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Ebrahimof S, Angoorani P, Shab-Bidar S, Abedidni S, Jahangir F, Hedayati M. The interactive effect of vitamin D3 supplementation and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on weight and body composition in overweight women with hypovitaminosis D: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:1055-1064. [PMID: 35985037 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different responses to vitamin D supplementation may be due to genes involved in vitamin D metabolism, including the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. The present study aimed to determine the interactive effect of vitamin D supplementation and VDR polymorphisms, including FokI (rs2228570) and BsmI (1544410) on weight and body composition in overweight women with hypovitaminosis D. This study comprised two phases: a double-blind, randomized and a before-after clinical trial. In the first phase, 50 healthy overweight women aged 20-45 years with hypovitaminosis D were randomly categorized into intervention and control groups and were given 50 000 IU/w vitamin D3 or placebo for 12 weeks. In the second phase, 75 women received 50 000 IU/w of vitamin D3 for 12 weeks. All variables were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. Circulating 25(OH)D was measured using an ELISA kit. Anthropometric indices were calculated according to standard protocol (WHO-TRH-854). Body composition was determined using the body impedance analysis method. The VDR polymorphisms were detected using the PCR sequence. Supplementation resulted in a significant increase in the level of 25(OH)D in the intervention group but did not affect the anthropometric profile of the subjects. When considering FokI genotypes, carriers of the FF genotype had higher fat mass reduction than carriers of Ff + ff genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Ebrahimof
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1981619573 Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Angoorani
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1981619573 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, 1416643931 Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Abedidni
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1981619573 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Jahangir
- Department of Community Nutrition, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, 1416643931 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 193954763 Tehran, Iran
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Neeraja K, Nanda N, Sahoo J, Pal GK. Cardiovagal modulation and oxidative stress in hypothyroidism on maintenance therapy. Tunis Med 2022; 100:27-32. [PMID: 35822328 PMCID: PMC9006790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyze the autonomic control of heart rate variability (HRV) in subjects with peripheral hypothroidism undergoing hormone replacement therapy with L-thyroxine (L-T4) for 5-10 years. METHODS Thyroid profile, lipid profile, lipid-risk factors, parameters of oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA)], inflammation [high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP)] and Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed in thirty-eight hypothyroid patients on treatment for more than five years and compared with healthy euthyroid volunteers of similar age, gender, and body composition. The link of oxidative stress with HRV parameters was assessed by Spearman-Rho correlation and regression analyses. RESULTS Hypothyroid patients on L-T4 treatment, had higher TSH (p<0.01), lipid profile (p<0.05) and lipid risk factors (p<0.05), high-sensitive C-reactive-protein (hsCRP) (3.31 versus 4.95 mg/L; p<0.05) and MDA (2.66 versus 6.87 μm/L; p <0.001) in serum. There was gross reduction in HRV parameters [reduced standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), total power (TP) and elevated ratio of low to high frequency power (LF/HF ratio)] in patients. Elevated MDA was correlated with vagal withdrawal (decreased SDNN, RMSSD and TP) and TSH. In multiple regression analysis TSH and TP contributed to the rise in MDA. CONCLUSION Hormone replacement therapy with L-T4 for hypothyroidism alone does not resolve persistent hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and inflammation in primary hypothyroid patients even after five years of treatment. Association of oxidative stress with reduced cardiovagal modulation in these patients suggests persistence of cardiovascular risk despite standard treatment which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundeti Neeraja
- 1. Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Nivedita Nanda
- 1. Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sahoo
- 2. Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - G K Pal
- 3. Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and 11 Research, Puducherry, India
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Dutra DM, Zaniqueli D, Alvim RO, Baldo MP, Morra EA, Faria ER, Mill JG, Faria CP. A sex-related mediating effect of uric acid in the association between body composition and blood pressure in children and adolescents. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:1-7. [PMID: 34525318 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The increase in blood pressure (BP) during somatic growth might have direct determinants but also mediating factors. We investigated whether uric acid (UA) and other metabolic factors would mediate the association between body composition components and BP. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 928 children and adolescents (aged 6-18 years), in which body composition and blood biochemistry were evaluated. Structural equation modeling was performed to test the direct and indirect pathways between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and body composition parameters. Muscle mass (MM) showed a strong direct effect on BP, regardless of sex. In girls, a mediating pathway through UA was not significant, but the association between fat mass (FM) and MM with SBP was mediated by the cluster of metabolic factors. In boys, both MM and FM were associated with SBP through a mediating pathway via UA, but not via the cluster of metabolic factors. The association between body composition and BP in children and adolescents has a complex design and also has a sex-specific mediating component. The increase in the UA levels may affect BP levels early in boys. Also, metabolic changes elicited by FM contribute to the increase in BP at an early age in girls. Novelty: MM showed a strong direct effect on BP, regardless of sex. In girls, the association between FM and MM with SBP was mediated by the cluster of metabolic factors. In boys, both MM and FM were associated with SBP through a mediating pathway via UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyse M Dutra
- Post-graduation Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Divanei Zaniqueli
- Cardiovascular Investigation Clinic, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Rafael O Alvim
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcelo P Baldo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Montes Claros State University - UNIMONTES, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Centro Universitário, UniFIPMOC, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
| | - Elis A Morra
- Department of Physical Education, Faculdade Estácio de Sá de Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Eliane R Faria
- Post-graduation Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - José G Mill
- Cardiovascular Investigation Clinic, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Carolina P Faria
- Post-graduation Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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4
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D'Alleva M, Gonnelli F, Vaccari F, Boirie Y, Montaurier C, Thivel D, Isacco L, Vermorel M, Lazzer S. Energy cost of walking and body composition changes during a 9-month multidisciplinary weight reduction program and 4-month follow-up in adolescents with obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:1-9. [PMID: 34516928 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in the energy cost of locomotion during walking (Cw) related to changes in body mass (BM, kg) and body composition in adolescents with obesity. Twenty-six (12 boys and 14 girls) obese adolescents (mean: body mass index, 33.6 ± 3.7 kg·m-2; 42.7 ± 4.5% fat mass (FM)) followed a 9-month multidisciplinary inpatient weight-reduction program consisting of lifestyle education, moderate energy restriction, and regular physical activity in a specialised institution. At baseline (M0), the end of the 9-month program (M9), and after the 4-month follow-up (M13), oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of the standardised activity program were assessed by whole-body indirect calorimetry over 24 hours, and body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. At M9, adolescents showed an 18% reduction in BM (p < 0.001) and 40% in total FM, while fat-free mass (kg) remained stable in boys but decreased by ∼6% in girls (p = 0.001). Similarly, the mean Cw decreased by 20% (p < 0.001). At M13, BM, FM, and Cw were slightly higher compared with at M9. In conclusion, moderate energy restriction and regular moderate physical activities improved walking economy, improved exercise tolerance, and induced beneficial changes in the body composition of adolescents with obesity. Novelty: Reduction of FM in the trunk region, and consequently reducing the work carried out by respiratory muscles, contributes to reducing Cw in adolescents with obesity. A lower walking cost can be effective in improving exercise tolerance and quality of life in obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia D'Alleva
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federica Gonnelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Filippo Vaccari
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Yves Boirie
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont-Auvergne University, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Montaurier
- Clermont-Auvergne University, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Michel Vermorel
