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Clamp LD, Mendham AE, Kroff J, Goedecke JH. Higher baseline fat oxidation promotes gynoid fat mobilization in response to a 12-week exercise intervention in sedentary, obese black South African women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:327-335. [PMID: 31449758 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This 12-week exercise intervention study assessed changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), energy expenditure (EE), and substrate utilisation at rest and during exercise in obese, black South African (SA) women and explored associations with changes in body composition. Black SA women (body mass index: 30-40 kg·m-2, age: 20-35 years) were randomised into control (CTL; n = 15, maintaining usual activity) or exercise (EXE; n = 20; 12 weeks, 4 days·week-1, 40-60 min·day-1 at >70% peak heart rate) groups. Pre- and post-intervention testing included peak oxygen consumption, resting and steady state (50% peak oxygen consumption) EE, respiratory exchange, and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Dietary intake (4-day) and daily step-count (ActivPAL, activPAL3c; PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK) was collected at pre-testing and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. EXE increased peak oxygen consumption (24.9 ± 2.4 to 27.6 ± 3.4 mL·min-1·kg-1; p < 0.001) and steady state fat oxidation rates (7.5 ± 2.5 to 9.0 ± 2.7 mg·min-1·kg-1 fat-free soft tissue mass; p = 0.003) (same relative exercise intensity). CTL remained unchanged (p > 0.05). EXE reduced proportional gynoid fat mass (percentage total fat mass, p = 0.002). Baseline resting carbohydrate oxidation rates (p = 0.036) and steady state fat oxidation rates (p = 0.021) explained 60.6% of the variability in Δgynoid fat mass (p < 0.001) in EXE. This 12-week exercise intervention improved CRF and steady state fat oxidation rates. Greater reliance on fat oxidation at baseline promoted proportional reductions in gynoid, not visceral, fat mass in response to exercise training. Novelty Combined exercise training in obese black South African women increased cardiorespiratory fitness and rates of fat oxidation during steady state exercise. Exercise training reduced proportional gynoid, not visceral, fat, potentially representing an ethnic/sex-specific response. Baseline substrate utilisation (resting and steady state exercise (50% peak oxygen uptake)) predicted changes in gynoid fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise D Clamp
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa
| | - Amy E Mendham
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jacolene Kroff
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Western Cape, South Africa
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Abstract
We are currently facing an "obesity epidemic" worldwide. Promoting inefficient metabolism in muscle represents a potential treatment for obesity and its complications. Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pumps in muscle are responsible for maintaining low cytosolic Ca2+ concentration through the ATP-dependent pumping of Ca2+ from the cytosol into the SR lumen. SERCA activity has the potential to be a critical regulator of body mass and adiposity given that it is estimated to contribute upwards of 20% of daily energy expenditure. More interestingly, this fraction can be modified physiologically in the face of stressors, such as ambient temperature and diet, through its physical interaction with several regulators known to inhibit Ca2+ uptake and muscle function. In this review, we discuss advances in our understanding of Ca2+-cycling thermogenesis within skeletal muscle, focusing on SERCA and its protein regulators, which were thought previously to only modulate muscular contractility. Novelty ATP consumption by SERCA pumps comprises a large proportion of resting energy expenditure in muscle and is dynamically regulated through interactions with small SERCA regulatory proteins. SERCA efficiency correlates significantly with resting metabolism, such that individuals with a higher resting metabolic rate have less energetically efficient SERCA Ca2+ pumping in muscle (i.e., lower coupling ratio). Futile Ca2+ cycling is a versatile heat generating mechanism utilized by both skeletal muscle and beige fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gamu
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emma Sara Juracic
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Karlee J Hall
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Jackson M, Fatahi F, Alabduljader K, Jelleyman C, Moore JP, Kubis HP. Exercise training and weight loss, not always a happy marriage: single blind exercise trials in females with diverse BMI. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:363-370. [PMID: 29096069 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals show high variability in body weight responses to exercise training. Expectations and motivation towards effects of exercise on body weight might influence eating behaviour and could conceal regulatory mechanisms. We conducted 2 single-blind exercise trials (4 weeks (study 1) and 8 weeks (study 2)) with concealed objectives and exclusion of individuals with weight loss intention. Circuit exercise training programs (3 times a week (45-90 min), intensity 50%-90% peak oxygen uptake for 4 and 8 weeks) were conducted. Thirty-four females finished the 4-week intervention and 36 females the 8-week intervention. Overweight/obese (OV/OB) and lean female participants' weight/body composition responses were assessed and fasting and postprandial appetite hormone levels (PYY, insulin, amylin, leptin, ghrelin) were measured before and after the intervention for understanding potential contribution to individuals' body weight response to exercise training (study 2). Exercise training in both studies did not lead to a significant reduction of weight/body mass index (BMI) in the participants' groups; however, lean participants gained muscle mass. Appetite hormones levels were significantly (p < 0.05) altered in the OV/OB group, affecting fasting (-24%) and postprandial amylin (-14%) levels. Investigation of individuals' BMI responses using multiple regression analysis revealed that levels of fasting leptin, postprandial amylin increase, and BMI were significant predictors of BMI change, explaining about 43% of the variance. In conclusion, tested exercise training did not lead to weight loss in female participants, while a considerable proportion of variance in body weight response to training could be explained by individuals' appetite hormone levels and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jackson
- College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK.,College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK
| | - Fardin Fatahi
- College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK.,College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK
| | - Kholoud Alabduljader
- College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK.,College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK
| | - Charlotte Jelleyman
- College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK.,College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK
| | - Jonathan P Moore
- College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK.,College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK
| | - Hans-Peter Kubis
- College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK.,College of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2PZ, UK
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Ihalainen JK, Peltonen H, Paulsen G, Ahtiainen JP, Taipale RS, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Mero AA. Inflammation status of healthy young men: initial and specific responses to resistance training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:252-258. [PMID: 29053943 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our primary aim was to study the effects of a 4-week preparatory resistance-training (RT) period followed by 12 weeks of 2 specific RT protocols (either hypertrophic-strength (HS) or strength-hypertrophy-power training) on inflammation markers and the possible relationship of the changes in abdominal fat and lean mass to the changes in inflammation status. A total of 82 healthy men were included in the study. Maximal concentric leg press strength (1-repetition maximum), total body lean mass, total body and abdominal fat mass, circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and selected adipocytokines (resistin, adiponectin, and leptin) concentrations were measured before and after 4 (wk4) and 16 weeks (wk16) of RT. After the initial phase of RT, on wk4, abdominal and total fat mass as well as plasma leptin concentrations were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), whereas muscle mass, IL-1ra, resistin, and MCP-1 concentrations were significantly increased (p < 0.05). During specialized training phase, at wk16, only HS led to further reduction in abdominal and total fat mass, resistin, and leptin (p < 0.05), whereas both training modes led to lower MCP-1 concentrations (p < 0.05). Abdominal fat mass and circulating leptin were reduced already after 4 weeks of RT. Simultaneously, circulating MCP-1 and resistin concentrations increased, possibly as markers of muscle adaptation and regeneration. The present findings also suggest that RT with hypertrophic focus is beneficial for further reductions in abdominal fat mass and to decrease circulating inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Ihalainen
- a Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Heikki Peltonen
- a Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Göran Paulsen
- b The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo N-0130, Norway.,c Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- a Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Ritva S Taipale
- a Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland.,d Kajaani University of Applied Sciences, Kajaani FI-87101, Finland
| | - Mari Hämäläinen
- e The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- e The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Antti A Mero
- a Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
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