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Neeraja K, Nanda N, Sahoo J, Pal GK. Cardiovagal modulation and oxidative stress in hypothyroidism on maintenance therapy. Tunis Med 2022; 100:27-32. [PMID: 35822328 PMCID: PMC9006790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyze the autonomic control of heart rate variability (HRV) in subjects with peripheral hypothroidism undergoing hormone replacement therapy with L-thyroxine (L-T4) for 5-10 years. METHODS Thyroid profile, lipid profile, lipid-risk factors, parameters of oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA)], inflammation [high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP)] and Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed in thirty-eight hypothyroid patients on treatment for more than five years and compared with healthy euthyroid volunteers of similar age, gender, and body composition. The link of oxidative stress with HRV parameters was assessed by Spearman-Rho correlation and regression analyses. RESULTS Hypothyroid patients on L-T4 treatment, had higher TSH (p<0.01), lipid profile (p<0.05) and lipid risk factors (p<0.05), high-sensitive C-reactive-protein (hsCRP) (3.31 versus 4.95 mg/L; p<0.05) and MDA (2.66 versus 6.87 μm/L; p <0.001) in serum. There was gross reduction in HRV parameters [reduced standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), total power (TP) and elevated ratio of low to high frequency power (LF/HF ratio)] in patients. Elevated MDA was correlated with vagal withdrawal (decreased SDNN, RMSSD and TP) and TSH. In multiple regression analysis TSH and TP contributed to the rise in MDA. CONCLUSION Hormone replacement therapy with L-T4 for hypothyroidism alone does not resolve persistent hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and inflammation in primary hypothyroid patients even after five years of treatment. Association of oxidative stress with reduced cardiovagal modulation in these patients suggests persistence of cardiovascular risk despite standard treatment which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundeti Neeraja
- 1. Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Nivedita Nanda
- 1. Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sahoo
- 2. Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - G K Pal
- 3. Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and 11 Research, Puducherry, India
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Chen H, Gao J, Xu Q, Wan D, Zhai W, Deng L, Qie R. MiR-145-5p modulates lipid metabolism and M2 macrophage polarization by targeting PAK7 and regulating β-catenin signaling in hyperlipidemia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:857-863. [PMID: 34143694 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the role of microRNA 145-5p (miR-145-5p) in hyperlipidemia. Using bioinformatics tools and a wide range of function and mechanism assays, we attempted to understand the specific function and potential mechanism of miR-145-5p in hyperlipidemia. A cholesterol-enriched diet induced an increase of serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol but a decrease of serum high-density lipoprotein. MiR-145-5p level was decreased in hyperlipidemia rat models. MiR-145-5p regulated lipid metabolism by antagonizing the alteration of high-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol in serum mediated by a cholesterol-enriched diet. In mechanism, miR-145-5p directly bound with p21 protein (RAC1)-activated kinase 7 (PAK7) and negatively regulated mRNA and protein levels of PAK7 in THP-1 cells. Furthermore, miR-145-5p level was negatively associated with PAK7 level in rat cardiac tissues. Finally, overexpression of PAK7 reversed the effects of miR-145-5p on β-catenin activation and M2 macrophages polarization in THP-1 cells. In conclusion, MiR-145-5p modulated lipid metabolism and M2 macrophage polarization by targeting PAK7 and regulating β-catenin signaling in hyperlipidemia, which may provide a potential biomarker for the treatment of hyperlipidemia-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dongmei Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenji Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Limei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rui Qie
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
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Lepori L, Radovanovic D, Schoenenberger AW, Suter PM, Erne P, Parati G, Gallino A, Bianchetti MG, Muggli F. Age-Dependency of Cardiometabolic Risk and Protective Factors in Females Living in a Countryside Area of Switzerland. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2021; 110:252-256. [PMID: 33849291 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of age on cardiometabolic risk and protective factors in females living in a countryside area of Switzerland. For this cross-sectional analysis, data from 268 female adults, who live in two neighboring countryside villages in Italian-speaking Switzerland were retained. 89 study participants were premenopausal, 82 climacteric and 97 postmenopausal. Television viewing time, short duration of sleep, overweight, blood pressure, levels of atherogenic lipids and glycated hemoglobin significantly increased with age. Walking time also significantly increased with age. Tobacco smoking was more common among premenopausal women. It is concluded that in these countryside villages climacteric and postmenopausal women generally have an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile. On the other side, low physical activity and smoking are, compared to premenopausal and climacteric women, less prevalent in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Lepori
- Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Dragana Radovanovic
- Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Schoenenberger
- Department of Geriatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paolo M Suter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Erne
- Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Cardiology Unit and Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital, Milano, & Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Augusto Gallino
- Cardiovascular Research, San Giovanni Hospital, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mario G Bianchetti
- Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Franco Muggli
- Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Bin Jardan YA, Abdussalam A, El-Kadi AOS, Brocks DR. Dronedarone: the effect of diet-induced obesity on its metabolism and experimental hyperlipidemia on its metabolism and tissue distribution in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 98:177-181. [PMID: 31614093 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dronedarone biodistribution in hyperlipidemia and dronedarone metabolism in hyperlipidemia or obesity were assessed. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either normal standard chow with water or various high-fat or high-carbohydrate diets for 14 weeks. There was also a nonobese hyperlipidemic group given poloxamer 407 intraperitoneally. Liver and intestinal microsomes were prepared and the metabolic conversion of dronedarone to desbutyldronedarone was followed. A biodistribution study of dronedarone given orally was conducted in hyperlipidemic and control normolipidemic rats. The metabolism of dronedarone to desbutyldronedarone in control rats was consistent with substrate inhibition. However in the treatment groups, the formation of desbutyldronedarone did not follow substrate inhibition; hyperlipidemia and high-calorie diets created remarkable changes in dronedarone metabolic profiles and reduction in formation velocities. Tissue concentrations of dronedarone were much higher than in plasma. Furthermore, in hyperlipidemia, plasma and lung dronedarone concentrations were significantly higher compared to normolipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef A Bin Jardan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abdussalam
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Ayman O S El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Dion R Brocks
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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Choudhuri S, Roy PK, Mitra B, Sen S, Sarkar R, Das M, Biswas D, Ghosh P, Biswas A, Chakraborty S, Mondal LK. Hyperlipidemia-Mediated Increased Advanced Lipoxidation End Products Formation, an Important Factor Associated with Decreased Erythrocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Mild Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41:82-9. [PMID: 27916496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to evaluate the role of hyperlipidemia in increased formation of advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) and to evaluate whether there is any relationship between ALEs generation and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in cases of mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (MNPDR). METHODS In this study, we enrolled 100 patients with type 2 diabetes and MNPDR, 100 subjects with type 2 diabetes but without retinopathy (DNR) and 90 normal individuals without diabetes as healthy controls (HCs). Erythrocyte nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), G6PD activity, serum total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL, HDL) and triglyceride levels were determined by photometric assay. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) protein adduct and hexanoyl-lysine (HEL) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS A robust linear relationship was observed between MDA protein adduct and LDL or cholesterol or triglyceride levels, and HEL and LDL or cholesterol or triglyceride levels in subjects with MNPDR (p=0.0001). A significant inverse association was observed between erythrocyte G6PD activity and serum MDA protein adductor HEL levels in subjects with MNPDR (p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Hyperlipidemia is an important factor that is associated with increased ALEs formation in persons with MNPDR. Increased ALEs generation was associated with decreased G6PD activity and low NADPH levels in cases of MNPDR, suggesting their detrimental role in the occurrence of early NPDR.
