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Kim D, Manikat R, Wijarnpreecha K, Ahmed A. Financial hardship and cost-related nonadherence to medication in patients with liver disease in the United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38864288 DOI: 10.1111/apt.18122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Economic hardship associated with chronic liver disease (CLD) may delay timely access to healthcare. AIM To estimate the national burden of financial hardship across the spectrum of CLD in the United States (US) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was performed using the 2020-2021 US National Health Interview Survey database. The questionnaire defined financial hardship from medical bills and cost-related nonadherence to medications in patients with CLD. We used weighted survey analysis to obtain the national estimates. RESULTS While 6.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.7%-7.2%) out of 60,689 US adults (weighted sample: 251 million) reported financial hardship and inability to pay medical bills; 10.6% (95% CI: 8.3%-13.4%), 18.2% (95% CI: 14.5%-22.6%), 22.6% (95% CI: 11.0%-41.0%) with hepatitis, CLD/cirrhosis, and liver cancer experienced an inability to pay their medical bills due to financial hardship, respectively. 19.8% (95% CI: 15.9%-24.5%) and 23.3% (95% CI: 12.5%-39.3%) with CLD/cirrhosis and liver cancer, respectively experienced cost-related nonadherence to medications, compared to a tenth of US adults (10.7%, 95% CI: 10.3%-11.2%). CLD/cirrhosis demonstrated an independent association with financial hardship from medical bills and cost-related nonadherence to medications. Overall, these disparities were more pronounced in individuals aged <65 years old. In addition, over 40% of individuals with CLD/cirrhosis reported difficulties accessing medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. CLD/cirrhosis showed an independent association with difficulties accessing medical care due to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Financial hardship from medical bills and cost-related nonadherence to medication can negatively impact individuals with CLD and need further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Richie Manikat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Karn Wijarnpreecha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Aijaz Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Kassaw AT, Sendekie AK, Minyihun A, Gebresillassie BM. Medication regimen complexity and its impact on medication adherence in patients with multimorbidity at a comprehensive specialized hospital in Ethiopia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1369569. [PMID: 38860203 PMCID: PMC11163062 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1369569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Medication regimen complexity (MRC) is suspected to hinder medication adherence in patients with multiple illnesses. Despite this, the specific impact on Ethiopian patients with multimorbidity is unclear. This study assessed MRC and its impact on medication adherence in patients with multimorbidity. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with multimorbidity who had been followed at the University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital (UoGCSH), Ethiopia, from May to July 2021. Medication complexity was measured using the validated Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) tool, and the Adherence in Chronic Diseases Scale (ACDS) was used to measure medication adherence. Pearson's chi-square test was used to examine associations between MRCI levels and medication adherence. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to determine the impact of MRC and other associated variables on medication adherence. Statistical significance was determined using the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at p-value <0.05 and its 95% confidence range. Results Out of 422 eligible patients, 416 (98.6%) were included in the study. The majority of participants (57.2%) were classified as having a high MRCI score with a mean (±SD) score of 9.7 (±3.4). Nearly half of the patients (49.3%) had low medication adherence. Patients with medium (AOR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.72) and higher (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.79) MRCI levels had lower odds of medication adherence. In addition, monthly income (AOR = 4.59, 95% CI: 2.14, 9.83), follow-up durations (AOR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.09, 4.86), number of medications (AOR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.97), and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) (AOR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.83) were significantly associated with medication adherence. Conclusion Medication regimen complexity in patients with multimorbidity was found to be high and negatively impacted the levels of medication adherence. Healthcare providers and other stakeholders should seek interventions aimed at simplifying drug regimen complexity and improving adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Tarekegn Kassaw
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Minyihun
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Begashaw Melaku Gebresillassie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Su Y, Wang X, Xing Y, Wang Z, Bu H, Cui X, Yang Y, Cai B. The analysis of factors affecting medication adherence in patients with myasthenia gravis: a cross-sectional study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2024; 17:17562864231206877. [PMID: 38654744 PMCID: PMC11036929 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231206877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Clinically, patients with myasthenia gravis are generally treated with drugs to improve their physical condition, and poor medication adherence can hinder their recovery. Many studies have shown the importance of medication adherence for effective treatment. Various factors may affect a patient's medication adherence; however, studies concerning medication adherence in patients with myasthenia gravis are rare. Objectives This study aimed to identify the factors related to medication adherence in patients with myasthenia gravis, and determine the possibility of predicting