tumor-suppressive efficacy of celastrol on ESCC and revealed a previously unknown mechanism underlying celastrol-induced apoptosis, highlighting celastrol as a promising apoptosis-inducing therapeutic strategy for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Chen
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuying Yuan
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Liu D, Zhang Q, Luo P, Gu L, Shen S, Tang H, Zhang Y, Lyu M, Shi Q, Yang C, Wang J. Neuroprotective Effects of Celastrol in Neurodegenerative Diseases-Unscramble Its Major Mechanisms of Action and Targets. Aging Dis 2022; 13:815-836. [PMID: 35656110 PMCID: PMC9116906 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are rarely new therapeutic breakthroughs present for neurodegenerative diseases in the last decades. Thus, new effective drugs are urgently needed for millions of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, is one of the main active ingredients isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. that has multiple biological activities. Recently, amount evidence indicates that celastrol exerts neuroprotective effects and holds therapeutic potential to serve as a novel agent for neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on the therapeutic efficacy and major regulatory mechanisms of celastrol to rescue damaged neurons, restore normal cognitive and sensory motor functions in neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, we highlight recent progress regarding identification of the drug targets of celastrol by using advanced quantitative chemical proteomics technology. Overall, this review provides novel insights into the pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of celastrol for incurable neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Piao Luo
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Liwei Gu
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Shen
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Tang
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Lyu
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoli Shi
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- 3Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,3Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,4Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Shao J, Li C, Bai L, Ni X, Ge S, Zhang J, Zhao H. Recent evidence in support of traditional chinese medicine to restore normal leptin function in simple obesity. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09482. [PMID: 35620623 PMCID: PMC9127329 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Shao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Litao Bai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shaoqin Ge
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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13
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Li M, Xie F, Wang L, Zhu G, Qi LW, Jiang S. Celastrol: An Update on Its Hepatoprotective Properties and the Linked Molecular Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:857956. [PMID: 35444532 PMCID: PMC9013942 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.857956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays an important role in glucose and lipid homeostasis, drug metabolism, and bile synthesis. Metabolic disorder and inflammation synergistically contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous liver diseases, such as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), liver injury, and liver cancer. Celastrol, a triterpene derived from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., has been extensively studied in metabolic and inflammatory diseases during the last several decades. Here we comprehensively review the pharmacological activities and the underlying mechanisms of celastrol in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases including MAFLD, liver injury, and liver cancer. In addition, we also discuss the importance of novel methodologies and perspectives for the drug development of celastrol. Although celastrol has been claimed as a promising agent against several metabolic diseases, both preclinical and clinical studies are highly required to accelerate the clinical transformation of celastrol in treating different liver illness. It is foreseeable that celastrol-derived therapeutics is evolving in the field of liver ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Li
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Faren Xie
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxue Zhu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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14
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Abu Bakar MH, Mohamad Khalid MSF, Nor Shahril NS, Shariff KA, Karunakaran T. Celastrol attenuates high-fructose diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance via inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in rat adipose tissues. Biofactors 2022; 48:111-134. [PMID: 34676604 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High fructose consumption has been linked to low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance that results in increased intracellular 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity. Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpene, has been demonstrated to exhibit multifaceted targets to attenuate various metabolic diseases associated with inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms by which celastrol exerts its attributive properties on high fructose diet (HFrD)-induced metabolic syndrome remain elusive. Herein, the present study was aimed to elucidate the mechanistic targets of celastrol co-administrations upon HFrD in rats and evaluate its potential to modulate 11β-HSD1 activity. Celastrol remarkably improved glucose tolerance, lipid profiles, and insulin sensitivity along with suppression of hepatic glucose production. In rat adipose tissues, celastrol attenuated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-driven inflammation, reduced c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation, and mitigated oxidative stress via upregulated genes expression involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, insulin signaling pathways were significantly improved through the restoration of Akt phosphorylation levels at Ser473 and Thr308 residues. Celastrol exhibited a potent, selective and specific inhibitor of intracellular 11β-HSD1 towards oxidoreductase activity (IC50 value = 4.3 nM) in comparison to other HSD-related enzymes. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 expression in rat adipose microsomes reduced the availability of its cofactor NADPH and substrate H6PDH in couple to upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of glucocorticoid receptor. In conclusion, our results underscore the most likely conceivable mechanisms exhibited by celastrol against HFrD-induced metabolic dysregulations mainly through attenuating inflammation and insulin resistance, at least via specific inhibitions on 11β-HSD1 activity in adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Nor Shafiqah Nor Shahril
