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Yu W, Srivastava R, Srivastava S, Ma Y, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Oncogenic Role of SATB2 In Vitro: Regulator of Pluripotency, Self-Renewal, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2024; 13:962. [PMID: 38891096 PMCID: PMC11171950 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Special AT-rich sequence binding protein-2 (SATB2) is a nuclear matrix protein that binds to nuclear attachment regions and is involved in chromatin remodeling and transcription regulation. In stem cells, it regulates the expression of genes required for maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we examined the oncogenic role of SATB2 in prostate cancer and assessed whether overexpression of SATB2 in human normal prostate epithelial cells (PrECs) induces properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The results demonstrate that SATB2 is highly expressed in prostate cancer cell lines and CSCs, but not in PrECs. Overexpression of SATB2 in PrECs induces cellular transformation which was evident by the formation of colonies in soft agar and spheroids in suspension. Overexpression of SATB2 in PrECs also resulted in induction of stem cell markers (CD44 and CD133), pluripotency-maintaining transcription factors (cMYC, OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and NANOG), CADHERIN switch, and EMT-related transcription factors. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that SATB2 can directly bind to promoters of BCL-2, BSP, NANOG, MYC, XIAP, KLF4, and HOXA2, suggesting SATB2 is capable of directly regulating pluripotency/self-renewal, cell survival, and proliferation. Since prostate CSCs play a crucial role in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis, we also examined the effects of SATB2 knockdown on stemness. SATB2 knockdown in prostate CSCs inhibited spheroid formation, cell viability, colony formation, cell motility, migration, and invasion compared to their scrambled control groups. SATB2 knockdown in CSCs also upregulated the expression of E-CADHERIN and inhibited the expression of N-CADHERIN, SNAIL, SLUG, and ZEB1. The expression of SATB2 was significantly higher in prostate adenocarcinoma compared to normal tissues. Overall, our data suggest that SATB2 acts as an oncogenic factor where it is capable of inducing malignant changes in PrECs by inducing CSC characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 66128, USA (Y.M.)
| | - Rashmi Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | - Yiming Ma
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 66128, USA (Y.M.)
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 66128, USA (Y.M.)
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, 2400 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Rakesh K. Srivastava
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 66128, USA (Y.M.)
- GLAX LLC, 3500 S Dupont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA
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Li Q, Li Y, Wang Y, Cui Z, Gong L, Qu Z, Zhong Y, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Li Y. Quantitative proteomic study of human prostate cancer cells with different metastatic potentials. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1437-46. [PMID: 26846621 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination is a feature of most cancers including prostate cancer (PCa), and is the main cause of treatment failure and mortality. The aim of the study is to explore the mechanisms of PCa metastasis and to search for potential prognostic markers using proteomics. Two-dimensional fluorescent differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was used to quantify proteins in normal prostate epithelial cells, bone metastasis-derived PC-3 cells, and visceral metastasis-derived PC-3M cells. Metastatic potential was confirmed by flow cytometry, electron microscopy, proliferating cell nuclear antigen assay, and wound healing assay. Differential protein expression was compared between PCa cells with different metastatic potentials (LNcap, DU145, PC-3 and PC-3M) and normal prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1). Selected candidate proteins in human prostate tissues were analyzed using GOA, UniProt and GeneCards analyses. Eighty-six proteins were differentially expressed between cell lines (>1.5-fold, P<0.05). Among them, twelve proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. One protein was upregulated in normal prostate epithelial cells, nine proteins were upregulated in PC-3, and two proteins were upregulated in PC-3M. Proteins were divided into five groups according to their functions. The SETDB1 protein was closely associated with the prognosis of PCa. Bioinformatics suggested that SETDB1 might promote PCa bone metastasis through the WNT pathway. In conclusion, SETDB1 might be associated with the development of bone metastases from PCa. Further study is necessary to assess its exact role in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Yilei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical School, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yanying Wang
- Department of Endoscopy in Special Clinic Room, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Gong
- The Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Qu
- The Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Zhong
