Bonding performance and ultramorphology of the resin-dentine interface of contemporary universal adhesives

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed at evaluating the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and the resin-dentine ultramorphology (24 h and 10 months ageing) of contemporary universal adhesives applied in self-etch (SE) or etch-and-rinse (ER) mode.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty-four sound human molars were collected and randomly allocated in 4 main experimental groups (n = 16) according to the adhesive system employed and subsequently divided into two subgroups depending on their application mode SE or ER (n = 8): ZipBond X (ZBX-SE; ZBX-ER), Prime and Bond Active (PBA-SE; PBA-ER), Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CBQ-SE; CBQ-ER) or Scotchbond Universal (SCH-SE; SCH-ER). The specimens were cut into sticks with a cross-sectional area of approximately 0.9 mm² and subjected to μTBS testing at 24 h or after 10 months of ageing in artificial saliva (AS). Five representative fractured specimens from each group were analysed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Resin-dentine slabs (Ø 0.9mm²) from each experimental group were immersed in Rhodamine B and subsequently analysed using confocal microscopy analysis (CLSM). The μTBS results were analysed using a two-way ANOVA and Newman-Keuls multiple-comparison test (α = 0.05).

RESULTS

ZBX, PBA and SCH exhibited greater μTBS values than CQB at 24 h in both SE and ER modes (p < 0.05). CQB showed a significant decrease in μTBS values after ageing both when used in SE and ER mode (p < 0.05). ZBX-ER exhibited no significant differences in the μTBS test after ageing (p > 0.05), while a significant drop in μTBS was seen in SCH-ER and APB-ER after 10-month ageing (p < 0.05). Clear signs of degradation were evident in the resin-dentine interface created with CQB regardless of the application mode or the ageing time. In APB-ER and SCH-ER groups, such signs of degradation were evident after ageing in AS. ZBX showed slight dye infiltration both when used in ER and SE mode.

CONCLUSIONS

The long-term bonding performance of modern universal adhesives is usually influenced by the adhesive strategy employed; self-etching application should be prioritised during dentine bonding. Moreover, the use of shortened bonding protocols may compromise the quality of the resin-dentine interface and the bonding performance of most modern universal adhesives.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The use of etch-and-rinse bonding procedures, as well as "shortened" application protocols should be eluded when using modern universal adhesives in dentine. However, new generation universal adhesives based on innovative chemical formulations may probably allow clinicians to achieve long-term bonding performance with such simplified system also when employed in ER mode.

Universal adhesive: the effect of different simulated pulpal pressure fluids and bonding modes to dentin

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SPP with either fetal bovine serum (FBS) or deionized water (DW) on the bond strength (μTBS) of a Universal adhesive to dentin, in both etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) modes. The kinematic viscosity (cSt) of FBS and DW was measured at 25 °C ± 0.1 ºC. Seventy-two sound human molars were sectioned and randomly divided into three groups according to the SPP conditions: (1) Control (0 cm H₂O), (2) SPP (15 cm H₂O) with FBS, (3) SPP (15 cm H₂O) with DW. Each group was subdivided (n = 10) based on the bonding modes: ER (37% phosphoric acid + ScothBond Universal Adhesive) or SE (ScothBond Universal Adhesive). Samples were then submitted to μTBS. Data were analyzed by Student's t test, two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). The cSt results showed that DW (23.59 ± 0.39) had significantly higher values than FBS (22.33 ± 0.06). With regard to SPP, the control group (36.1 MPa) had significantly higher values of μTBS when compared to the SPP using FBS (31.06 MPa) and SPP with DW (26.55 MPa). According to ANOVA, the bonding modes and the interaction of simulated pulpal pressure (SPP) did not statistically influence the results (p < 0.05). The presence of SPP reduced the bond strength of Universal adhesive to dentin. DW during SPP had significantly reduced bonding values when compared to FBS. Bonding strategies were not affected by SPP when evaluated in a short period of time (24 h).

Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Three Commercially Available Esthetic Restorative Composite Materials: An In Vitro Study

Introduction

Dental caries remains to be one of the most prevalent diseases encountered in the field of dentistry. Several restorative materials have been introduced with variable properties and among them, composite restorative materials are most widely used nowadays because of their superior esthetic property as well as minimal hard tissue removal. Shear bond strength of a restorative material plays a key role in deciding the restoration’s longevity. Hence, for a better selection of the composite material, shear bond strength needs to be evaluated.

