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Duan J, Li H, Wang Y, Ji Y, Chen C, Feng C, Zhang W. Benzo[a]pyrene and a high-fat diet induce aortic injury and promote. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115011. [PMID: 37196526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant which mainly exposed though diet. High-fat diet (HFD) can induce atherosclerosis, as can BaP. Unhealthy dietary habits lead to high intake of both BaP and lipids. However, the combined effect of BaP and HFD on atherosclerosis and lipid accumulation in the arterial wall, the initial stage of atherosclerosis, is unclear. In this study, C57BL/6 J mice were subchronically exposed to BaP and a HFD, and the mechanism of lipid accumulation was investigated in EA.hy926 and HEK293 cells. Results showed that BaP and HFD increased blood lipids and damaged aortic wall synergistically. Meanwhile, LDL enhanced the toxicity of BaP, and BaP promoted the production of reactive oxygen species and malonaldehyde in EA.hy926 cells, which aggravated LDL-induced cell injury. Moreover, BaP and HFD/LDL induced LDL accumulation in the aortic wall of C57BL/6 J mice/EA.hy926, and the mechanism was by activating AHR/ARNT heterodimer to combine with the scavenger receptor BⅠ (SR-BⅠ) and activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) promoter regions to transcriptional upregulate its expression, which enhanced the uptake of LDL, and promoting the production of AGEs to inhibit reverse cholesterol transport by SR-BI. BaP and lipid synergistically promoted aortic and endothelial damage, and the health risk of their combined intake should be paid attention to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Duan
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Biotechnology and Health, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Hong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yongchao Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Chengqiang Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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2
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Corica D, Pepe G, Currò M, Aversa T, Tropeano A, Ientile R, Wasniewska M. Methods to investigate advanced glycation end-product and their application in clinical practice. Methods 2021; 203:90-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Porsch F, Mallat Z, Binder CJ. Humoral immunity in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: from B cells to antibodies. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2544-2562. [PMID: 34450620 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune mechanisms are critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. Associations of specific antibody levels and defined B cell subsets with cardiovascular disease activity in humans as well as mounting evidence from preclinical models demonstrate a role of B cells and humoral immunity in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These include all aspects of B cell immunity, the generation of antigen-specific antibodies, antigen presentation and co-stimulation of T cells, as well as production of cytokines. Through their impact on adaptive and innate immune responses and the regulation of many other immune cells, B cells mediate both protective and detrimental effects in cardiovascular disease. Several antigens derived from (oxidised) lipoproteins, the vascular wall and classical autoantigens have been identified. The unique antibody responses they trigger and their relationship with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are reviewed. In particular, we focus on the different effector functions of specific IgM, IgG, and IgE antibodies and the cellular responses they trigger and highlight potential strategies to target B cell functions for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Porsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France.,Unversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Noras K, Rusak E, Jarosz-Chobot P. The Problem of Abnormal Body Weight and Dyslipidemia as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:5555149. [PMID: 34395631 PMCID: PMC8355997 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5555149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease that affects many people around the world. Its complications are the cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and increased mortality. That is why the search for predictive biomarkers is so important. The aim of the study was to show the prevalence of the problem and risk factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. These patients are often overweight and obese, and the percentage of lipid disorders is particularly high. The discussed markers of CVD risk in type 1 diabetes include apolipoproteins (apo-B and apo-C3), modified forms of LDL, and the role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Recently, a new look at the vasoprotective effect of HDL has appeared, which due to its dysfunctional form in type 1 diabetes may not protect against cardiovascular risk. The HDL proteome in type 1 diabetes has an altered protein composition compared to the healthy population. Another direction of research is determining the importance of trace elements (mainly Mg) in the development of diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Noras
- Department of Children's Diabetology, Upper Silesian Child Health Centre, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Rusak
- Department of Children's Diabetology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Recognition of Oxidized Lipids by Macrophages and Its Role in Atherosclerosis Development. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080915. [PMID: 34440119 PMCID: PMC8389651 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic disease that has a prominent inflammatory component. Currently, atherosclerosis is regarded as an active autoimmune process that involves both innate and adaptive immune pathways. One of the drivers of this process is the presence of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL). For instance, lipoprotein oxidation leads to the formation of oxidation-specific epitopes (OSE) that can be recognized by the immune cells. Macrophage response to OSEs is recognized as a key trigger for initiation and a stimulator of progression of the inflammatory process in the arteries. At the same time, the role of oxidized LDL components is not limited to pro-inflammatory stimulation, but includes immunoregulatory effects that can have protective functions. It is, therefore, important to better understand the complexity of oxidized LDL effects in atherosclerosis in order to develop new therapeutic approaches to correct the inflammatory and metabolic imbalance associated with this disorder. In this review, we discuss the process of oxidized LDL formation, mechanisms of OSE recognition by macrophages and the role of these processes in atherosclerosis.
