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Li R, Zhuo Z, Yao Z, Li Z, Wang Y, Jiang J, Wang L, Li W, Zhang Y, Sun J, Li J, Duan Y, Liu Y, Shao H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Shi H, Huang H, Liu Y, Xu J. Neuroimaging analysis reveals distinct cerebral perfusion responses to fasting-postprandial metabolic switching in Alzheimer's disease patients. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e70014. [PMID: 39258805 PMCID: PMC11388574 DOI: 10.1111/cns.70014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Extended fasting-postprandial switch intermitting time has been shown to affect Alzheimer's disease (AD). Few studies have investigated the cerebral perfusion response to fasting-postprandial metabolic switching (FMS) in AD patients. We aimed to evaluate the cerebral perfusion response to FMS in AD patients. METHODS In total, 30 AD patients, 32 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and 30 healthy control individuals (HCs) were included in the quantification of cerebral perfusion via cerebral blood flow (CBF). The cerebral perfusion response to FMS was defined as the difference (ΔCBF) between fasting and postprandial CBF. RESULTS Patients with AD had a regional negative ΔCBF in the anterior temporal lobe, part of the occipital lobe and the parietal lobe under FMS stimulation, whereas HCs had no significant ΔCBF. The AD patients had lower ΔCBF values in the right anterior temporal lobe than the MCI patients and HCs. ΔCBF in the anterior temporal lobe was negatively correlated with cognitive severity and cognitive reserve factors in AD patients. CONCLUSIONS AD patients exhibited a poor ability to maintain cerebral perfusion homeostasis under FMS stimulation. The anterior temporal lobe is a distinct area that responds to FMS in AD patients and negatively correlates with cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Control, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhizheng Zhuo
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeshan Yao
- Jingjinji national center of technology innovation, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiwei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Duan
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Control, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongyuan Shao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Control, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yechuan Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jinglong Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanping Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaou Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhao QG, Song ZT, Ma XL, Xu Q, Bu F, Li K, Zhang L, Pei YF. Human brain proteome-wide association study provides insights into the genetic components of protein abundance in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01592-6. [PMID: 39025989 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple genetic variants associated with obesity. However, most obesity-associated loci were waiting to be translated into new biological insights. Given the critical role of brain in obesity development, we sought to explore whether obesity-associated genetic variants could be mapped to brain protein abundances. METHODS We performed proteome-wide association studies (PWAS) and colocalization analyses to identify genes whose cis-regulated brain protein abundances were associated with obesity-related traits, including body fat percentage, trunk fat percentage, body mass index, visceral adipose tissue, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. We then assessed the druggability of the identified genes and conducted pathway enrichment analysis to explore their functional relevance. Finally, we evaluated the effects of the significant PWAS genes at the brain transcriptional level. RESULTS By integrating human brain proteomes from discovery (ROSMAP, N = 376) and validation datasets (BANNER, N = 198) with genome-wide summary statistics of obesity-related phenotypes (N ranged from 325,153 to 806,834), we identified 51 genes whose cis-regulated brain protein abundance was associated with obesity. These 51 genes were enriched in 11 metabolic processes, e.g., small molecule metabolic process and metabolic pathways. Fourteen of the 51 genes had high drug repurposing value. Ten of the 51 genes were also associated with obesity at the transcriptome level, suggesting that genetic variants likely confer risk of obesity by regulating mRNA expression and protein abundance of these genes. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights into the genetic component of human brain protein abundance in obesity. The identified proteins represent promising therapeutic targets for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Gang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zi-Tong Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xin-Ling Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fan Bu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yu-Fang Pei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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3
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Sudo Y, Ota J, Takamura T, Kamashita R, Hamatani S, Numata N, Chhatkuli RB, Yoshida T, Takahashi J, Kitagawa H, Matsumoto K, Masuda Y, Nakazato M, Sato Y, Hamamoto Y, Shoji T, Muratsubaki T, Sugiura M, Fukudo S, Kawabata M, Sunada M, Noda T, Tose K, Isobe M, Kodama N, Kakeda S, Takahashi M, Takakura S, Gondo M, Yoshihara K, Moriguchi Y, Shimizu E, Sekiguchi A, Hirano Y. Comprehensive elucidation of resting-state functional connectivity in anorexia nervosa by a multicenter cross-sectional study. Psychol Med 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38500410 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on the changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in anorexia nervosa (AN) has been limited by an insufficient sample size, which reduced the reliability of the results and made it difficult to set the whole brain as regions of interest (ROIs). METHODS We analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 114 female AN patients and 135 healthy controls (HC) and obtained self-reported psychological scales, including eating disorder examination questionnaire 6.0. One hundred sixty-four cortical, subcortical, cerebellar, and network parcellation regions were considered as ROIs. We calculated the ROI-to-ROI rsFCs and performed group comparisons. RESULTS Compared to HC, AN patients showed 12 stronger rsFCs mainly in regions containing dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and 33 weaker rsFCs primarily in regions containing cerebellum, within temporal lobe, between posterior fusiform cortex and lateral part of visual network, and between anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and thalamus (p < 0.01, false discovery rate [FDR] correction). Comparisons between AN subtypes showed that there were stronger rsFCs between right lingual gyrus and right supracalcarine cortex and between left temporal occipital fusiform cortex and medial part of visual network in the restricting type compared to the binge/purging type (p < 0.01, FDR correction). CONCLUSION Stronger rsFCs in regions containing mainly DLPFC, and weaker rsFCs in regions containing primarily cerebellum, within temporal lobe, between posterior fusiform cortex and lateral part of visual network, and between ACC and thalamus, may represent categorical diagnostic markers discriminating AN patients from HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sudo
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junko Ota
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Takamura
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Rio Kamashita
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
| | - Sayo Hamatani
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Fukui University, Eiheizi, Japan
| | - Noriko Numata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
| | - Ritu Bhusal Chhatkuli
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
| | - Tokiko Yoshida
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jumpei Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba Aoba Municipal Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kitagawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Masuda
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakazato
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sato
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yumi Hamamoto
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Shoji
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nagamachi Hospital, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Muratsubaki
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Cognitive Sciences Lab, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin Fukudo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiko Kawabata
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Momo Sunada
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomomi Noda
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keima Tose
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Isobe
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Kodama
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shingo Kakeda
- Department of Radiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takahashi
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shu Takakura
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motoharu Gondo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yoshihara
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Moriguchi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sekiguchi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Center for Eating Disorder Research and Information, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
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Campos A, Marek T, Calderon G, Ghusn W, Cifuentes L, Sim LA, Camilleri M, Dayyeh BA, Port JD, Acosta A. Neurohormonal response patterns to hunger, satiation, and postprandial fullness in normal weight, anorexia nervosa, and obesity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14695. [PMID: 37926943 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food intake is regulated by homeostatic and hedonic systems that interact in a complex neuro-hormonal network. Dysregulation in energy intake can lead to obesity (OB) or anorexia nervosa (AN). However, little is known about the neurohormonal response patterns to food intake in normal weight (NW), OB, and AN. MATERIAL & METHODS During an ad libitum nutrient drink (Ensure®) test (NDT), participants underwent three pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) MRI scans. The first scan was performed before starting the NDT after a > 12 h overnight fast (Hunger), the second after reaching maximal fullness (Satiation), and the third 30-min after satiation (postprandial fullness). We measured blood levels of ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) with every pCASL-MRI scan. Semiquantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps in mL/100 gr brain/min were calculated and normalized (nCBF) with the CBF in the frontoparietal white matter. The hypothalamus (HT), nucleus accumbens [NAc] and dorsal striatum [DS] were selected as regions of interest (ROIs). RESULTS A total of 53 participants, 7 with AN, 17 with NW (body-mass index [BMI] 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 ), and 29 with OB (BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ) completed the study. The NW group had a progressive decrease in all five ROIs during the three stages of food intake (hunger, satiation, and post-prandial fullness). In contrast, participants with OB showed a minimal change from hunger to postprandial fullness in all five ROIs. The AN group had a sustained nCBF in the HT and DS, from hunger to satiation, with a subsequent decrease in nCBF from satiation to postprandial fullness. All three groups had similar hormonal response patterns with a decrease in ghrelin, an increase in GLP-1 and PYY, and no change in CCK. CONCLUSION Conditions of regulated (NW) and dysregulated (OB and AN) energy intake are associated with distinctive neurohormonal activity patterns in response to hunger, satiation, and postprandial fullness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Campos
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tomas Marek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gerardo Calderon
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wissam Ghusn
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lizeth Cifuentes
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Leslie A Sim
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Barham Abu Dayyeh
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John D Port