- Clermont-Auvergne University, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Marin-Couture E, Pérusse L, Tremblay A. The fit-active profile to better reflect the benefits of a lifelong vigorous physical activity participation: mini-review of literature and population data. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:763-770. [PMID: 33667123 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is favourably considered for its effect on metabolic fitness and body composition. This observation is generally supported by observational studies and is concordant with endurance-trained individuals' metabolic and morphological profiles. However, in some contexts, the measurement of physical activity habits may not provide an adequate representation of its benefits. In this paper, we review relevant literature on the respective effects of fitness and physical activity on anthropometric and metabolic variables and the informative potential of a classification based on aerobic fitness and activity indicators. The relevance to defining a profile based on both fitness and activity is reinforced by data from the Quebec Family Study showing that, in both men and women, "fit-active" individuals displayed a much more favourable morphological and metabolic profile than "unfit-inactive" individuals. Moreover, these benefits seemed to be more related to variations in fitness than in physical activity. In summary, evidence suggests that a profile combining information on aerobic fitness and physical activity may better reflect the lifelong impact of physical activity on body composition and health. Novelty: The fit-active profile better reflects the long-term benefits of vigorous physical activity participation on health. The reported benefits seem to be more related to variations in aerobic fitness than to those in physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marin-Couture
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF), Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Said MA, Abdelmoneim MA, Alibrahim MS, Kotb AAH. Aerobic training, resistance training, or their combination as a means to fight against excess weight and metabolic syndrome in obese students - which is the most effective modality? A randomized controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:952-963. [PMID: 33630712 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of either aerobic training (AT) or resistance training (RT) or both (A+RT) on obesity and its comorbidities in young adults. A total of 61 participants, aged 21.74 ± 1.42 years and with a body mass (BM) index (BMI) of 36.21 ± 2.43 kg/m2, were randomized for 12 weeks into control (CONT, n = 15), AT (n = 15), RT (n = 16), and A+RT (n = 15) groups. BM, body composition, and cardiovascular disease risk factors were assessed before and after intervention. BM did not change in the CONT and RT groups but decreased significantly by 7.5 kg in the AT (p ≤ 0.05) and 8.82 kg in the A+RT (p ≤ 0.05) groups, respectively. Significant reductions were also noted in waist circumference, BMI, and body fat percentage in the exercising groups. The most significant variations were in the A+RT group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were increased after A+RT by 2.39 mg/dL. Significant reductions were also noted in very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) concentrations (-2.84 mg/dL) in the A+RT group. AT alone is effective in improving BM and body composition, while RT alone improves the body composition and A+RT ensures better outcomes concerning BM, body composition, HDL-C, and VLDL-C. Novelty: Aerobic training alone is effective in improving BM and body composition. Resistance training alone improves the body composition. The combination of aerobic and resistance exercises ensures better outcomes for BM, body composition, HDL-C, and VLDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed Said
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.,Physical Education Department, College of Education, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abdelrahman Abdelmoneim
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.,Physical Education Department, College of Education, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Shaab Alibrahim
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.,Physical Education Department, College of Education, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdel Hamed Kotb
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.,Physical Education Department, College of Education, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Ducharme JB, Fennel ZJ, Pike B, Coleman A, Mermier CM, Lauver JD, Guilkey JP, Johnson KE. Comparison of resting metabolic rate prediction equations in college-aged adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:711-718. [PMID: 33471612 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prediction equations have been considered an accurate method for estimating resting metabolic rate (RMR) across multiple populations, but their accuracy for college-aged individuals not on an athletics team remains to be determined. Sixty-two college-aged (18-30 yrs) males (n = 31) and females (n = 31) had their RMR measured (RMRm), using indirect calorimetry, and body composition assessed via air-displacement plethysmography. The World Health Organization (WHO), Mifflin-St Jeor (Mifflin), Harris-Benedict (HB), Cunningham, and Nelson equations were used to estimate RMR. No difference was observed between the Cunningham and RMRm regardless of sex (p ≥ 0.05). All other prediction equations estimated a significantly lower RMR for males (p < 0.05). The Mifflin and Nelson equations predicted an RMR that was significantly lower than RMRm for females (p < 0.05). When compared with RMRm, no difference was detected for females using the WHO, HB, or Cunningham (p ≥ 0.05). Only the Nelson equation predicted an RMR that was outside of the clinically acceptable range (±10% of RMRm) regardless of sex. The Cunningham, WHO, and HB equations can accurately predict RMR for college-aged males and females. RMR prediction equations used in this study are less accurate for those with greater RMRs. Novelty: For adults 18-30 years old that are not on an athletics team, the Cunningham equation can accurately predict RMR. The Nelson equation should not be used to predict RMR for this population. There is a systematic bias for RMR prediction equations to underestimate higher measured RMR values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Ducharme
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zachary J Fennel
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ben Pike
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Alexis Coleman
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Christine M Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jakob D Lauver
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Justin P Guilkey
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Kelly E Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
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Campa F, Matias CN, Teixeira FJ, Reis JF, Valamatos MJ, Toselli S, Monteiro CP. Leucine metabolites do not induce changes in phase angle, bioimpedance vector analysis patterns, and strength in resistance trained men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:669-675. [PMID: 33337947 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the effects of off-the-shelf leucine metabolite supplements on phase angle (PhA), bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns and strength during an 8-week resistance training protocol. Fifty-three male participants were allocated into 4 groups: α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (n = 12, age = 30.9 ± 9.3 years), β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (n = 12, age = 31.0 ± 9.3 years), calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (n = 15, age = 32.1 ± 5.2 years) or placebo (n = 14, age = 28.9 ± 6.6 years). Bioimpedance parameters and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) for back squat and bench press were assessed at baseline and at the end of weeks 4 and 8. Additionally, fat-free mass and fat mass were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. No statistically group by time interactions were found, even adjusting for age. PhA and vector did not change over the training period, while time-dependent increases were observed for 1RM back squat and 1RM bench press. A direct association was observed between PhA and 1RM bench press changes (whole sample), while PhA and strength were correlated throughout the study, even when adjusting for fat-free mass and percentage of fat mass. Leucine metabolites have no effect on PhA, BIVA patterns or strength during an 8-week resistance training program, in resistance trained subjects. The trial was registered at ClincicalTrials.gov: NCT03511092. Novelty: Supplementation with leucine metabolites is not a supplementation strategy that improves bioelectrical phase angle, cellular health, and strength after an 8-week resistance training program. When consuming a high protein diet, none of the α-hydroxyisocaproic acid, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid, and calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate metabolites resulted in an ergogenic effect in resistance trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - C N Matias
- CIDEFES - Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.,Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Ingrediente Métrico S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F J Teixeira
- Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Ingrediente Métrico S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal.,CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J F Reis
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - M J Valamatos
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - S Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C P Monteiro