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Bethune Medical School, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Rao T, Ranger JJ, Smith HW, Lam SH, Chodosh L, Muller WJ. Inducible and coupled expression of the polyomavirus middle T antigen and Cre recombinase in transgenic mice: an in vivo model for synthetic viability in mammary tumour progression. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R11. [PMID: 24457046 PMCID: PMC3978996 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Effective in vivo models of breast cancer are crucial for studying the development and progression of the disease in humans. We sought to engineer a novel mouse model of polyomavirus middle T antigen (PyV mT)-mediated mammary tumourigenesis in which inducible expression of this well-characterized viral oncoprotein is coupled to Cre recombinase (TetO-PyV mT-IRES-Cre recombinase or MIC). Methods MIC mice were crossed to the mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV)-reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA) strain to generate cohorts of virgin females carrying one or both transgenes. Experimental (rtTA/MIC) and control (rtTA or MIC) animals were administered 2 mg/mL doxycycline beginning as early as eight weeks of age and monitored for mammary tumour formation, in parallel with un-induced controls of the same genotypes. Results Of the rtTA/MIC virgin females studied, 90% developed mammary tumour with complete penetrance to all glands in response to doxycycline and a T50 of seven days post-induction, while induced or un-induced controls remained tumour-free after one year of induction. Histological analyses of rtTA/MIC mammary glands and tumour revealed that lesions followed the canonical stepwise progression of PyV mT tumourigenesis, from hyperplasia to mammary intraepithelial neoplasia/adenoma, carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma that metastasizes to the lung; at each of these stages expression of PyV mT and Cre recombinase transgenes was confirmed. Withdrawal of doxycycline from rtTA/MIC mice with end-stage mammary tumours led to rapid regression, yet animals eventually developed PyV mT-expressing and -non-expressing recurrent masses with varied tumour histopathologies. Conclusions We have successfully created a temporally regulated mouse model of PyV mT-mediated mammary tumourigenesis that can be used to study Cre recombinase-mediated genetic changes simultaneously. While maintaining all of the hallmark features of the well-established constitutive MMTV-PyV mT model, the utility of this strain derives from the linking of PyV mT and Cre recombinase transgenes; mammary epithelial cells are thereby forced to couple PyV mT expression with conditional ablation of a given gene. This transgenic mouse model will be an important research tool for identifying synthetic viable genetic events that enable PyV mT tumours to evolve in the absence of a key signaling pathway.
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Smith HW, Muller WJ. Transgenic mouse models--a seminal breakthrough in oncogene research. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2013; 2013:1099-1108. [PMID: 24298026 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models are an integral part of modern cancer research, providing a versatile and powerful means of studying tumor initiation and progression, metastasis, and therapy. The present repertoire of these models is very diverse, with a wide range of strategies used to induce tumorigenesis by expressing dominant-acting oncogenes or disrupting the function of tumor-suppressor genes, often in a highly tissue-specific manner. Much of the current technology used in the creation and characterization of transgenic mouse models of cancer will be discussed in depth elsewhere. However, to gain a complete appreciation and understanding of these complex models, it is important to review the history of the field. Transgenic mouse models of cancer evolved as a new and, compared with the early cell-culture-based techniques, more physiologically relevant approach for studying the properties and transforming capacities of oncogenes. Here, we will describe early transgenic mouse models of cancer based on tissue-specific expression of oncogenes and discuss their impact on the development of this still rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey W Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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Transgenic expression of polyomavirus middle T antigen in the mouse prostate gives rise to carcinoma. J Virol 2011; 85:5581-92. [PMID: 21411524 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02609-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The middle T (MT) antigen of polyomavirus has provided fundamental insights into the regulation of mammalian cell growth in vitro and important animal models for the analysis of tumor induction. The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-MT model of breast cancer has been important for probing the cellular signaling pathways in mammary tumorigenesis. MT itself has no intrinsic enzymatic activity but, rather, transforms by binding to and activating key intracellular signaling molecules, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) being the best studied of these. Thus, MT mimics a constitutively activated receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Our recent work suggests that MT signaling, like that of RTKs, is often quite dependent on cellular context in vitro. Here, we examine contextual effects on signaling in animal models as well. In this study, we generated transgenic mice in which MT is expressed in the mouse prostate under the control of an (ARR)2-Probasin promoter. All male transgenic mice displayed mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) in the ventral and dorsal/lateral prostate as early as 8 weeks of age. Notably, during the course of tumor development over time, invasive cancer, reactive stroma, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were seen. Transcriptional profiling analyses show regulation of multiple pathways, with marked upregulation of both the NF-κB and inflammatory pathways. Comparison of expression profiles of our MT prostate model with those from an MMTV-MT breast model (23) shows both tissue-specific and tissue-independent MT effects. The signature of genes regulated by MT in a tissue-independent manner may have prognostic value.
