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Song Z, Li W, He Q, Xie X, Wang X, Guo J. Natural products - Dawn of keloid treatment. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105918. [PMID: 38554887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Keloids are prevalent pathological scars, often leading to cosmetic deformities and hindering joint mobility.They cause discomfort, including burning and itching, while gradually expanding and potentially posing a risk of cancer.Developing effective drugs and treatments for keloids has been a persistent challenge in the medical field. Natural products are an important source of innovative drugs and a breakthrough for many knotty disease.Herein, keywords of "natural, plant, compound, extract" were combined with "keloid" and searched in PubMed and Google Scholar, respectively. A total of 32 natural products as well as 9 extracts possessing the potential for treating keloids were ultimately identified.Current research in this field faces a significant challenge due to the lack of suitable animal models, resulting in a predominant reliance on in vitro studies.In vivo and clinical studies are notably scarce as a result.Moreover, there is a notable deficiency in research focusing on the role of nutrients in keloid formation and treatment.The appropriate dosage form (oral, topical, injectable) is crucial for the development of natural product drugs. Finally, the conclusion was hereby made that natural products, when used as adjuncts to other treatments, hold significant potential in the management of keloids.By summarizing the natural products and elucidating their mechanisms in keloid treatment, the present study aims to stimulate further discoveries and research in drug development for effectively addressing this challenging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhou Song
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Wenquan Li
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Qingying He
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Xurui Wang
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China.
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Yu B, Cao Y, Li S, Bai R, Zhou G, Fu Q, Liang L, Gu W, Zhang L, Chen M. Identification and validation of CRLF1 and NRG1 as immune-related signatures in hypertrophic scar. Genomics 2024; 116:110797. [PMID: 38262564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic scar (HTS) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by abnormal proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition and the precise mechanisms underlying HTS remain elusive. This study aimed to identify and validate potential immune-related genes associated with hypertrophic scar formation. METHODS Skin samples from normal (n = 12) and hypertrophic scar tissues (n = 12) were subjected to RNA-seq analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and significant modular genes in Weighted gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) were identified. Subsequently, functional enrichment analysis was performed on the intersecting genes. Additionally, eight immune-related genes were matched from the ImmPort database. Validation of NRG1 and CRLF1 was carried out using an external cohort (GSE136906). Furthermore, the association between these two genes and immune cells was assessed by Spearman correlation analysis. Finally, RNA was extracted from normal and hypertrophic scar samples, and RT-qPCR, Immunohistochemistry staining and Western Blot were employed to validate the expression of characteristic genes. RESULTS A total of 940 DEGs were identified between HTS and normal samples, and 288 key module genes were uncovered via WGCNA. Enrichment analysis in key module revealed involvement in many immune-related pathways, such as Th17 cell differentiation, antigen processing and presentation and B cell receptor signaling pathway. The eight immune-related genes (IFI30, NR2F2, NRG1, ESM1, NFATC2, CRLF1, COLEC12 and IL6) were identified by matching from the ImmPort database. Notably, we observed that activated mast cell positively correlated with CRLF1 expression, while CD8 T cells exhibited a positive correlation with NRG1. The expression of NRG1 and CRLF1 was further validated in clinical samples. CONCLUSION In this study, two key immune-related genes (CRLF1 and NRG1) were identified as characteristic genes associated with HTS. These findings provide valuable insights into the immune-related mechanisms underlying hypertrophic scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China; Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yalei Cao
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China; Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ruiqi Bai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China; Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guiwen Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weijie Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China.