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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Cabre HE, Blue MNM, Hirsch KR, Brewer GJ, Gould LM, Nelson AG, Smith-Ryan AE. Validity of a 3-dimensional body scanner: comparison against a 4-compartment model and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:644-650. [PMID: 33320733 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) body scanner technology for body composition assessment is expanding. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of a 3D body scanner. One hundred and ninety-four participants (43% male; age: 23.52 ± 5.47 years; body mass index: 23.98 ± 3.24 kg·m-2) were measured using 3D scanner and a 4-compartment (4C) model utilizing dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography, and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. Dependent t tests, validity statistics including total error (TE), standard error of the estimate, constant error, and Bland-Altman analyses were utilized. Compared with 4C, 3D scanner fat mass (FM) [mean difference (MD; 3D-4C): 2.66 kg ± 3.32 kg] and percent body fat (%BF) (MD: 4.13% ± 5.36%) were significantly (p < 0.001) over-predicted; fat free mass (FFM) was significantly underpredicted (MD: -3.15 kg ± 4.75 kg; p < 0.001). 3D demonstrated poor validity indicated by TE (%BF: 5.61%; FM: 4.50 kg; FFM: 5.69 kg). In contrast, there were no significant differences between 3D and DXA measures; 3D scanner demonstrated acceptable measurement for %BF (TE: 4.25%), FM (TE: 2.92 kg), and lean mass (TE: 3.86 kg). Compared with the 4C criterion, high TE values indicated 3D estimates were not valid. In contrast, 3D estimates produced acceptable measurement agreement when compared with DXA; an average overestimation of %BF by 5.31% (vs. 4C) and 4.20% (vs. DXA) may be expected. Novelty: 3D body composition estimates are not valid compared with the 4-C criterion model. 3D estimates appeared to be more valid in females, compared with males. When compared with DXA, 3D estimates were acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alyson G Nelson
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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10
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Li Z, Cui M, Yu K, Zhang XW, Li CW, Nie XD, Wang F. Effects of nutrition supplementation and physical exercise on muscle mass, muscle strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:494-500. [PMID: 33216623 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the impact of nutrition supplementation (whey protein, fish oil, vitamin D) and physical exercise (resistance and aerobic exercise) on muscle mass, muscle strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly. Participants (N = 241) with sarcopenia (aged ≥ 60 y) enrolled from 2 centers were randomized into groups undergoing nutrition supplementation (Nutr), physical exercise (Ex), nutrition combined with exercise (Nutr+Ex), or routine consultation for 12 weeks. Muscle-related indicators, grip strength as well as fat-related indicators were compared pre- and post-intervention. The per-protocol analysis showed that all indicators were significantly different between groups (P < 0.001). Further pairwise comparisons showed that compared with controls, appendicular muscle mass and grip strength were significantly higher in Nutr (P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.578, 1.475; P < 0.001, 95% CI: 3.614∼9.118), Ex (P = 0.010, 95% CI: 0.157, 1.153; P < 0.001, 95% CI: 2.904, 8.732), and Nutr+Ex (P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.564, 1.471; P < 0.001, 95% CI: 3.441, 8.907) groups, while fat mass was significantly lower in the Nutr (P < 0.001, 95% CI: -4.676, -2.358) and Nutr+Ex (P < 0.001, 95% CI: -4.717,-1.790) groups. When compared with Ex, fat mass decreased significantly in the Nutr (P = 0.001, 95% CI: -4.856,-1.359) and Nutr+Ex (P = 0.005, 95% CI: -4.810, -0.878) groups. The findings indicate that nutrition supplementation and physical exercise could improve muscle mass, strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly. Nutrition supplementation might be better at decreasing fat mass in this population. ClinicalTrials.gov registration no.: NCT02873676. Novelty: Nutrition supplementation improved muscle mass, strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly. Aerobic and resistance exercise improved muscle mass and strength in sarcopenic elderly. Combined nutrition supplementation and physical exercise improved muscle mass, strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Kang Yu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Chun-Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Nie
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100730, China
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11
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Nickerson BS, Snarr RL, Ryan GA. Bias varies for bioimpedance analysis and skinfold technique when stratifying collegiate male athletes' fat-free mass hydration levels. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:336-339. [PMID: 31730376 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the accuracy of bioimpedance analysis (BIA)- and skinfold (SF)-based body fat percentage estimates in collegiate athletes with varying fat-free mass (FFM) hydration levels. Subjects were evaluated as a whole (n = 63) and at FFM hydration levels of 64.00%-68.99% (FFM-HydrationL1; n = 37) and 69.00%-74.00% (FFM-HydrationL2; n = 26). Proportional bias was absent in the SF technique when stratifying FFM hydration levels. Contrarily, proportional bias was observed when using BIA for FFM-HydrationL1, but not in FFM-HydrationL2. Novelty Fat-free mass hydration levels impact BIA-based body fat estimates more than skinfold-based body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett S Nickerson
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA
| | - Ronald L Snarr
- Department of Health Sciences & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Greg A Ryan
- Department of Health Sciences & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
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12
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Clamp LD, Mendham AE, Kroff J, Goedecke JH. Higher baseline fat oxidation promotes gynoid fat mobilization in response to a 12-week exercise intervention in sedentary, obese black South African women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:327-335. [PMID: 31449758 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This 12-week exercise intervention study assessed changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), energy expenditure (EE), and substrate utilisation at rest and during exercise in obese, black South African (SA) women and explored associations with changes in body composition. Black SA women (body mass index: 30-40 kg·m-2, age: 20-35 years) were randomised into control (CTL; n = 15, maintaining usual activity) or exercise (EXE; n = 20; 12 weeks, 4 days·week-1, 40-60 min·day-1 at >70% peak heart rate) groups. Pre- and post-intervention testing included peak oxygen consumption, resting and steady state (50% peak oxygen consumption) EE, respiratory exchange, and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Dietary intake (4-day) and daily step-count (ActivPAL, activPAL3c; PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK) was collected at pre-testing and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. EXE increased peak oxygen consumption (24.9 ± 2.4 to 27.6 ± 3.4 mL·min-1·kg-1; p < 0.001) and steady state fat oxidation rates (7.5 ± 2.5 to 9.0 ± 2.7 mg·min-1·kg-1 fat-free soft tissue mass; p = 0.003) (same relative exercise intensity). CTL remained unchanged (p > 0.05). EXE reduced proportional gynoid fat mass (percentage total fat mass, p = 0.002). Baseline resting carbohydrate oxidation rates (p = 0.036) and steady state fat oxidation rates (p = 0.021) explained 60.6% of the variability in Δgynoid fat mass (p < 0.001) in EXE. This 12-week exercise intervention improved CRF and steady state fat oxidation rates. Greater reliance on fat oxidation at baseline promoted proportional reductions in gynoid, not visceral, fat mass in response to exercise training. Novelty Combined exercise training in obese black South African women increased cardiorespiratory fitness and rates of fat oxidation during steady state exercise. Exercise training reduced proportional gynoid, not visceral, fat, potentially representing an ethnic/sex-specific response. Baseline substrate utilisation (resting and steady state exercise (50% peak oxygen uptake)) predicted changes in gynoid fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise D Clamp
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa
| | - Amy E Mendham
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jacolene Kroff
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Western Cape, South Africa
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13
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Farahnak Z, Yuan Y, Vanstone CA, Weiler HA. Maternal and neonatal red blood cell n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inversely associate with infant whole-body fat mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:318-326. [PMID: 31437414 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research regarding polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status and body composition in neonates is limited. This study tested the relationship between newborn docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status and body composition. Healthy mothers and their term-born infants (n = 100) were studied within 1 month postpartum for anthropometry and whole-body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maternal and infant red blood cell (RBC) membrane PUFA profiles were measured using gas chromatography (expressed as percentage of total fatty acids). Data were grouped according to infant RBC DHA quartiles and tested for differences in n-3 status and infant body composition using mixed-model ANOVA, Spearman correlations, and regression analyses (P < 0.05). Mothers were 32.2 ± 4.6 years (mean ± SD) of age, infants (54% males) were 0.68 ± 0.23 month of age, and 80% exclusively breastfed. Infant RBC DHA (ranged 3.96% to 7.75% of total fatty acids) inversely associated with infant fat mass (r = -0.22, P = 0.03). Infant and maternal RBC n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (r2 = 0.28, P = 0.043; r2 = 0.28, P = 0.041 respectively) were positively associated with fat mass. These results demonstrate that both maternal and infant long-chain PUFA status are associated with neonatal body composition. Novelty Our findings support an early window to further explore the relationship between infant n-3 PUFA status and body composition. Maternal and infant n-3 PUFA status is inversely related to neonatal whole-body fat mass. DHA appears to be the best candidate to test in the development of a lean body phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farahnak
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Catherine A Vanstone
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Hope A Weiler
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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14
