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Nankervis KJ, Tranquille CA, Chojnacka K, Tacey JB, Deckers I, Newton JR, Murray RC. Effect of speed and water depth on limb and back kinematics in Thoroughbred horses walking on a water treadmill. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106033. [PMID: 37783310 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Water treadmill (WT) exercise may induce limb and back kinematics that meet specific training and rehabilitation goals. The study aimed to investigate the effects of walk speed, at different water depths (WDs), on limb and back kinematics of six Thoroughbreds exercising on a WT. Horses walked at 2.8/4.3/5.5/6.0 km/h (i.e. 0.8/1.2/1.5/1.7 m/s) at dry, metacarpophalangeal and carpal WD. Videography captured limb movement in the sagittal plane. Motion-capture measured thoracolumbosacral flexion-extension (FE), and lateral bend (LB) ranges of movement (ROM) using skin surface markers on the sixth, tenth, thirteenth, eighteenth thoracic, third and fifth lumbar, and third sacral spinous processes. Inertial-motion-sensors measured poll, withers and pelvic displacements. Following preliminary univariable analyses, multivariable mixed-effects linear-regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between speed, WD and each outcome variable (P < 0.05). Peak metacarpophalangeal, carpal and tarsal joint flexion increased with speed (P ≤ 0.002) and depth combined (P 0.001) while peak metatarsophalangeal flexion increased with WD only (P 0.001). Thoracolumbar FE-ROM between T10 and L3 and hindlimb retraction was increased by speed and WD combined (P 0.001). Hindlimb protraction was increased by speed (P 0.001) while hindlimb retraction was increased by speed and WD combined (P 0.001). Dorsoventral poll displacement was increased by speed (P 0.001) and carpal WD (P = 0.013), craniocaudal poll displacement was increased by speed and WD combined (P 0.001). Pelvic (tubera coxae and sacrum) dorsoventral displacements increased with speed and WD combined (P 0.001). Understanding the effects of speed and WD on limb, back and pelvic kinematics will improve decision making relating to dry and WT exercise within training.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Nankervis
- Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, UK.
| | - C A Tranquille
- Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, UK; Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - K Chojnacka
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK; Engelhard Road, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 0SA, UK
| | - J B Tacey
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK; JBT Veterinary Physiotherapy, Bostocks Lane, Nottingham NG10 4EH, UK
| | - I Deckers
- Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, UK
| | - J R Newton
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK; Cambridge Veterinary School, Madingley Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB3 0ES, UK
| | - R C Murray
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK; Rossdales Diagnostic Centre, Cotton End Lane, Exning, Suffolk CB8 7NN, UK
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Pagliara E, Marenchino M, Antenucci L, Costantini M, Zoppi G, Giacobini MDL, Bullone M, Riccio B, Bertuglia A. Fetlock Joint Angle Pattern and Range of Motion Quantification Using Two Synchronized Wearable Inertial Sensors per Limb in Sound Horses and Horses with Single Limb Naturally Occurring Lameness. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090456. [PMID: 36136672 PMCID: PMC9502055 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetlock joint angle (FJA) pattern is a sensitive indicator of lameness. The first aim of this study is to describe a network of inertial measurement units system (IMUs) for quantifying FJA simultaneously in all limbs. The second aim is to evaluate the accuracy of IMUs for quantifying the sagittal plane FJA overground in comparison to bi-dimensional (2-D) optical motion capture (OMC). 14 horses (7 free from lameness and 7 lame) were enrolled and analyzed with both systems at walk and trot on a firm surface. All enrolled horses were instrumented with 8 IMUs (a pair for each limb) positioned at the dorsal aspect of the metacarpal/metatarsal bone and pastern and acquiring data at 200 Hz. Passive markers were glued on the center of rotation of carpus/tarsus, fetlock, and distal interphalangeal joint, and video footages were captured at 60 Hz and digitalized for OMC acquisition. The IMU system accuracy was reported as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC). The Granger Causality Test (GCT) and the Bland−Altman analysis were computed between the IMUs and OMC patterns to determine the agreement between the two systems. The proposed IMU system was able to provide FJAs in all limbs using a patented method for sensor calibration and related algorithms. Fetlock joint range of motion (FJROM) variability of three consecutive strides was analyzed in the population through 3-way ANOVA. FJA patterns quantified by IMUs demonstrated high accuracy at the walk (RMSE 8.23° ± 3.74°; PCC 0.95 ± 0.03) and trot (RMSE 9.44° ± 3.96°; PCC 0.96 ± 0.02) on both sound (RMSE 7.91° ± 3.19°; PCC 0.97 ± 0.03) and lame horses (RMSE 9.78° ± 4.33°; PCC 0.95 ± 0.03). The two systems’ measurements agreed (mean bias around 0) and produced patterns that were in temporal agreement in 97.33% of the cases (p < 0.01). The main source of variability between left and right FJROM in the population was the presence of lameness (p < 0.0001) and accounted for 28.46% of this total variation. IMUs system accurately quantified sagittal plane FJA at walk and trot in both sound and lame horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Pagliara