medication adherence. Methods This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among inpatients and outpatients with myasthenia gravis of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine in China. Data on patient demographics, disease-related characteristics, and medical treatment were collected. We evaluated medication adherence of the patients using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8, Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire, and the Self-efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale. Results We distributed 200 questionnaires and finally retrieved 198 valid questionnaires. A total of 139 (70.2%) women participated in this study, and 81 (40.9%) among the 198 participants were aged 40-59 years. In total, 103 (52.0%) participants exhibited bad adherence to pharmacological treatment, and factors such as taking medication irregularly [odds ratio (OR) = 0.242, 95% CI = 0.093-0.627], the necessity of taking medicine (OR = 1.286, 95% CI = 1.142-1.449), the concerns of taking medicine (OR = 0.890, 95% CI = 0.801-0.988), and the self-efficacy for taking medications under difficult circumstances (OR = 1.194, 95% CI = 1.026-1.389) had statistically significant impacts on medication adherence. Conclusion Our study shows that taking medication irregularly and concerns of taking medicine are the risk factors for medication adherence. Meanwhile, the necessity of talking medicine and self-efficacy for taking medications under difficult circumstances are the protective factors for medication adherence. Our findings can help medical staff to enhance patients' medication adherence by informing patients necessary medical knowledge, emphasizing the necessity for medication, relieving patients' concerns regarding medication, and improving the self-efficacy for taking medications under difficult circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Su
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxian Wang
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuemeng Xing
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenni Wang
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailing Bu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunying Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.16 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Bingxing Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400010, China
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Butt MD, Ong SC, Rafiq A, Kalam MN, Sajjad A, Abdullah M, Malik T, Yaseen F, Babar ZUD. A systematic review of the economic burden of diabetes mellitus: contrasting perspectives from high and low middle-income countries. J Pharm Policy Pract 2024; 17:2322107. [PMID: 38650677 PMCID: PMC11034455 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2024.2322107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes increases preventative sickness and costs healthcare and productivity. Type 2 diabetes and macrovascular disease consequences cause most diabetes-related costs. Type 2 diabetes greatly costs healthcare institutions, reducing economic productivity and efficiency. This cost of illness (COI) analysis examines the direct and indirect costs of treating and managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, Cochrane, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Medline Plus, and CENTRAL were searched for relevant articles on type 1 and type 2 diabetes illness costs. The inquiry returned 873 2011-2023 academic articles. The study included 42 papers after an abstract evaluation of 547 papers. Results Most articles originated in Asia and Europe, primarily on type 2 diabetes. The annual cost per patient ranged from USD87 to USD9,581. Prevalence-based cost estimates ranged from less than USD470 to more than USD3475, whereas annual pharmaceutical prices ranged from USD40 to more than USD450, with insulin exhibiting the greatest disparity. Care for complications was generally costly, although costs varied significantly by country and problem type. Discussion This study revealed substantial heterogeneity in diabetes treatment costs; some could be reduced by improving data collection, analysis, and reporting procedures. Diabetes is an expensive disease to treat in low- and middle-income countries, and attaining Universal Health Coverage should be a priority for the global health community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Daoud Butt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Siew Chin Ong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Azra Rafiq
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacy, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nasir Kalam
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sahara University, Narowal, Pakistan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Sajjad
- Ibn Sina Community Clinic, South Wilcrest Drive, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Malik
- Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Yaseen
- National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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Ghinea N, Hutchison K, Lotz M, Rogers WA. Cost-Related Non-Adherence to Prescribed Medicines: What Are Physicians' Moral Duties? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38635451 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2024.2337408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
As the price of pharmaceuticals and biologicals rises so does the number of patients who cannot afford them. In this article, we argue that physicians have a moral duty to help patients access affordable medicines. We offer three grounds to support our argument: (i) the aim of prescribing is to improve health and well-being which can only be realized with secure access to treatment; (ii) there is no morally significant difference between medicines being unavailable and medicines being unaffordable, so the steps physicians are willing to take in the first case should extend to the second; and (iii) as the primary stakeholder with a duty to put the individual patient's interests first, the medical professional has a duty to address cost-barriers to patient care. In articulating this duty, we take account of important epistemic and control conditions that must be met for the attribution of this duty to be justified.