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Walsh JJ, Bonafiglia JT, Goldfield GS, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Doucette S, Hadjiyannakis S, Alberga AS, Prud'homme D, Gurd BJ. Interindividual variability and individual responses to exercise training in adolescents with obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:45-54. [PMID: 31121100 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of exercise training on interindividual variability and response rates in body composition and cardiometabolic outcomes in adolescents with obesity. Postpubertal males and females (n = 143) were randomly assigned to 6 months of a diet-only control or aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training. Body composition indices were percentages of body fat mass and lean body mass and waist circumference. Biomarkers of cardiometabolic health were systolic blood pressure and plasma fasting glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Interindividual variability was examined by comparing the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) to a smallest robust change (SRC). The typical error of measurement was used to classify responses. SDIR exceeded the SRC for percent body fat mass in all exercise groups (SRC = 1.04%; aerobic SDIR = 1.50%; resistance SDIR = 1.22%; combined SDIR = 2.29%), percent lean body mass (SRC = 1.38%; SDIR = 3.2%,), systolic blood pressure (SRC = 2.06 mm Hg; SDIR = 4.92 mm Hg) in the resistance group, and waist circumference (SRC = 2.33 cm; SDIR = 4.09 cm), and fasting glucose (SRC = 0.08 mmol/L; SDIR = 0.28 mmol/L) in the combined group. However, half of the reported variables (11/21) did not have a positive SDIR. Importantly, adverse response rates were significantly lower in all 3 exercise groups compared with control for body composition. Although exercise had a small influence on interindividual variability for indices of body composition, the rate of adverse responses did not increase for any outcome. Novelty Interindividual variability and individual responses to exercise training have not been investigated in adolescents with obesity. Six months of exercise training does not increase interindividual variability in adolescents with obesity. Exercise created a positive, uniform shift in responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Walsh
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Steve Doucette
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stasia Hadjiyannakis
- Centre for Healthy Active Living, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Angela S Alberga
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Denis Prud'homme
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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15
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Matthews EL, Hosick PA. Bioelectrical impedance analysis does not detect an increase in total body water following isotonic fluid consumption. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1116-1120. [PMID: 30998857 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if single-frequency foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) can detect acute changes in total body water (TBW) following consumption of isotonic saline. All participants ate a sodium-free meal at 4 h prior to the data collection visit and had euhydration confirmed using urine specific gravity at the beginning of the experimental visit. Subjects drank 466 mL of isotonic saline (Na+ 140 mmol·L-1) following baseline measures. Blood sampling and BIA were performed at baseline and every 30 min for 3 h after saline consumption. Ten healthy participants completed this study. Plasma volume (5%Δ, p < 0.001) and serum sodium concentration (1%Δ, p < 0.001) increased by 60 min and 90 min, respectively. Body mass (p < 0.001) displayed a biphasic response increasing to a peak at 30 min (+0.38Δkg) and then decreasing to its minimum at 180 min (-0.35Δkg). BIA impedance (p = 0.678) was unaffected by the saline administration. BIA-derived TBW (p = 0.039) decreased from baseline starting at 150 min (0.21Δkg). Novelty Athletes and coaches wishing to achieve hyperhydration can do so through the consumption of isotonic fluid. 50 kHz foot-to-foot BIA-derived TBW is inadequate for measuring hyperhydration. Future studies should examine the physiological and performance effects of such a hyperhydration protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Matthews
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA.,Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Peter A Hosick
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA.,Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
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16
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Alves Junior CAS, de Lima LRA, de Souza MC, Silva DAS. Anthropometric measures associated with fat mass estimation in children and adolescents with HIV. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:493-498. [PMID: 30286302 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To verify the association between anthropometric indicators and body fat percentage estimated by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) in children and adolescents diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This cross-sectional study was carried out with 62 children and adolescents with HIV (aged 8 to 15 years). Body fat percentage was estimated by DXA and ADP. Anthropometric indicators were skinfolds (abdominal, triceps, subscapular, calf), perimeter relaxed arm (PRA), waist circumference (WC), perimeter neck, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio, conicity index, and body adiposity index. Linear regressions were performed with 5% significance level. In boys (adjusted R2 (R2adj) = 0.38 to R2adj = 0.67) and girls (R2adj = 0.41 to R2adj = 0.57), all anthropometric indicators were associated with body fat percentage estimated by DXA. For boys, skinfolds were associated with body fat percentage estimated by ADP (R2adj = 0.18 to R2adj = 0.35). In girls, skinfolds (R2adj = 0.27 to R2adj = 0.44, BMI (R2adj = 0.31), PRA (R2adj = 0.36), and WC (R2adj = 0.26) were associated to body fat percentage by ADP. Abdominal skinfold was the indicator that most explained the variation in body fat percentage measured by DXA and ADP in both sexes. Anthropometric indicators are strongly associated with body fat, measured by reference methods, and can assist health professionals in monitoring the health of children and adolescents with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A S Alves Junior
- a Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Michele Caroline de Souza
- a Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- a Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
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17
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Zamaninour N, Mirzaei K, Maghbooli Z, Keshavarz SA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α variation: a closer look at obesity onset age and its related metabolic status and body composition. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1321-1325. [PMID: 29879371 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect of polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) gene on the age of obesity onset. Hence, 3 polymorphisms of the PGC-1α gene (PGC-1α rs17574213, rs8192678, and rs3755863) were examined in association with obesity onset age. Also, obesity onset age-related metabolic status and body composition were evaluated. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 321 obese participants. Anthropometric and biochemical information, body composition, and PGC-1α gene sequences were analyzed. The rs17574213 polymorphism was associated with obesity onset in children aged <1 years and 10-18 years. The rs8192678 polymorphism was associated with obesity onset in adulthood. Body mass index, body fat percent, and trunk fat were higher in groups whose obesity began at age <1 year or 10-18 years than in other groups. Serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol were lowest in the group with obesity onset between the ages of 10 and 18 years. Visceral fat and fasting blood glucose were highest in those whose obesity began in adulthood. In conclusion, 2 polymorphisms of the PGC-1α gene were associated with obesity onset age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Zamaninour
- a Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- b Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhila Maghbooli
- c Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Keshavarz
- d Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Triplett AN, Ebbing AC, Green MR, Connolly CP, Carrier DP, Pivarnik JM. Changes in collegiate ice hockey player anthropometrics and aerobic fitness over 3 decades. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:950-955. [PMID: 29629563 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, an increased emphasis on fitness training has emerged among collegiate ice hockey teams, with the objective of improving on-ice performance. However, it is unknown if this increase in training has translated over time into changes in the anthropometric and fitness profiles of collegiate ice hockey players. The purposes of this study were to describe anthropometric (height, weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (%fat)) and aerobic fitness (peak oxygen consumption) characteristics of collegiate ice hockey players over a period of 36 years and to evaluate whether these characteristics differ among player positions. Anthropometric and physiologic data were obtained through preseason fitness testing of players (N = 279) from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men's ice hockey team from the years 1980 through 2015. Changes over time in the anthropometric and physiologic variables were evaluated via regression analysis using linear and polynomial models, and differences among player positions were compared via ANOVA (p < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed that a cubic model best predicted changes in mean height (R2 = 0.65), weight (R2 = 0.77), and BMI (R2 = 0.57), whereas a quadratic model best fit change in %fat by year (R2 = 0.30). Little change was observed over time in the anthropometric characteristics. Defensemen were significantly taller than forwards (184.7 ± 12.1 vs. 181.3 ± 5.9 cm) (p = 0.007), and forwards had a higher relative peak oxygen consumption compared with defensemen (58.7 ± 4.7 vs. 57.2 ± 4.4 mL·kg-1·min-1) (p = 0.032). No significant differences were observed in %fat or weight by position. Although average player heights and weights fluctuated over time, increased emphasis on fitness training did not affect the athletes' relative aerobic fitness. Differences in height and aerobic fitness levels were observed among player positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Triplett
- a Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Amy C Ebbing
