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Fritz P, Fritz R, Mayer L, Németh B, Ressinka J, Ács P, Oláh C. Hungarian male water polo players' body composition can predict specific playing positions and highlight different nutritional needs for optimal sports performance. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:165. [PMID: 36064634 PMCID: PMC9447334 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Water polo is unique among aquatic—and generally other—sports as it includes cyclic elements typical in swimming and acyclic elements occurring mainly in ball games. Moreover, water polo demands high level of technical and tactical skills. Players need an optimal nutritional and physical condition to achieve high athletic performance, which is to a great extend influenced by nutritional habits. We aim to highlight possible shortfalls in players’ nutritional intake in relation to positions played within the team. Methods In the present study, we determined the anthropometric and body composition characteristics, dietary habits and laboratory parameters of elite adult male water polo players (n = 19) before the start of the championship and at the end of the regular season, which meant a 4-month intervention period. Analyses of body composition characteristics and nutritional habits were performed using bioimpedance analyzer InBody 770 and a 3-day nutrition diary, respectively. Paired-sample t-test were used to determine the differences between the variables measured before and after the championship. Correlations between the anthropometric and body composition characteristics and different serum parameters were analyzed using linear correlation calculation. K-mean cluster analysis was performed using the anthropometric and body composition characteristics of the athletes. Results Based on anthropometric and body composition characteristics, players can be divided into two significantly different clusters that shows an association with specific playing positions. Cluster I included goalkeepers and wing players, while defenders, centers, and shooters belonged to Cluster II. We observed significant differences in the physical composition and slight but not significant differences in nutritional habits of the clusters. Cluster I players were 5 cm shorter on average, while their mean body weight, skeletal muscle mass and body fat mass data were lower by 19 kg, 7 kg, and 7 kg, respectively. We studied the correlation between initial anthropometric and body composition parameters and the changes in laboratory parameters before and after the regular season. As a result, we detected numerous significant differences between the two clusters, such as the changes in glucose and magnesium levels, which showed a strong correlation with several body composition parameters in cluster II, but did not in cluster I. Conclusions Cluster differences between anthropometric and body compositional characteristics, and the changes in laboratory parameters can help to develop position-specific training and nutritional recommendations in the future. Therefore, the results may be applicable in sport sciences for elite athletes and sports coaches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-022-00560-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Fritz
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Building Stefánia, Miskolc, 3515, Hungary.
| | - Réka Fritz
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Pongrác Ács
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Csilla Oláh
- Superfoods Ltd, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Biomechanical Assessment of Throwing Gesture and Performance in Female Water-Polo Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Water-polo is an aquatic sport based on the high level of coordination of several body movements, frequent changes in positions, speeds, and directions. Considering technical and tactical aspects, the power, the force, and the shot accuracy have been identified as important skills and specific training programs can be scheduled with the attempt to improve them. Moreover, the biomechanical investigation of kinematic parameters during the shot can contribute to the evaluation of player’s throwing performance and to the description of gesture. The principal aim of the current study is the comparative analysis of throwing kinematics in three different types of shots. Eleven female players were evaluated before and after 45 days of a specific water-polo training. In the experimental tests, three types of shots were performed, shoulder and elbow angles and throwing velocity were analyzed. In addition, power and precision parameters were estimated to describe players’ throwing performance. During the passing-feint shot, a significant lower maximum velocity (before: 14.7 m/s; after: 13.9 m/s; p-value = 0.005) and a higher shoulder angle (before: 56.7°; after: 63.9°; p-value = 0.003) were observed. During the passing-spontaneous shot, players’ precision showed a tendency to increase after the training (score before: 9.0; score after: 11.0 score; p-value = 0.05). This study proved the feasibility of an objective biomechanical assessment of the throwing kinematics and throwing performance of water-polo players, in ecological conditions.