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Wen X, Qiu H, Yu B, Bi J, Gu X, Zhang Y, Wang S. Cost-related medication nonadherence in adults with COPD in the United States 2013-2020. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:864. [PMID: 38509510 PMCID: PMC10956194 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cost-related medication nonadherence (CRN) is associated with poor prognosis among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a population that requires long-term treatment for secondary prevention. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of CRN in individuals with COPD in the US. METHODS In a nationally representative survey of US adults in the National Health Interview Survey (2013-2020), we identified individuals aged ≥18 years with a self-reported history of COPD. Cross-sectional study. RESULTS Of the 15,928 surveyed individuals, a weighted 18.56% (2.39 million) reported experiencing CRN, including 12.50% (1.61 million) missing doses, 13.30% (1.72 million) taking lower than prescribed doses, and 15.74% (2.03 million) delaying filling prescriptions to save costs. Factors including age < 65 years, female sex, low family income, lack of health insurance, and multimorbidity were associated with CRN. CONCLUSIONS In the US, one in six adults with COPD reported CRN. The influencing factors of CRN are multifaceted and necessitating more rigorous research. Targeted interventions based on the identified influencing factors in this study are recommended to enhance medication adherence among COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, 258 Xuefu Road, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Hongbin Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, 258 Xuefu Road, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin, China
| | - Jinfeng Bi
- Department of Respiratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, 258 Xuefu Road, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi, 154007, China.
| | - Shanjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin, China.
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ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Ekhlaspour L, Hilliard ME, Johnson EL, Khunti K, Lingvay I, Matfin G, McCoy RG, Perry ML, Pilla SJ, Polsky S, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Segal AR, Seley JJ, Stanton RC, Gabbay RA. 1. Improving Care and Promoting Health in Populations: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:S11-S19. [PMID: 38078573 PMCID: PMC10725798 DOI: 10.2337/dc24-s001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a interprofessional expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations and a full list of Professional Practice Committee members, please refer to Introduction and Methodology. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at https://professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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Xia T, Qiu H, Yu B, Bi J, Gu X, Wang S, Zhang Y. Cost-related medication nonadherence in US adults with asthma: The National Health Interview Survey, 2013-2020. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 131:606-613.e5. [PMID: 37499864 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic disease that needs long-term control for secondary prevention. Health-related expenditures resulting from asthma are rising in the United States, and medication nonadherence is associated with adverse health outcomes in patients with asthma. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of cost-related medication nonadherence (CRN) in individuals with asthma in the United States. METHODS We identified patients aged above or equal to 18 years with a history of asthma in nationally representative cross-sectional data, the National Health Interview Survey 2013 to 2020. Participants were considered to have experienced CRN if at any time in the 12 months they reported skipping doses, taking less medication, or delaying filling a prescription to save money. The weighted prevalence of CRN was estimated overall and by subgroups. Logistic regression was used to identify CRN-related characteristics. RESULTS Of the 26,539 National Health Interview Survey participants with a history of asthma, 4360 (15.77%; representing 3.92 million of the US population) reported CRN, with 10.12% (weighted 2.51 million) of patients skipping doses to save money, 10.82% (weighted 2.69 million) taking less medication to save money, and 13.35% (weighted 3.31 million) delaying filling a prescription to save money. The subgroups young, women, low income, no health insurance, currently smoking, and with comorbidities had a higher prevalence of CRN. The results of this sensitivity analysis did not differ from the overall results. CONCLUSION In the United States, 1 in 6 adults with a history of asthma is nonadherence with medications due to costs. Removing financial barriers to accessing medication can improve medication adherence in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Bi
- Department of Respiratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, People's Republic of China.