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China; Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Minliang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
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Stocks M, Walter AS, Akova E, Gauglitz G, Aszodi A, Boecker W, Saller MM, Volkmer E. RNA-seq unravels distinct expression profiles of keloids and Dupuytren's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23681. [PMID: 38187218 PMCID: PMC10770622 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Keloid scars and Dupuytren's disease are two common, chronic, and incurable fibroproliferative disorders that, among other shared clinical features, may induce joint contractures. We employed bulk RNA sequencing to discern potential shared gene expression patterns and underlying pathological pathways between these two conditions. Our aim was to uncover potential molecular targets that could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were functionally annotated using Gene Ontology (GO) terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways with the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). The protein-protein-interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and Cytoscape. The Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) plugin was used for downstream analysis of the PPI networks. A total of 1922 DEGs were identified within Dupuytren's and keloid samples, yet no overlapping gene expression profiles were detected. Significantly enriched GO terms were related to skin development and tendon formation in keloid scars and Dupuytren's disease, respectively. The PPI network analysis revealed 10 genes and the module analysis provided six protein networks, which might play an integral part in disease development. These genes, including CDH1, ERBB2, CASP3 and RPS27A, may serve as new targets for future research to develop biomarkers and/or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Stocks
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximillians-University (LMU), Frauenhoferstr. 12, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Annika S. Walter
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximillians-University (LMU), Frauenhoferstr. 12, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elif Akova
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximillians-University (LMU), Frauenhoferstr. 12, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Gauglitz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Thalkirchnerstr. 48, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Aszodi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximillians-University (LMU), Frauenhoferstr. 12, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Boecker
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximillians-University (LMU), Frauenhoferstr. 12, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian M. Saller
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximillians-University (LMU), Frauenhoferstr. 12, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Volkmer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximillians-University (LMU), Frauenhoferstr. 12, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Clinic of Hand Surgery, Helios Klinikum Muenchen West, Steinerweg 5, 81241 Munich, Germany
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Feng F, Liu M, Pan L, Wu J, Wang C, Yang L, Liu W, Xu W, Lei M. Biomechanical Regulatory Factors and Therapeutic Targets in Keloid Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906212. [PMID: 35614943 PMCID: PMC9124765 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloids are fibroproliferative skin disorder caused by abnormal healing of injured or irritated skin and are characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and deposition, which results in excessive collagen disorders and calcinosis, increasing the remodeling and stiffness of keloid matrix. The pathogenesis of keloid is very complex, and may include changes in cell function, genetics, inflammation, and other factors. In this review, we aim to discuss the role of biomechanical factors in keloid formation. Mechanical stimulation can lead to excessive proliferation of wound fibroblasts, deposition of ECM, secretion of more pro-fibrosis factors, and continuous increase of keloid matrix stiffness. Matrix mechanics resulting from increased matrix stiffness further activates the fibrotic phenotype of keloid fibroblasts, thus forming a loop that continuously invades the surrounding normal tissue. In this process, mechanical force is one of the initial factors of keloid formation, and matrix mechanics leads to further keloid development. Next, we summarized the mechanotransduction pathways involved in the formation of keloids, such as TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, integrin signaling pathway, YAP/TAZ signaling pathway, and calcium ion pathway. Finally, some potential biomechanics-based therapeutic concepts and strategies are described in detail. Taken together, these findings underscore the importance of biomechanical factors in the formation and progression of keloids and highlight their regulatory value. These findings may help facilitate the development of pharmacological interventions that can ultimately prevent and reduce keloid formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingying Liu
- School of Comprehensive Health Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianhong Pan
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqin Wu
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanqian Liu
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wanqian Liu, ; Wei Xu, ; Mingxing Lei,
| | - Wei Xu
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Dermatology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Integrative Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wanqian Liu, ; Wei Xu, ; Mingxing Lei,
| | - Mingxing Lei
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wanqian Liu, ; Wei Xu, ; Mingxing Lei,
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Kim S, Lee SE, Yi S, Jun S, Yi YS, Nagar H, Kim CS, Shin C, Yeo MK, Kang YE, Oh SH. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Decreases Keloid Formation by Reducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as Implicated in the Pathogenesis of Keloid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910765. [PMID: 34639105 PMCID: PMC8509846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids are a common form of pathologic wound healing and are characterized by an excessive production of extracellular matrix. This study examined the major contributing mechanism of human keloid pathogenesis using transcriptomic analysis. We identified the upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress response, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and TGF-β signaling in human keloid tissue samples compared to controls, based on ingenuity pathway and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Electron microscopic examinations revealed an increased number of dysmorphic mitochondria and expanded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in human keloid tissue samples than that in controls. Western blot analysis performed using human tissues suggested noticeably higher ER stress signaling in keloids than in normal tissues. Treatment with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an ER stress inhibitor, significantly decreased scar formation in rabbit models, compared to normal saline and steroid injections. In summary, our findings demonstrate the contributions of mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulated ER stress signaling in human keloid formation and the potential of TUDCA in the treatment of keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunje Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Seong Eun Lee
- Research Institute for Medicinal Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.E.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shinae Yi
- Research Institute for Medicinal Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.E.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sangmi Jun
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea; (S.J.); (Y.-S.Y.)