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Anuar Shariff
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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15
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Chen P, Wang B, Li M, Cui C, Liu F, Gao Y. Celastrol inhibits the proliferation and migration of MCF-7 cells through the leptin-triggered PI3K/AKT pathway. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3173-3181. [PMID: 35782744 PMCID: PMC9234344 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is the pivotal modulator in the onset and progression of breast cancer and obesity. Celastrol, which is extracted from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordi plants, exerts various anticancer bioactivities and has recently emerged as a candidate to treat obesity by improving leptin sensitivity. However, the relationship between leptin and celastrol in the treatment of breast cancer is unknown. Here, the growth and migration of MCF-7 cells induced by leptin were tested to demonstrate the antineoplastic activity of celastrol. Transcriptomic analysis and western blotting were conducted to explore the biological roles of leptin in treating breast cancer with celastrol. The present findings showed that celastrol remarkably reversed leptin-triggered cell proliferation and migration in MCF-7 cells. Fifty-two mRNAs with fivefold higher counts and 149 mRNAs with fivefold lower counts were identified in the celastrol-treated MCF-7 cells. According to the GO and KEGG analyses, the effects of celastrol on MCF-7 cells forced lipid metabolism and the endocrine system. Moreover, leptin treatment induced phosphorylation of leptin receptor and PI3K/AKT in MCF-7 cells, whereas pretreatment with celastrol partly abrogated leptin activation. The binding of celastrol to the leptin receptor was also confirmed by molecular docking. The antitumor effect of celastrol is proposed to be mediated by its binding to the leptin receptor and controlled downregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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16
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Çakır I, Hadley CK, Pan PL, Bagchi RA, Ghamari-Langroudi M, Porter DT, Wang Q, Litt MJ, Jana S, Hagen S, Lee P, White A, Lin JD, McKinsey TA, Cone RD. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition restores leptin sensitivity and reduces obesity. Nat Metab 2022; 4:44-59. [PMID: 35039672 PMCID: PMC8892841 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin can drive decreases in food intake while increasing energy expenditure. In diet-induced obesity, circulating leptin levels rise proportionally to adiposity. Despite this hyperleptinemia, rodents and humans with obesity maintain increased adiposity and are resistant to leptin's actions. Here we show that inhibitors of the cytosolic enzyme histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) act as potent leptin sensitizers and anti-obesity agents in diet-induced obese mice. Specifically, HDAC6 inhibitors, such as tubastatin A, reduce food intake, fat mass, hepatic steatosis and improve systemic glucose homeostasis in an HDAC6-dependent manner. Mechanistically, peripheral, but not central, inhibition of HDAC6 confers central leptin sensitivity. Additionally, the anti-obesity effect of tubastatin A is attenuated in animals with a defective central leptin-melanocortin circuitry, including db/db and MC4R knockout mice. Our results suggest the existence of an HDAC6-regulated adipokine that serves as a leptin-sensitizing agent and reveals HDAC6 as a potential target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işın Çakır
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Colleen K Hadley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pauline Lining Pan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rushita A Bagchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and the Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Masoud Ghamari-Langroudi
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Qiuyu Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael J Litt
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Somnath Jana
- Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan Hagen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pil Lee
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew White
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and the Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Roger D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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17
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Xu S, Lyu L, Zhu H, Huang X, Xu W, Xu W, Feng Y, Fan Y. Serum Metabolome Mediates the Antiobesity Effect of Celastrol-Induced Gut Microbial Alterations. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4840-4851. [PMID: 34530620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The antiobesity effect of celastrol has been reported in numerous studies, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. It is widely accepted that gut dysbiosis is closely related to obesity. The potential effect of celastrol on microbiota is worth exploring. In this study, the celastrol-induced weight loss was validated in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, with the detection of reported phenotypes including a reduction in food intake, augments in dyslipidemia and glucose metabolism, and adipose thermogenesis. The anti-inflammatory effect of celastrol was also proved based on the alterations in serum cytokines. Antibiotic interference showed that gut microbiota contributes to celastrol-induced weight loss. Several key bacteria were identified using shotgun metagenomic sequencing to display the alterations of the intestinal microbiome in obese mice treated with celastrol. Meanwhile, the fecal and serum metabolic profiles were generated by pseudotargeted metabolomics, and changes in some critical metabolites related to appetite and metabolism were detected. Importantly, we applied in silico bidirectional mediation analysis to identify the precise connections among the alterations in gut microbes, serum metabolome, and host phenotypes induced by celastrol treatment for the first time. Therefore, we concluded that the celastrol-induced microbial changes partially contribute to the antiobesity effect via the serum metabolome. The mass spectrometry data are deposited on MetaboLights (ID: MTBLS3278).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Liwei Lyu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Huaichang Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yaqian Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
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18
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He Z, Lieu L, Dong Y, Afrin S, Chau D, Kabahizi A, Wallace B, Cao J, Hwang ES, Yao T, Huang Y, Okolo J, Cheng B, Gao Y, Hu L, Williams KW. PERK in POMC neurons connects celastrol with metabolism. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145306. [PMID: 34549728 PMCID: PMC8492333 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response in the periphery as well as the central nervous system have been linked to various metabolic abnormalities. Chemically lowering protein kinase R–like ER kinase (PERK) activity within the hypothalamus leads to decreased food intake and body weight. However, the cell populations required in this response remain undefined. In the current study, we investigated the effects of proopiomelanocortin-specific (POMC-specific) PERK deficiency on energy balance and glucose metabolism. Male mice deficient for PERK in POMC neurons exhibited improvements in energy balance on a high-fat diet, showing decreased food intake and body weight, independent of changes in glucose and insulin tolerances. The plant-based inhibitor of PERK, celastrol, increases leptin sensitivity, resulting in decreased food intake and body weight in a murine model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Our data extend these observations by demonstrating that celastrol-induced improvements in leptin sensitivity and energy balance were attenuated in mice with PERK deficiency in POMC neurons. Altogether, these data suggest that POMC-specific PERK deficiency in male mice confers protection against DIO, possibly providing a new therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Linh Lieu
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Institute of Gastroenterology and.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dominic Chau
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Anita Kabahizi
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Briana Wallace
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jianhong Cao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Eun-Sang Hwang
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ting Yao
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yiru Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jennifer Okolo
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bo Cheng
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Laboratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Institute of Gastroenterology and.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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19
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Ajmal M, Ajmal A, Huang L, Zeng L. The Potential Therapeutic Role of Celastrol in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:725602. [PMID: 34490381 PMCID: PMC8418197 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.725602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction remained at the centre of heart failure research for many years (also known as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF). Although more than 50% of all heart failure patients experience a form of heart failure characterised by preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to this form of heart failure remain not well-understood. Several evidence-based treatments for HFrEF are in routine use, but there are limited evidence-based therapies for HFpEF. The effects of these remain controversial, with current treatment options being limited to managing the associated symptoms and conditions. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways play key roles in the development and progression of HFpEF, such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Celastrol, derived from medicinal plants, is a bioactive compound with strong anti-inflammatory properties, which could deem it as fruitful in overcoming the effects of such dysregulated UPR. This literature review therefore focuses on Celastrol's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, alongside its other potential therapeutic activities, and its ability to impede the pathways that are thought to be involved in the development of HFpEF, such as the JAK2/STAT pathway, to elucidate the potential therapeutic role of this bioactive compound, in the treatment of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ajmal
- GKT School of Medical Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha Ajmal