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Martins PC, Moraes MS, Silva DAS. How is the phase angle associated with total and regional bone mineral density in university athletes? . Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34225269 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To investigate how phase angle (PhA) is associated with total and regional bone mineral density (BMD) (femur and lumbar spine) in university athletes.Approach.This cross-sectional study was conducted in Florianópolis, Brazil, with 167 university athletes from different sports (92 males). The PhA was obtained through electrical bioimpedance and BMD was obtained through dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data on the covariables age, time involved in the sport, type of sport (low, medium and high impact), daily use of oral contraceptives, and vitamin D calcium and/or protein supplementation were obtained through anamnesis, while fat mass and fat- and bone-free mass were obtained through DXA. Simple linear regression and a 5% significance level were used.Main results. In female athletes, PhA was directly associated with total BMD (β: 2.20; 95% CI: 0.43; 3.96) and BMD in the femur (β0.85; 95% CI: -0.23; 1.94) and lumbar spine (β: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.44; 2.46), even after adjusting for the covariates. In male athletes, although PhA was directly associated with regional BMD (femur [β: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.04; 1.22] and lumbar spine [β: 0.64; 95% CI: -0.01; 1.31]) in simple linear regression, this association disappeared when the covariates were added.Significance. PhA was directly associated with total BMD and lumbar spine in female, but not male, athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Custódio Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano. Centro de Desportos. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Mikael Seabra Moraes
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano. Centro de Desportos. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano. Centro de Desportos. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Segmental Phase Angle and Body Composition Fluctuation of Elite Ski Jumpers between Summer and Winter FIS Competitions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094741. [PMID: 33946810 PMCID: PMC8124535 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to observe segmental phase angle (PhA) and body composition fluctuation of elite ski jumpers. (2) Methods: In the study, 12 professional ski jumpers took part. Body composition was estimated with segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Repeated ANOVA was used to check the parameters' variability in time. The symmetry between the right and left side of the body was verified with the t-test for dependent samples. Pearson's linear correlation coefficient was calculated. (3) Results: The most stable parameter was body weight. An increase in the visceral fat area was noted, the fat-free mass dropped, and significant changes were noted in the internal and external cell water parameters. Parameters connected with water between the right and left side of the body were symmetrical. Significant correlation between PhA values and body parameters with regard to fat tissue and PhA values of the legs was noticed when PhA was measured at 50 kHz. (4) Conclusions: PhA could be considered as a ski jumper body symmetry monitoring tool. The described relationship may be useful for the assessment of body fat change, which, in the case of jumpers, is crucial. Moreover, our data suggest that segmental PhA evaluation could be a good solution for ski jumpers as a confirmation if lowered body mass and low BMI are still healthy and increase the chance for longer jumps and good performance.
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Martins PC, Teixeira AS, Guglielmo LGANTONACCI, Francisco JS, Silva DAS, Nakamura FY, de Lima LRA. Phase Angle Is Related to 10 m and 30 m Sprint Time and Repeated-Sprint Ability in Young Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4405. [PMID: 33919220 PMCID: PMC8122489 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between phase angle (PhA) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) and components of physical performance in male youth soccer players. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Sixty-two players from two professional soccer academies were recruited. Electrical bioimpedance was used to obtain the PhA and BIVA. Body fat (BF) and lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All players completed physical tests including the standing long jump (SLJ), Carminatti's test (peak speed at the end of the test, PST-CAR), 10 m and 30 m straight-line sprints, and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test (RSAbest and RSAmean times). RESULTS Adjusting for chronological age, BF, and LSTM, multiple regression analysis outputs showed that PhA remained inversely related to RSAmean (β = -0.362; p < 0.001), RSAbest (β = -0.239; p = 0.020), 10 m (β = -0.379; p = 0.012), and 30 m (β = -0.438; p < 0.001) sprint times, while the association with PST-CAR and SLJ performance were statistically non-significant. In addition, BIVA showed that differences in confidence ellipses were found between athletes in the reference population and the study sample (p < 0.05). The tolerance ellipses indicated that the athletes in the present study had more total body water (TCW) and lower proportions of intracellular water (ICW) to extracellular water (ECW). The reference population had more TCW and ICW/ECW. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that young soccer players with higher PhA values, indicating better cell integrity and functionality, have better performance in typical anaerobic running activities, such as sprinting speed and RSA performance, adjusted to age and body composition characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Custódio Martins
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (J.S.F.); (D.A.S.S.)
| | - Anderson Santiago Teixeira
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (A.S.T.); (L.G.A.G.)
- Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme ANTONACCI Guglielmo
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (A.S.T.); (L.G.A.G.)
| | - Juliana Sabino Francisco
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (J.S.F.); (D.A.S.S.)
| | - Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (J.S.F.); (D.A.S.S.)
