1
|
Zoia A, Busato F, Drigo M. Retrospective evaluation of the short-term response of human intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the management of canine immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (2010-2015): 27 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024. [PMID: 39037266 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the short-term response, early prognostic markers, and survival after treatment of canine immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) with human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG) and methylprednisolone. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTINGS Private referral veterinary medical center. ANIMALS Twenty-seven client-owned dogs with primary or secondary ITP. INTERVENTIONS All dogs received 2 mg/kg IV methylprednisolone once daily and a single infusion of 5% hIVIG administered over 6-12 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A substantial increase in platelet count within 60 ± 12 hours post-hIVIG infusion (T60) was observed in 19 of the 27 (70%) dogs with ITP (responders). Thirty-four variables, including serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentration 24 ± 12 hours post-hIVIG infusion (T24IgG) and increase in serum IgG concentration 24 ± 12 hours post-hIVIG infusion (T24ΔIgG), were compared between responders and nonresponders at 5 different time points. Mortality rates of responders and nonresponders were evaluated 14 days post-hIVIG infusion. Serum T24IgG and serum T24ΔIgG were both significantly higher at T60 in responders. All responders were alive 14 days post-hIVIG infusion, and their mortality rate was significantly lower compared with nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS Responder dogs had an excellent 14-day survival rate. Serum T24IgG and serum T24ΔIgG concentrations accurately predicted response status at 60 hours post-hIVIG infusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zoia
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Veggiano, Italy
| | - Francesca Busato
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Veggiano, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Medicina Animale, Produzione e Salute, Padua University, Legnaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
DiPaola E, Cameron S, Rylander H, Zidan N, Hetzel S. Comparison of D-dimer concentration and thromboelastography for diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents in dogs: A retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1083-1091. [PMID: 38328940 PMCID: PMC10937503 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) in dogs are diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This modality is sometimes unavailable, and CVAs can resemble other lesions on MRI. D-dimer concentration and thromboelastography (TEG) are utilized in human medicine in addition to diagnostic imaging to support diagnosis of CVAs, but their use in veterinary patients has not been assessed. OBJECTIVE Assess utility of blood D-dimer concentration and TEG in supporting the imaging diagnosis of CVAs in dogs. ANIMALS Sixty-eight client-owned dogs with neurologic signs that had brain MRI and D-dimer concentration or TEG performed. METHODS Multicenter, retrospective study. The incidence of abnormal D-dimer concentration or TEG was compared between patients with MRI evidence of CVA and a control population. Analysis methods included Fisher's exact test or Chi-squared test for association and comparison of independent proportions. RESULTS Neither D-dimer concentration nor TEG was significantly associated with a CVA (P = .38 and .2, respectively). D-dimer testing was performed in a low-risk population and showed low sensitivity (30.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10%-61%) and high specificity (86.4%; 95% CI, 64%-96%) for CVA diagnosis. Thromboelastography was performed in a high-risk population and showed moderate sensitivity (64.3%; 95% CI, 44%-81%) and specificity (66.7%; 95% CI, 24%-94%) for CVA diagnosis. Abnormal D-dimer concentration or TEG were not helpful in differentiating hemorrhagic from ischemic stroke (P = .43 and .41, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although blood D-dimer concentration or TEG alone are not diagnostic of CVAs in dogs, a positive D-dimer result supports additional testing for CVA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth DiPaola
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Starr Cameron
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Helena Rylander
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Natalia Zidan
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Scott Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Heniff AC, Lynch AM, Ruterbories LK, Minter LJ, Georoff TA, Balko JA. INVESTIGATION OF A POINT-OF-CARE VISCOELASTIC COAGULATION MONITOR AND ITS COMPARISON TO THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY AFRICAN ELEPHANTS ( LOXODONTA AFRICANA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:164-172. [PMID: 38453499 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) can induce fatal hemorrhagic disease (HD) in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Once clinical signs develop, progression is rapid, even with aggressive treatment. There is a critical need to develop point-of-care diagnostic tests to aid in identification of EEHV-HD prior to the onset of overt clinical signs. Study objectives were to investigate a novel, point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCM Vet), compare the results to thromboelastography (TEG), and report traditional hemostatic analytes in adult African elephants. Whole blood was collected from seven clinically healthy elephants (four females and three males, 18-47 yr) and analyzed in duplicate via VCM Vet and kaolin-activated TEG 1-3 and 30 min following collection, respectively. Separated plasma was frozen for ancillary coagulation testing. Both analyses generated quantifiable clotting reactions with variables (median [range]) describing clot formation rate (VCM Vet, clot time = 682 s [530-987 s], clot formation time = 244 s [186-744 s], Alpha = 40° [14-47°]; TEG, reaction time = 6.2 min [3.7-11.8 min], kinetic time = 1.3 min [0.9-2.6 min], Alpha = 70° [57-77°]), clot strength (VCM Vet, maximum clot formation = 34 units [20-45 units]; TEG, maximum amplitude = 75 mm [69-80 mm], shear elastic modulus strength = 14.7 Kdynes/s [11.3-19.5 Kdynes/s]), and clot lysis (VCM Vet, lysis index at 30 min = 100% [100-99%], lysis index at 45 min = 98% [95-100%]; TEG, lysis index at 30 min = 0% [0-0.4%], lysis index at 60 min = 1.4% [0-2.6%]) recorded. Additional testing (median [range]) included D-dimer concentration (33 ng/ml [28-94 ng/ml]), prothrombin time (12.4 s [12.2-13.2 s]), activated partial thromboplastin time (17.2 s [14.2-18.8 s]), and fibrinogen concentration (297 [282-383] mg/dL). Tracings generated by VCM Vet and TEG were clinically similar, and there was visual agreement and minimal difference between quantitative variables for duplicate tests. VCM Vet is a promising, user-friendly tool for use in identification and management of coagulopathies in African elephants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn C Heniff