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Weinstock RS, Trief PM, Burke BK, Wen H, Liu X, Kalichman S, Anderson BJ, Bulger JD. Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Medication Adherence in Young Adults With Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2336964. [PMID: 37792373 PMCID: PMC10551772 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Youth-onset type 2 diabetes is associated with early development of chronic complications. Treatment of elevated blood pressure (BP), nephropathy, and dyslipidemia are critical to reduce morbidity. Data are needed on adherence to BP- and lipid-lowering medications in young adults with youth-onset diabetes. Objective To assess adherence and factors associated with adherence to BP- and lipid-lowering medications in young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes and diagnoses of hypertension, nephropathy, or dyslipidemia. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study measured medication adherence with 3 monthly unannounced pill counts at 2 time points 1 year apart during iCount, conducted during the last years (2017-2019) of the observational phase of the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth study. Psychosocial factors associated with medication adherence were examined. Participants included individuals with youth-onset type 2 diabetes with hypertension, nephropathy, or dyslipidemia receiving diabetes care in their communities. Data were analyzed from September 2022 to September 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was BP- and lipid-lowering medication adherence, with low adherence defined as using less than 80% of pills and high adherence, at least 80% of pills. Psychosocial factors were measured using the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire and Material Needs Insecurities Survey. Results Of 381 participants in iCount, 243 participants (mean [SD] age, 26.12 [2.51] years; 159 [65.43%] women) with hypertension, nephropathy, or dyslipidemia were included in analysis. Among 196 participants with hypertension or nephropathy, 157 (80.1%) had low adherence. Participants with low adherence, compared with those with high adherence, were younger (mean [SD] age, 25.99 [2.41] vs 27.26 [2.41] years; P = .005), had higher glycated hemoglobin A1c (mean [SD], 10.33% [2.66 percentage points] vs 8.85% [2.39 percentage points]; P = .001), shorter diabetes duration (mean [SD], 12.32 [1.49] vs 12.90 [1.46] years; P = .03), and less education (eg, 17 participants [10.83%] vs 0 participants with no high school diploma; P = .004). Of 146 participants with dyslipidemia, 137 (93.8%) had low adherence and only 9 participants (6.2%) had high adherence. Of 103 participants with low adherence to BP-lowering medications and using oral hypoglycemic agents, 83 (80.58%) had low adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents. Beliefs that medications are necessary were higher for participants with high adherence to BP-lowering medications than those with low adherence in unadjusted analyses (mean [SD] necessity score, 16.87 [6.78] vs 13.89 [9.15]; P = .03). In adjusted multivariable analyses of participants with hypertension or nephropathy, having at least 1 unmet social need (odds ratio [OR], 0.20; 95% CI, 0.05-0.65; P = .04) and medication concerns (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.40-0.96; P = .01) were associated with worse medication adherence 1 year follow-up. Diabetes distress, self-efficacy, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and self-management support were not associated with 1-year medication adherence. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that adherence to BP- and lipid-lowering medications was very poor in this cohort. To improve medication adherence and prevent early vascular events, approaches that identify and address medication concerns and unmet social needs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S. Weinstock
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Paula M. Trief
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Brian K. Burke
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Hui Wen
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Xun Liu
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Seth Kalichman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
| | | | - Jane D. Bulger
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
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Aguirre A, DeQuattro K, Shiboski S, Katz P, Greenlund KJ, Barbour KE, Gordon C, Lanata C, Criswell LA, Dall'Era M, Yazdany J. Medication Cost Concerns and Disparities in Patient-Reported Outcomes Among a Multiethnic Cohort of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2023; 50:1302-1309. [PMID: 37321640 PMCID: PMC10543599 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.2023-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concerns about the affordability of medications are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the relationship between medication cost concerns and health outcomes is poorly understood. We assessed the association of self-reported medication cost concerns and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in a multiethnic SLE cohort. METHODS The California Lupus Epidemiology Study is a cohort of individuals with physician-confirmed SLE. Medication cost concerns were defined as having difficulties affording SLE medications, skipping doses, delaying refills, requesting