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil;
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Martins PC, DA Silva P, Silva DA. Cell integrity indicators in university athletes: comparison among playing positions in indoor football. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1675-1681. [PMID: 33480517 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare cell integrity indicators according to the playing position in university indoor football athletes. METHODS The sample consisted of 34 university athletes (20 female and 14 male). Dependent variables were cell integrity indicators: total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), ECW/ICW ratio, body cell mass (BCM), ECW/BCM ratio, phase angle (PhA), resistance (R), Xc (reactance) and impedance (Z), evaluated by the electrical bioimpedance method. Independent variable was the playing position: goalkeeper (a), defender (a), winger (left and right) and pivot collected through questionnaire. Control variables were age, time of sport practice, participation in competitions per year and training load obtained by applying the anamnesis form, and body fat and fat and bone-free mass were obtained through dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was used, with post-roc Tukey's test, to identify difference between groups, with p <0.05. RESULTS In the adjusted analysis, female athletes in the defense position had BCM values (31.1 ±2.1) higher than those in the wing position (25.8 ±1.1) (p <0.01). In males, pivots showed higher ICW values (31.47 ±0.77) when compared to defenders (25.7 ±0.8) (p = 0.02). In addition, goalkeepers had higher TBW values (52.7 ±2.5) compared to wingers (42.3 ±1.2) (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Cell integrity indicators may vary according to the playing position in indoor football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila C Martins
- Centro de Desportos, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brasil -
| | - Paula DA Silva
- Centro de Desportos, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Diego A Silva
- Centro de Desportos, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Martins PC, Gobbo LA, Silva DAS. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in university athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:7. [PMID: 33422070 PMCID: PMC7796392 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) is able to identify differences in hydration status and body composition components, such as body cell mass (BCM) by means of plotting individuals in ellipses, when comparing groups with different characteristics. OBJECTIVE Compare the confidence and tolerance ellipses of BIVA in individual and team sports athletes with a non-athlete reference population. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-seven college athletes (team sports: 117 athletes, individual sports: 50 athletes) aged between 18 and 35 years. Bioelectrical impedance was used to measure resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) values that were used in the BIVA analysis to identify hydration status and BCM, respectively. Hotelling's t-test was used to identify differences between groups in the confidence ellipses and the comparison was made with a non-athlete Italian reference population. RESULTS There were no differences between male team sports and individual athletes (p = 0.151) and for female athletes (p = 0.624). Most athletes were located in the 50% tolerance ellipses, indicating adequate hydration. Compared to the Italian a non-athlete population, athletes of both sexes presented left impedance vector deviation in the minor axis (Xc) of the tolerance ellipses, indicating higher BCM. CONCLUSION There were no differences in BIVA between team and individual sports athletes, but most athletes presented an adequate hydration state and, compared to a non-athlete population, the athletes of the present study presented higher BCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Custódio Martins
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos, Campus Universitário - Trindade - Caixa Postal 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos, Campus Universitário - Trindade - Caixa Postal 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
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Campa F, Matias CN, Teixeira FJ, Reis JF, Valamatos MJ, Toselli S, Monteiro CP. Leucine metabolites do not induce changes in phase angle, bioimpedance vector analysis patterns, and strength in resistance trained men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:669-675. [PMID: 33337947 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the effects of off-the-shelf leucine metabolite supplements on phase angle (PhA), bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns and strength during an 8-week resistance training protocol. Fifty-three male participants were allocated into 4 groups: α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (n = 12, age = 30.9 ± 9.3 years), β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (n = 12, age = 31.0 ± 9.3 years), calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (n = 15, age = 32.1 ± 5.2 years) or placebo (n = 14, age = 28.9 ± 6.6 years). Bioimpedance parameters and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) for back squat and bench press were assessed at baseline and at the end of weeks 4 and 8. Additionally, fat-free mass and fat mass were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. No statistically group by time interactions were found, even adjusting for age. PhA and vector did not change over the training period, while time-dependent increases were observed for 1RM back squat and 1RM bench press. A direct association was observed between PhA and 1RM bench press changes (whole sample), while PhA and strength were correlated throughout the study, even when adjusting for fat-free mass and percentage of fat mass. Leucine metabolites have no effect on PhA, BIVA patterns or strength during an 8-week resistance training program, in resistance trained subjects. The trial was registered at ClincicalTrials.gov: NCT03511092. Novelty: Supplementation with leucine metabolites is not a supplementation strategy that improves bioelectrical phase angle, cellular health, and strength after an 8-week resistance training program. When consuming a high protein diet, none of the α-hydroxyisocaproic acid, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid, and calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate metabolites resulted in an ergogenic effect in resistance trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - C N Matias
- CIDEFES - Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.,Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Ingrediente Métrico S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F J Teixeira
- Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Ingrediente Métrico S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal.,CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J F Reis
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - M J Valamatos
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - S Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C P Monteiro
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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Di Vincenzo O, Marra M, Scalfi L. Bioelectrical impedance phase angle in sport: a systematic review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:49. [PMID: 31694665 PMCID: PMC6833254 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase angle (PhA) is a raw BIA variable that has been gaining attention in recent years because it is supposed to be an index of the ratio between extracellular and intracellular water, body cell mass, and cellular integrity. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the variability of PhA between different sports and its relationships with sport performance. Additionally, we investigated whether PhA depends on gender or age, and analyzed the differences between athletes and controls. METHODS A systematic research using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science up to June 2019 was performed. Selection criteria included studies on subjects who practice sports in planned and continuous modality at competitive or elite level. RESULTS Thirty-five papers met the inclusion criteria (twenty-one cross-sectional data, fourteen longitudinal data). A few but convincing studies have shown that mean PhA is higher in athletes vs. controls. PhA increases with age and is likely to be higher in male than female athletes. A large variability in PhA is observed for the same sport, while it is still uncertain to what extent PhA differs between various sports. There are no clear relationships of PhA with sport performance or training/untraining. CONCLUSION It is still to be defined to what extent PhA varies between different sports and changes with training/untraining. It can be argued that for a given sport much more data should be collected in a systematic way and for a period of time appropriate in order to determine changes and trends. This is even more crucial in the case of intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Di Vincenzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Hospital, Via S. Pansini 5, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Marra
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Hospital, Via S. Pansini 5, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Scalfi
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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