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Alex M Lynch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Laura K Ruterbories
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Larry J Minter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- North Carolina Zoo, Asheboro, NC 27205, USA
| | - Timothy A Georoff
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- North Carolina Zoo, Asheboro, NC 27205, USA
| | - Julie A Balko
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brown JE, Noormohammadi AH, Courtman NF. Immunoreactivity of canine, feline, and equine D-dimer with antibodies to human D-dimer. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:187-196. [PMID: 37950415 PMCID: PMC10800179 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercially available D-dimer assays use antibodies against human D-dimer, with limited sensitivity and specificity data in companion animals. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the immunoreactivity of D-dimer in plasma of dogs, horses, and cats with commercially available antibodies to human D-dimer. ANIMALS Plasma samples were collected from healthy dogs and horses, and from surplus feline plasma submitted for diagnostic purposes. METHODS Descriptive research study. A cross-linked fibrin lysate was prepared from plasma samples, and SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting were performed with a variety of commercially available antibodies to human D-dimer. RESULTS The selected antibodies demonstrated variable reactivity with D-dimer of each species. The monoclonal antibody DD44 bound canine D-dimer with good specificity and sensitivity, but this antibody did not react with feline or equine D-dimer. The polyclonal antibody D2D bound putative D-dimer in dogs, cats, and horses with good specificity, and higher sensitivity compared to human D-dimer. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The variable performance of commercially available human D-dimer assays between species is, in part, because of inter-species variation in D-dimer immunoreactivity. The use of these assays should follow validation studies. Monoclonal antibody DD44 could be a focus for the development of a canine-specific assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet E. Brown
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Amir H. Noormohammadi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Natalie F. Courtman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaye S, Stokol T. Hemostatic Testing in Companion Exotic Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:613-630. [PMID: 36122943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian hemostatic system is highly conserved, and companion exotic mammals are commonly used as biomedical models for normal and disordered hemostasis. Challenges associated with sample collection, test validation, and test interpretation have limited the use of these tests in clinical exotic animal practice. However, evaluation of platelet counts, coagulation screening times, and fibrin(ogen) degradation products can be valuable for monitoring exotic patients with a range of disease presentations including intoxications, anemia, systemic viral disease, hepatopathy, and endocrinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah Kaye
- Staten Island Zoo, 614 Broadway, Staten Island, NY 10310, USA.
| | - Tracy Stokol
- Cornell University, Upper Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han HJ, Kim JH. Correlation Between D-Dimer Concentrations and Thromboelastography in Dogs With Critical Illness: A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:844022. [PMID: 35498739 PMCID: PMC9047750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.844022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A hospital-based, retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed to assess the correlation of kaolin-activated thromboelastography (TEG) with D-dimer concentrations in 59 dogs with critical illness. Dogs were included if they had one or more serious disease detected upon performing TEG and D-dimer concentration determination based on the same blood sample. According to the coagulation index (CI), the 59 dogs were divided into two groups: a hypercoagulable state, with CI > 4 (44 dogs) and a normocoagulable state, with CI < 4 (15 dogs). Moreover, the 44 dogs with CI > 4 were divided into three sub-groups according to the disease etiology, i.e., inflammatory/tumor (I/T: 25 dogs), hemodynamic compromise (H: 11 dogs), and both conditions (I/TH: 8 dogs). The median values (interquartile ranges) of the CI and D-dimer concentration were 5.46 (4.55–6.33) and 410.25 (74.63–2206.12) in the 44 dogs with CI > 4 and 3.29 (2.92–3.75) and 1164.7 (50–2250.05) in the 15 dogs with CI < 4, respectively. The D-dimer concentration was significantly increased over the reference value in the 44 dogs with a CI > 4, particularly in dogs in the I/T group. It was also significantly increased in the 15 dogs with a CI < 4. D-dimer concentrations did not correlate with any of the TEG parameters in any of the dogs. Given this lack of correlation, the D-dimer concentration may be limited as an indicator of a possible hypercoagulable state in dogs with critical illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Han
- Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, Konkuk Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jung-Hyun Kim
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Török-Nagy B, Vajdovich P, Balogh L, Thuróczy J, Dénes B. Evaluation of the performance of a human D-dimer test in dogs with neoplasia. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:242-250. [PMID: 33151164 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a commercially available D-dimer assay as a diagnostic tool for testing dogs. This assay is an immunoturbidimetric diagnostic test, capable of determining the D-dimer levels in human plasma by using 2B9 monoclonal antibody. Plasma samples of clinically healthy (n = 20) and tumour-bearing (n = 50) dogs were measured. The tumours were grouped on the basis of histological type and aggressiveness, and then the measured D-dimer concentrations of these groups were compared to those of the control group. The differences were analysed statistically. For benign tumours, we did not find alterations in the D-dimer levels. However, in the case of malignant tumours (lymphoma, sarcoma, and carcinoma) and in the presence of metastases, significantly elevated D-dimer levels were measured. The assay proved to be suitable for measuring the D-dimer levels in plasma samples of dogs. The calculated reference range for dogs was confirmed to be between 0.06 and 0.69 µg/mL fibrinogen equivalent unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Török-Nagy
- 1Doctoral School of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Vajdovich
- 2Department of Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Balogh
- 3National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Béla Dénes
- 5Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shipov A, Milgram J, Shalev N, Aroch I, Segev G. Changes in D-dimer concentration after soft tissue and orthopedic surgery in dogs. Vet Surg 2018; 47:406-411. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shipov