- St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Heart Center, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Kim CW, Go RE, Lee HK, Kang BT, Cho WJ, Choi KC. Anti-obesity effects of Celastrus orbiculatus extract containing celastrol on canine adipocytes. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2021; 85:177-185. [PMID: 34248261 PMCID: PMC8243799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From 50 to 60% of companion animals in the United States are overweight or obese and this obesity rate is rising. As obesity is associated with a number of health problems, an agent that can help weight loss in pets and assist in clinically managing obesity through veterinary prescription foods and medication would be beneficial. Many studies have shown that celastrol, a phytochemical compound found in Celastrus orbiculatus extract (COE), has anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects, although these effects have not yet been determined in canine or canine-derived cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of celastrol on the adipogenic differentiation and lipolysis of canine adipocytes. Primary preadipocytes were isolated from the gluteal region of a beagle dog and the primary adipocytes were differentiated into mature adipocytes by adipocyte differentiation media containing isobutylmethylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin. In a water-soluble tetrazolium (WST) assay, the cell viability of mature adipocytes was decreased after treatment with COE (0, 0.93, 2.32, and 4.64 nM celastrol) in a concentration-dependent manner, although preadipocytes were not affected. Oil Red O (ORO) staining revealed that COE inhibited the differentiation into mature adipocytes and lipid accumulation in adipocytes. In addition, treatment with COE significantly reduced triglyceride content and increased lipolytic activities by 1.5-fold in canine adipocytes. Overall, it was concluded that COE may enhance anti-obesity activity in canine adipocytes by inhibiting lipid accumulation and increasing lipolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology (Kim, Go, Lee, Choi) and Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology and Neurology (Kang), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Nutrition Laboratory, JEIL Feed Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (Cho)
| | - Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology (Kim, Go, Lee, Choi) and Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology and Neurology (Kang), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Nutrition Laboratory, JEIL Feed Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (Cho)
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology (Kim, Go, Lee, Choi) and Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology and Neurology (Kang), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Nutrition Laboratory, JEIL Feed Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (Cho)
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology (Kim, Go, Lee, Choi) and Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology and Neurology (Kang), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Nutrition Laboratory, JEIL Feed Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (Cho)
| | - Woo Jae Cho
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology (Kim, Go, Lee, Choi) and Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology and Neurology (Kang), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Nutrition Laboratory, JEIL Feed Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (Cho)
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology (Kim, Go, Lee, Choi) and Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology and Neurology (Kang), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Nutrition Laboratory, JEIL Feed Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (Cho)
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21
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Zhu Y, Wan N, Shan X, Deng G, Xu Q, Ye H, Sun Y. Celastrol targets adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 to reduce macrophages-mediated inflammation and ameliorates high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1200-1212. [PMID: 34094828 PMCID: PMC8148064 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of metabolic disorder with unclear molecular mechanism. Increasing studies have found that the pathogenesis and progression of metabolic syndrome are closely related to inflammation. Here, we report celastrol, a traditional Chinese medicine, can improve high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome through suppressing resistin-induced inflammation. Mechanistically, celastrol binds to adenylyl cyclase associated protein 1 (CAP1) and inhibits the interaction between CAP1 and resistin, which restrains the cyclic adenylate monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA)-nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and ameliorates high fat diet-induced murine metabolic syndrome. Knockdown of CAP1 in macrophages abrogated the resistin-mediated inflammatory activity. In contrast, overexpression of CAP1 in macrophages aggravated inflammation. Taken together, our study identifies celastrol, which directly targets CAP1 in macrophages, might be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of inflammatory metabolic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ning Wan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinni Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guoliang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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22
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Xu S, Feng Y, He W, Xu W, Xu W, Yang H, Li X. Celastrol in metabolic diseases: Progress and application prospects. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105572. [PMID: 33753246 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are becoming increasingly common in modern society. Therefore, it is essential to develop effective drugs or new treatments for metabolic diseases. As an active ingredient derived from plants, celastrol has shown great potential in the treatment of a wide variety of metabolic diseases and received considerable attention in recent years. In reported studies, the anti-obesity effect of celastrol resulted from regulating leptin sensitivity, energy metabolism, inflammation, lipid metabolism and even gut microbiota. Celastrol reversed insulin resistance via multiple routes to protect against type 2 diabetes. Celastrol also showed effects on atherosclerosis, cholestasis and osteoporosis. Celastrol in treating metabolic diseases seem to be versatile and the targets or pathways were diverse. Here, we systematically review the mechanism of action, and the therapeutic properties of celastrol in various metabolic diseases and complications. Based on this review, potential research strategies might contribute to the celastrol's clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, PR China
| | - Yaqian Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Weishen He
- Biology Department, Boston College, Brighton, MA 02135, USA
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, PR China.