lower-cost alternatives, purchasing medications outside the United States, or applying for patient assistance programs. Linear regression and mixed effects models assessed the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of medication cost concerns and PROs, respectively, adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, income, principal insurance, immunomodulatory medications, and organ damage. RESULTS Of 334 participants, medication cost concerns were reported by 91 (27%). Medication cost concerns were associated with worse Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ; beta coefficient [β] 5.9, 95% CI 4.3-7.6; P < 0.001), 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-8; β 2.7, 95% CI 1.4-4.0; P < 0.001), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS; β for physical function -4.6, 95% CI -6.7 to -2.4; P < 0.001) scores after adjusting for covariates. Medication cost concerns were not associated with significant changes in PROs over 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSION More than a quarter of participants reported at least 1 medication cost concern, which was associated with worse PROs. Our results reveal a potentially modifiable risk factor for poor outcomes rooted in the unaffordability of SLE care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Aguirre
- A. Aguirre, MD, M. Dall'Era, MD, J. Yazdany, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - Kimberly DeQuattro
- K. DeQuattro, MD, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen Shiboski
- S. Shiboski, PhD, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Patricia Katz
- P. Katz, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Kurt J Greenlund
- K.J. Greenlund, PhD, Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kamil E Barbour
- K.E. Barbour, PhD, MPH, Lupus and Interstitial Cystitis Programs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Caroline Gordon
- C. Gordon, MD, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Cristina Lanata
- C. Lanata, MD, Genomics of Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lindsey A Criswell
- L.A. Criswell, MD, MPH, DSc, Genomics of Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Maria Dall'Era
- A. Aguirre, MD, M. Dall'Era, MD, J. Yazdany, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jinoos Yazdany
- A. Aguirre, MD, M. Dall'Era, MD, J. Yazdany, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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11
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Galindo RJ, Trujillo JM, Low Wang CC, McCoy RG. Advances in the management of type 2 diabetes in adults. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000372. [PMID: 37680340 PMCID: PMC10481754 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic and progressive cardiometabolic disorder that affects more than 10% of adults worldwide and is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, disability, and high costs. Over the past decade, the pattern of management of diabetes has shifted from a predominantly glucose centric approach, focused on lowering levels of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), to a directed complications centric approach, aimed at preventing short term and long term complications of diabetes, and a pathogenesis centric approach, which looks at the underlying metabolic dysfunction of excess adiposity that both causes and complicates the management of diabetes. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in patient centred care for type 2 diabetes, focusing on drug and non-drug approaches to reducing the risks of complications of diabetes in adults. We also discuss the effects of social determinants of health on the management of diabetes, particularly as they affect the treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo J Galindo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer M Trujillo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cecilia C Low Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rozalina G McCoy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Health Computing, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Liu H, Li T, Yu H, Chen X, Li J, Tan H, Jia D, Yu Y. A phase-I randomized euglycemic clamp study to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic equivalence of an insulin degludec biosimilar (B01411) with the reference product in healthy Chinese volunteers. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:773-781. [PMID: 37665683 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2254690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B01411 is a biosimilar candidate manufactured by Jilin Huisheng Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd for the reference insulin degludec (Tresiba) (IDeg). This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety of the two IDeg products and to assess the PK/PD similarity of B01411 compared with the reference IDeg product. RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODS A single-center, single-dose, randomized, crossover, open-labeled, phase I, euglycemic clamp study in healthy Chinese subjects to examine the bioequivalence of B01411 (0.4 U/kg) compared with the reference IDeg product. Blood samples were collected at a predefined time for the analysis of blood glucose (BG), IDeg, and C-peptide concentrations. The glucose infusion rate (GIR) was adjusted to maintain the BG at approximately 0.28 mmol/L below baseline throughout the clamp. RESULTS Thirty-two subjects (20 males and 12 females) were enrolled, 31 of whom received both treatments. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of the least-squares geometric means for AUCIDeg,0-24 h, AUCGIR,0-24 h, IDegmax, and GIRmax were all in the range of 0.80-1.25. Only one adverse event of puncture site bruising occurred once in a subject in the B01411 group. CONCLUSION B01411 exhibited a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic similarity to the reference product. Both IDeg products were well tolerated. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/index.html#. Identifier is CTR20192122.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Li