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Al‐Alsheikh AS, Alabdulkader S, Miras AD, Goldstone AP. Effects of bariatric surgery and dietary interventions for obesity on brain neurotransmitter systems and metabolism: A systematic review of positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13620. [PMID: 37699864 PMCID: PMC10909448 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review collates studies of dietary or bariatric surgery interventions for obesity using positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Of 604 publications identified, 22 met inclusion criteria. Twelve studies assessed bariatric surgery (seven gastric bypass, five gastric bypass/sleeve gastrectomy), and ten dietary interventions (six low-calorie diet, three very low-calorie diet, one prolonged fasting). Thirteen studies examined neurotransmitter systems (six used tracers for dopamine DRD2/3 receptors: two each for 11 C-raclopride, 18 F-fallypride, 123 I-IBZM; one for dopamine transporter, 123 I-FP-CIT; one used tracer for serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, 18 F-altanserin; two used tracers for serotonin transporter, 11 C-DASB or 123 I-FP-CIT; two used tracer for μ-opioid receptor, 11 C-carfentanil; one used tracer for noradrenaline transporter, 11 C-MRB); seven studies assessed glucose uptake using 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose; four studies assessed regional cerebral blood flow using 15 O-H2 O (one study also used arterial spin labeling); and two studies measured fatty acid uptake using 18 F-FTHA and one using 11 C-palmitate. The review summarizes findings and correlations with clinical outcomes, eating behavior, and mechanistic mediators. The small number of studies using each tracer and intervention, lack of dietary intervention control groups in any surgical studies, heterogeneity in time since intervention and degree of weight loss, and small sample sizes hindered the drawing of robust conclusions across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhanouf S. Al‐Alsheikh
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Shahd Alabdulkader
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Alexander D. Miras
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life and Health SciencesUlster UniversityLondonderryUK
| | - Anthony P. Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
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Iosif CI, Bashir ZI, Apps R, Pickford J. Cerebellar Prediction and Feeding Behaviour. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1002-1019. [PMID: 36121552 PMCID: PMC10485105 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of the cerebellum in controlling movements, it might be expected that its main role in eating would be the control of motor elements such as chewing and swallowing. Whilst such functions are clearly important, there is more to eating than these actions, and more to the cerebellum than motor control. This review will present evidence that the cerebellum contributes to homeostatic, motor, rewarding and affective aspects of food consumption.Prediction and feedback underlie many elements of eating, as food consumption is influenced by expectation. For example, circadian clocks cause hunger in anticipation of a meal, and food consumption causes feedback signals which induce satiety. Similarly, the sight and smell of food generate an expectation of what that food will taste like, and its actual taste will generate an internal reward value which will be compared to that expectation. Cerebellar learning is widely thought to involve feed-forward predictions to compare expected outcomes to sensory feedback. We therefore propose that the overarching role of the cerebellum in eating is to respond to prediction errors arising across the homeostatic, motor, cognitive, and affective domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana I Iosif
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Zafar I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jasmine Pickford
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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7
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Bini J. The historical progression of positron emission tomography research in neuroendocrinology. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 70:101081. [PMID: 37423505 PMCID: PMC10530506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and continual development of a number of radiopharmaceuticals targeting different receptor, enzyme and small molecule systems has fostered Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of endocrine system actions in vivo in the human brain for several decades. PET radioligands have been developed to measure changes that are regulated by hormone action (e.g., glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow, dopamine receptors) and actions within endocrine organs or glands such as steroids (e.g., glucocorticoids receptors), hormones (e.g., estrogen, insulin), and enzymes (e.g., aromatase). This systematic review is targeted to the neuroendocrinology community that may be interested in learning about positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for use in their research. Covering neuroendocrine PET research over the past half century, researchers and clinicians will be able to answer the question of where future research may benefit from the strengths of PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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8
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Li Q, Lu Y, Zhang X, Chen Z, Feng J, Zeng X, Zhao S, Huang G, Li L, Xing C, Liang F, Guo T. Brain-Imaging Mechanisms on Female Abdominal Obesity Treated by "Shu-Mu" Acupoint Catgut Embedding and Compatibility Relation: Study Protocol for a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:733-747. [PMID: 36936443 PMCID: PMC10017833 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s400197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acupoint catgut embedding (ACE) has been proven to be effective and safe in the treatment of obesity, but few studies have been conducted involving its central mechanisms. Our previous study has demonstrated the effectiveness of Shu-Mu ACE in the treatment of abdominal obesity (AO). However, the neurological mechanism of Shu-Mu ACE for weight loss has not yet been elucidated. The mechanism of the combination of the Shu and Mu acupoints may be related to the central integrative effects of the brain. This paper aims to explore the potential neural mechanisms of Shu-Mu ACE in female patients with AO. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 100 eligible female AO patients and 20 healthy female subjects will be recruited for this study. 100 AO patients will be randomly allocated to five groups: Shu-Mu ACE (Group A), Shu ACE (Group B), Mu ACE (Group C), sham ACE (Group D), and waiting-list (Group E). Treatment will be administrated once every two weeks for 12 weeks. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), Visual Analog Scales (VAS) of appetite, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) will be utilized to evaluate the clinical efficacy. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at each time point of treatment. Multimodal MRI will be performed at baseline and after 12-week treatment and the results will be used to investigate the neural mechanisms of ACE for obesity. Neurological changes and clinical data will be analysed for correlation. DISCUSSIONS This study hypothesized that Shu-Mu ACE therapy has a synergistic effect and may treat AO by modulating the neuropathological alterations in the brain. Our findings will demonstrate the neurological mechanism of AO treated by "Shu-Mu" Acupoint Catgut Embedding and compatibility relation. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registration Center (No. ChiCTR2100048920).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifu Li
- School of Second Clinical Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Lu
- The Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinghe Zhang
- School of Second Clinical Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziwen Chen
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialei Feng
- Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Literature, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuanxiang Zeng
- School of Second Clinical Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- School of Second Clinical Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaoyangzi Huang
- School of Second Clinical Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chonghui Xing
- The Sports Trauma Specialist Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Fanrong Liang, School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Taipin Guo
- School of Second Clinical Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Taipin Guo, School of Second Clinical Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China, Email
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9
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Stinson EJ, Travis KT, Magerowski G, Alonso-Alonso M, Krakoff J, Gluck ME. Improved food Go/No-Go scores after transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to prefrontal cortex in a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:2005-2013. [PMID: 36052819 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity and inhibitory control may contribute to obesity. The study objective was to assess effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food Go/No-Go (GNG), food Stroop performance, and snack food intake. METHODS Twenty-nine individuals with obesity (12 male; mean [SD], age 42 [11] years; BMI 39 [8]) participated in a combined inpatient/outpatient randomized parallel-design trial and received 15 sessions of anodal or sham tDCS to the left dlPFC. Food-related inhibitory control (GNG), attentional bias (Stroop), and snack food intake were assessed at baseline, completion of inpatient sessions (day 7), and follow-up (day 31). RESULTS GNG performance improved in the anodal group by day 31, compared with sham (p = 0.01), but Stroop scores did not differ by intervention. Greater snack food intake was associated with lower GNG scores (p = 0.01), driven by the sham group (p < 0.001) and higher food and palatable bias scores on the Stroop (all p = 0.02) across both groups. Changes on tasks were not associated with changes in intake. CONCLUSIONS Anodal tDCS to the left dlPFC improved performance on a food-related inhibitory control task, providing evidence of potential for therapeutic benefit of neuromodulation in areas controlling executive function. Results showed that tDCS to the dlPFC reduced snack food intake and hunger; however, underlying neurocognitive mechanisms remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Stinson
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Katherine T Travis
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Greta Magerowski
- Laboratory of Bariatric and Nutritional Neuroscience, Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miguel Alonso-Alonso
- Laboratory of Bariatric and Nutritional Neuroscience, Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Marci E Gluck
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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10
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Ester T, Kullmann S. Neurobiological regulation of eating behavior: Evidence based on non-invasive brain stimulation. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:753-772. [PMID: 34862944 PMCID: PMC9307556 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is appreciated as a key neurobiological player in human eating behavior. A special focus is herein dedicated to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which is critically involved in executive function such as cognitive control over eating. Persons with obesity display hypoactivity in this brain area, which is linked to overconsumption and food craving. Contrary to that, higher activity in the DLPFC is associated with successful weight-loss and weight-maintenance. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neurostimulation tool used to enhance self-control and inhibitory control. The number of studies using tDCS to influence eating behavior rapidly increased in the last years. However, the effectiveness of tDCS is still unclear, as studies show mixed results and individual differences were shown to be an important factor in the effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation. Here, we describe the current state of research of human studies using tDCS to influence food intake, food craving, subjective feeling of hunger and body weight. Excitatory stimulation of the right DLPFC seems most promising to reduce food cravings to highly palatable food, while other studies provide evidence that stimulating the left DLPFC shows promising effects on weight loss and weight maintenance, especially in multisession approaches. Overall, the reported findings are heterogeneous pointing to large interindividual differences in tDCS responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Ester
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Ebehard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Agarwal K, Maki KA, Vizioli C, Carnell S, Goodman E, Hurley M, Harris C, Colwell R, Steele K, Joseph PV. The Neuro-Endo-Microbio-Ome Study: A Pilot Study of Neurobiological Alterations Pre- Versus Post-Bariatric Surgery. Biol Res Nurs 2022; 24:362-378. [PMID: 35426747 PMCID: PMC9343885 DOI: 10.1177/10998004221085976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plausible phenotype mechanisms following bariatric surgery include changes in neural and gastrointestinal physiology. This pilot study aims to investigate individual and combined neurologic, gut microbiome, and plasma hormone changes pre- versus post-vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and medical weight loss (MWL). We hypothesized post-weight loss phenotype would be associated with changes in central reward system brain connectivity, differences in postprandial gut hormone responses, and increased gut microbiome diversity. METHODS Subjects included participants undergoing VSG, n = 7; RYGB, n = 9; and MWL, n = 6. Ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide-YY, gut microbiome, and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI; using fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations [fALFF]) were measured pre- and post-intervention in fasting and fed states. We explored phenotype characterization using clustering on gut hormone, microbiome, and rsfMRI datasets and a combined analysis. RESULTS We observed more widespread fALFF differences post-bariatric surgery versus post-MWL. Decreased post-prandial fALFF was seen in food reward regions post-RYGB. The highest number of microbial taxa that increased post-intervention occurred in the RYGB group, followed by VSG and MWL. The combined hormone, microbiome, and MRI dataset most accurately clustered samples into pre- versus post-VSG phenotypes followed by RYGB subjects. CONCLUSION The data suggest surgical weight loss (VSG and RYGB) has a bigger impact on brain and gut function versus MWL and leads to lesser post-prandial activation of food-related neural circuits. VSG subjects had the greatest phenotype differences in interactions of microbiome, rsfMRI, and gut hormone features, followed by RYGB and MWL. These results will inform future prospective research studying gut-brain changes post-bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Agarwal