- a Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Matthew R Green
- a Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - David P Carrier
- b Department of Athletics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James M Pivarnik
- a Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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19
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Teschler M, Wassermann A, Weissenfels A, Fröhlich M, Kohl M, Bebenek M, von Stengel S, Kemmler W. Short time effect of a single session of intense whole-body electromyostimulation on energy expenditure. A contribution to fat reduction? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:528-530. [PMID: 29253351 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the underlying mechanisms after 1 session of (intense) whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR), 16 subjects followed a standardized protocol of indirect calorimetry for up to 72 h in 12-h intervals. The single session significantly increased RMR by approximately 25% ± 10% (p < 0.001) and TEE by approximately 9.5% ± 1%, a net effect of ∼460 ± 50 kcal (WB-EMS vs. control group).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Teschler
- a Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alfred Wassermann
- b Institute of Mathematics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anja Weissenfels
- a Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Fröhlich
- c Department of Sports Science, University of Kaiserslautern Erwin Schrödinger-Strasse, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- d Faculty for Medical and Life Science, University Furtwangen, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Michael Bebenek
- a Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- a Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kemmler
- a Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Tingelstad HC, Filion LG, Martin J, Spivock M, Tang V, Haman F. Levels of circulating cortisol and cytokines in members of the Canadian Armed Forces: associations with age, sex, and anthropometry. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:445-452. [PMID: 29200312 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed blood levels of cortisol and cytokines (inflammatory and non-inflammatory) in members of the regular Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), and examined the associations between sex, age, and adiposity and circulating levels of cortisol as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. As part of a larger ranging project, 331 blood samples were collected from a representative population of the total CAF, which included officers and noncommissioned women and men from the Air Force, Navy, and Army. The blood samples were analyzed for levels of cortisol, C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, and 20 cytokines (which included interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors). Higher levels of adiponectin were found in women compared with men (median and interquartile range; 16.71 (7.68-25.32) vs 5.81 (3.52-13.19) μg/mL), and higher levels of interleukin (IL)-18 in men compared with women (89.25 (84.03-94.48) vs 75.91 (69.70-82.13) pg/mL). An association between age and levels of stress and inflammatory cytokines was observed, with CRP, IL-18, IL-2 and adiponectin all increasing with increasing age. However, contrary to trends seen in the general population, cortisol levels decreased with increasing age. Levels of CRP and IL-18 increased with an increase in adiposity, while adiponectin levels decreased. Most importantly, at the entire cohort level, a low detection rate for most of the cytokines was observed with 17 out of 22 cytokines having a detection below 10%. IN CONCLUSION In this CAF population, although an association between age and inflammatory cytokines was observed, both sex and adiposity had a small impact on levels of cortisol and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Tingelstad
- a School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 1A2, Canada
| | - Lionel G Filion
- b Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Julie Martin
- a School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 1A2, Canada.,c Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Directorate of Fitness, Ottawa, ON K1J 1J8, Canada
| | - Michael Spivock
- a School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 1A2, Canada.,c Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Directorate of Fitness, Ottawa, ON K1J 1J8, Canada
| | - Vera Tang
- d University of Ottawa Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - François Haman
- a School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 1A2, Canada
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21
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Gray SR, Aird TP, Farquharson AJ, Horgan GW, Fisher E, Wilson J, Hopkins GE, Anderson B, Ahmad SA, Davis SR, Drew JE. Inter-individual responses to sprint interval training, a pilot study investigating interactions with the sirtuin system. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:84-93. [PMID: 28903011 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) is reported to improve blood glucose control and may be a useful public health tool. The sirtuins and associated genes are emerging as key players in blood glucose control. This study investigated the interplay between the sirtuin/NAD system and individual variation in insulin sensitivity responses after SIT in young healthy individuals. Before and after 4 weeks of SIT, body mass and fat percentage were measured and oral glucose tolerance tests performed in 20 young healthy participants (7 females). Blood gene expression profiles (all 7 mammalian sirtuin genes and 15 enzymes involved in conversion of tryptophan, bioavailable vitamin B3, and metabolic precursors to NAD). NAD/NADP was measured in whole blood. Significant reductions in body weight and body fat post-SIT were associated with altered lipid profiles, NAD/NADP, and regulation of components of the sirtuin/NAD system (NAMPT, NMNAT1, CD38, and ABCA1). Variable improvements in measured metabolic health parameters were evident and attributed to different responses in males and females, together with marked inter-individual variation in responses of the sirtuin/NAD system to SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R Gray
- a Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Tom P Aird
- b The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | | | - Graham W Horgan
- c Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Emily Fisher
- a Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - John Wilson
- a Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gareth E Hopkins
- d Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Bradley Anderson
- d Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Syed A Ahmad
- d Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Stuart R Davis
- d Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Janice E Drew
- b The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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22
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Diniz TA, Rossi FE, Fortaleza ACS, Neves LM, Christofaro DGD, Buonani C, Lira FS, Campos EZ, Prado WLD, Freitas IF. Changes in HDL-c concentrations after 16 weeks of combined training in postmenopausal women: characteristics of positive and negative responders. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:38-44. [PMID: 28841397 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the individual characteristics of body composition and metabolic profile that could explain interindividual variation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) concentrations in response to 16 weeks of combined strength plus aerobic (combined) training in postmenopausal women. The participants were divided into tertiles based on percentage of changes in HDL-c concentrations after combined training. Only women in the upper tertile (positive responders: Δ > 10.4%; n = 19) and lower tertile (negative responders: Δ < -1.4%; n = 19) were considered for analyses. The total body fat (BF), trunk fat (TF), android fat (AF), gynoid fat, and lean body mass were estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The metabolic profile - glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, HDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) - were assessed. After 16 weeks, both positive and negative responders presented similar improvement in body composition, such as a decrease in percentage and kilograms of BF, TF, and AF, and increase in lean body mass (p value for time < 0.05). As expected, there was an effect of time and also a significant interaction (time vs. group) (p value < 0.001) in the improvement of HDL-c, with higher values for positive responders. Regarding metabolic profile, there were significant interactions (time vs. group) for triacylglycerol (p value = 0.032) and VLDL (p value = 0.027) concentrations, with lower values for positive responders. Our results suggests there is heterogeneity in combined training-induced HDL-c changes in postmenopausal women, and the positive responders were those who presented more pronounced decreases in triacylglycerol and VLDL concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiego A Diniz
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabricio E Rossi
- b Center of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities (CELAPAM), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil.,c Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Souza Fortaleza
- b Center of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities (CELAPAM), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Melo Neves
- b Center of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities (CELAPAM), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro
- b Center of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities (CELAPAM), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Buonani
- b Center of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities (CELAPAM), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Lira
- c Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Zapaterra Campos
- c Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner Luiz do Prado
- d Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ismael Forte Freitas
- b Center of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities (CELAPAM), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
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23