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
| | - Josh Milgram
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
| | - Nitzan Shalev
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carretón E, Morchón R, Montoya-Alonso JA. Cardiopulmonary and inflammatory biomarkers in heartworm disease. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:534. [PMID: 29143665 PMCID: PMC5688449 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In heartworm disease, several biomarkers of cardiopulmonary injury and inflammatory activity have been studied during the recent years. D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product present after a clot is degraded, which has been reported to provide support for the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in heartworm disease. Furthermore, concentrations increment with increased disease severity and during the adulticide treatment. This increase in concentration has proved to be valuable. Cardiac biomarkers troponin I, myoglobin and NT-proBNP demonstrated presence of myocardial injury and heart failure, especially in chronic infections, which in some cases, slightly improve after the adulticide treatment. An acute phase response in dogs with Dirofilaria immitis, characterized by variations of acute phase proteins (APP), has been reported, indicating inflammatory processes that could contribute to disease progression. Among them, C-reactive protein (CRP) increases according to the severity of the disease; and a strong correlation between pulmonary hypertension and CRP has been observed. In cats, little work has been done to ascertain the utility of these biomarkers in feline heartworm; the only published study in D. immitis–seropositive cats reported significantly higher concentrations in positive APP serum amyloid A, haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Carretón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413-Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Morchón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca(IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Alberto Montoya-Alonso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413-Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gunes V, Onmaz AC, Keles I, Varol K, Ekinci G. The diagnostic importance of coagulation parameters in cattle having natural theileriosis. Pol J Vet Sci 2017; 20:369-376. [PMID: 28865228 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2017-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic importance of coagulation parameters in cattle with natural theileriosis. Nine Holstein cross-breed cattle with theileriosis as infected group and 6 healthy Holstein cattle as control group were used in the present study. Mean fibrinogen level, thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) were not statistically different when control and infected groups compared, except for the D-dimer concentration. Quantitative D-dimer concentrations were determined by immune-turbidimetric assay. D-dimer values increased significantly (p<0.05) in infected group (631.55 ± 74.41 μg/L) compared to control group (370.00 ± 59.94 μg/L). D-dimer sensitivity and specificity were also determined at cut-off concentrations (372 μg/L). Sensitivity and specificity of D-dimer values were determined to be 88.89% and 83.33%, respectively. D-dimer is thought to be important indicator in the evaluation of the prognosis in theileriosis cases. Analysis of D-dimer values before and after treatment in controlled case studies were suggested in future studies to enlighten the issue.
Collapse
|
11
|
Barratclough A, Conner BJ, Brooks MB, Pontes Stablein A, Gerlach TJ, Reep RL, Ball RL, Floyd RF. Identifying coagulopathies in the pathophysiology of cold stress syndrome in the Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 125:179-188. [PMID: 28792416 DOI: 10.3354/dao03149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress syndrome (CSS) in the Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris has been defined as morbidity and mortality resulting from prolonged exposure to water temperatures <20°C. The pathophysiology is described as multifactorial, involving nutritional, immunological and metabolic disturbances; however, the exact mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that thromboembolic complications contribute to the pathophysiology of CSS in addition to the previously described factors. During the winter of 2014-2015, 10 Florida manatees with clinical signs of CSS were presented to Lowry Park Zoo, Tampa, FL, USA. Thromboelastography (TEG) and coagulation panels were performed at admission. In addition, coagulation panel data from 23 retrospective CSS cases were included in the analyses. There were numerous differences between mean values of TEG and coagulation parameters for healthy manatees and those for CSS cases. Among TEG parameters, reaction time (R), clot formation time (K) and percentage of clot lysed after 30 min (LY30) values were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the 2 groups. CSS cases also had significantly higher mean D-dimer concentration and coagulation factor XI activity, prolonged mean activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and significantly decreased mean antithrombin activity. These combined abnormalities include clinicopathologic criteria of disseminated intravascular coagulation, indicating an increased risk of thromboembolic disease associated with manatee CSS.
Collapse
|
12
|
PROPOSAL AND APPLICATION OF A NOVEL DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION SCORING SYSTEM IN THE FLORIDA MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:152-158. [PMID: 28363081 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0050.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) is an acquired disorder of hemostasis resulting in activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. It is reported secondarily to multiple disease processes and can be associated with increased mortality. Previous research at Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo (LPZ) demonstrated that Florida manatees ( Trichechus manatus latirostris) with cold stress syndrome (CSS) demonstrated thromboembolic disease. The object of this retrospective study was to establish the presence and clinical relevance of DIC in Florida manatees admitted to LPZ for rehabilitation from 07 March 2010 to 15 August 2015. A coagulation panel, including prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, fibrinogen level, and D-dimer level was used to diagnose DIC. There were 100 cases identified in the study period: 35 trauma, 43 CSS, 17 secondary to harmful algae blooms (HAB), and five miscellaneous. Manatees with CSS had the highest incidence of DIC with 24 of 43 cases (56%) affected, followed by trauma with 18 of 35 cases (52%) affected. None of the manatees with HAB were found to have DIC. Manatees that developed DIC during rehabilitation or when DIC progressed did not survive. Due to the clinical implications of DIC, identifying its presence and recognizing its severity could improve clinical outcomes by enabling more intensive treatment protocols.