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giacomo Zoppi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Michela Bullone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Barbara Riccio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Bertuglia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Tranquille C, Tacey J, Walker V, Mackechnie-Guire R, Ellis J, Nankervis K, Newton R, Murray R. Effect of water depth on limb and back kinematics in horses walking on a water treadmill. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 115:104025. [PMID: 35649493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Water treadmill (WT) exercise is frequently used for training/rehabilitation of horses. There is limited study into the effect of water depth on limb/back kinematics warranting investigation. The objective was to determine the effect of walking in different water depths, at the same speed, on limb/back kinematics measured simultaneously in a group of horses. Six horses (age:15±6.5 years) completed a standardised WT exercise session (19min duration; speed:1.6m/s; water depths:0.0/7.5/21.0/32.0/47.0cm). Ten waterproof light-emitting-diode tea-light-markers and reflective-spheres were affixed to the skin at predetermined locations; inertial-measurement-units were fixed to the poll/withers/left and right tubera coxae (TC)/sacrum to determine range-of-motion (ROM) changes of these locations. Univariable-mixed-effects-linear-regression-analyses were carried out, with a significance value of P≤0.05. At maximum carpal/tarsal flexion during swing, regression analyses showed a clear and consistent non-linear increase in carpal and tarsal flexion at increasing water depths (P<0.0001 for both variables). As water depth increased there was a significant increase in thoracic spine flexion-extension ROM (P<0.0001 at all thoracic sites) and increased dorsoventral and mediolateral ROM of the sacrum/left and right TC (P<0.001 for all variables) as water depth increased. Results suggest that horses responded to an increase in water depth until a threshold depth was reached when the biomechanical response levelled off, and there was increased pelvic roll. In conclusion, changes in limb kinematics brought about by relatively modest increases in water depth at walking speed of 1.6m/s are sufficient to induce significant changes in back/pelvic movement highlighting key issues with relevance for WT programme design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Tacey
- Granby Street, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 8HB, UK
| | - Victoria Walker
- Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL 19 3BE, UK
| | | | - Julie Ellis
- Arden University, 17 Middlemarch Park, Coventry CV3 4FJ, UK
| | | | - Richard Newton
- Cambridge Veterinary School, 18 Madingley Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Rachel Murray
- Rossdales, 19 Diagnostic Centre, Cotton End Lane, Exning, Suffolk CB8 7NN, UK
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Scheidt A, Ditzel PC, Geiger SM, Wagner FC, Mülling CKW, Nyakatura JA. A therian mammal with sprawling kinematics? Gait and 3D forelimb X-ray motion analysis in tamanduas. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275397. [PMID: 35554550 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Therian mammals are known to move their forelimbs in a parasagittal plane, retracting the mobilised scapula during stance phase. Non-cursorial therian mammals often abduct the elbow out of the shoulder-hip parasagittal plane. This is especially prominent in Tamandua (Xenarthra), which suggests they employ aspects of sprawling (e.g., lizard-like-) locomotion. Here, we test if tamanduas use sprawling forelimb kinematics, i.e., a largely immobile scapula with pronounced lateral spine bending and long-axis rotation of the humerus. We analyse high speed videos and use X-ray motion analysis of tamanduas walking and balancing on branches of varying inclinations and provide a quantitative characterization of gaits and forelimb kinematics. Tamanduas displayed lateral sequence lateral-couplets gaits on flat ground and horizontal branches, but increased diagonality on steeper in- and declines, resulting in lateral sequence diagonal-couplets gaits. This result provides further evidence for high diagonality in arboreal species, likely maximising stability in arboreal environments. Further, the results reveal a mosaic of sprawling and parasagittal kinematic characteristics. The abducted elbow results from a constantly internally rotated scapula about its long axis and a retracted humerus. Scapula retraction contributes considerably to stride length. However, lateral rotation in the pectoral region of the spine (range: 21°) is higher than reported for other therian mammals. Instead, it is similar to skinks and alligators, indicating an aspect generally associated with sprawling locomotion is characteristic for forelimb kinematics of tamanduas. Our study contributes to a growing body of evidence of highly variable non-cursorial therian mammal locomotor kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Scheidt
- AG Vergleichende Zoologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paulo C Ditzel
- AG Vergleichende Zoologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra M Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska C Wagner
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - John A Nyakatura