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Tovar AP, Navalta JW, Kruskall LJ, Young JC. The effect of moderate consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners on glucose tolerance and body composition in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:1225-1227. [PMID: 28692807 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose tolerance and body composition were determined in male rats given non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) (aspartame or sucralose) in drinking water. Areas under the curve for glucose and insulin with NNS did not differ from control. NNS treatment had no effect on weight gain or percent body fat. Epididymal fat pad mass was higher with aspartame and the ratio of trunk to total fat was less with sucralose versus control, suggesting that NNS consumption altered body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Tovar
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
| | - James W Navalta
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
| | - Laura J Kruskall
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
| | - John C Young
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
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24
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Woods AL, Garvican-Lewis LA, Rice A, Thompson KG. 12 days of altitude exposure at 1800 m does not increase resting metabolic rate in elite rowers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:672-676. [PMID: 28278387 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four elite rowers completed a 12-day altitude training camp living at 1800 m, and training at 1800 m and 915 m, to assess changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR). RMR and body composition were assessed pre- and postcamp. Downward trends in RMR and body composition were observed postaltitude: absolute RMR (percent change: -5.2%), relative RMR (-4.6%), body mass (-1.2%), and fat mass (-4.1%). These variations are likely related to the hypoxic stimulus and an imbalance between training load and energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Woods
- a University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Australian Institute of Sport, Building 29, Bruce, ACT, Australia, 2617
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- b Australian Institute of Sport, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Australian Catholic University Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 3065
| | - Anthony Rice
- c Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia, 2617
| | - Kevin G Thompson
- d Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia, 2617
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Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Borghese MM, Carson V, Chaput JP, Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Pate RR, Connor Gorber S, Kho ME, Sampson M, Tremblay MS. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 41:S197-239. [PMID: 27306431 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1040] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is essential for disease prevention and health promotion. Emerging evidence suggests other intensities of physical activity (PA), including light-intensity activity (LPA), may also be important, but there has been no rigorous evaluation of the evidence. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the relationships between objectively measured PA (total and all intensities) and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Online databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies that met the a priori inclusion criteria: population (apparently healthy, aged 5-17 years), intervention/exposure/comparator (volumes, durations, frequencies, intensities, and patterns of objectively measured PA), and outcome (body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, physical fitness, behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour, cognition/academic achievement, quality of life/well-being, harms, bone health, motor skill development, psychological distress, self-esteem). Heterogeneity among studies precluded meta-analyses; narrative synthesis was conducted. A total of 162 studies were included (204 171 participants from 31 countries). Overall, total PA was favourably associated with physical, psychological/social, and cognitive health indicators. Relationships were more consistent and robust for higher (e.g., MVPA) versus lower (e.g., LPA) intensity PA. All patterns of activity (sporadic, bouts, continuous) provided benefit. LPA was favourably associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers; data were scarce for other outcomes. These findings continue to support the importance of at least 60 min/day of MVPA for disease prevention and health promotion in children and youth, but also highlight the potential benefits of LPA and total PA. All intensities of PA should be considered in future work aimed at better elucidating the health benefits of PA in children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Joan Poitras
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Casey Ellen Gray
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Michael M Borghese
- b School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Valerie Carson
- c Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Ian Janssen
- b School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Russell R Pate
- e Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sarah Connor Gorber
- f Office of the Task Force on Preventive Health Care, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Michelle E Kho
- g School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 1C7, Canada
| | - Margaret Sampson
- h Library and Media Services, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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26
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Al Masri M, Romain AJ, Boegner C, Maimoun L, Mariano-Goulart D, Attalin V, Leprieur E, Picandet M, Avignon A, Sultan A. Vitamin D status is not related to insulin resistance in different phenotypes of moderate obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:438-442. [PMID: 28177726 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25OHD) and high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) are associated with obesity and could play a role in the occurrence of complications such as insulin resistance. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether the relationship between 25OHD status and phosphocalcic parameters differs between metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and insulin-resistant obese (IRO). This cross-sectional study included 158 consecutive adults (121 females) with obesity (body mass index (BMI) 35.15 ± 2.8 kg/m2), aged 43.21 ± 13.6 years. Serum 25OHD, calcemia, phosphatemia, PTH, plasma lipids, fasting plasma glucose, insulin levels, and body composition were measured. Participants were classified as MHO (n = 65) or IRO (n = 93) based on homeostatic model assessment insulin-resistance value. IRO patients had a higher BMI (p = 0.001), waist circumference (p = 0.03), and trunk fat mass (p = 0.007) than MHO patients. Mean HbA1c (p = 0.03), triglycerides (p = 0.02), and hsCRP (p = 0.04) plasmatic levels were increased in the IRO group. No between-group difference was found on 25OHD, PTH, calcium, or phosphorus plasmatic levels. Only age-predicted 25OHD levels were identified among IRO participants, whereas no factors were identified in MHO. No predictive factors of PTH plasmatic level were identified in the IRO and MHO groups. Although MHO and IRO patients have different metabolic profiles, we did not detect any difference regarding either 25OHD or PTH. Insulin resistance was not a predictive factor of vitamin D status. Our results confirm the absence of link between vitamin D status and insulin resistance in moderate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Al Masri
- a Département Endocrinologie, Nutrition, Diabète, Equipe Nutrition, Diabète, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmed Jerome Romain
- a Département Endocrinologie, Nutrition, Diabète, Equipe Nutrition, Diabète, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Boegner
- a Département Endocrinologie, Nutrition, Diabète, Equipe Nutrition, Diabète, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Maimoun
- b Département de Médecine Nucléaire, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,c U1046 INSERM, UMR9214 CNRS, Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, University of Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, France
| | | | - Vincent Attalin
- a Département Endocrinologie, Nutrition, Diabète, Equipe Nutrition, Diabète, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Leprieur
- a Département Endocrinologie, Nutrition, Diabète, Equipe Nutrition, Diabète, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Picandet
- a Département Endocrinologie, Nutrition, Diabète, Equipe Nutrition, Diabète, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Avignon
- a Département Endocrinologie, Nutrition, Diabète, Equipe Nutrition, Diabète, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,c U1046 INSERM, UMR9214 CNRS, Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, University of Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, France
| | - Ariane Sultan
- a Département Endocrinologie, Nutrition, Diabète, Equipe Nutrition, Diabète, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,c U1046 INSERM, UMR9214 CNRS, Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, University of Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, France
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27