Collapse
|
13
|
Jeffery U, Staber J, LeVine D. Using the laboratory to predict thrombosis in dogs: An achievable goal? Vet J 2016; 215:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
14
|
COAGULATION PARAMETERS IN THE AMERICAN FLAMINGO (PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:463-7. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0081.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
15
|
Smith KF, Quinn RL, Rahilly LJ. Biomarkers for differentiation of causes of respiratory distress in dogs and cats: Part 2--Lower airway, thromboembolic, and inflammatory diseases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 25:330-48. [PMID: 26040815 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current veterinary and relevant human literature regarding biomarkers of respiratory diseases leading to dyspnea and to summarize the availability, feasibility, and practicality of using respiratory biomarkers in the veterinary setting. DATA SOURCES Veterinary and human medical literature: original research articles, scientific reviews, consensus statements, and recent textbooks. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS Numerous biomarkers have been evaluated in people for discriminating respiratory disease processes with varying degrees of success. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Although biomarkers should not dictate clinical decisions in lieu of gold standard diagnostics, their use may be useful in directing care in the stabilization process. Serum immunoglobulins have shown promise as an indicator of asthma in cats. A group of biomarkers has also been evaluated in exhaled breath. Of these, hydrogen peroxide has shown the most potential as a marker of inflammation in asthma and potentially aspiration pneumonia, but methods for measurement are not standardized. D-dimers may be useful in screening for thromboembolic disease in dogs. There are a variety of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, which are being evaluated for their ability to assess the severity and type of underlying disease process. Of these, amino terminal pro-C-type natriuretic peptide may be the most useful in determining if antibiotic therapy is warranted. Although critically evaluated for their use in respiratory disorders, many of the biomarkers which have been evaluated have been found to be affected by more than one type of respiratory or systemic disease. CONCLUSION At this time, there are point-of-care biomarkers that have been shown to reliably differentiate between causes of dyspnea in dogs and cats. Future clinical research is warranted to understand of how various diseases affect the biomarkers and more bedside tests for their utilization.
Collapse
|
16
|
Song J, Drobatz KJ, Silverstein DC. Retrospective evaluation of shortened prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time for the diagnosis of hypercoagulability in dogs: 25 cases (2006-2011). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:398-405. [PMID: 27074596 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between shortened prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values, clinical findings associated with hypercoagulability, suspicion of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), D-dimer concentrations, and thromboelastogram (TEG) indices. DESIGN Retrospective observational study from 2006 to 2011. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Twenty-three dogs with TEG tracings and shortened PT or aPTT values and 23 control dogs with TEG tracings and normal PT and aPTT values. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Parameters evaluated included signalment, coagulation testing results (PT, aPTT, D-dimer concentration), TEG measurements (R, K, α, maximal amplitude) and calculated clotting index, findings of clinical hypercoagulability (thrombosis of intravenous/intra-arterial catheters, vessel thrombosis, and suspected PTE). Dogs with shortened PT or aPTT had significantly more thrombus formation (P = 0.038), suspicion of PTE (P < 0.001), and increased D-dimer concentration (P < 0.001) compared to dogs with normal PT and aPTT values. There were no significant findings when compared to TEG values. CONCLUSIONS A shortened PT or aPTT in dogs may be indicative of a hypercoagulable state as evidenced by an increased incidence of thrombosis, frequency of suspected PTE, and increased circulating D-dimers. A prospective study is warranted to further evaluate the use of PT and aPTT to diagnose hypercoagulable states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Song
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Kenneth J Drobatz
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Deborah C Silverstein
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Adamantos S, Waters S, Boag A. Coagulation status in dogs with naturally occurring Angiostrongylus vasorum infection. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:485-90. [PMID: 26032443 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angiostrongylus vasorum infection is associated with bleeding tendencies in approximately one-third of clinical cases. The cause of the coagulopathy is poorly understood but may be related to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromboelastography is a global evaluation of coagulation and has not been described in a cohort of dogs with this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thromboelastography in association with other measures of coagulation including prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times, antithrombin percentage activity and D-dimer and von Willebrand factor concentrations was evaluated in a group of 30 dogs with A. varosum infection. RESULTS A total of 18 dogs had signs of bleeding on physical examination. Thromboelastography was consistent with hypocoagulation in 17 of these dogs. There was no association between any of the other measures and hypocoagulation on thromboelastography. Abnormal coagulation times were not significantly associated with bleeding. Only fibrinogen concentration was significantly lower in dogs that were bleeding compared with those that were not (P = 0 · 026). D-dimer concentrations were increased in 22/25 cases in the study; however, other coagulation parameters were more variable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although the changes identified in this study were not consistent, there is activation of coagulation within this population, possibly consistent with an intravascular disseminated coagulopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Adamantos
- Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Langford House, BS40 5DU
| | - S Waters
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA
| | - A Boag
- Vets Now, Penguin House, Castle Riggs, Dunfermline, Fife, KY11 8SG
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Krigsfeld GS, Shah JB, Sanzari JK, Lin L, Kennedy AR. Evidence of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in a Porcine Model Following Radiation Exposure. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2014; 3:1-9. [PMID: 25197627 PMCID: PMC4153369 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) plays an integral role in death at the LD50 dose of either gamma or solar particle event (SPE)-like proton radiation in ferrets. In these studies, Yucatan minipigs were evaluated to determine whether they were susceptible to the development of radiation induced DIC. Yucatan minipigs were exposed to a dose of 2.5 Gray (Gy) with x-rays and monitored over the course of 30 days. Evidence of DIC was evaluated by way of thromboelastometry parameters, platelet counts, fibrinogen concentration, and the d-dimer assay. Pigs exposed to x-rays developed signs of DIC within 2 days post-irradiation. The development of DIC was exacerbated over the course of the studies, and one of the pigs died at day 14 and another had to be euthanized on day 16 post-irradiation. For both of these pigs, DIC was evident at the time of death. The following observations were indicated or were suggestive of DIC: whole blood clotting was impaired (as evidenced by thromboelastometry alterations), there were decreased platelet counts, elevated d-dimer concentrations in the blood, and/or hemorrhaging and the presence of fibrin in tissues observed during post-mortem examination. The extrapolation of data from these studies, in combination with other published data, have led to the hypothesis that there could be a correlation between the propensity to develop DIC, as indicated by hemorrhaging at death at relatively low doses of radiation, and the LD50 for a particular species. Our data suggest that the development of DIC may contribute to death at the LD50 dose in large mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Krigsfeld