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O’Brien ST, Neylon OM, O’Brien T. Dyslipidaemia in Type 1 Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070826. [PMID: 34356890 PMCID: PMC8301346 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). The molecular basis for atherosclerosis in T1D is heavily influenced by hyperglycaemia and its atherogenic effects on LDL. Ongoing research into the distinct pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in T1D offers exciting opportunities for novel approaches to calculate CVD risk in patients with T1D and to manage this risk appropriately. Currently, despite the increased risk of CVD in the T1D population, there are few tools available for estimating the risk of CVD in younger patients. This poses significant challenges for clinicians in selecting which patients might benefit from lipid-lowering therapies over the long term. The current best practice guidance for the management of dyslipidaemia in T1D is generally based on evidence from patients with T2D and the opinion of experts in the field. In this review article, we explore the unique pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in T1D, with a specific focus on hyperglycaemia-induced damage and atherogenic LDL modifications. We also discuss the current clinical situation of managing these patients across paediatric and adult populations, focusing on the difficulties posed by a lack of strong evidence and various barriers to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. O’Brien
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Limerick, V94 F858 Limerick, Ireland; (S.T.O.); (O.M.N.)
| | - Orla M. Neylon
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Limerick, V94 F858 Limerick, Ireland; (S.T.O.); (O.M.N.)
| | - Timothy O’Brien
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Sveen KA, Bech Holte K, Svanteson M, Hanssen KF, Nilsson J, Bengtsson E, Julsrud Berg T. Autoantibodies Against Methylglyoxal-Modified Apolipoprotein B100 and ApoB100 Peptide Are Associated With Less Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis and Retinopathy in Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:1402-1409. [PMID: 33858856 PMCID: PMC8247486 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methylglyoxal (MGO), a reactive aldehyde forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs), is increased in diabetes and recognized by the immune system, resulting in anti-AGE-specific autoantibodies. The association of these immune responses with macro- and microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes remains unclarified. We investigated associations between MGO-modified apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) and apoB100 peptide 5 (MGO-p5) autoantibodies and coronary atherosclerosis and retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS IgM and IgG against MGO-apoB100 and MGO-p5 were measured by ELISA in plasma from 103 subjects with type 1 diabetes and 63 control subjects (Dialong study) and in a replication cohort of 27 subjects with type 1 diabetes (Oslo study). Coronary atherosclerosis was assessed by computed tomography coronary angiography or intravascular ultrasound. Retinopathy was classified by retinal photos. RESULTS MGO-apoB100 IgM and MGO-p5 IgM levels were higher in subjects with diabetes with no coronary artery stenosis compared with subjects with significant stenosis (median [interquartile range]: 96.2 arbitrary units [AU] [71-126.8] vs. 54 AU [36.1-85.4], P = 0.003 for MGO-apoB100; and 77.4 AU [58-106] vs. 36.9 AU [28.9-57.4], P = 0.005 for MGO-p5). MGO-apoB100 IgM and MGO-p5 IgM were associated with less severe coronary stenosis after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio 0.2 [95% CI 0.05-0.6], P = 0.01; and 0.22 [0.06-0.75], P = 0.02). The inverse association of MGO-p5 IgM and coronary stenosis was confirmed in the replication cohort. Subjects with proliferative retinopathy had significantly lower MGO-apoB100 IgM and MGO-p5 IgM than those with background retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Autoantibodies against AGE-modified apoB100 are inversely associated with coronary atherosclerosis and proliferative retinopathy, suggesting vascular protective effects of these autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Anne Sveen
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine Bech Holte
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Svanteson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian F Hanssen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmø, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmø, Sweden
| | - Tore Julsrud Berg
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Nathan DM. Realising the long-term promise of insulin therapy: the DCCT/EDIC study. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1049-1058. [PMID: 33550441 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of insulin in the treatment of juvenile-onset, now type 1, diabetes mellitus transformed a rapidly fatal disease into a chronic degenerative one. During the insulin-treatment era, long-term microvascular and cardiovascular complications proved to be the bane of existence for people with type 1 diabetes, leading to blindness, kidney failure, amputations, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality. The nascent understanding of the link between non-physiologically regulated glucose levels and these complications led to the development of new treatment tools in the 1970s and 1980s that facilitated the delivery of insulin to achieve glucose levels closer to non-diabetic levels. These therapeutic advances set the stage for definitive testing of the glucose hypothesis. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), supported by the National Institute of Diabetes Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), definitively established the benefits and risks of intensive therapy that substantially lowered mean blood glucose levels, measured by HbA1c, over a mean 6.5 years of therapy. Intensive therapy in the DCCT, resulting in a mean HbA1c of ~7% (53 mmol/mol), reduced the development and progression of early microvascular and neurological complications associated with diabetes by 34-76% compared with the conventional-treatment group, which maintained an HbA1c of ~9% (75 mmol/mol). Intensive therapy was also associated with weight gain and a threefold increased risk for hypoglycaemia. At the end of the DCCT, a long-term observational follow-up study, the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, commenced. Despite the convergence of HbA1c levels between the two groups during EDIC, owing to the adoption of intensive therapy by the original DCCT conventional-treatment group and the return of all participants to their own healthcare providers for diabetes care, the development and progression of complications continued to be substantially less in the original intensive-treatment group vs the conventional-treatment group; this phenomenon was termed 'metabolic memory'. The DCCT demonstrated a major reduction in early-stage complications with intensive therapy and the metabolic memory phenomenon during EDIC contributed to a substantially lower burden of advanced complications over time. These included a 57% lower risk of CVD events and 33% lower rate of mortality in the original intensive-treatment group compared with the conventional-treatment group. DCCT/EDIC has ushered in the intensive-treatment era, which has been universally adopted and includes the goal of achieving HbA1c levels less than 7% (53 mmol/mol) for most patients. Although the challenge of making intensive therapy (with the aim of achieving normoglycaemia) as widely accessible and safe as possible remains, continuing improvements in insulin therapy 100 years after its introduction promise a brighter future for people with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Nathan
- Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Zhang S, Li L, Chen W, Xu S, Feng X, Zhang L. Natural products: The role and mechanism in low-density lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis. Phytother Res 2020; 35:2945-2967. [PMID: 33368763 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory, metabolic, and epigenetic disease, which leads to the life-threatening coronary artery disease. Emerging studies from bench to bedside have demonstrated the pivotal role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. This article hereby reviews oxidation mechanism of LDL, and the pro-atherogenic and biomarker role of oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis. We also review the pharmacological effects of several representative natural products (vitamin E, resveratrol, quercetin, probucol, tanshinone IIA, epigallocatechin gallate, and Lycopene) in protecting against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis. Clinical and basic research supports the beneficial effects of these natural products in inhibiting LDL oxidation and preventing atherosclerosis, but the data are still controversial. This may be related to factors such as the population and the dosage and time of taking natural products involved in different studies. Understanding the mechanism of LDL oxidation and effect of oxidized LDL help researchers to find novel therapies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lingli Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenxu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Structural characteristics of circulating immune complexes in calves with bronchopneumonia: Impact on the quiescent leukocytes. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:63-74. [PMID: 32942254 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Calf bronchopneumonia is accompanied by increased level of circulating immune complexes (CIC), and we analysed size, and protein and lipid constituents of these CIC with an attempt to elucidate the connection between the CIC structural properties and their capacity to modulate leukocyte function. CIC of heathy calves (CICH) and calves with naturally occurring bronchopneumonia (CICD) were isolated by PEG precipitation and analysed by electrophoresis and chromatography. The predominant CIC proteins were IgG, albumin, and transferrin. Affinity isolated serum and CIC IgG coprecipitated several proteins, but only 75 and 80 kDa proteins bound CIC IgG, exclusively. 60 and 65 kDa proteins co-precipitated with CICD IgG, unlike CICH IgG. In both CICH and CICD, oleic acid-containing phospholipids predominated. In CICD, the content of oleic and vaccenic acid was higher than in CICH, while myristic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic and arachidonic acid showed lower content. Dynamic light scattering displayed difference in particle size distribution between CICH and CICD; 1280 nm large particles were present only in CICD. The effect of CICH and CICD on mononuclear cells (MNC) and granulocytes was analysed in vitro. CICH and CICD, with slight difference in intensity, stimulate MNC apoptosis, promote cell cycle arrest of unstimulated MNC, and cell cycle progression of PHA stimulated MNC. Both CIC reduced granulocyte apoptosis after 24 h while after 48 h this effect was detected for CICD only. These results indicate that structural differences of CICH and CICD might interfere with the CIC functional capacity, which we consider important for evaluation of CIC immunoregulatory function.
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Vergès B. Dyslipidemia in Type 1 Diabetes: AMaskedDanger. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:422-434. [PMID: 32217073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients show lipid disorders which are likely to play a role in their increased cardiovascular (CV) disease risk. Quantitative abnormalities of lipoproteins are noted in T1D with poor glycemic control. In T1D with optimal glycemic control, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol are normal or slightly decreased whereas HDL-cholesterol is normal or slightly increased. T1D patients, even with good glycemic control, show several qualitative and functional abnormalities of lipoproteins that are potentially atherogenic. An association between these abnormalities and CV disease risk has been reported in recent studies. Although the mechanisms underlying T1D dyslipidemia remain unclear, the subcutaneous route of insulin administration, that is responsible for peripheral hyperinsulinemia, is likely to be an important factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vergès
- Service Endocrinologie, Diabétologie, et Maladies Métaboliques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer (LNC)-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France.
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