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Higgins S, Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Schmidt MD, Evans EM. Sprint interval and moderate-intensity cycling training differentially affect adiposity and aerobic capacity in overweight young-adult women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1177-1183. [PMID: 27806634 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) and moderate-intensity continuous cycle training (MICT), with equal estimated energy expenditure during training on body composition and aerobic capacity. Body composition measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and aerobic capacity were assessed following 6 weeks of training in previously inactive overweight/obese young women (n = 52; age, 20.4 ± 1.5 years; body mass index, 30.3 ± 4.5 kg·m-2, 67.3% white). Training was performed in a group-exercise format that mimicked cycling classes offered by commercial fitness facilities, and included 3 weekly sessions of either 30-s "all-out" sprints followed by 4 min of active recovery (SIT), or continuous cycling at 60%-70% heart rate reserve to expend a similar amount of energy. Participants were randomized to SIT or MICT, attended a similar number of sessions (15.0 ± 1.5 sessions vs. 15.8 ± 1.9 sessions, P = 0.097) and expended a similar amount of energy (541.8 ± 104.6 kJ·session-1 vs. 553.5 ± 138.1 kJ·session-1, P = 0.250). Without significant changes in body mass (P > 0.05), greater relative reductions occurred in SIT than in MICT in total fat mass (3.6% ± 5.6% vs. 0.6% ± 3.9%, P = 0.007), and android fat mass (6.6% ± 6.9% vs. 0.7% ± 6.5%, P = 0.002). Aerobic capacity (mL·kg-1·min-1) increased significantly following both interventions (P < 0.05), but the relative increase was 2-fold greater in SIT than in MICT (14.09% ± 10.31% vs. 7.06% ± 7.81%, P < 0.001). In conclusion, sprint-interval cycling reduces adiposity and increases aerobic capacity more than continuous moderate-intensity cycling of equal estimated energy expenditure in overweight/obese young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Higgins
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Michael V Fedewa
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA.,b Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, 2003 Moore Hall, Box 870312, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0231, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Hathaway
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Michael D Schmidt
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Ellen M Evans
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
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Abstract
Replacing sitting by standing has been hypothesized to reduce the health risks of sitting, based on the assumption that muscles are passive during sitting and active during standing. Interventions have been more effective in overweight (OW) than in normal weight (NW) individuals, but subjects' muscle activities have not been quantified. This study compared quadriceps and hamstring muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity between 57 NW (body mass index (BMI) 22.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2, female n = 36) and 27 OW (BMI 28.4 ± 2.9 kg/m2, female n = 8) subjects during non-fatiguing standing (15 s, EMGstanding) and sitting (30 min). EMG amplitude was normalized to EMG measured during maximal isometric knee extension and flexion (% EMGMVC), and sitting muscle inactivity and bursts were determined using 4 thresholds (60% or 90% EMGstanding and 1% or 2% EMGMVC). Comparisons were adjusted for sex, age, knee extension strength, and the individual threshold. Standing EMG amplitude was 36% higher in OW (1.9% ± 1.5% EMGMVC) than in NW (1.4% ± 1.4% EMGMVC, P < 0.05) subjects. During sitting, muscles were inactive 89.8% ± 12.7% of the measurement time with 12.7 ± 14.2 bursts/min across all thresholds. On average, 6% more activity was recorded in NW than in OW individuals for 3 of the 4 thresholds (P < 0.05 for 60% or 90% EMGstanding and 1% EMGMVC). In conclusion, the OW group had higher muscle activity amplitude during standing but more muscle inactivity during sitting for 3/4 of the thresholds tested. Interventions should test whether the observed heterogeneity in muscle activity affects the potential to gain cardiometabolic benefits from replacing sitting with standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto J Pesola
- a Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arto Laukkanen
- a Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.,b Department of Sport Sciences, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli Tikkanen
- a Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.,c Exercise Health and Technology Center, Department of Physical Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Taija Finni
- a Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Cameron JD, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Alberga AS, Prud'homme D, Phillips P, Doucette S, Goldfield G. Body composition and energy intake - skeletal muscle mass is the strongest predictor of food intake in obese adolescents: The HEARTY trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:611-7. [PMID: 27111402 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been renewed interest in examining the relationship between specific components of energy expenditure and the overall influence on energy intake (EI). The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to determine the strongest metabolic and anthropometric predictors of EI. It was hypothesized that resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skeletal muscle mass would be the strongest predictors of EI in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents. 304 post-pubertal adolescents (91 boys, 213 girls) aged 16.1 (±1.4) years with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex OR at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes risk factor were measured for body weight, RMR (kcal/day) by indirect calorimetry, body composition by magnetic resonance imaging (fat free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass, fat mass (FM), and percentage body fat), and EI (kcal/day) using 3 day food records. Body weight, RMR, FFM, skeletal muscle mass, and FM were all significantly correlated with EI (p < 0.005). After adjusting the model for age, sex, height, and physical activity, only FFM (β = 21.9, p = 0.007) and skeletal muscle mass (β = 25.8, p = 0.02) remained as significant predictors of EI. FFM and skeletal muscle mass also predicted dietary protein and fat intake (p < 0.05), but not carbohydrate intake. In conclusion, with skeletal muscle mass being the best predictor of EI, our results support the hypothesis that the magnitude of the body's lean tissue is related to absolute levels of EI in a sample of inactive adolescents with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameason D Cameron
- a Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,b University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- b University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,c University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,d Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- b University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,d Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Denis Prud'homme
- b University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,e Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Penny Phillips
- d Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Gary Goldfield
- a Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,b University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,g Healthy Active Living & Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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30
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Timmerman KL, Connors ID, Deal MA, Mott RE. Skeletal muscle TLR4 and TACE are associated with body fat percentage in older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:446-51. [PMID: 26988770 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated skeletal muscle expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been linked to increased inflammation in clinical populations. TNFα converting enzyme (TACE), which cleaves membrane-bound TNFα (mTNFα) to its soluble (sTNFα) and more bioactive form, has been linked to chronic disease. In contrast, higher physical activity level is associated with decreased chronic disease risk and inflammation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between physical activity and skeletal muscle TLR4, TACE, and TNFα in older adults. In 26 older adults (age = 68 ± 4 years, body mass index = 26 ± 3 kg·m(-2)), self-reported physical activity (kcal·week(-1)), estimated maximal oxygen consumption, and body composition (air plethysmography) were measured. TLR4, TACE, mTNFα, and sTNFα were measured in skeletal muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) using western blot analyses. Pearson product-moment correlations were run between variables. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Skeletal muscle TACE was directly associated with sTNFα (r = 0.53, p < 0.01). Linear regression modeling showed that mTNFα and TACE expression were predictive of sTNFα expression. No correlations were observed between physical activity and TLR4, TACE, or sTNFα. Percent body fat was directly associated with skeletal muscle TLR4 (r = 0.52, p < 0.01) and TACE (r = 0.50, p < 0.01), whereas fasting blood glucose was directly associated with TACE and sTNFα. In conclusion, we found that percent body fat was directly associated with TLR4 and TACE expression in skeletal muscle of older adults. These findings suggest that elevated skeletal muscle expression of TLR4 and TACE may contribute to the augmented inflammation and chronic disease risk observed with increased adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rachael E Mott
- a Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, 420 S. Oak Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Szendrei B, González-Lamuño D, Amigo T, Wang G, Pitsiladis Y, Benito PJ, Gomez-Candela C, Calderón FJ, Cupeiro R. Influence of ADRB2 Gln27Glu and ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphisms on body weight and body composition changes after a controlled weight-loss intervention. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:307-14. [PMID: 26888112 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The β-2 and β-3 adrenergic receptors (ADRB2 and ADRB3) are thought to play a role in energy expenditure and lipolysis. However, the effects of the ADRB2 glutamine (Gln) 27 glutamic acid (glutamate) (Glu) and ADRB3 tryptophan (Trp) 64 arginine (Arg) polymorphisms on weight loss remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of these polymorphisms on changes in weight and body composition during a controlled weight-loss program. One hundred seventy-three healthy overweight and obese participants (91 women, 82 men) aged 18-50 years participated in a 22-week-long intervention based on a hypocaloric diet and exercise. They were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: strength, endurance, strength and endurance combined, and physical activity recommendations only. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), and body composition variables were assessed before and after the intervention. Genetic analysis was carried out according to standard protocols. No effect of the ADRB2 gene was shown on final weight, BMI, or body composition, although in the supervised male group, Glu27 carriers tended to have greater weight (p = 0.019, 2.5 kg) and BMI (p = 0.019, 0.88 kg/m(2)) reductions than did noncarriers. There seems to be an individual effect of the ADRB3 polymorphism on fat mass (p = 0.004) and fat percentage (p = 0.036), in addition to an interaction with exercise for fat mass (p = 0.038). After the intervention, carriers of the Arg64 allele had a greater fat mass and fat percentage than did noncarriers (p = 0.004, 2.8 kg). In conclusion, the ADRB2 Gln27Glu and ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphisms may influence weight loss and body composition, although the current evidence is weak; however, further studies are necessary to clarify their roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Szendrei