- AG Vergleichende Zoologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Itoi T, Kawata S, Fukuda Y, Maejima S. Effect of a Corset on the Gait of Healthy Beagle Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092650. [PMID: 34573619 PMCID: PMC8471024 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, corsets have been used in the prevention of nerve diseases in dogs and in their rehabilitation following surgery. The Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro, made by Daiya Industry Co., Ltd., is manufactured and sold for this purpose, but no studies have yet been conducted to verify its effectiveness. To evaluate the effects of the corset, we analyzed the gait of healthy beagle dogs that were or were not wearing the Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro. We found no difference in the walking speed of the dogs, but wearing the corset reduced the horizontal sway of the back. In conclusion, this corset does not affect the gait of dogs and may help body stability. Therefore, the Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro may be useful for the treatment of dog nerve conditions. Abstract The prognosis for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), a common neurologic disease in dogs, varies, with some cases requiring long-term rehabilitation. Corsets are used as part of the physical rehabilitation of dogs, and one of these, the Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro, is manufactured and sold by Daiya Industry Co., Ltd. This corset is used to relieve pain caused by spinal cord and vertebral diseases, and to prevent neurological conditions from worsening, by limiting spinal movement. However, the effect of the Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro on gait has not yet been clarified. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of this corset on the gait of dogs using kinematic and kinetic analyses. Five healthy beagle dogs wearing corsets were trotted, kinematic and kinetic parameters were measured using motion capture and force plates, and the results were compared to those obtained when the dogs were not wearing a corset. The range of motion of the angle formed by the 13th thoracic vertebra and the 7th lumbar vertebra at the apex of the 7th cervical vertebra was significantly reduced in the corset-wearing dogs. Thus, the Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro may improve trunk stability without affecting gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Itoi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8555, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Kurashiki 712-8505, Okayama, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Shuji Kawata
- Anifull, Division of Vet Supplies, Daiya Industry Co., Ltd., Okayama 701-0203, Okayama, Japan;
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuda
- Department of R&D, Daiya Industry Co., Ltd., Okayama 701-0203, Okayama, Japan;
| | - Saori Maejima
- Animal Rehabilitation Community, Okayama 701-1332, Okayama, Japan;
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Byström A, Hardeman AM, Serra Bragança FM, Roepstorff L, Swagemakers JH, van Weeren PR, Egenvall A. Differences in equine spinal kinematics between straight line and circle in trot. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12832. [PMID: 34145339 PMCID: PMC8213771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Work on curved tracks, e.g. on circles, is commonplace within all forms of horse training. Horse movements in circles are naturally asymmetric, including the load distribution between inner and outer limbs. Within equestrian dressage the horse is expected to bend the back laterally to follow the circle, but this has never been studied scientifically. In the current study 12 horses were measured (optical motion capture, 100 Hz) trotting on left and right circles and on the straight without rider (soft surface). Data from markers placed along the spine indicated increased lateral bending to the inside (e.g. left bending on the left circle) of the thoracolumbar back (difference left circle vs. straight − 3.75°; right circle + 3.61°) and the neck (left − 5.23°; right + 4.80° vs. straight). Lateral bending ROM increased on the circle (+ 0.87° and + 0.62°). Individual variation in straight-circle differences was evident, but each horse was generally consistent over multiple trials. Differences in back movements between circle and straight were generally small and may or may not be visible, but accompanying changes in muscle activity and limb movements may add to the visual impression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Byström
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A M Hardeman
- Tierklinik Luesche GmbH, Essenerstrasse 39a, 49456, Luesche, Germany.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F M Serra Bragança
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Roepstorff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J H Swagemakers
- Tierklinik Luesche GmbH, Essenerstrasse 39a, 49456, Luesche, Germany
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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MacKechnie-Guire R, Pfau T. Differential Rotational Movement of the Thoracolumbosacral Spine in High-Level Dressage Horses Ridden in a Straight Line, in Sitting Trot and Seated Canter Compared to In-Hand Trot. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030888. [PMID: 33804702 PMCID: PMC8003829 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing back dysfunction is a key part of the investigative process of "loss of athletic performance" in the horse and quantitative data may help veterinary decision making. Ranges of motion of differential translational and rotational movement between adjacent inertial measurement units attached to the skin over thoracic vertebrae 5, 13 and 18 (T5, T13, T18) lumbar vertebra 3 (L3) and tuber sacrale (TS) were measured in 10 dressage horses during trot in-hand and ridden in sitting trot/canter. Straight-line motion cycles were analysed using a general linear model (random factor: horse; fixed factor: exercise condition; Bonferroni post hoc correction: p < 0.05). At T5-T13 the differential heading was smaller in sitting trot (p ≤ 0.0001, 5.1° (0.2)) and canter (p ≤ 0.0001, 3.2° (0.2)) compared to trotting in-hand (7.4° (0.4)). Compared to trotting in-hand (3.4° (0.4)) at T18-L3 differential pitch was higher in sitting trot (p ≤ 0.0001, 7.5° (0.3)) and canter (p ≤ 0.0001, 6.3° (0.3)). At L3-TS, differential pitch was increased in canter (6.5° (0.5)) compared to trotting in-hand (p = 0.006, 4.9° (0.6)) and differential heading was higher in sitting trot (4° (0.2)) compared to canter (p = 0.02, 2.9° (0.3)). Compared to in-hand, reduced heading was measured in the cranial-thoracic area and increased in the caudal-thoracic and lumbar area. Pitch increased with ridden exercise from the caudal-thoracic to the sacral area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell MacKechnie-Guire