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine A. Maki
- Translational Biobehavioral and Health
Disparities Branch, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlotta Vizioli
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Carnell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ethan Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Hurley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Civonnia Harris
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rita Colwell
- CosmosID Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Advanced
Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberley Steele
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paule V. Joseph
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Althubeati S, Avery A, Tench CR, Lobo DN, Salter A, Eldeghaidy S. Mapping brain activity of gut-brain signaling to appetite and satiety in healthy adults: A systematic review and functional neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104603. [PMID: 35276299 PMCID: PMC9096878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how neurohormonal gut-brain signaling regulates appetite and satiety is vital for the development of therapies for obesity and altered eating behavior. However, reported brain areas associated with appetite or satiety regulators show inconsistency across functional neuroimaging studies. The aim of this study was to systematically assess the convergence of brain regions modulated by appetite and satiety regulators. Twenty-five studies were considered for qualitative synthesis, and 14 independent studies (20-experiments) found eligible for coordinate-based neuroimaging meta-analyses across 212 participants and 123 foci. We employed two different meta-analysis approaches. The results from the systematic review revealed the modulation of insula, amygdala, hippocampus, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with appetite regulators, where satiety regulators were more associated with caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, thalamus, putamen, anterior cingulate cortex in addition to the insula and OFC. The two neuroimaging meta-analyses methods identified the caudate nucleus as a key area associated with satiety regulators. Our results provide quantitative brain activation maps of neurohormonal gut-brain signaling in heathy-weight adults that can be used to define alterations with eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Althubeati
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Nutrition, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanda Avery
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Christopher R Tench
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dileep N Lobo
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Andrew Salter
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sally Eldeghaidy
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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13
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Nguyen TT, Hulme J, Vo TK, Van Vo G. The Potential Crosstalk Between the Brain and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Alzheimer's Development. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1503-1512. [PMID: 35298764 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bidirectional communication between the brain and peripheral organs have been widely documented, but the impact of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) dysfunction and its relation to structural and functional brain changes have yet to be fully elucidated. This review initially examines the clinical evidence supporting associations between the brain and VAT before visiting the roles of the autonomic nervous system, fat and glucose metabolism, neuroinflammation, and metabolites. Finally, the possible effects and potential mechanisms of the brain-VAT axis on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease are discussed, providing new insights regarding future prevention and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - John Hulme
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 461-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tuong Kha Vo
- Vietnam Sports Hospital, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.,Department of Sports Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy (VNU-UMP), Vietnam National University Hanoi, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Giau Van Vo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam. .,Research Center for Genetics and Reproductive Health (CGRH), School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam. .,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.
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14
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Roger C, Lasbleiz A, Guye M, Dutour A, Gaborit B, Ranjeva JP. The Role of the Human Hypothalamus in Food Intake Networks: An MRI Perspective. Front Nutr 2022; 8:760914. [PMID: 35047539 PMCID: PMC8762294 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.760914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamus (HT), this small structure often perceived through the prism of neuroimaging as morphologically and functionally homogeneous, plays a key role in the primitive act of feeding. The current paper aims at reviewing the contribution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the study of the role of the HT in food intake regulation. It focuses on the different MRI techniques that have been used to describe structurally and functionally the Human HT. The latest advances in HT parcellation as well as perspectives in this field are presented. The value of MRI in the study of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleen Roger
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Adèle Lasbleiz
- Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Guye
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Dutour
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Bénédicte Gaborit
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Ranjeva
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
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15
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Farr OM. Acute diet soda consumption alters brain responses to food cues in humans: A randomized, controlled, cross-over pilot study. Nutr Health 2021; 27:295-299. [PMID: 33588630 DOI: 10.1177/0260106021993753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet soda consumption has frequently been linked to obesity and its comorbidities in epidemiological studies. Whether this link is causal and a potential mechanism remains to be determined. AIM/METHODS This randomized, cross-over, controlled pilot study sought to determine whether there may be changes in reward-related brain activations to visual food cues after acute consumption of diet soda versus regular soda or carbonated water using functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Diet soda as compared to carbonated water consumption increased activation of reward-related caudate to highly versus less desirable food cues. Diet soda as compared to regular soda increased reward-related insula and decreased activation of cognitive control-related dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to food cues versus non-food cues. No changes in ratings of hunger an hour after beverage consumption were observed. CONCLUSIONS These results may suggest a potential mechanism for diet soda to increase food palatability through activation of the reward system and suppression of inhibitory control that remains to be confirmed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/1811Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Charroud C, Poulen G, Sanrey E, Menjot de Champfleur N, Deverdun J, Coubes P, Le Bars E. Task- and Rest-based Functional Brain Connectivity in Food-related Reward Processes among Healthy Adolescents. Neuroscience 2021; 457:196-205. [PMID: 33484819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex and insula play a role in food-related reward processes. Although their interconnectedness would be an ideal topic for understanding food intake mechanisms, it nevertheless remains unclear especially in adolescent. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of hunger on functional connectivity in healthy adolescents using task- and rest-based imaging. Fifteen participants underwent two MRI sessions, pre-lunch (hunger) and post-lunch (satiety), including food cue task and resting-state. During task- and rest-based imaging, functional connectivity was greater when hungry as opposed to satiated between the right posterior insula/nucleus accumbens, suggesting involvement of salient interoceptive stimuli signals. During task-based imaging, an increase was observed in functional connectivity when hungry as opposed to satiated between the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex which contributes to the perception of food deprivation as a frustration. A decrease was identified when hungry as opposed to satiated in functional connectivity in the right anterior orbitofrontal/accumbens and posterior insula/medial orbitofrontal cortices reflecting suppression of the affective and sensorial information. Conversely, functional connectivity was increased during aversive stimuli between the right medial orbitofrontal cortex and right posterior insula when hungry as opposed to satiated. This suggests that the value of valence could occur in the shift in connectivity between these two regions. In addition, during rest-based imaging, a left-sided lateralization was reported (accumbens/lateral orbitofrontal and accumbens/posterior insula) when hungry as opposed to satiated which may represent changes in internal state due to focus on the benefit of an upcoming meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Charroud
- Unité de recherche sur les comportements et mouvements anormaux (URCMA, IGF, INSERM U661 UMR 5203), Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Gaëtan Poulen
- Unité de recherche sur les comportements et mouvements anormaux (URCMA, IGF, INSERM U661 UMR 5203), Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Unité de pathologie cérébrale résistante, Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Emily Sanrey
- Unité de recherche sur les comportements et mouvements anormaux (URCMA, IGF, INSERM U661 UMR 5203), Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Unité de pathologie cérébrale résistante, Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Menjot de Champfleur
- Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine, I2FH, Department of Neuroradiology, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Deverdun
- Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine, I2FH, Department of Neuroradiology, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Coubes
- Unité de recherche sur les comportements et mouvements anormaux (URCMA, IGF, INSERM U661 UMR 5203), Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Unité de pathologie cérébrale résistante, Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Le Bars
- Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine, I2FH, Department of Neuroradiology, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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17
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Obesity and Related Type 2 Diabetes: A Failure of the Autonomic Nervous System Controlling Gastrointestinal Function? GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic spread of obesity and type 2 diabetes is a serious health problem that cannot be contained with common therapies. At present, the most effective therapeutic tool is metabolic surgery, which substantially modifies the gastrointestinal anatomical structure. This review reflects the state of the art research in obesity and type 2 diabetes, describing the probable reason for their spread, how the various brain sectors are involved (with particular emphasis on the role of the vagal system controlling different digestive functions), and the possible mechanisms for the effectiveness of bariatric surgery. According to the writer’s interpretation, the identification of drugs that can modulate the activity of some receptor subunits of the vagal neurons and energy-controlling structures of the central nervous system (CNS), and/or specific physical treatment of cortical areas, could reproduce, non-surgically, the positive effects of metabolic surgery.