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J B Shah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J K Sanzari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - L Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - A R Kennedy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rivera del Álamo MM, Meléndez-Lazo A, Ferré-Dolcet L, Pastor J, Rigau T, Santos L, Fresno L. Coagulation parameters do not change during luteal phase and pregnancy in cats. Theriogenology 2014; 82:185-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Pace S, Creevy K, Krimer P, Brainard B. Assessment of Coagulation and Potential Biochemical Markers for Hypercoagulability in Canine Hyperadrenocorticism. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1113-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S.L. Pace
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - K.E. Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - P.M. Krimer
- Department of Pathology (Krimer); College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - B.M. Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
MIURA N, FURUKAWA M, MAGARI Y, MOMOI Y. Cross-Reactivity of the Anti-Human D-dimer Monoclonal Antibody 1C9-6F10 to Canine Fibrin Degradation Products. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:963-6. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki MIURA
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1–21–24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890–0065, Japan
| | - Makoto FURUKAWA
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1–21–24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890–0065, Japan
| | - Yasuo MAGARI
- Q-may Laboratory Corporation, 11–4 Hanazono Furugou, Oita 870–0846, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki MOMOI
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1–21–24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890–0065, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Escanilla N, Leiva M, Monreal L, Ríos J, Peña T. Aqueous humor fibrinolytic activity in dogs with cataracts. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 16:409-15. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Escanilla
- Servei d′Oftalmologia Veterinària; Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Servei d′Oftalmologia Veterinària; Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Spain
| | - Luís Monreal
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina; Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Spain
| | - José Ríos
- Laboratory of Biostatistics & Epidemiology (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona); Statistics and Methodology Support Unit; IDIBAPS, (Hospital Clínic); Barcelona Spain
| | - Teresa Peña
- Servei d′Oftalmologia Veterinària; Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
de la Fuente C, Monreal L, Cerón J, Pastor J, Viu J, Añor S. Fibrinolytic activity in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with different neurological disorders. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1365-73. [PMID: 22925115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinolytic activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is activated in humans by different pathologic processes. OBJECTIVES To investigate fibrinolytic activity in the CSF of dogs with neurological disorders by measuring CSF D-dimer concentrations. ANIMALS One hundred and sixty-nine dogs with neurological disorders, 7 dogs with systemic inflammatory diseases without central nervous system involvement (SID), and 7 healthy Beagles were included in the study. Dogs with neurological disorders included 11 with steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA), 37 with other inflammatory neurological diseases (INF), 38 with neoplasia affecting the central nervous system (NEO), 28 with spinal compressive disorders (SCC), 15 with idiopathic epilepsy (IE), and 40 with noninflammatory neurological disorders (NON-INF). METHODS Prospective observational study. D-dimers and C-reactive protein (CRP) were simultaneously measured in paired CSF and blood samples. RESULTS D-dimers and CRP were detected in 79/183 (43%) and in 182/183 (99.5%) CSF samples, respectively. All dogs with IE, SID, and controls had undetectable concentrations of D-dimers in the CSF. CSF D-dimer concentrations were significantly (P < .001) higher in dogs with SRMA than in dogs with other diseases and controls. CSF CRP concentration in dogs with SRMA was significantly (P < .001) higher than in dogs of other groups and controls, except for the SID group. No correlation was found between blood and CSF D-dimer concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Intrathecal fibrinolytic activity seems to be activated in some canine neurological disorders, and it is high in severe meningeal inflammatory diseases. CSF D-dimer concentrations may be considered a diagnostic marker for SRMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C de la Fuente
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ralph AG, Brainard BM. Update on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: When to Consider It, When to Expect It, When to Treat It. Top Companion Anim Med 2012; 27:65-72. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
25
|
Andreasen EB, Tranholm M, Wiinberg B, Markussen B, Kristensen AT. Haemostatic alterations in a group of canine cancer patients are associated with cancer type and disease progression. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:3. [PMID: 22280938 PMCID: PMC3342140 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemostatic alterations are commonly detected in human and canine cancer patients. Previous studies have described haemostatic dysfunction in canine patients with haemangiosarcomas and carcinomas, and haemostasis has been assessed in dogs with various malignant and benign neoplasias. Few studies have addressed the effect of cancer type and progression of disease on the presence of haemostatic alterations in canine patients. The objective of the present study was to evaluate haemostatic variables of coagulation and fibrinolysis in a group of canine cancer patients, and to compare haemostatic changes to the cancer type and progression of disease. Methods The study population consisted of 71 dogs with malignant neoplasia presented to the University Hospital for Companion Animals, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. The study was designed as a prospective observational study evaluating the haemostatic function in canine cancer patients stratified according to type of cancer disease and disease progression. The coagulation response was evaluated by thromboelastrography (TEG), platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothombin time (PT), fibrinogen and antithrombin (AT); and fibrinolysis by d-dimer and plasminogen. Results Hypercoagulability was the most common haemostatic dysfunction found. Non mammary carcinomas had increased clot strength (TEG G), aPTT and fibrinogen compared to the other groups. When stratifying the patients according to disease progression dogs with distant metastatic disease exhibited significantly increased fibrinogen, and d-dimer compared to dogs with local invasive and local non-invasive cancers. Conclusion Hypercoagulability was confirmed as the most common haemostatic abnormality in canine cancer patients and haemostatic dysfunction in canine cancer patients was found related to the cancer type and progression of disease. Increase in TEG G, aPTT and fibrinogen were observed in non-mammary carcinomas and were speculated to overall represent a proinflammatory response associated with the disease. Dogs with distant metastatic disease exhibited increased fibrinogen and d-dimer. Future studies are needed to elucidate the clinical importance of these results.