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Yoon-Sun Yi
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea; (S.J.); (Y.-S.Y.)
| | - Harsha Nagar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (H.N.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (H.N.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Chungmin Shin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Min-Kyung Yeo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
| | - Yea Eun Kang
- Research Institute for Medicinal Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.E.L.); (S.Y.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.E.K.); (S.-H.O.); Tel.: +82-42-280-7148 (Y.E.K.); +82-42-280-7387 (S.-H.O.); Fax: +82-42-280-7168 (Y.E.K.); +82-42-280-7384 (S.-H.O.)
| | - Sang-Ha Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.K.); (C.S.)
- Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.E.K.); (S.-H.O.); Tel.: +82-42-280-7148 (Y.E.K.); +82-42-280-7387 (S.-H.O.); Fax: +82-42-280-7168 (Y.E.K.); +82-42-280-7384 (S.-H.O.)
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6
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Yin H, Favreau-Lessard AJ, deKay JT, Herrmann YR, Robich MP, Koza RA, Prudovsky I, Sawyer DB, Ryzhov S. Protective role of ErbB3 signaling in myeloid cells during adaptation to cardiac pressure overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 152:1-16. [PMID: 33259856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid cells play an important role in a wide variety of cardiovascular disorders, including both ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1)/ErbB signaling has recently emerged as an important factor contributing to the control of inflammatory activation of myeloid cells after an ischemic injury. However, the role of ErbB signaling in myeloid cells in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy is not fully understood. This study investigated the role of ErbB3 receptors in the regulation of early adaptive response using a mouse model of transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS TAC surgery was performed in groups of age- and sex-matched myeloid cell-specific ErbB3-deficient mice (ErbB3MyeKO) and control animals (ErbB3MyeWT). The number of cardiac CD45 immune cells, CD11b myeloid cells, Ly6G neutrophils, and Ly6C monocytes was determined using flow cytometric analysis. Five days after TAC, survival was dramatically reduced in male but not female ErbB3MyeKO mice or control animals. The examination of lung weight to body weight ratio suggested that acute pulmonary edema was present in ErbB3MyeKO male mice after TAC. To determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the increased mortality in ErbB3MyeKO male mice, cardiac cell populations were examined at day 3 post-TAC using flow cytometry. Myeloid cells accumulated in control but not in ErbB3MyeKO male mouse hearts. This was accompanied by increased proliferation of Sca-1 positive non-immune cells (endothelial cells and fibroblasts) in control but not ErbB3MyeKO male mice. No significant differences in intramyocardial accumulation of myeloid cells or proliferation of Sca-1 cells were found between the groups of ErbB3MyeKO and ErbB3MyeWT female mice. An antibody-based protein array analysis revealed that IGF-1 expression was significantly downregulated only in ErbB3MyeKO mice hearts compared to control animals after TAC. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate the crucial role of myeloid cell-specific ErbB3 signaling in the cardiac accumulation of myeloid cells, which contributes to the activation of cardiac endothelial cells and fibroblasts and development of an early adaptive response to cardiac pressure overload in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yin
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | | | - Joanne T deKay
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Yodit R Herrmann
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Michael P Robich
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America; Maine Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, ME, United States of America
| | - Robert A Koza
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Douglas B Sawyer
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America; Maine Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, ME, United States of America
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America.