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18
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Silvah JH, Marchini JS, Mártires Lima CM, Ferreira Nicoletti C, Alexandre Santos L, Nobuyuki Itikawa E, Trevisan AC, Arriva Pitella F, Kato M, Iucif Junior N, Gai Frantz F, Freire Carvalho Cunha S, Buchpiguel CA, Wichert-Ana L. Regional cerebral blood flow at rest in obesity. Nutrition 2020; 79-80:110888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Present project is concerned with the possibility to modulate the neural regulation of food intake by non-invasive stimulation of the vagus nerve. This nerve carries viscero-afferent information from the gut and other internal organs and therefore serves an important role in ingestive behavior. The electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve (VNS) is a qualified procedure in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy and depression. Since weight loss is a known common side effect of VNS treatment in patients with implanted devices, VNS is evaluated as a treatment of obesity. To investigate potential VNS-related changes in the cognitive processing of food-related items, 21 healthy participants were recorded in a 3-Tesla scanner in two counterbalanced sessions. Participants were presented with 72 food pictures and asked to rate how much they liked that food. Before entering the scanner subjects received a 1-h sham or verum stimulation, which was implemented transcutanously with a Cerbomed NEMOS® device. We found significant activations in core areas of the vagal afferent pathway, including left brainstem, thalamus, temporal pole, amygdala, insula, hippocampus, and supplementary motor area for the interaction between ratings (high vs low) and session (verum vs sham stimulation). Significant activations were also found for the main effect of verum compared to sham stimulation in the left inferior and superior parietal cortex. These results demonstrate an effect of tVNS on food image processing even with a preceding short stimulation period. This is a necessary prerequisite for a therapeutic application of tVNS which has to be evaluated in longer-term studies.
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20
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Lugo‐Candelas C, Pang Y, Lee S, Cha J, Hong S, Ranzenhofer L, Korn R, Davis H, McInerny H, Schebendach J, Chung WK, Leibel RL, Walsh BT, Posner J, Rosenbaum M, Mayer L. Differences in brain structure and function in children with the FTO obesity-risk allele. Obes Sci Pract 2020; 6:409-424. [PMID: 32874676 PMCID: PMC7448161 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Noncoding alleles of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene have been associated with obesity risk, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Risk allele carriers show alterations in brain structure and function, but previous studies have not disassociated the effects of genotype from those of body mass index (BMI). METHODS Differences in brain structure and function were examined in children without obesity grouped by their number of copies (0,1,2) of the FTO obesity-risk single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1421085. One hundred five 5- to 10-year-olds (5th-95th percentile body fat) were eligible to participate. Usable scans were obtained from 93 participants (15 CC [homozygous risk], 31 CT [heterozygous] and 47 TT [homozygous low risk]). RESULTS Homozygous C allele carriers (CCs) showed greater grey matter volume in the cerebellum and temporal fusiform gyrus. CCs also demonstrated increased bilateral cerebellar white matter fibre density and increased resting-state functional connectivity between the bilateral cerebellum and regions in the frontotemporal cortices. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine brain structure and function related to FTO alleles in young children not yet manifesting obesity. This study lends support to the notion that the cerebellum may be involved in FTO-related risk for obesity, yet replication and further longitudinal study are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lugo‐Candelas
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Yajing Pang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Seonjoo Lee
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Jiook Cha
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Susie Hong
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Lisa Ranzenhofer
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Rachel Korn
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Haley Davis
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Hailey McInerny
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Janet Schebendach
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Department of PediatricsColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Rudolph L. Leibel
- Department of PediatricsColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes CenterColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - B. Timothy Walsh
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jonathan Posner
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Laurel Mayer
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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21
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Charroud C, Menjot de Champfleur N, Sanrey E, Pfeuffer J, Deverdun J, Le Bars E, Coubes P. Differential effects of hunger on cerebral blood flow in healthy adolescents. Behav Brain Res 2020; 383:112505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Peters R, White DJ, Scholey A. Resting state fMRI reveals differential effects of glucose administration on central appetite signalling in young and old adults. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:304-314. [PMID: 31909672 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119894540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy aging has been associated with reduced appetite and lower energy intake, which can lead to loss of bodyweight, undernutrition and related health problems. The causes for the decline in caloric intake are multifactorial, involving physiological and non-physiological processes. AIMS Here we examined the effect of glucose on brain function in healthy adults as well as age-related, physiological changes in brain responses associated with macronutrient intake. METHODS Using a randomized, double-blind, balanced cross-over design, younger (n = 16, aged 21-30) and older (n = 16, aged 55-78) adults received a drink containing glucose and a taste-matched placebo after an overnight fast. Blood glucose and hunger were assessed at baseline and 20 min post-ingestion, after which participants underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Frequency-dependent changes associated with glucose administration in slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz) and slow-4 (0.027-0.073 Hz) amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal were investigated within the young healthy adults, and then extended to the older age group. Consistent with previous reports, glucose decreased amplitude in slow-5 fALFF within the left orbitofrontal cortex and insular cortex in the young adults. We observed a significant interaction in slow-5 ALFF and fALFF in the left insula, such that younger participants showed a decrease in BOLD amplitude, whereas older participants showed an increase, after glucose administration. We further observed an interaction in slow-4 ALFF in the occipital region and precuneus, with older participants showing an increase in magnitude of slow-4 ALFF and younger participants showing a decrease in the same measure. CONCLUSION These age-related, frequency-dependent changes in the magnitude of the BOLD signal in the insula, a key region related to energy homeostasis following feeding, may point to a change in satiety or homeostatic signalling contributing to behavioural changes in energy intake during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Peters
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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23
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Bogdanov VB, Bogdanova OV, Dexpert S, Delgado I, Beyer H, Aubert A, Dilharreguy B, Beau C, Forestier D, Ledaguenel P, Magne E, Aouizerate B, Layé S, Ferreira G, Felger J, Pagnoni G, Capuron L. Reward-related brain activity and behavior are associated with peripheral ghrelin levels in obesity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 112:104520. [PMID: 31786481 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES While excessive food consumption represents a key factor in the development of obesity, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Ghrelin, a gut-brain hormone involved in the regulation of appetite, is impaired in obesity. In addition to its role in eating behavior, this hormone was shown to affect brain regions controlling reward, including the striatum and prefrontal cortex, and there is strong evidence of impaired reward processing in obesity. The present study investigated the possibility that disrupted reward-related brain activity in obesity relates to ghrelin deficiency. SUBJECTS/METHODS Fifteen severely obese subjects (BMI > 35 kg/m2) and fifteen healthy non-obese control subjects (BMI < 30 kg/m2) were recruited. A guessing-task paradigm, previously shown to activate the ventral striatum, was used to assess reward-related brain neural activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fasting blood samples were collected for the measurement of circulating ghrelin. RESULTS Significant activations in the ventral striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and extrastriate visual cortex were elicited by the fMRI task in both obese and control subjects. In addition, greater reward-related activations were present in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and precuneus/posterior cingulate of obese subjects compared to controls. Obese subjects exhibited longer choice times after repeated reward and lower circulating ghrelin levels than lean controls. Reduced ghrelin levels significantly predicted slower post-reward choices and reward-related hyperactivity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortices in obese subjects. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of association between circulating ghrelin and reward-related brain activity in obesity and encourages further exploration of the role of ghrelin system in altered eating behavior in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr B Bogdanov
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Lyon, Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat, Laboratoire Génie Civil et Bâtiment, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
| | - Olena V Bogdanova
- INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, 16 avenue Doyen Lépine, F-69676, Bron, France
| | - Sandra Dexpert
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ines Delgado
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Helen Beyer
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Agnès Aubert
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Cédric Beau
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Damien Forestier
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Patrick Ledaguenel
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Eric Magne
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jennifer Felger
- Dpt of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pagnoni
- Dept of Neural, Biomedical, and Metabolic Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucile Capuron
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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24
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Adams RC, Sedgmond J, Maizey L, Chambers CD, Lawrence NS. Food Addiction: Implications for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Overeating. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2086. [PMID: 31487791 PMCID: PMC6770567 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the obesity epidemic being largely attributed to overeating, much research has been aimed at understanding the psychological causes of overeating and using this knowledge to develop targeted interventions. Here, we review this literature under a model of food addiction and present evidence according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) criteria for substance use disorders. We review several innovative treatments related to a food addiction model ranging from cognitive intervention tasks to neuromodulation techniques. We conclude that there is evidence to suggest that, for some individuals, food can induce addictive-type behaviours similar to those seen with other addictive substances. However, with several DSM-5 criteria having limited application to overeating, the term 'food addiction' is likely to apply only in a minority of cases. Nevertheless, research investigating the underlying psychological causes of overeating within the context of food addiction has led to some novel and potentially effective interventions. Understanding the similarities and differences between the addictive characteristics of food and illicit substances should prove fruitful in further developing these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Adams
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Jemma Sedgmond
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Leah Maizey