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China.
| | - Xianyu Li
- Experimental Research Centre, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China.
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23
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Hua H, Zhang Y, Zhao F, Chen K, Wu T, Liu Q, Huang S, Zhang A, Jia Z. Celastrol inhibits intestinal lipid absorption by reprofiling the gut microbiota to attenuate high-fat diet-induced obesity. iScience 2021; 24:102077. [PMID: 33598642 PMCID: PMC7868996 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Celastrol, a compound extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, has been reported as a potent anti-obesity agent with controversial mechanisms. Here both C57BL/6J and leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) displayed body weight loss after celastrol therapy, opposing the previous viewpoint that celastrol improves obesity by sensitizing leptin signaling. More importantly, celastrol downregulated lipid transporters in the intestine, increased lipid excretion in feces, and reduced body weight gain in HFD mice. Meanwhile, analysis of gut microbiota revealed that celastrol altered the gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed mice, and modulating gut microbiota by antibiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation blocked the celastrol effect on intestinal lipid transport and body weight gain, suggesting a critical role of the gut microbiota composition in mediating the anti-obesity role of celastrol under HFD. Together, the findings revealed that celastrol reduces intestinal lipid absorption to antagonize obesity by resetting the gut microbiota profile under HFD feeding. Celastrol reduced intestinal lipid transporters and lipids absorption Celastrol reset gut microbiota profile to modulate intestinal lipid transport Celastrol attenuated obesity in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice fed high fat diet
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Hua
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. of China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China.,Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China.,Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qianqi Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China.,Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. of China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. of China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, P. R. of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. of China
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24
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Mullins CA, Gannaban RB, Khan MS, Shah H, Siddik MAB, Hegde VK, Reddy PH, Shin AC. Neural Underpinnings of Obesity: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Brain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9101018. [PMID: 33092099 PMCID: PMC7589608 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity prevalence is increasing at an unprecedented rate throughout the world, and is a strong risk factor for metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological/neurodegenerative disorders. While low-grade systemic inflammation triggered primarily by adipose tissue dysfunction is closely linked to obesity, inflammation is also observed in the brain or the central nervous system (CNS). Considering that the hypothalamus, a classical homeostatic center, and other higher cortical areas (e.g. prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, hippocampus, etc.) also actively participate in regulating energy homeostasis by engaging in inhibitory control, reward calculation, and memory retrieval, understanding the role of CNS oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity and their underlying mechanisms would greatly help develop novel therapeutic interventions to correct obesity and related comorbidities. Here we review accumulating evidence for the association between ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the main culprits responsible for oxidative stress and inflammation in various brain regions, and energy imbalance that leads to the development of obesity. Potential beneficial effects of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds on CNS health and obesity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn A. Mullins
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (C.A.M.); (R.B.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Ritchel B. Gannaban
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (C.A.M.); (R.B.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Md Shahjalal Khan
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.S.K.); (M.A.B.S.); (V.K.H.)
| | - Harsh Shah
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (C.A.M.); (R.B.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Md Abu B. Siddik
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.S.K.); (M.A.B.S.); (V.K.H.)
| | - Vijay K. Hegde
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.S.K.); (M.A.B.S.); (V.K.H.)
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Andrew C. Shin
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (C.A.M.); (R.B.G.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-806-834-1713
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25
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Zhan S, Paik A, Onyeabor F, Ding B, Prabhu S, Wang J. Oral Bioavailability Evaluation of Celastrol-Encapsulated Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles Using an Optimized LC-MS/MS Method. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153422. [PMID: 32731529 PMCID: PMC7435660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Celastrol (CL), a compound isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii, possesses various bioactivities such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects. In previous studies, we developed CL-encapsulated silk fibroin nanoparticles (CL-SFNP) with satisfactory formulation properties and in vitro cancer cytotoxicity effect. For further in vivo oral bioavailability evaluation, in this study, a simple and reliable LC-MS/MS method was optimized and validated to determine CL concentration in rat plasma. The separation of CL was performed on a C18 column (150 by 2 mm, 5 µm) following sample preparation using liquid–liquid extraction with the optimized extraction solvent of tert-butyl methylether. The assay exhibited a good linearity in the concentration range of 0.5–500 ng/mL with the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 0.5 ng/mL. The method was validated to meet the requirements for bioassay with accuracy of 91.1–110.0%, precision (RSD%) less than 9.1%, extraction recovery of 63.5–74.7% and matrix effect of 87.3–101.2%. The developed method was successfully applied to the oral bioavailability evaluation of CL-SFNP. The pharmacokinetic results indicated the AUC0-∞ values of CL were both significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those for pure CL after intravenous (IV) or oral (PO) administration of equivalent CL in rats. The oral absolute bioavailability (F, %) of CL significantly (p < 0.05) increased from 3.14% for pure CL to 7.56% for CL-SFNP after dosage normalization. This study provides valuable information for future CL product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.P.); (F.O.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Amy Paik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.P.); (F.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Felicia Onyeabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.P.); (F.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Baoyue Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.P.); (F.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Sunil Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.P.); (F.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Jeffrey Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.P.); (F.O.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (J.W.)