- Health Management Center, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongling Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinlei Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiwen Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dejia Jia
- Department of Research and Development, Jilin Huisheng Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jilin, China
| | - Yerong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Pilla SJ, Meza KA, Schoenborn NL, Boyd CM, Maruthur NM, Chander G. A Qualitative Study of Perspectives of Older Adults on Deintensifying Diabetes Medications. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:1008-1015. [PMID: 36175758 PMCID: PMC10039184 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many older adults with type 2 diabetes have tight glycemic control beyond guideline-recommended targets, deintensifying (stopping or dose-reducing) diabetes medications rarely occurs. OBJECTIVE To explore the perspectives of older adults with type 2 diabetes around deintensifying diabetes medications. DESIGN This qualitative study used individual semi-structured interviews, which included three clinical scenarios where deintensification may be indicated. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-four adults aged ≥65 years with medication-treated type 2 diabetes and hemoglobin A1c <7.5% were included (to thematic saturation) using a maximal variation sampling strategy for diabetes treatment and physician specialty. APPROACH Interviews were independently coded by two investigators and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. We identified major themes and subthemes and coded responses to the clinical scenarios as positive (in favor of deintensification), negative, or ambiguous. KEY RESULTS Participants' mean age was 74 years, half were women, and 58% used a sulfonylurea or insulin. The first of four major themes was fear of losing control of diabetes, which participants weighed against the benefits of taking less medication (Theme 2). Few participants viewed glycemic control below target as a reason for deintensification and a majority would restart the medication if their home glucose increased. Some participants were anchored to their current diabetes treatment (Theme 3) driven by unrealistic views of medication benefits. A trusting patient-provider relationship (Theme 4) was a positive influence. In clinical scenarios, 8%, 4%, and 75% of participants viewed deintensification positively in the setting of poor health, limited life expectancy, and high hypoglycemia risk, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Optimizing deintensification requires patient education that describes both individualized glycemic targets and how they will change over the lifespan. Deintensification is an opportunity for shared decision-making, but providers must understand patients' beliefs about their medications and address misconceptions. Hypoglycemia prevention may be a helpful framing for discussing deintensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Pilla
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kayla A Meza
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy L Schoenborn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia M Boyd
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nisa M Maruthur
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Geetanjali Chander
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Silva-Almodóvar A, Nahata MC. Telehealth Intervention to Improve Uptake of Evidence-Based Medications among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure or Cardiovascular Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3613. [PMID: 36834307 PMCID: PMC9964915 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1) agonists are recommended for patients with type two diabetes (T2D) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heart failure (HF) to reduce cardiovascular-related mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate a telehealth targeted medication review (TMR) program to identify patients for uptake of these evidence-based medications. METHODS This was an observational descriptive study of a TMR program for Medicare-enrolled, Medication Therapy Management-eligible patients in one insurance plan. Prescription claims and patient interviews identified individuals who would benefit from SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 agonists. Facsimiles were sent to providers of patients with educational information about the targeted medications. Descriptive statistics described characteristics and proportion of patients prescribed targeted medications after 120 days. Bivariate statistical tests evaluated associations between age, sex, number of medications, number of providers, and poverty level with adoption of targeted medications. RESULTS A total of 1106 of 1127 had a facsimile sent to their provider after a conversation with the patient. Among patients with a provider facsimile, 69 (6%) patients filled a prescription for a targeted medication after 120 days. There was a significant difference in age between individuals who started a targeted medication (67 ± 10 years) compared with patients who did not (71 ± 10 years) (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A TMR efficiently identified patients with T2D and ASCVD or HF who would benefit from evidence-based medications. Although younger patients were more likely to receive these medications, the overall uptake of these medications within four months of the intervention was lower than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Silva-Almodóvar