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | - Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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25
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Kim JM, Jang M, Kim EH, Kim M, Choi SJ, Kim K, Pak K, Jeon YK, Kim SS, Kim BH, Kim SJ, Kim IJ. Cerebral glucose metabolism differs according to future weight change. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:2295-2301. [PMID: 31385199 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The brain is known to play a central role in controlling the desire to eat. We aimed to evaluate the brain regions that might have a long-term effect on eating behavior and weight changes. We utilized the data of cognitively normal subjects who are examined by several neurologic tests, and followed-up for 36 months from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, and investigated to search the brain regions that are associated with future weight change. The weight of each subject was measured on each visit at baseline (W0), 36 (W36) months after brain 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). Percentage (%) change of weight was calculated as follows: [(W36-W0)/W0]*100. We classified each subject's change into one of three categories: weight loss, stable, and weight gain. Dynamic 3-dimensional scans of six 5-min frames were acquired 30 mins after injection of 185 MBq of FDG. Image analysis was done using Statistical Parametric Mapping 12. Ninety-six subjects were included in this study (male 54, female 42). Subjects with future weight gain showed hypometabolism in left cerebellum compared with those with future weight loss & stable. Percentage change of weight was positively associated with brain metabolism in right insula, and right caudate nucleus. In conclusion, subjects with future weight gain showed hypometabolism in left cerebellum, and percentage change of weight was positively associated with brain metabolism in right insula, and right caudate nucleus. This study raises the possibility that the brain glucose metabolism precedes the future weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Mi Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Jang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Heui Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunyoung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungjune Pak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Kyung Jeon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Hyun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jang Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - In Joo Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
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26
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Al-Zubaidi A, Heldmann M, Mertins A, Brabant G, Nolde JM, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF. Impact of Hunger, Satiety, and Oral Glucose on the Association Between Insulin and Resting-State Human Brain Activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:162. [PMID: 31178708 PMCID: PMC6544009 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the interplay of metabolic state (hungry vs. satiated) and glucose administration (including hormonal modulation) on brain function, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and blood samples were obtained in 24 healthy normal-weight men in a repeated measurement design. Participants were measured twice: once after a 36 h fast (except water) and once under satiation (three meals/day for 36 h). During each session, rs-fMRI and hormone concentrations were recorded before and after a 75 g oral dose of glucose. We calculated the amplitude map from blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals by using the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) approach for each volunteer per condition. Using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) the interdependence of brain activity, plasma insulin and blood glucose was investigated. We observed a modulatory impact of fasting state on intrinsic brain activity in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Strikingly, differences in plasma insulin levels between hunger and satiety states after glucose administration at the time of the scan were negatively related to brain activity in the posterior insula and superior frontal gyrus (SFG), while plasma glucose levels were positively associated with activity changes in the fusiform gyrus. Furthermore, we could show that changes in plasma insulin enhanced the connectivity between the posterior insula and SFG. Our results indicate that hormonal signals like insulin alleviate an acute hemostatic energy deficit by modifying the homeostatic and frontal circuitry of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfred Mertins
- Institute for Signal Processing, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Kamila Jauch-Chara
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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27
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Lundqvist MH, Almby K, Abrahamsson N, Eriksson JW. Is the Brain a Key Player in Glucose Regulation and Development of Type 2 Diabetes? Front Physiol 2019; 10:457. [PMID: 31133864 PMCID: PMC6524713 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since Claude Bernards discovery in the mid 19th-century that a lesion in the floor of the third ventricle in dogs led to altered systemic glucose levels, a role of the CNS in whole-body glucose regulation has been acknowledged. However, this finding was later overshadowed by the isolation of pancreatic hormones in the 20th century. Since then, the understanding of glucose homeostasis and pathology has primarily evolved around peripheral mechanism. Due to scientific advances over these last few decades, however, increasing attention has been given to the possibility of the brain as a key player in glucose regulation and the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Studies of animals have enabled detailed neuroanatomical mapping of CNS structures involved in glucose regulation and key neuronal circuits and intracellular pathways have been identified. Furthermore, the development of neuroimaging techniques has provided methods to measure changes of activity in specific CNS regions upon diverse metabolic challenges in humans. In this narrative review, we discuss the available evidence on the topic. We conclude that there is much evidence in favor of active CNS involvement in glucose homeostasis but the relative importance of central vs. peripheral mechanisms remains to be elucidated. An increased understanding of this field may lead to new CNS-focusing pharmacologic strategies in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Smeets PAM, Dagher A, Hare TA, Kullmann S, van der Laan LN, Poldrack RA, Preissl H, Small D, Stice E, Veldhuizen MG. Good practice in food-related neuroimaging. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:491-503. [PMID: 30834431 PMCID: PMC7945961 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of neuroimaging tools, especially functional magnetic resonance imaging, in nutritional research has increased substantially over the past 2 decades. Neuroimaging is a research tool with great potential impact on the field of nutrition, but to achieve that potential, appropriate use of techniques and interpretation of neuroimaging results is necessary. In this article, we present guidelines for good methodological practice in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies and flag specific limitations in the hope of helping researchers to make the most of neuroimaging tools and avoid potential pitfalls. We highlight specific considerations for food-related studies, such as how to adjust statistically for common confounders, like, for example, hunger state, menstrual phase, and BMI, as well as how to optimally match different types of food stimuli. Finally, we summarize current research needs and future directions, such as the use of prospective designs and more realistic paradigms for studying eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A M Smeets
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, NL,Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands,Address correspondence to PAMS (e-mail: )
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Todd A Hare
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura N van der Laan
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dana Small
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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29
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English LK, Masterson TD, Fearnbach SN, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Fisher J, Wilson SJ, Rolls BJ, Keller KL. Increased brain and behavioural susceptibility to portion size in children with loss of control eating. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12436. [PMID: 30019382 PMCID: PMC7086471 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portion size influences intake (i.e. the portion size effect [PSE]), yet determinants of susceptibility to the PSE are unclear. OBJECTIVE We tested whether children who reported an episode of loss of control (LOC) eating over the last 3 months would be more susceptible to the PSE and would show differential brain responses to food cues compared with children with no-LOC. METHODS Across five sessions, children (n = 47; 7-10 years) consumed four test meals at 100%, 133%, 167% and 200% conditions for portion size and completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan while viewing pictures of foods varied by portion size and energy density (ED). Incidence of LOC over the past 3 months was self-reported. Random coefficient models were tested for differences in the shape of the PSE curve by LOC status. A whole-brain analysis was conducted to determine response to food cues during the functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Reported LOC (n = 13) compared with no-LOC (n = 34) was associated with increased susceptibility to the PSE, as evidenced by a positive association with the linear slope (P < 0.005), and negative association with the quadratic slope (P < 0.05) of the intake curve. Children who reported LOC compared with no-LOC showed increased activation in the left cerebellum to small relative to large portions (P < 0.01) and right cerebellum to High-ED relative to Low-ED food cues (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Children who reported LOC were more susceptible to the PSE and showed alterations in food-cue processing in the cerebellum, a hindbrain region implicated in satiety signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. K. English
- Department of Nutritional Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - T. D. Masterson
- Department of Nutritional Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - S. N. Fearnbach
- Brain and Metabolism Imaging in Chronic Disease, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M. Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J. Fisher
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S. J. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - B. J. Rolls
- Department of Nutritional Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - K. L. Keller
- Department of Nutritional Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA,Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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30
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Obesity is associated with altered gene expression in human tastebuds. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1475-1484. [PMID: 30696932 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of taste perception in the development and persistence of obesity is currently unclear due to conflicting results from psychophysical and other studies. No study to date has assessed whether there is an underlying fundamental difference in the physiology of taste tissue between lean and obese individuals. METHOD/SUBJECTS We analysed the transcriptomic profile (RNA-seq) of human fungiform taste papillae biopsied from lean (n = 23) and obese (n = 13) Caucasian females (age range 18-55) to identify differences in gene expression. RESULTS Obesity status was the major contributor to variance in global gene expression between individuals. A total of 62 genes had significantly different gene expression levels between lean and obese (P < 0.0002), with the specific taste associated genes phospholipase C beta 2 (PLCβ2) and sonic hedge-hog (SHH) having significantly reduced expression in obese group. Genes associated with inflammation and immune response were the top enriched biological pathways differing between the lean and the obese groups. Analysis of a broader gene set having a twofold change in expression (2619 genes) identified three enriched theme groups (sensory perception, cell and synaptic signalling, and immune response). Further, analysis of taste associated genes identified a consistent reduction in the expression of taste-related genes (in particular reduced type II taste cell genes) in the obese compared to the lean group. CONCLUSION The findings show obesity is associated with altered gene expression in tastebuds. Furthermore, the results suggest the tastebud microenvironment is distinctly different between lean and obese persons and, that changes in sensory gene expression contribute to this altered microenvironment. This research provides new evidence of a link between obesity and altered taste and in the future may help design strategies to combat obesity.