Collapse
|
26
|
Laboratory Diagnosis of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Dogs and Cats: The Past, the Present, and the Future. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:189-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
27
|
Defects in coagulation encountered in small animal critical care. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:783-803, vii. [PMID: 21757093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Critically ill small animals are at risk for developing coagulation abnormalities. The processes of inflammation and coagulation are intertwined, and severe inflammation can lead to disturbances of coagulation. Severe coagulation dysfunction is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of coagulation dysfunction are discussed. Defects in coagulation in small animal patients are complex and a consensus on diagnosis and treatment has yet to be reached.
Collapse
|
28
|
Gilor C, Ridgway MD, Singh K. DIC and granulomatous vasculitis in a dog with disseminated histoplasmosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47:e26-30. [PMID: 21531969 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated histoplasmosis and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy were diagnosed in a 7 mo old, female spayed mixed-breed dog. The dog improved transiently with supportive care, but deteriorated shortly after initiation of antifungal therapy. The dog was subsequently euthanized. At necropsy, marked granulomatous vasculitis was identified in all affected organs. The tunicae and laminae of the arteries and arterioles were obscured by epithelioid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells admixed with necrotic material. Intracytoplasmic yeast were present within some of these macrophages. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of granulomatous vasculitis associated with Histoplasma capsulatum in a dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gilor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Changes in the blood coagulation profile after ovariohysterectomy in female dogs
This study investigated changes in the coagulation profile of 10 healthy female dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomy. Blood samples were collected three times - before, directly after and 24 h after surgery. Plasma samples were analyzed to determine thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen content, D-dimer content and antithrombin (AT) III activity. The results revealed post-operative haemostatic system disorders related to prolonged APTT, higher fibrinogen and D-dimer concentrations and lower levels of AT III activity.
Collapse
|
30
|
Laurenson M, Hopper K, Herrera M, Johnson E. Concurrent Diseases and Conditions in Dogs with Splenic Vein Thrombosis. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1298-304. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
31
|
Machida T, Kokubu H, Matsuda K, Miyoshi K, Uchida E. Clinical use of D-dimer measurement for the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1301-6. [PMID: 20467203 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured the plasma D-dimer (DD) concentration in 205 dogs. Simultaneously, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDPs) concentration, platelet (PLT) count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and plasma concentrations of fibrinogen (Fib) were measured in the same dogs. From these results, we were able to divide the animals into four groups: control (healthy dogs, n=18), pre-disseminated intravascular coagulation (preDIC) (n=20), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (n=21), and other (n=146). Significant differences in plasma DD concentration were found among the four groups: control, 0.45 ± 0.46 µg/ml (reference range, 0-1.37); preDIC, 5.0 ± 4.8 µg/ml; DIC, 16.3 ± 12.2 µg/ml; and other, 1.5 ± 2.7 µg/ml. A weak positive correlation (r=0.62) was found between FDPs and DD concentrations in the DIC group. As a DIC diagnostic test, the PLT/APTT/FDPs/DD combination had the highest accuracy of 100%, with a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 97%. We propose the use of FDPs and DD concentrations as part of the DIC diagnostic test panel, with DD and FDPs to provide accurate diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Machida
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Sinnott VB, Otto CM. Use of thromboelastography in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: 39 cases (2000-2008). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:484-8. [PMID: 19821891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze thromboelastograms (TEGs) of naturally occurring cases of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in order to identify whether a hypercoagulable state was present and whether its presence was associated with differences in survival. DESIGN Retrospective study spanning January 2000 to June 2008. Medical records of dogs were evaluated. Endpoints were considered death or discharge from the hospital. SETTING Academic teaching hospital. ANIMALS Thirty-nine dogs with a diagnosis of IMHA and at least one TEG performed during hospitalization were included. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Four values were evaluated from the TEG: the R time (R), K time (K), alpha angle (alpha), and maximum amplitude. From these values, a coagulation index (CI) was calculated to classify patients as normocoagulable, hypercoagulable, or hypocoagulable. Thirty-three of 39 patients were hypercoagulable based on the CI. The 6 remaining dogs were normocoagulable. The patients with a normocoagulable CI had an increased mortality rate (100%) when compared with the hypercoagulable patients using Fisher's exact test (P=0.02). Additionally, prolongation of partial thromboplastin time did not preclude hypercoagulable TEG values. CONCLUSIONS The majority of dogs with IMHA were hypercoagulable as measured by TEG. A normal CI was associated with a worse outcome in this patient population. TEG may provide additional and complementary information to prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time relating to coagulation status in dogs with IMHA and may help predict prognosis and potentially guide clinical decisions to utilize anticoagulant drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia B Sinnott
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Matthew J Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wagg CR, Boysen SÃR, Bédard C. Thrombelastography in dogs admitted to an intensive care unit. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38:453-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Delgado M, Monreal L, Armengou L, Segura D, RÃos J. Effects of Blood Contamination on Peritoneal D-Dimer Concentration in Horses with Colic. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:1232-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
36
|
Rosser EJ. Use of the D-dimer assay for diagnosing thrombosis in cases of canine cutaneous vasculitis. Vet Dermatol 2009; 20:586-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Prins M, Schellens CJMM, van Leeuwen MW, Rothuizen J, Teske E. Coagulation disorders in dogs with hepatic disease. Vet J 2009; 185:163-8. [PMID: 19487141 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease has been associated with abnormalities in haemostasis. In this study, coagulation times, platelet counts, platelet activity parameters, activities of individual coagulation factors, D-dimers, antithrombin (AT) and protein C activity were measured in 42 dogs with histologically confirmed liver disease. Outcome was correlated with histological diagnosis. One or more coagulation abnormalities were present in 57% of dogs with hepatic disease. Activated partial thromboplastin time was significantly prolonged in dogs with chronic hepatitis (CH), with or without cirrhosis. Mean platelet numbers, AT and factor IX activity were significantly lower in dogs with CH plus cirrhosis, compared to dogs with other hepatopathies. D-dimers were not significantly increased in any group. Only three dogs, all with different histological diagnoses, satisfied the criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Haemostatic abnormalities were primarily seen in dogs with cirrhosis and this may be due to reduced synthesis rather than increased consumption of coagulation factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Prins