- Institute of Therapeutic Innovations and Outcomes (ITIO), College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Milap C. Nahata
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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15
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Venkatraman S, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Selvin E, Fang M. Trends and Disparities in Glycemic Control and Severe Hyperglycemia Among US Adults With Diabetes Using Insulin, 1988-2020. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2247656. [PMID: 36538330 PMCID: PMC9856837 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There have been major advances in insulin delivery and formulations over the past several decades. It is unclear whether these changes have resulted in improved glycemic control for patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVE To characterize trends and disparities in glycemic control and severe hyperglycemia in US adults with diabetes using insulin. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This serial population-based cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1988-1994 and 1999-2020. Participants were nonpregnant US adults aged 20 years or older who had a diagnosis of diabetes and were currently using insulin. EXPOSURES Diabetes diagnosis and use of insulin. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Trends in glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] level <7%) and severe hyperglycemia (HbA1c level >10%; to convert percentage of total hemoglobin to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; to convert to millimoles per mole, multiply by 10.93 and subtract by 23.50) overall and by age, race and ethnicity, and indicators of socioeconomic status were evaluated using logistic regression. Analyses incorporated sample weights to account for oversampling of certain populations and survey nonresponse. RESULTS There were 2482 participants with diabetes using insulin included in the analyses (mean [SD] age, 59.8 [0.4] years); 51.3% were men, 7.0% were Mexican American individuals, 17.9% were non-Hispanic Black individuals, and 65.2% were non-Hispanic White individuals. From 1988-1994 to 2013-2020, the proportion of patients with diabetes who received insulin and achieved glycemic control did not significantly change, from 29.2% (95% CI, 22.6%-36.8%) to 27.5% (95% CI, 21.7%-34.2%). Mexican American adults who received insulin were less likely than non-Hispanic White adults to achieve glycemic control, and disparities increased during the study period. The proportion of adults with severe hyperglycemia did not significantly change and was 14.6% (95% CI, 12.0-17.5) in 2013-2020. Adults who were Mexican American or non-Hispanic Black, were uninsured, or had low family income had the highest prevalence of severe hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this population-based cross-sectional study of NHANES data over the past 3 decades, glycemic control stagnated and racial and ethnic disparities increased among US adults with diabetes who received insulin. Efforts to improve access to insulin may optimize glycemic control and reduce disparities in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin B. Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Fang
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Yoshimoto M, Sakuma Y, Ogino J, Iwai R, Watanabe S, Inoue T, Takahashi H, Suzuki Y, Kinoshita D, Takemura K, Takahashi H, Shimura H, Babazono T, Yoshida S, Hashimoto N. Sex differences in predictive factors for onset of type 2 diabetes in Japanese individuals: A 15-year follow-up study. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 14:37-47. [PMID: 36200977 PMCID: PMC9807159 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The increase in the number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important concern worldwide. The goal of this study was to investigate factors involved in the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and sex differences in long-term follow up of people with normal glucose tolerance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Of 1,309 individuals who underwent screening at our facility in 2004, 748 individuals without diabetes were enrolled. Correlations of metabolic markers including serum adiponectin (APN) with onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus were examined over 15 years in these individuals. RESULTS The Kaplan-Meier curve for onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus for 15 years in the decreased APN group was examined. Hazard ratios for the APN concentration for onset of diabetes were 1.