Aim

The study aim was to analyze the shear bond strength of three commercially available esthetic restorative composite materials—Dentsply Ceram X, 3M ESPE™ Filtek™ Z350 XT, and GC Solare Sculpt to the tooth surface.

Materials and methods

Thirty extracted human mandibular permanent molars that were caries-free were selected and erected in acrylic blocks. The uniform dentinal surface was exposed by cutting with a diamond disk. These were then randomly divided into three groups—groups I, II, and III based on the restorative material which was used, i.e., Ceram X, 3M ESPE™ Filtek™ Z350 XT, and Solare Sculpt, respectively. The restorative materials were applied on the dentinal surface of the prepared tooth specimens with the help of plastic molds, followed up by storing them in distilled water until they were subjected to shear bond strength testing. The collected data were examined by applying a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Turkey’s post hoc test.

Results

The Ceram X (21.6155 ± 2.20717) and Solare Sculpt (19.8747 ± 3.99732) were comparable in terms of shear bond strength values; however, they depicted significantly higher bond strength compared to 3M ESPE™ Filtek™ Z350 XT (12.8068 ± 3.99732).

Conclusion

Among the three materials compared in this study, Ceram X produced higher shear bond strength to tooth surface when compared to Solare Sculpt and 3M ESPE™ Filtek™ Z350 XT.

Clinical significance

Restoration failure continues to be a major problem taking a toll on the dentists’ time and patient satisfaction. Thus, the demand for restorative materials with better shear bond strength as well as excellent esthetics is on the rise. Thus, this particular study compares the shear bond strength of three commercial esthetic nanocomposites.

How to cite this article

Preethy NA, Jeevanandan G, Govindaraju L, et al. Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Three Commercially Available Esthetic Restorative Composite Materials : An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(6):635–639.

Effect of Active Application on Bond Durability of Universal Adhesives

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different adhesive application methods and etching modes on the dentin bond durability of universal adhesives under thermal cycling (TC). All-Bond Universal (Bisco), Adhese Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent), and Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE) were used as adhesives. In total, 600 bovine teeth with exposed dentin were divided into 12 groups according to the type of adhesive and subjected to the following bonding procedures: 1) etch-and-rinse mode with active application; 2) etch-and-rinse mode with inactive application; 3) self-etch mode with active application; and 4) self-etch mode with inactive application. Bonded specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and then subjected to 5000, 10,000, 30,000, or 50,000 TC between 5°C and 55°C before shear bond strength (SBS) testing, creating a division into a total of five different storage conditions. Baseline specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. The SBS test was performed at a cross-head speed of 1.0 mm/min. Three-way analysis of variance revealed that all the factors of application mode, adhesive, and thermal cycle period significantly influenced the SBS values (p&lt;0.001), regardless of the etching mode. In the baseline groups, all of the tested adhesives with active application had higher SBS values than those with inactive application, regardless of etching mode. In the TC groups, significantly lower SBS values were observed at 50,000 TC with inactive application compared to those with active application, regardless of the etching mode. From the scanning electron microscopy observation of demineralized and deproteinized resin/dentin interfaces, dense resin tags longer than 50 μm were observed in the etch-and-rinse with active application group. On the other hand, the resin tags in self-etch mode were sparse, thin, and much shorter than those in etch-and-rinse mode. Comparing the penetration status of the resin tags with active and inactive application in self-etch mode, the resin tag penetration with inactive application was much lower than that with active application. Active application is effective in enhancing the dentin bond durability of universal adhesives. When using universal adhesives with different etching modes, practitioners should select the optimal etching mode and appropriate application method in accordance with the cavity conditions.

Effect of Phosphoric Acid Pre-etching on Fatigue Limits of Self-etching Adhesives

The purpose of this study was to use shear bond strength (SBS) and shear fatigue limit (SFL) testing to determine the effect of phosphoric acid pre-etching of enamel and dentin prior to application of self-etch adhesives for bonding resin composite to these substrates. Three self-etch adhesives—1) G- ænial Bond (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan); 2) OptiBond XTR (Kerr Corp, Orange, CA, USA); and 3) Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE Dental Products, St Paul, MN, USA)—were used to bond Z100 Restorative resin composite to enamel and dentin surfaces. A stainless-steel metal ring with an inner diameter of 2.4 mm was used to bond the resin composite to flat-ground (4000 grit) tooth surfaces for determination of both SBS and SFL. Fifteen specimens each were used to determine initial SBS to human enamel/dentin, with and without pre-etching with a 35% phosphoric acid (Ultra-Etch, Ultradent Products Inc, South Jordan, UT, USA) for 15 seconds prior to the application of the adhesives. A staircase method of fatigue testing (25 specimens for each test) was then used to determine the SFL of resin composite bonded to enamel/dentin using a frequency of 10 Hz for 50,000 cycles or until failure occurred. A two-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used for analysis of SBS data, and a modified t-test with Bonferroni correction was used for the SFL data. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the area of the bonded restorative/tooth interface. For all three adhesive systems, phosphoric acid pre-etching of enamel demonstrated significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) SBS and SFL with pre-etching than it did without pre-etching. The SBS and SFL of dentin bonds decreased with phosphoric acid pre-etching. The SBS and SFL of bonds using phosphoric acid prior to application of self-etching adhesives clearly demonstrated different tendencies between enamel and dentin. The effect of using phosphoric acid, prior to the application of the self-etching adhesives, on SBS and SFL was dependent on the adhesive material and tooth substrate and should be carefully considered in clinical situations.