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Boutet P, Heath F, Archer J, Villiers E. Comparison of quantitative immunoturbidimetric and semiquantitative latex-agglutination assays for D-dimer measurement in canine plasma. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38:78-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2008.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
Goggs R, Benigni L, Fuentes VL, Chan DL. Pulmonary thromboembolism. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:30-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Dewhurst E, Cue S, Crawford E, Papasouliotis K. A retrospective study of canine D-dimer concentrations measured using an immunometric "Point-of-Care" test. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:344-8. [PMID: 18638058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the D-dimer concentrations in both healthy dogs and dogs with and without evidence of thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation using a "Point-of-Care" test. METHODS Sixty-seven clinical cases and 26 healthy dogs were included in this retrospective study. D-dimer was measured using the NycoCard D-dimer test. Clinical conditions were categorised based on clinical findings, laboratory results, imaging, cytology, histopathology, necropsy or a combination of these tests. RESULTS There were no dogs for which the NycoCard D-dimer test did not produce a result. The D-dimer range in clinically healthy dogs was 0.1 to 0.5 mg/l (median 0.2 mg/l). In eight of nine cases with thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation and 43 of 58 of the cases without thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation , the D-dimer concentrations were greater than those of healthy dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The NycoCard D-dimer test card required no specialised equipment and could therefore facilitate rapid screening for thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation in first opinion practice. Elevations in D-dimer concentration can be found in a number of clinical conditions apart from thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation and should not therefore be used as the sole basis of diagnosis. D-dimer may be considered a good screening test for thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation as only one case with histopathological evidence of thromboembolic disease/disseminated intravascular coagulation had a D-dimer concentration in the range seen in healthy dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Dewhurst
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Stoneham AE, Henderson AK, O'Toole TE. Resolution of severe thrombocytopenia in two standard Poodles with surgical correction of splenic torsion. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2005.00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
43
|
Wray JD, Bestbier M, Miller J, Smith KC. Aortic and iliac thrombosis associated with angiosarcoma of skeletal muscle in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2006; 47:272-7. [PMID: 16674722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A seven-year-old, neutered male greyhound was presented with a history of episodic shifting hindlimb lameness and pain. Ischaemic necrosis of areas of the hindlimb digits and skin and a firm swelling within the medial right thigh musculature were found on physical examination. Investigation demonstrated thrombosis of the terminal aorta and right external iliac artery with ischaemic necrosis of muscular and dermal tissue distal to the sites of thrombosis. The dog was euthanased due to poor prognosis. Necropsy findings were of a poorly differentiated invasive sarcoma of the skeletal muscle of the proximal right hindlimb, thrombosis of the aorta and right external iliac artery and secondary renal glomerulopathy. Immunohistochemistry of the neoplastic tissue indicated angiosarcoma based on expression of CD31 and factor VIII-related antigen. Thrombosis was considered likely to be due to systemic hypercoagulability because of the presence of altered flow characteristics and endothelial damage in the vascular tumour bed. Aortoiliac thrombosis, paraparesis and hindlimb ischaemia are unusual sequelae of angiosarcoma in the dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Wray
- Centre for Small Animal Studies and Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Furlanello T, Fiorio F, Caldin M, Lubas G, Solano-Gallego L. Clinicopathological findings in naturally occurring cases of babesiosis caused by large form Babesia from dogs of northeastern Italy. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134:77-85. [PMID: 16112810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are few extensive studies about clinicopathological findings of spontaneous canine babesiosis caused by a large form of the parasite found in Europe. To further characterize and describe clinicopathological findings in dogs affected with this large form of Babesia in northeastern Italy, we evaluated 23 Italian dogs with canine babesiosis by means of clinical history, physical examination, hematological, biochemical, hemostatic tests, serum electrophoresis and urinalysis. Seventeen dogs (74%) had recently traveled on a hunting trip (within 5-15 days of being presented to the clinic) to Bosnia and Herzegovina (n=7), to Croatia (n=8) and to Hungary (n=2). The duration of clinical signs ranged from 1 to 5 days prior to the arrival at the clinic. The main clinical signs were dehydration (100%), apathy (74%), anorexia or decrease appetite (70%) and fever (68%). The anemia was present in 74% of the dogs and classified as mild (35%), moderate (59%) and severe (6%). In all cases, the anemia was normocytic and normochromic. Only three dogs presented erythrocyte regeneration. Seventy percent of dogs had hemolytic anemia and 30% had non-hemolytic anemia. Sixty-nine percent of dogs showed leucopenia and 74% neutropenia. Leucocitosis, due to mature neutrophilia and lymphocytosis, was present in one dog. Activated lymphocytes were noted in 61% of dogs. In all dogs, thrombocytopenia and an elevated hyperfibrinogenemia were present. Significant prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was only found in one case. In four dogs, both plasma fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDPs) and D-Dimer were increased. Antithrombin (AT) was slightly decreased in 11 of the 23 dogs. In the majority of cases, mild elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinekinase (CK), total bilirubin and lactic acid and decrease of total iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were present. In conclusion, the main clinicopathological findings were a mild to severe thrombocytopenia, a mild to moderate hemolytic anemia, neutropenia and hyperfibrinogenemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Furlanello