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31
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Opichka K, Smith C, Levine AS. Problematic Eating Behaviors Are More Prevalent in African American Women Who Are Overweight or Obese Than African American Women Who Are Lean or Normal Weight. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2019; 42:81-89. [PMID: 30768472 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Problematic eating behaviors such as overeating and loss of control over consumption can lead to obesity. Problematic eating behaviors among women of differing body mass indexes were explored through focus group methodology, the Palatable Eating Motives Scale (PEMS), and a taste test in a sample of low-income African American women (n = 45). Women who were overweight or obese (W-O/O) reported more problematic eating behaviors including eating in the absence of hunger, frequent overeating, and increased food thoughts than women who were lean or normal weight (W-L/N). The W-O/O appear to possess more problematic eating behaviors than W-L/N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Opichka
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul
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32
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Marron EM, Viejo-Sobera R, Cuatrecasas G, Redolar-Ripoll D, Lorda PG, Datta A, Bikson M, Magerowski G, Alonso-Alonso M. Prefronto-cerebellar neuromodulation affects appetite in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:2119-2124. [PMID: 30538282 PMCID: PMC6559868 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human neuroimaging studies have consistently reported changes in cerebellar function and integrity in association with obesity. To date, however, the nature of this link has not been studied directly. Emerging evidence suggests a role for the cerebellum in higher cognitive functions through reciprocal connections with the prefrontal cortex. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine appetite changes associated with noninvasive prefronto-cerebellar neuromodulation in obesity. 12 subjects with class I obesity (mean BMI 32.9 kg/m2) underwent a randomized, single-blinded, sham-controlled, crossover study, during which they received transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; active/sham) aimed at simultaneously enhancing the activity of the prefrontal cortex and decreasing the activity of the cerebellum. Changes in appetite (state and food-cue-triggered) and performance in a food-modified working memory task were evaluated. We found that active tDCS caused an increase in hunger and desire to eat following food-cue exposure. In line with these data, subjects also tended to make more errors during the working memory task. No changes in basic motor performance occurred. This study represents the first demonstration that prefronto-cerebellar neuromodulation can influence appetite in individuals with obesity. While preliminary, our findings support a potential role for prefronto-cerebellar pathways in the behavioral manifestations of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Marron
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain. .,Laboratory of Bariatric and Nutritional Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Raquel Viejo-Sobera
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Cuatrecasas
- Endocrinology Department, Clínica Sagrada Familia. Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Redolar-Ripoll
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar García Lorda
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York (CCNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Greta Magerowski
- Laboratory of Bariatric and Nutritional Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Alonso-Alonso
- Laboratory of Bariatric and Nutritional Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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33
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Zhang Z, Coppin G. To What Extent Memory Could Contribute to Impaired Food Valuation and Choices in Obesity? Front Psychol 2018; 9:2523. [PMID: 30618948 PMCID: PMC6297373 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a diverse array of cognitive and affective deficits, among which impairments in food valuation and choices have received increasing attention. The neural underpinnings of such impairments, however, remain poorly understood, partly because a complete understanding of these processes under normal conditions has yet to be achieved. A rapidly growing literature on the interaction between memory and decision-making has begun to highlight the integral role of memory in decision making especially in the real world, as well as the role of the hippocampus in supporting flexible decision making. Perhaps not coincidentally, altered memory performances in obesity have been well documented, and the underlying neurobiological bases of these memory alterations have also started to be better described, involving pathologies at the biochemical, cellular, and circuit levels. Despite such correspondence, the link between memory impairments and food valuation/choice deficits in obesity has received little attention. In this article, we first summarize the growing empirical support for the relevance of memory for decision making, focusing on flexible value-based decisions. We then describe converging evidence on different forms of memory impairments accompanying obesity. Building on these findings, we formulate a general neuropsychological framework and discuss how dysfunctions in the formation and retrieval of memory may interfere with adaptive decision making for food. Finally, we stress the important practical implications of this framework, arguing that memory deficits are likely a significant contributor to suboptimal food purchase and eating behavior exhibited by obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Géraldine Coppin
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, Distance Learning University Switzerland (Unidistance), Brig, Switzerland
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34
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Kaskan PM, Dean AM, Nicholas MA, Mitz AR, Murray EA. Gustatory responses in macaque monkeys revealed with fMRI: Comments on taste, taste preference, and internal state. Neuroimage 2018; 184:932-942. [PMID: 30291973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the neural mechanisms underlying value-based decision making typically employ food or fluid rewards to motivate subjects to perform cognitive tasks. Rewards are often treated as interchangeable, but it is well known that the specific tastes of foods and fluids and the values associated with their taste sensations influence choices and contribute to overall levels of food consumption. Accordingly, we characterized the gustatory system in three macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and examined whether gustatory responses were modulated by preferences and hydration status. To identify taste-responsive cortex, we delivered small quantities (0.1 ml) of sucrose (sweet), citric acid (sour), or distilled water in random order without any predictive cues while scanning monkeys using event-related fMRI. Neural effects were evaluated by using each session in each monkey as a data point in a second-level analysis. By contrasting BOLD responses to sweet and sour tastes with those from distilled water in a group level analysis, we identified taste responses in primary gustatory cortex area G, an adjacent portion of the anterior insular cortex, and prefrontal cortex area 12o. Choice tests administered outside the scanner revealed that all three monkeys strongly preferred sucrose to citric acid or water. BOLD responses in the ventral striatum, ventral pallidum, and amygdala reflected monkeys' preferences, with greater BOLD responses to sucrose than citric acid. Finally, we examined the influence of hydration level by contrasting BOLD responses to receipt of fluids when monkeys were thirsty and after ad libitum water consumption. BOLD responses in area G and area 12o in the left hemisphere were greater following full hydration. By contrast, BOLD responses in portions of medial frontal cortex were reduced after ad libitum water consumption. These findings highlight brain regions involved in representing taste, taste preference and internal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Kaskan
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron M Dean
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark A Nicholas
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew R Mitz
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Murray
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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35
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Yeung AWK. Sex differences in brain responses to food stimuli: a meta-analysis on neuroimaging studies. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1110-1115. [PMID: 29806222 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the current study were to update the inclusion list of relevant neuroimaging studies, meta-analyse the neuroimaging data and thus synthesize a brain map showing locations with differential activations between men and women. Published studies to 2017 were retrieved and included into the analysis if they evaluated patients' brain responses to food or eating stimuli with functional magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography and reported activation differences between the sexes in the form of brain coordinates based on whole-brain analysis. Eight studies that comprised a total of 231 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Men had larger neural responses to food stimuli than women in the anterior and middle cingulate, which are related to emotion regulation. Meanwhile, women had larger neural responses to food stimuli than men in the parahippocampus, the thalamus and the precuneus, which are collectively relevant in the context of promotion of eating. The differential brain responses to food or eating stimuli between men and women may shed light on the neurobiology to help explain the sex differences in eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W K Yeung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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36
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Devoto F, Zapparoli L, Bonandrini R, Berlingeri M, Ferrulli A, Luzi L, Banfi G, Paulesu E. Hungry brains: A meta-analytical review of brain activation imaging studies on food perception and appetite in obese individuals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:271-285. [PMID: 30071209 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of food intake in chronic obesity has been explained by different theories. To assess their explanatory power, we meta-analyzed 22 brain-activation imaging studies. We found that obese individuals exhibit hyper-responsivity of the brain regions involved in taste and reward for food-related stimuli. Consistent with a Reward Surfeit Hypothesis, obese individuals exhibit a ventral striatum hyper-responsivity in response to pure tastes, particularly when fasting. Furthermore, we found that obese subjects display more frequent ventral striatal activation for visual food cues when satiated: this continued processing within the reward system, together with the aforementioned evidence, is compatible with the Incentive Sensitization Theory. On the other hand, we did not find univocal evidence in favor of a Reward Deficit Hypothesis nor for a systematic deficit of inhibitory cognitive control. We conclude that the available brain activation data on the dysregulated food intake and food-related behavior in chronic obesity can be best framed within an Incentive Sensitization Theory. Implications of these findings for a brain-based therapy of obesity are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Devoto
- fMRI Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology and PhD Program in Neuroscience of the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - L Zapparoli
- fMRI Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - R Bonandrini
- Department of Psychology and NeuroMi - Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - M Berlingeri
- DISTUM, Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy; Center of Developmental Neuropsychology, ASUR Marche, Area Vasta 1, Pesaro, Italy
| | - A Ferrulli
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - L Luzi
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Banfi
- fMRI Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; University Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - E Paulesu
- fMRI Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology and NeuroMi - Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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37
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Higuera-Hernández MF, Reyes-Cuapio E, Gutiérrez-Mendoza M, Rocha NB, Veras AB, Budde H, Jesse J, Zaldívar-Rae J, Blanco-Centurión C, Machado S, Murillo-Rodríguez E. Fighting obesity: Non-pharmacological interventions. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 25:50-55. [PMID: 29779818 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that impairs health is one of the criteria that fulfills obesity. According to epidemiological data, obesity has become a worldwide public health problem that in turn would trigger additional pathologies such as cardiorespiratory dysfunctions, cancer, gastrointestinal disturbances, depression, sleep disorders, just to mention a few. Then, the search for a therapeutical intervention aimed to prevent and manage obesity has been the focus of study during the last years. As one can assume, the increased prevalence of obesity has translated to search of efficient pharmaceuticals designed to manage this health issue. However, to further complicate the scenario, scientific literature has described that obesity is the result of interaction between multiple events. Therefore, pharmacological approaches have faced a serious challenge for develop the adequate treatment. Here, we argue that a wide range of non-pharmacological/invasive techniques can be used to manage obesity, such as diets, cognitive behavioral interventions, exercise and transcranial direct current stimulation. Combining these techniques may allow improving quality of life of obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Higuera-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Elena Reyes-Cuapio
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Marissa Gutiérrez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Faculty of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Barciela Veras
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Dom Bosco Catholic, University, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso del Sur, Brazil
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Physical Activity, Physical Education, Health and Sport Research Centre (PAPESH), Sports Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Iceland; Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Johanna Jesse
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jaime Zaldívar-Rae
- Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Blanco-Centurión
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico.