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-2.63, P = 0.004) in all participants, 1.48 (95% CI 0.96-2.29, P = 0.078) for men and 3.01 (95% CI 1.37-6.59, P = 0.006) for women. During the follow-up period of 15 years, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, fatty liver, C-reactive protein and alanine aminotransferase in men were significant in univariate analysis, but only estimated glomerular filtration rate and fatty liver were significantly related to onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in multivariate analysis. In women, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, fatty liver and APN were significant in univariate analysis, and APN was the only significant risk factor in multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There are differences between men and women with regard to targets for intervention to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Individuals requiring intensive intervention should be selected with this finding to maximize the use of limited social and economic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yoshimoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Yachiyo Medical CenterTokyo Women's Medical UniversityYachiyo, ChibaJapan
| | - Yukie Sakuma
- Clinical Research Support CenterAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Jun Ogino
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Rie Iwai
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Saburo Watanabe
- Clinical Research Support CenterAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Clinical Research Support CenterAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Haruo Takahashi
- Clinical Research Support CenterAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Yoshifumi Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Daisuke Kinoshita
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Koji Takemura
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Preventive Medicine Research CenterAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Haruhisa Shimura
- Preventive Medicine Research CenterAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan,Department of Internal MedicineAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Tetsuya Babazono
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center, School of MedicineTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shouji Yoshida
- Department of Internal MedicineAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
| | - Naotake Hashimoto
- Preventive Medicine Research CenterAsahi General HospitalAsahi, ChibaJapan
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17
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Ali HJR, Valero-Elizondo J, Wang SY, Cainzos-Achirica M, Bhimaraj A, Khan SU, Khan MS, Mossialos E, Khera R, Nasir K. Subjective Financial Hardship from Medical Bills Among Patients with Heart Failure in the United States: The 2014-2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. J Card Fail 2022; 28:1424-1433. [PMID: 35839928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) poses a substantial economic burden to the United States (US) healthcare system. In contrast, little is known about the financial challenges faced by patients with HF. In this study, we examined the scope and sociodemographic predictors of subjective financial hardship from medical bills in patients with HF. METHODS In the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS; years 2014-2018), a US nationally representative database, we identified all patients who reported having HF. Any subjective financial hardship from medical bills was assessed based on patients reporting either themselves or their families 1) having difficulties paying medical bills in the past 12 months, 2) paid bills late, or 3) unable to pay bills at all. Logistic regression was used to evaluate independent predictors of financial hardship among patients with HF. All analyses took into consideration the survey's complex design. RESULTS A total of 116,563 MEPS participants were included in the analysis, of whom 858 (0.7%) had a diagnosis of HF, representing 1.8 million (95% CI 1.6 to 2.0) patients annually. Overall, 33% (95% CI 29% to 38%) reported any financial hardship from medical bills with 13.2% not being able to pay bills at all. Age ≤65 years and lower educational attainment were independently associated with higher odds of subjective financial hardship from medical bills. CONCLUSION Subjective financial hardship is a prevalent issue among patients with HF in the US, particularly those who are younger and have lower educational attainment. There is a need for policies that reduce out-of-pocket costs in the care of HF, an enhanced identification of this phenomenon in the clinical setting, and approaches to help minimize financial toxicity in patients with HF while ensuring optimal quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Ryoo Ali
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Javier Valero-Elizondo
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Y Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Miguel Cainzos-Achirica
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arvind Bhimaraj
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Safi U Khan
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Elias Mossialos
- London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Rohan Khera
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA.
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