- Clinica Veterinaria Privata San Marco, Laboratorio Privato d'Analisi Veterinarie San Marco, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nelson OL. Use of the D-dimer Assay for Diagnosing Thromboembolic Disease in the Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2005; 41:145-9. [PMID: 15870247 DOI: 10.5326/0410145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the exact incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in small animals is unknown, it is thought that PTE is a substantial, under-diagnosed complication. The difficulty in diagnosing PTE in small animals is confounded by its subtle symptomatic presentation and a lack of clinical suspicion, coexisting disease states, and lack of noninvasive tests that are sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of PTE. Although numerous laboratory markers of coagulation have been studied, only the D-dimer assay has shown clinical utility in detecting early embolism in humans. This paper examines the use of D-dimer assays and other clinical modalities in the diagnostic approach to thromboembolic disease in small animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Lynne Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99194, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Donahue SM, Otto CM. Thromboelastography: a tool for measuring hypercoagulability, hypocoagulability, and fibrinolysis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2005.04025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
47
|
Pelagalli A, Ciaramella P, Lombardi P, Pero ME, Cortese L, Corona M, Oliva G, Avallone L. Evaluation of adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation in canine leishmaniasis. J Comp Pathol 2004; 130:124-9. [PMID: 15003469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2003.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Accepted: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania-infected dogs, which represent an important reservoir of infection in many parts of the world, frequently suffer from haematological disorders, including thrombocytopenia. In this study, the ability of platelets from healthy (control) dogs (n = 11) and from dogs with naturally acquired clinical leishmaniasis (n = 24) to aggregate in the presence of two different agonists (adenosine 5'-diphosphate [ADP] and collagen) was assayed. Haematological parameters examined consisted of the platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen concentration and D-dimer concentration. In dogs with leishmaniasis, a significant decrease in ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation was observed. Compared with platelets from the control dogs, those from leishmania-infected dogs showed a higher sensitivity to collagen, as demonstrated by a reduction in platelet aggregation of up to 20.4%, and a significant (P < 0.0001) difference for all the doses tested. With ADP the reduction was up to 10.4%, the difference reaching a significant level of P < 0.0001 only at the maximum dose used. The nature of this response, which was not accompanied by any clinical signs of bleeding other than an increase in aPTT, emphasizes the role of platelets in the parasite-host cell interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pelagalli
- Dipartimento di Strutture, Funzioni e Tecnologie Biologiche, University of Napoli, Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a clinicopathologic syndrome resulting from a multitude of underlying causes that manifests itself clinically as hemostatic/fibrinolytic failure. There is much debate on the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of DIC, a situation that is most likely the result of the multifaceted clinical presentation of the syndrome and the fact that patient outcome is often influenced by the underlying disease process. The fact that DIC increases morbidity and mortality in critical care patients is well established, but the exact mechanism of what specifically occurs on a microvascular level is still often argued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Dallap
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kurata M, Horii I. BLOOD COAGULATION TESTS IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES-REVIEW OF METHODS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR DRUG SAFETY ASSESSMENT-. J Toxicol Sci 2004; 29:13-32. [PMID: 15018151 DOI: 10.2131/jts.29.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In general toxicological studies, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time are routinely measured to assess blood coagulation. Special (problem-driven) tests for blood coagulation are of significance to detect abnormalities and investigate the mechanism of toxicity in detail. In this review, we compiled widely scattered information on blood coagulation testing from different fields in the biological area, and reviewed the methods available and their significance in toxicological studies. The relevant literature cited here reports large species differences in platelet aggregation, coagulation factors or fibrinolysis, and technical limitations. However, the following tests are basically applicable to laboratory animals; (1) assays for individual coagulation factors and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonists (PIVKA) to investigate coagulation factor abnormalities; (2) platelet aggregation-, platelet adhesion-, platelet release-tests and von Willebrand factor assay to screen and/or investigate platelet dysfunction; (3) fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), D-dimer and thromboelastogram to detect fibrinolitic abnormalities, and assays for plasminogen, plasmin and their activator/inhibitor to investigate fibrinolysis in detail; and (4) bleeding-time to grossly evaluate blood coagulation capability in vivo. An appropriate battery of these tests provides significant information for risk assessment of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kurata
- Worldwide Safety Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., 5-2 Taketoyo, Aichi 470-2393, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
de Laforcade AM, Freeman LM, Shaw SP, Brooks MB, Rozanski EA, Rush JE. Hemostatic changes in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17:674-9. [PMID: 14529134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a frequent source of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The goal of this case control study was to measure hemostatic changes in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis. Blood was collected within 24 hours of admission from 20 dogs that fulfilled the criteria for sepsis. Sepsis was defined as histologic or microbiological confirmation of infection and 2 or more of the following criteria: hypo- or hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, or leukopenia, leukocytosis, or > 3% bands. Culture and sensitivities were performed on appropriate samples from all septic dogs. Twenty-eight control dogs were enrolled on the basis of normal results of physical examination, CBC, serum biochemistry, and coagulation profile. Plasma samples were analyzed for prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP), D-dimer (DD) concentrations, antithrombin (AT) activity, and protein C (PC) activity. Data were compared between groups by chi-square or independent t-tests. PC (P < .001) and AT (P < .001) activities were significantly lower in dogs with sepsis compared to controls. Dogs with sepsis had significantly higher PT (P = .007), PTT (P = .005), D-dimer (P = .005), and FDP (P = .001) compared to controls. Platelet counts were not significantly different between groups. Ten of the 20 septic dogs (50%) died, but no association was identified between any of the measured variables and outcome. These findings are consistent with previous studies in animals with experimentally induced disease and in clinical studies of humans. On the basis of these results, further investigation of the role of AT and PC in canine sepsis is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armelle M de Laforcade
- Department of Clinical Sciences at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|