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Satterfield BC, Raikes AC, Killgore WDS. Rested-Baseline Responsivity of the Ventral Striatum Is Associated With Caloric and Macronutrient Intake During One Night of Sleep Deprivation. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:749. [PMID: 30705642 PMCID: PMC6344438 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sleep loss contributes to obesity through a variety of mechanisms, including neuroendocrine functioning, increased hunger, and increased food intake. Additionally, sleep loss alters functional activation within brain regions associated with reward and behavioral control. However, it remains unknown whether individual differences in baseline neural functioning can predict eating behaviors during total sleep deprivation (TSD). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the hypothesis that individuals with increased baseline responsiveness within reward regions are more vulnerable to TSD-induced overeating. Methods: N = 45 subjects completed several fMRI scans during a single pre-TSD session that included performance on the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) and the n-back task. Subjects returned to the laboratory for an overnight TSD session, during which they were given ad libitum access to 10,900 kcal of food. Leftover food and packaging were collected every 6 h (00:00, 06:00, and 12:00) to measure total food consumption. Subjects reported sleepiness every hour and performed a food rating task every 3 h. Results: Functional activation within the ventral striatum during the MSIT and n-back positively correlated with total caloric and carbohydrate intake during the final 6 h (06:00-12:00) of TSD. Activation within the middle and superior temporal gyri during the MSIT also correlated with total carbohydrates consumed. Food consumption did not correlate with subjective sleepiness, hunger, or food desire. Conclusions: Individual differences in neural activity of reward processing areas (i.e., nucleus accumbens) prior to sleep deprivation are associated with an individual's propensity to overeat during subsequent sleep deprivation. This suggests that individual differences within reward processing pathways are potential key factors in sleep loss related overeating. Sleep loss and obesity are tightly linked. Both phenomena have been associated with increased neural activation in regions associated with reward, inhibitory control, and disrupted dopamine signaling. Elevated baseline reward sensitivity in the ventral striatum appears to be further compounded by sleep deprivation induced dysfunction in the reward neurocircuitry, increasing the likelihood of overeating. Our findings suggest that large individual differences in baseline responsiveness of hedonic reward pathways may modulate the association between sleep loss and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brieann C Satterfield
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Adam C Raikes
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - William D S Killgore
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is a chronic illness and its prevalence is growing worldwide and numerous factors play a role in the regulation of food intake. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in high-order executive function, regulation of limbic reward regions, and the inhibition of impulsive behaviors. Understanding the role of the PFC in the control of appetite regulation may contribute to a greater understanding of the etiology of obesity and could improve weight loss outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Neuroimaging studies have identified lower activation in the left dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) in obese compared to lean individuals and others have focused on efforts to improve cognitive control in this area of the brain. The DLPFC is a critical brain area associated with appetitive control, food craving, and executive functioning, indicating a candidate target area for treatment. Further studies are needed to advance our understanding of the relationship between obesity, appetite, and the DLPFC and provide validation for the effectiveness of novel treatments in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marci E Gluck
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 North 16th Street, Room 541, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA.
| | - Pooja Viswanath
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 North 16th Street, Room 541, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - Emma J Stinson
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 North 16th Street, Room 541, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
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40
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Scarpina F, Cau N, Cimolin V, Galli M, Castelnuovo G, Priano L, Pianta L, Corti S, Mauro A, Capodaglio P. Body-scaled action in obesity during locomotion: Insights on the nature and extent of body representation disturbances. J Psychosom Res 2017; 102:34-40. [PMID: 28992895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conscious perception of our own body, also known as body image, can influence body-scaled actions. Certain conditions such as obesity are frequently accompanied by a negative body image, leaving open the question if body-scaled actions are distorted in these individuals. METHODS To shed light on this issue, we asked individuals affected by obesity to process dimensions of their own body in a real action: they walked in a straight-ahead direction, while avoiding collision with obstacles represented by door-like openings that varied in width. RESULTS Participants affected by obesity showed a body rotation behavior similar to that of the healthy weighted, but differences emerged in parameters such as step length and velocity. CONCLUSION When participants with obesity walk through door-like openings, their body parts rotation is scaled according to their physical body dimensions; however, they might try to minimize risk of collision. Our study is in line with the hypothesis that unconscious body-scaled actions are related to emotional, cognitive and perceptual components of a negative body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scarpina
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.
| | - Nicola Cau
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Cimolin
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Galli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS "San Raffaele Pisana", Tosinvest Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy; Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Priano
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neuro-Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Lucia Pianta
- Division of Neurology and Neuro-Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy; Research Laboratory in Biomechanics and Rehabilitation, Orthopedic Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neuro-Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Paolo Capodaglio
- Research Laboratory in Biomechanics and Rehabilitation, Orthopedic Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
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41
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Higgs S, Spetter MS, Thomas JM, Rotshtein P, Lee M, Hallschmid M, Dourish CT. Interactions between metabolic, reward and cognitive processes in appetite control: Implications for novel weight management therapies. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1460-1474. [PMID: 29072515 PMCID: PMC5700796 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117736917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditional models of appetite control have emphasised the role of parallel homeostatic and hedonic systems, but more recently the distinction between independent homeostatic and hedonic systems has been abandoned in favour of a framework that emphasises the cross talk between the neurochemical substrates of the two systems. In addition, evidence has emerged more recently, that higher level cognitive functions such as learning, memory and attention play an important role in everyday appetite control and that homeostatic signals also play a role in cognition. Here, we review this evidence and present a comprehensive model of the control of appetite that integrates cognitive, homeostatic and reward mechanisms. We discuss the implications of this model for understanding the factors that may contribute to disordered patterns of eating and suggest opportunities for developing more effective treatment approaches for eating disorders and weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Higgs
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jason M Thomas
- 2 Department of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pia Rotshtein
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michelle Lee
- 3 Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- 4 Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- 6 Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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42
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Mathar D, Neumann J, Villringer A, Horstmann A. Failing to learn from negative prediction errors: Obesity is associated with alterations in a fundamental neural learning mechanism. Cortex 2017; 95:222-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Gardiner CK, YorkWilliams SL, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE. Body mass is positively associated with neural response to sweet taste, but not alcohol, among drinkers. Behav Brain Res 2017; 331:131-134. [PMID: 28549645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a large and growing public health concern, presenting enormous economic and health costs to individuals and society. A burgeoning literature demonstrates that overweight and obese individuals display different neural processing of rewarding stimuli, including caloric substances, as compared to healthy weight individuals. However, much extant research on the neurobiology of obesity has focused on addiction models, without highlighting potentially separable neural underpinnings of caloric intake versus substance use. The present research explores these differences by examining neural response to alcoholic beverages and a sweet non-alcoholic beverage, among a sample of individuals with varying weight status and patterns of alcohol use and misuse. Participants received tastes of a sweet beverage (litchi juice) and alcoholic beverages during fMRI scanning. When controlling for alcohol use, elevated weight status was associated with increased activation in response to sweet taste in regions including the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, precuneus, and fusiform gyrus. However, weight status was not associated with neural response to alcoholic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey K Gardiner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Sophie L YorkWilliams
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Kent E Hutchison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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44
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Wierenga CE, Bischoff-Grethe A, Rasmusson G, Bailer UF, Berner LA, Liu TT, Kaye WH. Aberrant Cerebral Blood Flow in Response to Hunger and Satiety in Women Remitted from Anorexia Nervosa. Front Nutr 2017; 4:32. [PMID: 28770207 PMCID: PMC5515860 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of pathological eating in anorexia nervosa (AN) remains poorly understood. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is an indirect marker of neuronal function. In healthy adults, fasting increases CBF, reflecting increased delivery of oxygen and glucose to support brain metabolism. This study investigated whether women remitted from restricting-type AN (RAN) have altered CBF in response to hunger that may indicate homeostatic dysregulation contributing to their ability to restrict food. We compared resting CBF measured with pulsed arterial spin labeling in 21 RAN and 16 healthy comparison women (CW) when hungry (after a 16-h fast) and after a meal. Only remitted subjects were examined to avoid the confounding effects of malnutrition on brain function. Compared to CW, RAN demonstrated a reduced difference in the Hungry − Fed CBF contrast in the right ventral striatum, right subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (pcorr < 0.05) and left posterior insula (punc < 0.05); RAN had decreased CBF when hungry versus fed, whereas CW had increased CBF when hungry versus fed. Moreover, decreased CBF when hungry in the left insula was associated with greater hunger ratings on the fasted day for RAN. This represents the first study to show that women remitted from AN have aberrant resting neurovascular function in homeostatic neural circuitry in response to hunger. Regions involved in homeostatic regulation showed group differences in the Hungry − Fed contrast, suggesting altered cellular energy metabolism in this circuitry that may reduce motivation to eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Wierenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amanda Bischoff-Grethe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Grace Rasmusson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ursula F Bailer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Biological Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura A Berner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas T Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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45
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The impact of gut hormones on the neural circuit of appetite and satiety: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:457-475. [PMID: 28669754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The brain-gut-axis is an interdependent system affecting neural functions and controlling our eating behaviour. In recent decades, neuroimaging techniques have facilitated its investigation. We systematically looked into functional and neurochemical brain imaging studies investigating how key molecules such as ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, glucose and insulin influence the function of brain regions regulating appetite and satiety. Of the 349 studies published before July 2016 identified in the database search, 40 were included (27 on healthy and 13 on obese subjects). Our systematic review suggests that the plasma level of ghrelin, the gut hormone promoting appetite, is positively correlated with activation in the pre-frontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and insula and negatively correlated with activation in subcortical areas such as the hypothalamus. In contrast, the plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, PYY, GLP-1 affect the same brain regions conversely. Our study integrates previous investigations of the gut-brain matrix during food-intake and homeostatic regulation and may be of use for future meta-analyses of brain-gut interactions.