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Wang S, Shuai C, Gao S, Jiang J, Luan J, Lv X. Chemokine CXCL14 acts as a potential genetic target for liver fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107067. [PMID: 33039963 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple causes of liver fibrosis, common ones include ethanol, toxins, and cholestasis. However, whether these different etiologies lead to the same pathological outcomes contain common genetic targets or signaling pathways, the current research has not attracted widespread attention. GSE40041 and GSE55747 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. GSE40041 and GSE55747 represent the differential expression profiles in the liver of mice with bile duct ligation (BDL) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis models, respectively. By using GEO2R, 701 differential expression genes (DEGs) in GSE40041 and 6540 DEGs in GSE55747 were identified. 260 co-DEGs were shared and extracted for gene ontology (GO) analysis. Through GO analysis, it was found that the regulation of cell migration in biological processes (BPs) was closely related to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, and the genes involved in this process include a key gene, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 (CXCL14). Subsequently, further bioinformatic analysis showed that CXCL14 may be regulated by miR-122 to participate in the progression of liver fibrosis. Then real-time PCR and western blotting were performed to validate the expression of CXCL14 in liver tissue after liver fibrosis caused by different etiologies (ethanol, CCl4). The expression of CXCL4 in liver fibrosis induced by BDL was verified in another GEO dataset. Basically consistent with our bioinformatics results, our experimental results showed that the expression of CXCL14 was most significantly increased in alcoholic liver fibrosis model, followed by CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, which was also significantly increased in the BDL-induced model. Thus, CXCL14 can act as a common potential genetic target for different liver fibrosis diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chen Shuai
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Songsen Gao
- Department of Orthopedics (Spinal Surgery), The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
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8
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Limandjaja GC, Niessen FB, Scheper RJ, Gibbs S. The Keloid Disorder: Heterogeneity, Histopathology, Mechanisms and Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:360. [PMID: 32528951 PMCID: PMC7264387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids constitute an abnormal fibroproliferative wound healing response in which raised scar tissue grows excessively and invasively beyond the original wound borders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of several important themes in keloid research: namely keloid histopathology, heterogeneity, pathogenesis, and model systems. Although keloidal collagen versus nodules and α-SMA-immunoreactivity have been considered pathognomonic for keloids versus hypertrophic scars, conflicting results have been reported which will be discussed together with other histopathological keloid characteristics. Importantly, histopathological keloid abnormalities are also present in the keloid epidermis. Heterogeneity between and within keloids exists which is often not considered when interpreting results and may explain discrepancies between studies. At least two distinct keloid phenotypes exist, the superficial-spreading/flat keloids and the bulging/raised keloids. Within keloids, the periphery is often seen as the actively growing margin compared to the more quiescent center, although the opposite has also been reported. Interestingly, the normal skin directly surrounding keloids also shows partial keloid characteristics. Keloids are most likely to occur after an inciting stimulus such as (minor and disproportionate) dermal injury or an inflammatory process (environmental factors) at a keloid-prone anatomical site (topological factors) in a genetically predisposed individual (patient-related factors). The specific cellular abnormalities these various patient, topological and environmental factors generate to ultimately result in keloid scar formation are discussed. Existing keloid models can largely be divided into in vivo and in vitro systems including a number of subdivisions: human/animal, explant/culture, homotypic/heterotypic culture, direct/indirect co-culture, and 3D/monolayer culture. As skin physiology, immunology and wound healing is markedly different in animals and since keloids are exclusive to humans, there is a need for relevant human in vitro models. Of these, the direct co-culture systems that generate full thickness keloid equivalents appear the most promising and will be key to further advance keloid research on its pathogenesis and thereby ultimately advance keloid treatment. Finally, the recent change in keloid nomenclature will be discussed, which has moved away from identifying keloids solely as abnormal scars with a purely cosmetic association toward understanding keloids for the fibroproliferative disorder that they are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Limandjaja