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Li TB, Zhang JJ, Liu B, Luo XJ, Ma QL, Peng J. Dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells in hyperlipidemic rats involves the increase of NADPH oxidase derived reactive oxygen species production. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:474-480. [PMID: 28177697 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body and it plays a key role in mediation of oxidative injury in the cardiovascular system. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the status of NOX in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) of hyperlipidemic rats and to determine whether NOX-derived ROS promotes the dysfunction of EPCs. The rats were fed on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to establish a hyperlipidemic rat model, which showed the increased plasma lipids and the impaired functions of circulating EPCs (including the reduced abilities in migration and adhesion) accompanied by an increase in NOX activity and ROS production. Next, EPCs were isolated from normal rats and they were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) (100 μg/mL) for 24 h to induce a dysfunctional model in vitro. In agreement with our findings in vivo, ox-LDL treatment increased the dysfunctions of EPCs concomitant with an increase in NOX activity and ROS production; these phenomena were reversed by the NOX inhibitor. Based on these observations, we conclude that NOX-derived ROS involved in the dysfunctions of circulating EPCs in hyperlipidemic rats and inhibition of NOX might provide a novel strategy to improve EPC functions in hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Bo Li
- a Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jie-Jie Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Bin Liu
- a Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qi-Lin Ma
- c Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jun Peng
- a Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,d Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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Sartori Oliveira CE, Pinton S, da Rocha JT, Gai BM, Nogueira CW. The hypolipidemic action of a diet supplemented with p,p'-methoxyl-diphenyl diselenide is not directly related to its antioxidant property. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:662-8. [PMID: 27035225 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether a p,p'-methoxyl-diphenyl diselenide (MeOPhSe)2-supplemented diet causes toxicity in rats. A second aim of this study was to determine whether a 10 ppm (MeOPhSe)2-supplemented diet has hypolipidemic effect on Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. To rule out the antioxidant property of (MeOPhSe)2 in its hypolipidemic action, parameters of oxidative stress were carried out. Wistar rats were fed with 3, 10, or 30 ppm of (MeOPhSe)2-supplemented diet for 30 days. None of (MeOPhSe)2-supplemented diets caused alteration in general parameters of toxicity and lipid profile of rats. The hypolipidemic effect of 10 ppm of (MeOPhSe)2-supplemented diet on rats treated with Triton WR-1339 (400 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) was investigated. The (MeOPhSe)2-supplemented diet partially protected against the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and non-HDL-C and reduced the atherogenic index (AI) increased by Triton WR-1339 in rats. A positive correlation between TC and triglyceride levels (r = 0.679) and non-HDL-C levels (r = 0.929) and AI (r = 0.889) was demonstrated. Triton WR-1339 altered parameters of oxidative stress in livers of rats but (MeOPhSe)2-supplemented diet did not protect against these alterations. The results demonstrated that the hypolipidemic action of (MeOPhSe)2-supplemented diet is not directly related to its antioxidant property and devoid of systemic toxicity in rats at the parameters analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Elena Sartori Oliveira
- a Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios. Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Pinton
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Trevisan da Rocha
- a Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios. Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Mozzaquatro Gai
- a Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios. Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- a Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios. Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
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Yao X, Lin Z, Jiang C, Gao M, Wang Q, Yao N, Ma Y, Li Y, Fang S, Shang X, Ni Y, Zhang J, Yin Z. Cyclocarya paliurus prevents high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia and obesity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:677-686. [PMID: 26203820 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus (CP; qing qian liu), which is used as an herbal tea in China, has been confirmed to have therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia and obesity, and therefore it is widely consumed to prevent metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of CP on obesity and hyperlipidemia, as well as the underlying mechanisms involved in intestinal secretion of apolipoprotein (apo) B48. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and with or without various concentrations of an ethanol extract of CP (CPE; 2, 4, or 8 g·(kg body mass)(-1)) administered by gavage for 8 weeks. From the results we see that CPE dose-dependently blocked increases in body mass, and decreased food utilization as well as visceral fat mass. Decreased serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and elevated levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as lowered levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver were also noticed in CPE-treated rats. Magnetic resonance images indicated that the abnormal fat storage induced by the HFD was obviously suppressed by CPE. In addition, ELISA analysis showed reduced fasting serum apoB48 in the CPE treatment groups. Based on the above results, CPE shows a promising preventive effect on obesity and hyperlipidemia, partially through suppressing intestinal apoB48 overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yao
- a Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Zi Lin
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Cuihua Jiang
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Meng Gao
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Nan Yao
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yonglan Ma
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- d College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Xulan Shang
- d College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Ni
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- e Theragnostic Laboratory, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jian Zhang
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqi Yin
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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