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46
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Luo S, Melrose AJ, Dorton H, Alves J, Monterosso JR, Page KA. Resting state hypothalamic response to glucose predicts glucose-induced attenuation in the ventral striatal response to food cues. Appetite 2017; 116:464-470. [PMID: 28551112 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interaction of central nervous system responses to metabolic signals that reflect nutrient availability and to food cues that trigger appetitive responses. Prior work has shown that the hypothalamus is a key brain area that senses and responds to changes in metabolic signals, and exposure to food cues induces the activation of brain areas involved in reward processing. However, it is not known how the hypothalamic responses to changes in metabolic state are related to reward responses to food cues. This study aimed to understand whether changes in hypothalamic activity in response to glucose-induced metabolic signals are linked to food-cue reactivity within brain areas involved in reward processing. We combined two neuroimaging modalities (Arterial Spin Labeling and Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) to measure glucose-induced changes in hypothalamic cerebral blood flow (CBF) and food-cue task induced changes in brain activity within reward-related regions. Twenty-five participants underwent a MRI session following glucose ingestion and a subset of twenty individuals underwent an additional water session on a separate day as a control condition (drink order randomized). Hunger was assessed before and after drink consumption. We observed that individuals who had a greater reduction in hypothalamic CBF exhibited a greater reduction in left ventral striatum food cue reactivity (Spearman's rho = 0.46, P = 0.048) following glucose vs. water ingestion. These results are the first to use multimodal imaging to demonstrate a link between hypothalamic metabolic signaling and ventral striatal food cue reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 90089, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089, United States
| | - A James Melrose
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 90089, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089, United States
| | - Hilary Dorton
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, 90089, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089, United States
| | - Jasmin Alves
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089, United States
| | - John R Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 90089, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, 90089, United States
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, 90089, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089, United States.
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47
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Pak K, Kim SJ, Kim IJ. Obesity and Brain Positron Emission Tomography. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 52:16-23. [PMID: 29391908 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-017-0483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, an increasingly common problem in modern societies, results from energy intake chronically exceeding energy expenditure. This imbalance of energy can be triggered by the internal state of the caloric equation (homeostasis) and non-homeostatic factors, such as social, cultural, psychological, environmental factors or food itself. Nowadays, positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals have been examined to understand the cerebral control of food intake in humans. Using 15O-H2 PET, changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) coupled to neuronal activity were reported in states of fasting, satiation after feeding, and sensory stimulation. In addition, rCBF in obese subjects showed a greater increase in insula, the primary gustatory cortex. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET showed higher metabolic activity in postcentral gyrus of the parietal cortex and lower in prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in obese subjects. In addition, dopamine receptor (DR) PET demonstrated lower DR availability in obese subjects, which might lead to overeating to compensate. Brain PET has been utilized to reveal the connectivity between obesity and brain. This could improve understanding of obesity and help develop a new treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungjune Pak
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seong-Jang Kim
- 2Department of Nuclear Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - In Joo Kim
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
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48
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West KS, Roseberry AG. Neuropeptide-Y alters VTA dopamine neuron activity through both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:625-633. [PMID: 28469002 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00879.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, the brain's reward system, regulates many different behaviors including food intake, food reward, and feeding-related behaviors, and there is increasing evidence that hypothalamic feeding-related neuropeptides alter dopamine neuron activity to affect feeding. For example, neuropeptide-Y (NPY), a strong orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptide, increases motivation for food when injected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). How NPY affects the activity of VTA dopamine neurons to regulate feeding behavior is unknown, however. In these studies we have used whole cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in acute brain slices from mice to examine how NPY affects VTA dopamine neuron activity. NPY activated an outward current that exhibited characteristics of a G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel current in ~60% of dopamine neurons tested. In addition to its direct effects on VTA dopamine neurons, NPY also decreased the amplitude and increased paired-pulse ratios of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents in a subset of dopamine neurons, suggesting that NPY decreases glutamatergic transmission through a presynaptic mechanism. Interestingly, NPY also strongly inhibited evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents onto dopamine neurons by a presynaptic mechanism. Overall these studies demonstrate that NPY utilizes multiple mechanisms to affect VTA dopamine neuron activity, and they provide an important advancement in our understanding of how NPY acts in the VTA to control feeding behavior.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) has been shown to act on mesolimbic dopamine circuits to increase motivated behaviors toward food, but it is unclear exactly how NPY causes these responses. Here, we demonstrate that NPY directly inhibited a subset of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons through the activation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium currents, and it inhibited both excitatory postsynaptic currents and inhibitory postsynaptic currents onto subsets of dopamine neurons through a presynaptic mechanism. Thus NPY uses multiple mechanisms to dynamically control VTA dopamine neuron activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Stuhrman West
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,The Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Aaron G Roseberry
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; .,The Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and.,The Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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49
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Nakamura Y, Ikuta T. Caudate-Precuneus Functional Connectivity Is Associated with Obesity Preventive Eating Tendency. Brain Connect 2017; 7:211-217. [PMID: 28260392 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2016.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There exists diversity among individuals in difficulty controlling body weight. Body weight control, or obesity prevention, requires cognitive control over ingestive behavior, which may account for the diverse ability of body weight control. The caudate nuclei, especially the dorsal area, have been shown to play critical roles in ingestive behaviors, which significantly influences body weight control. However, the practice of body weight control is dependent on the body weight status, because the current obesity status determines the need for body weight control. To elucidate the underlying neural mechanism that accounts for individual differences in obesity prevention, we aimed to isolate functional caudate connectivity responsible for the underlying tendency of obesity prevention, independent of the current obesity status, using resting state fMRI data, body mass index (BMI), and assessment of ingestive behavior from 185 individuals from the NKI-Rockland sample. The underlying tendency of obesity prevention was estimated from BMI and behavioral and cognitive components of food intake. Functional connectivities between the caudate head and the whole brain were tested as a function of the estimated tendency in a voxel-wise manner. The bilateral precuneus showed inverse association between its connectivity to the caudate and the estimated tendency. Caudate-precuneus connectivity may have significant implications to understanding personal differences that accounts for the success in body weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- 1 Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Science, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ikuta
- 2 Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi
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50
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Jacobson A, Green E, Haase L, Szajer J, Murphy C. Age-Related Changes in Gustatory, Homeostatic, Reward, and Memory Processing of Sweet Taste in the Metabolic Syndrome: An fMRI Study. Perception 2017; 46:283-306. [PMID: 28056655 DOI: 10.1177/0301006616686097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age affects the human taste system at peripheral and central levels. Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors (e.g., abdominal obesity and hypertension) that co-occur, increase with age, and heighten risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cognitive decline. Little is known about how age, metabolic syndrome, and hunger state interact to influence how the brain processes information about taste. We investigated brain activation during the hedonic evaluation of a pleasant, nutritive stimulus (sucrose) within regions critical for taste, homeostatic energy regulation, and reward, as a function of the interactions among age, metabolic syndrome, and hunger condition. We scanned young and elderly adults, half with risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome twice: Once fasted overnight and once after a preload. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data indicated significant effects of age as well as interactive effects with metabolic syndrome and hunger condition. Age-related differences in activation were dependent on the hunger state in regions critical for homoeostatic energy regulation and basic as well as higher order sensory processing and integration. The effects of age and metabolic syndrome on activation in the insula, orbital frontal cortex, caudate, and the hypothalamus may have particularly important implications for taste processing, energy regulation, and dietary choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, CA, USA
| | - Erin Green
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, CA, USA
| | - Lori Haase
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, CA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Szajer
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, CA, USA
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, CA, USA; Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA
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