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank B Niessen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Knockdown of fibronectin extra domain B suppresses TGF-β1-mediated cell proliferation and collagen deposition in keloid fibroblasts via AKT/ERK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:1131-1137. [PMID: 32317186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Keloids represent a dermal fibrotic disease characterized by excess collagen deposition and invasion of normal skin beyond the wound boundary, similar to malignant tumor features. Fibronectin extra domain B (EDB) is highly expressed in many tumors but has not been studied in keloids. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and the influence of EDB on keloid and elucidate the putative signaling pathway. We examined expression of EDB and the effects of EDB on fibroblast proliferation, apoptosis and the expression of the related proteins and genes. The level of phosphorylation of Smad, ERK, and AKT was estimated to elucidate the signaling pathways. The results showed that EDB in human keloid tissues and fibroblasts was overexpressed. EDB knockdown suppressed the cell proliferation of keloid fibroblasts (KFs) treated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Also, the phosphorylation of Smad, ERK, and AKT in TGF-β1-induced KFs was inhibited In addition, the low expression of pro-collagen-I (Col-I) and Col-III protein and mRNA level was observed in the siEDB group. EDB knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and suppressed collagen deposition in TGF-1-induced KFs. The underlying mechanism is the activation of TGF-β1/Smad, ERK, and AKT signaling pathways. Together, the results suggested that EDB is a promising therapeutic target for keloid clinical treatment.
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Yan L, Wang LZ, Xiao R, Cao R, Pan B, Lv XY, Jiao H, Zhuang Q, Sun XJ, Liu YB. Inhibition of microRNA-21-5p reduces keloid fibroblast autophagy and migration by targeting PTEN after electron beam irradiation. J Transl Med 2020; 100:387-399. [PMID: 31558773 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron beam (EB) irradiation is useful to reduce the recurrence of keloids; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21), which regulates autophagy during cancer radiation therapy, was identified as a potential therapeutic target for keloids. Here, we investigate the regulatory mechanism(s) of miR-21-5p on keloid fibroblast autophagy and migration after EB irradiation. The microRNA expression profile of the keloid dermis was examined by performing a microRNA microarray. Levels of LC3B and Beclin-1 were detected by immunohistochemical and western blot analysis in the keloid dermis and fibroblasts. Autophagy and apoptosis were tested in keloid fibroblasts after EB irradiation or transfection with an miR-21-5p inhibitor using electron microscopy, a Cyto-ID Green Autophagy Detection Kit, and an Annexin V PE Apoptosis Detection Kit. Migration was analyzed by an in vitro scratch-wound healing assay. Mechanistic tests were performed using small interfering RNAs to phosphatase and tensin homolog (siPTEN). Levels of miR-21-5p, PTEN, programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), p-AKT, and apoptosis- and autophagy-associated genes were examined by qRT-PCR and western blotting. LC3B expression and migration ability were enhanced in fibroblasts and the keloid margin dermis compared with those in the adjacent normal skin. Both EB irradiation and an miR-21-5p inhibitor reduced keloid fibroblast autophagy, which was accompanied by decreased expression of miR-21-5p, p-AKT, and LC3B-II and increased expression of PTEN, PDCD4, and apoptosis-related genes. MiR-21-5p downregulation inhibited migration and suppressed LC3B expression and this was reversed by PTEN reduction. In conclusion, with increasing apoptosis, EB irradiation inhibits autophagy in keloid fibroblasts by reducing miR-21-5p, which regulates migration and LC3B expression via PTEN/AKT signaling. These data suggest a potential mechanism wherein miR-21-5p inhibition regulates autophagy and migration in EB-irradiated keloid fibroblasts, effectively preventing local invasion and recurrence. Therefore, miR-21-5p could be a new therapeutic target, to replace EB irradiation, and control keloid relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-Da-Chu Road 33#, 100144, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Zhao Wang
- Comprehensive Treatment Center of Scar, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-Da-Chu Road 33#, 100144, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-Da-Chu Road 33#, 100144, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Rui Cao
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-Da-Chu Road 33#, 100144, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bo Pan
- Auricular Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-Da-Chu Road 33#, 100144, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Lv
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-Da-Chu Road 33#, 100144, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hu Jiao
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-Da-Chu Road 33#, 100144, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhuang
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-Da-Chu Road 33#, 100144, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jian Sun
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-Da-Chu Road 33#, 100144, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Bo Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-Da-Chu Road 33#, 100144, Beijing, P.R. China.