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo González-Lamuño
- b Laboratory of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain.,c Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria -IDIVAL, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Teresa Amigo
- b Laboratory of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Guan Wang
- d FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Welkin Science Laboratories, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne BN20 7SN, UK
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- d FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Welkin Science Laboratories, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne BN20 7SN, UK
| | - Pedro J Benito
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gomez-Candela
- e Nutrition Department, Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute, University Autonoma of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana, 261.28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Calderón
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7. 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Prokop NW, Duncan LR, Andersen RE. Do Canadian collegiate hockey players accurately perceive body composition changes after unmonitored training and diet? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1056-60. [PMID: 26394260 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Collegiate athletes often use nutritional programs and supplements to elicit body composition changes in muscle or fat. It is unknown if athletes can accurately perceive their fluctuations in body composition, yet their understanding may help them make more accurate interpretations regarding the success of potential nutrition or exercise regimens. The purpose of this study was to investigate if collegiate hockey players could accurately perceive a change in body composition during a 3-month period within their regular season, in which no predetermined nutritional or exercise program was provided. Twenty-four male Canadian collegiate hockey players completed preseason and midseason body composition assessments using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Immediately before the midseason scan, players attempted to accurately match their perceived fluctuation in composition, with predetermined categorical ranges of relative body composition and strength. Two-thirds of players and one-half of players accurately perceived changes in arm-lean and arm-fat tissue, respectively. Approximately two-thirds of players did not accurately perceive gains or losses of lean or fat tissue within their leg and overall body. Although some athletes partially detected changes in the lean and fat tissue of particular regions, the vast majority of players cannot detect the type, or amount of tissue gained and lost across the overall body. Body composition assessments, rather than an athlete's perceptions, should be used to help interpret the success of a sport nutrition or exercise program. Athletes should be aware that physiologic adaptations might take place unnoticed, which could affect the acceptance and adherence of nutrition or exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal W Prokop
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada
| | - Lindsay R Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada
| | - Ross E Andersen
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada
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Wagner DR. Predicted versus measured thoracic gas volumes of collegiate athletes made by the BOD POD air displacement plethysmography system. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1075-7. [PMID: 26316087 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Measured (TGVm) and predicted (TGVp) thoracic gas volumes from the BOD POD were compared in 33 lean, university athletes. On average, TGVp (3.529 L) was not significantly different (p = 0.343) from TGVm (3.628 L); however, there was a bias (r = -0.703, p < 0.001). The difference in the percentage of body fat (BF) was within ±2% BF for 76% of the sample, but athletes at the extremes of height should have TGV measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Wagner
- Human Movement Science Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-7000, USA.,Human Movement Science Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-7000, USA
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Dogra S, Clarke J, Roy J, Fowles J. BMI-specific waist circumference is better than skinfolds for health-risk determination in the general population. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:134-41. [PMID: 25591950 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of fat is important when considering health risk; however, the value added from skinfold measurements (SKF) when using body mass index (BMI) refined by waist circumference (WC) is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of SKF compared with WC in determination of health risk in the general population. Data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (cycles 1 and 2; N = 5217) were used. Health outcomes included directly measured blood pressure, cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin, lung function, self-reported health, and chronic conditions. Technical errors of measurements (TEM), sensitivity, and specificity analysis and linear regressions were conducted. Data indicated that TEM for SKF was above the acceptable 5% in most age and sex categories. Sensitivity and specificity of chronic conditions was not improved with the inclusion of SKF in models containing WC (in those aged 45-69 years) and SKF did not explain any additional variance in regression models containing WC. Health outcomes for those in the normal weight and overweight BMI category were significantly worse in those classified as high risk based on WC, whereas SKF did not consistently discriminate risk. In conclusion, evidence-based WC cut-points were shown to identify health risk, particularly in normal weight and overweight individuals. Thus, BMI refined by WC appears to be more appropriate than SKF for assessment of body composition when determining health risk in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Dogra
- a Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe St. N., Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada
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Abstract
Data on whether sprint interval training (SIT) (repeated supermaximal intensity, short-duration exercise) affects body composition are limited, and the data that are available suggest that men respond more favourably than do women. Moreover, most SIT data involve cycling exercise, and running may differ because of the larger muscle mass involved. Further, running is a more universal exercise type. This study assessed whether running SIT can alter body composition (air displacement plethysmography), waist circumference, maximal oxygen consumption, peak running speed, and (or) the blood lipid profile. Fifteen recreationally active women (age, 22.9 ± 3.6 years; height, 163.9 ± 5.1 cm; mass, 60.8 ± 5.2 kg) completed 6 weeks of running SIT (4 to 6, 30-s "all-out" sprints on a self-propelled treadmill separated by 4 min of rest performed 3 times per week). Training decreased body fat mass by 8.0% (15.1 ± 3.6 to 13.9 ± 3.4 kg, P = 0.002) and waist circumference by 3.5% (80.1 ± 4.2 to 77.3 ± 4.4 cm, P = 0.048), whereas it increased fat-free mass by 1.3% (45.7 ± 3.5 to 46.3 ± 2.9 kg, P = 0.05), maximal oxygen consumption by 8.7% (46 ± 5 to 50 ± 6 mL/(kg·min), P = 0.004), and peak running speed by 4.8% (16.6 ± 1.7 to 17.4 ± 1.4 km/h, P = 0.026). There were no differences in food intake assessed by 3-day food records (P > 0.329) or in blood lipids (P > 0.595), except for a slight decrease in high-density lipoprotein concentration (1.34 ± 0.28 to 1.24 ± 0.24 mmol/L, P = 0.034). Running SIT is a time-efficient strategy for decreasing body fat while increasing aerobic capacity, peak running speed, and fat-free mass in healthy young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Hazell
- a Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Abstract
Image-based methods such as computed tomography for assessing body composition enables quantification of muscle mass and muscle density and reveals that low muscle mass and myosteatosis (fat infiltration into muscle) are common in people with cancer. Myosteatosis and low muscle mass have emerged as independent risk factors for mortality in cancer; however, the characteristics and pathogenesis of these features have not been resolved. Muscle depletion is associated with low plasma eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) in cancer and supplementation with n-3 fatty acids has been shown to ameliorate muscle loss and myosteatosis in clinical studies, suggesting a relationship between n-3 fatty acids and muscle health. Since the mechanisms by which n-3 fatty acids alter body composition in cancer remain unknown, related literature from other conditions associated with myosteatosis, such as insulin resistance and obesity is considered. In these noncancer conditions, it has been reported that n-3 fatty acids act by increasing insulin sensitivity, reducing inflammatory mediators, and altering adipokine profiles and transcription factors; therefore, the plausibility of these mechanisms of action in the neoplastic state are considered. The aim of this review is to summarize what is known about the effects of n-3 fatty acids with regards to muscle condition and to discuss potential mechanisms for effects of n-3 fatty acids on muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Ewaschuk
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Science, Division of Human Nutrition, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Center for Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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