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26
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Ma L, Cao Y, Zhang L, Li K, Yan L, Pan Y, Zhu J. Celastrol mitigates high glucose-induced inflammation and apoptosis in rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes via miR-345-5p/growth arrest-specific 6. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3201. [PMID: 32307774 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celastrol (Cel) has been corroborated as an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic agent in multiple cell damage models. However, the protective effect of Cel in high glucose (HG)-induced cardiomyocyte injury is still unclear. The present study aimed to determine whether Cel can mitigate HG-stimulated cardiomyocyte injury via regulating the miR-345-5p/growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) signaling pathway. METHODS Cardiomyocytes were exposed to normal glucose (NG; 5 mmol/l) or HG (30 mmol/l) and then administered with Cel. Cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assays were used to detect cell proliferative activity and apoptosis. mRNA and protein expression were analyzed using a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. A bioinformatics algorithm and a luciferase reporter gene assay were used to determine whether Gas6 is a direct target of miR-345-5p. RESULTS The present study confirmed the inhibitory effects of Cel in HG-induced inflammation in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, Cel exhibited the ability to antagonize HG-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and suppress the elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio elicited by HG stimulation. Intriguingly, Cel treatment revoked the HG-triggered repression of Gas6 protein expression, and Gas6 loss-of-function accelerated HG-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. HG-triggered up-regulation of miR-345-5p expression was depressed following Cel treatment. Importantly, we validated that Gas6 is a direct target of miR-345-5p. Transfection with miR-345-5p inhibitors restrained HG-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study demonstrate that Cel administration antagonized HG-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation through up-regulating Gas6 expression by restraining miR-345-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ketao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Laixing Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhan Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Yang J, Li K, He D, Gu J, Xu J, Xie J, Zhang M, Liu Y, Tan Q, Zhang J. Toward a better understanding of metabolic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of low-solubility, low-permeability natural medicines. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:19-43. [PMID: 31984816 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1714646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Today, it is very challenging to develop new active pharmaceutical ingredients. Developing good preparations of well-recognized natural medicines is certainly a practical and economic strategy. Low-solubility, low-permeability natural medicines (LLNMs) possess valuable advantages such as effectiveness, relative low cost and low toxicity, which is shown by the presence of popular products on the market. Understanding the in vivo metabolic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of LLNMs contributes to overcoming their associated problems, such as low absorption and low bioavailability. In this review, the structure-based metabolic reactions of LLNMs and related enzymatic systems, cellular and bodily pharmacological effects and metabolic influences, drug-drug interactions involved in metabolism and microenvironmental changes, and pharmacokinetics and dose-dependent/linear pharmacokinetic models are comprehensively evaluated. This review suggests that better pharmacological activity and pharmacokinetic behaviors may be achieved by modifying the metabolism through using nanotechnology and nanosystem in combination with the suitable administration route and dosage. It is noteworthy that novel nanosystems, such as triggered-release liposomes, nucleic acid polymer nanosystems and PEGylated dendrimers, in addition to prodrug and intestinal penetration enhancer, demonstrate encouraging performance. Insights into the metabolic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of LLNMs may help pharmacists to identify new LLNM formulations with high bioavailability and amazing efficacy and help physicians carry out LLNM-based precision medicine and individualized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kailing Li
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan He
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital of Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiaxi Xie
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qunyou Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital of Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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