Dentin bond strength and degree of conversion evaluation of experimental self-etch adhesive systems

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) monomer in one-step self-etch experimental adhesives on dentinal microshear bond strength (µSBS), their degree of conversion and bonded micro structure.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Composite resin cylinders (Clearfil AP-X) were bonded on human sound molar dentinal surfaces by using five experimental one-step self-etching adhesives (1-SEAs) containing 0% (E0), 5% (E5), 10% (E10), 15% (E15), 20% (E20) (by weight) 10-MDP monomer and Clearfil S3 Bond (CS3) as a control. After 24 hours, microshear bond strength was tested. The degree of conversion was also measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Interfacial ultrastructure was observed under a scanning electron microscope in all the groups.

RESULTS

A higher microshear bond strength was observed with adhesives containing 10% and 15% 10-MDP in comparison to study groups (P<.05). Clearfil S3 Bond and 10% MDP had a significantly greater degree of conversion than other groups (P<.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The amount of functional monomer in 1-SEAs influences both the bonding performance and degree of conversion; 10% 10-MDP showed the best combination of bond strength and degree of conversion. Key words:Self-etch adhesives, 10-MDP, bond strength, degree of conversion.

A study on adsorption of metals by activated carbon in a large-scale (municipal) process of surface water purification

Elements that enter the aquatic environment may pose a health risk to wildlife and humans. The aims of this study were: to determine how the introduction of activated carbon for a water purification system will improve the quality of the water produced; and to investigate the sorption of metals on activated carbons, including determination of the accumulation, as well as changes in concentrations of elements in carbons. The tests were carried out on three types of activated carbons with different granular structure. All samples were collected from Water Treatment Plant Goczalkowice, Poland. Concentrations of elements were measured using an optical emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma. The experiment showed that metals accumulating in the activated carbons during the operation included: Ca, Mn, Zn, and Cu. In each of the three types of carbons, it can distinguish such elements as Ba, Al, Cr, Ni, Ti, which are characterized by irregular accumulation during the operation of the filter. The introduction of carbon sorbent for water treatment largely contributed to improvement in the quality of raw material supplied to customers, mainly with regard to taste and smell, as well as to reduction of basic parameters: color, absorbance in the UV range and oxidability.

Microtensile dentin bond strength of fifth with five seventh-generation dentin bonding agents after thermocycling: An in vitro study

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this in vitro study was to compare the microtensile dentin bond strength (μTBS) of five seventh-generation dentin bonding agents (DBA) with fifth-generation DBA before and after thermocycling.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ten extracted teeth were assigned to fifth generation control group (optibond solo) and each of the five experimental groups namely, Group I (G-Bond) ,Group II (S(3) Clearfil), Group III (One Coat 7.0), Group IV (Xeno V), and Group V (Optibond all in one). The crown portions of the teeth were horizontally sectioned below the central groove to expose the dentin. The adhesive resins from all groups were bonded to the teeth with their respective composites. Specimens of sizes 1 × 1 × 6 mm(3) were obtained. Fifty specimens that bonded to dentin from each group were selected. Twenty-five of the specimens were tested for debonding without thermocycling and the remaining were subjected to thermocycling followed by μTBS testing. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's-test for comparison with the reference group(Vth Generation).

RESULTS

There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the fifth- and seventh-generation adhesives before and after thermocycling. The results of our study showed significantly higher value (P < 0.05) of μTBS of seventh-generation Group II (Clearfil S(3)) compared to the fifth-generation before and after thermocycling.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrated that the Clearfil S(3) bond had the highest μTBS values. In addition, of the five tested seventh-generation adhesive resins were comparable to the fifth-generation DBA.