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Fluck MM, Schaffhausen BS. Lessons in signaling and tumorigenesis from polyomavirus middle T antigen. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 73:542-63, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19721090 PMCID: PMC2738132 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00009-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The small DNA tumor viruses have provided a very long-lived source of insights into many aspects of the life cycle of eukaryotic cells. In recent years, the emphasis has been on cancer-related signaling. Here we review murine polyomavirus middle T antigen, its mechanisms, and its downstream pathways of transformation. We concentrate on the MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse, one of the most studied models of breast cancer, which permits the examination of in situ tumor progression from hyperplasia to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Fluck
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Xu Q, Chen W, Wang Z, Zheng J, Zhang Z. Mice transgenic with SV40-late-promoter-driven Polyomavirus Middle T oncogene exclusively develop hemangiomas. Transgenic Res 2008; 18:399-406. [PMID: 19067215 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop a model system of infantile hemangioma, transgenic mice were developed carrying the Polyomavirus Middle T (PyMT) gene driven by the SV40 late promoter. From the 520 fertilized eggs surviving microinjection, there were 25 live births. Three of these showed the hemangioma phenotype and carried and expressed the PyMT gene; the remaining descendants were normal. The tumors showed abnormal vascular proliferation with cavernous hemangioma-like structures in the skin surface, tongue, ear mucosa and gastric mucosal tissue in the transgenic mice with hemangioma phenotype. Immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 was negative, showing the tumors were hemangiomas rather than angiosarcomas. None of the PyMT transgenic mice survived beyond 4 weeks. Previously reported PyMT transgenic mice under the control of various promoters induce many tumor types including hemangiomas. PyMT driven by the SV40 late promoter is an improved model system because it only induces hemangiomas. However, it is limited by the post-natal lethality. Thus, conditional variants of this model system would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Schaffhausen BS, Roberts TM. Lessons from polyoma middle T antigen on signaling and transformation: A DNA tumor virus contribution to the war on cancer. Virology 2008; 384:304-16. [PMID: 19022468 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Middle T antigen (MT) is the principal oncogene of murine polyomavirus. Its study has led to the discovery of the roles of tyrosine kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in mammalian growth control and transformation. MT is necessary for viral transformation in tissue culture cells and tumorigenesis in animals. When expressed alone as a transgene, MT causes tumors in a wide variety of tissues. It has no known catalytic activity, but rather acts by assembling cellular signal transduction molecules. Protein phosphatase 2A, protein tyrosine kinases of the src family, PI3K, phospholipase Cgamma1 as well as the Shc/Grb2 adaptors are all assembled on MT. Their activation sets off a series of signaling cascades. Analyses of virus mutants as well as transgenic animals have demonstrated that the effects of a given signal depend not only tissue type, but on the genetic background of the host animal. There remain many opportunities as we seek a full molecular understanding of MT and apply some of its lessons to human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Schaffhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Utermark T, Schaffhausen BS, Roberts TM, Zhao JJ. The p110alpha isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is essential for polyomavirus middle T antigen-mediated transformation. J Virol 2007; 81:7069-76. [PMID: 17442716 PMCID: PMC1933267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00115-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle T antigen (MT) of polyomavirus is known to play an important role in virus-mediated cellular transformation. While MT has been extensively examined in spontaneously immortalized rodent fibroblasts, its interactions with cells of other types and species are less well understood. We have undertaken a cross-species and cross-cell-type comparison of MT-induced transformation in cells with genetically defined backgrounds. We tested the transforming abilities of a panel of MT mutants, Y250F, Y315F, and Y322F, that are selectively mutated in the binding sites for the principal effectors of MT--Src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and phospholipase C-gamma, respectively--in fibroblasts and epithelial cells of murine or human origin. We found that the Y315F mutation disabled the ability of MT to induce transformation in all cell types and species tested. While Y315F also failed to activate the PI3K pathway in these cells, genetic evidence has indicated Y315 may make other contributions to transformation. To confirm the role of PI3K, the PIK3CA gene, encoding p110alpha, the prime effector of PI3K signaling downstream from activated growth factor receptors, was genetically ablated. This abolished the transforming activity of MT, demonstrating the essential role for this PI3K isoform in MT-mediated transformation. The Y250F mutant was able to transform the human, but not the murine, cells that were examined. Interestingly, this mutant fully activates the PI3K pathway in human cells but activated PI3K signaling poorly in the murine cells used in the study. This again points to the importance of PI3K activation for transformation and suggests that the mechanism by which MT activates the PI3K pathway differs in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Utermark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Oshima RG. Intermediate filaments: a historical perspective. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:1981-94. [PMID: 17493611 PMCID: PMC1950476 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein filaments intermediate in size between actin microfilaments and microtubules are composed of a surprising variety of tissue specific proteins commonly interconnected with other filamentous systems for mechanical stability and decorated by a variety of proteins that provide specialized functions. The sequence conservation of the coiled-coil, alpha-helical structure responsible for polymerization into individual 10 nm filaments defines the classification of intermediate filament proteins into a large gene family. Individual filaments further assemble into bundles and branched cytoskeletons visible in the light microscope. However, it is the diversity of the variable terminal domains that likely contributes most to different functions. The search for the functions of intermediate filament proteins has led to discoveries of roles in diseases of the skin, heart, muscle, liver, brain, adipose tissues and even premature aging. The diversity of uses of intermediate filaments as structural elements and scaffolds for organizing the distribution of decorating molecules contrasts with other cytoskeletal elements. This review is an attempt to provide some recollection of how such a diverse field emerged and changed over about 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Oshima
- Oncodevelopmental Biology Program, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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