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Tian Y, Jin L, Zhang W, Ya Z, Cheng Y, Zhao H. AMF siRNA treatment of keloid through inhibition signaling pathway of RhoA/ROCK1. Genes Dis 2018; 6:185-192. [PMID: 31193978 PMCID: PMC6545443 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A keloid (KD) is a benign dermal fibrotic tumor. Treatment of KDs is challenging and the recurrence rate is high; thus, there is an unmet need to explore new target sites and new treatment methods. As a tumor-associated cytokine, autocrine motility factor (AMF) can effectively stimulate the random and directional movement of cells. We first found that AMF was overexpressed in keloid fibroblasts (KFs) and the proliferation and migration of KFs were promoted by AMF stimulation. After treatment with Y-27632, RhoA kinase inhibitor, the proliferation and migration capacity of KFs declined significantly, and type I collagen protein, active RhoA and ROCK1 also were downregulated. In addition, a KD transplantation model was established under the skin of nude mice, with KD intramural injection AMF siRNA, we found that the weight of the KD was smaller than in the control group (P < 0.05), KD tissue sections stained by HE and Masson showed that fibers became loose and the blood vessels were visibly reduced. In conclusion, AMF siRNA is expected to be a novel strategy to treat KD by inhibiting signaling pathway of RhoA/ROCK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lan Jin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Zumeng Ya
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hongyun Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
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Feng J, Xue S, Pang Q, Rang Z, Cui F. miR-141-3p inhibits fibroblast proliferation and migration by targeting GAB1 in keloids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:302-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kirabo A, Ryzhov S, Gupte M, Sengsayadeth S, Gumina RJ, Sawyer DB, Galindo CL. Neuregulin-1β induces proliferation, survival and paracrine signaling in normal human cardiac ventricular fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 105:59-69. [PMID: 28263756 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1β (NRG-1β) is critical for cardiac development and repair, and recombinant forms are currently being assessed as possible therapeutics for systolic heart failure. We previously demonstrated that recombinant NRG-1β reduces cardiac fibrosis in an animal model of cardiac remodeling and heart failure, suggesting that there may be direct effects on cardiac fibroblasts. Here we show that NRG-1β receptors (ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4) are expressed in normal human cardiac ventricular (NHCV) fibroblast cell lines. Treatment of NHCV fibroblasts with recombinant NRG-1β induced activation of the AKT pathway, which was phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent. Moreover, the NRG-1β-induced PI3K/AKT signaling in these cells required phosphorylation of both ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors at tyrosine (Tyr)1248 and Tyr1289 respectively. RNASeq analysis of NRG-1β-treated cardiac fibroblasts obtained from three different individuals revealed a global gene expression signature consistent with cell growth and survival. We confirmed enhanced cellular proliferation and viability in NHCV fibroblasts in response to NRG-1β, which was abrogated by PI3K, ErbB2, and ErbB3 inhibitors. NRG-1β also induced production and secretion of cytokines (interleukin-1α and interferon-γ) and pro-reparative factors (angiopoietin-2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and crypto-1), suggesting a role in cardiac repair through the activation of paracrine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Kirabo
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- Maine Medical Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, United States.
| | - Manisha Gupte
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Seng Sengsayadeth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Douglas B Sawyer
- Maine Medical Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, United States.
| | - Cristi L Galindo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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