- Centaur Biomechanics, 25 Oaktree Close, Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire CV35 9BB, UK
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookman’s Park, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thilo Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookman’s Park, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
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Ericson C, Stenfeldt P, Hardeman A, Jacobson I. The Effect of Kinesiotape on Flexion-Extension of the Thoracolumbar Back in Horses at Trot. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E301. [PMID: 32069962 PMCID: PMC7071056 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesiotape theoretically stimulates mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive sensory pathways that in turn may modulate the neuromuscular activity and locomotor function, so alteration of activation, locomotion and/or range of motion (ROM) can be achieved. The aim of this study was to determine whether kinesiotape applied to the abdominal muscles would affect the ROM in flexion-extension (sagittal plane) in the thoracolumbar back of horses at trot. The study design was a paired experimental study, with convenient sample. Each horse was randomly placed in the control or the intervention group and then the order reversed. Eight horses trotted at their own preferred speed in hand on a straight line, 2 × 30 m. Optical motion capture was used to collect kinematic data. Paired t-tests, normality tests and 1-Sample Wilcoxon test were used to assess the effects of the kinesiotape. No statistical significance (p < 0.05) for changes in flexion-extension of the thoracolumbar back in trot was shown in this group of horses. Some changes were shown indicating individual movement strategies in response to stimuli from the kinesiotape. More research in this popular and clinically used method is needed to fully understand the reacting mechanisms in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cajsa Ericson
- Animotion Rehab, Kalles ängsväg 1, 760 15 Gräddö, Sweden;
| | | | - Aagje Hardeman
- Tierklinik Luesche GmbH, 49456 Luesche, Germany;
- Dep. of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3512 Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dep. of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Jacobson
- Division of Health Science, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden;
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Walker V, Dyson S, Tranquille C, Tacey J, Murray R. Limb and thoracolumbosacral kinematics over an upright and parallel spread fence. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Jumping mechanics have been investigated at take-off, flight and landing, mainly in reference to the limbs with limited evaluation of the thoracolumbosacral region. The objectives of this study were to investigate head, neck, thoracolumbosacral and limb angles in a group of experienced showjumping horses (competing at 1.20-1.60 m) over an upright and parallel spread fence. Ten horses in active showjumping training were recruited (mean 8 years old). High-speed videography (240 Hz) was used to determine thoracolumbosacral kinematic variables of the approach and take-off. No significant differences between the upright and parallel spread fences were observed for any of the variables measured. Individual horse review showed that neck-trunk, thoracolumbar, lumbosacral, coxofemoral angles, take-off distance and speed patterns at take-off were consistent among horses and also repeatable between fence types. Head-neck, stifle and tarsal angles had great variability among horses. The main limitation of this study was that only 2D motion analysis was carried out. In conclusion, analysis of individual horse patterns showed that head, neck, back and limb angles were repeatable over submaximal upright and spread fences in ten horses. Some angles were consistent among horses, but others had individual horse variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.A. Walker
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - S.J. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - C.A. Tranquille
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - J.B. Tacey
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - R.C. Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
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Quantification of Equine Sacral and Iliac Motion During Application of Manual Forces and Comparison Between Motion Capture With Skin-Mounted and Bone-Fixated Sensors. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 64:5-11. [PMID: 30973152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of sacroiliac dysfunction in horses includes manual motion palpation of the equine ilium and sacrum. Motion of the ilium and sacrum during manual force application to the equine pelvis has been measured previously in vitro. The aim of this study was to measure the amount and direction of motion in vivo, including comparison of bone-fixated and skin-mounted inertial sensors. Sensors were skin-mounted over tuber sacrale (TS) and third sacral spinous process of six Thoroughbred horses and later attached via Steinmann pins inserted into the same bony landmarks. Orientations of each TS and sacrum were recorded by one investigator during six trials of manual force applied to the pelvis, inducing cranial, caudal, and oblique rotations. Mean values were reported in Euler angles for the three orthogonal planes lateral bending, flexion-extension (FE), and axial rotation (AR). Differences between skin- and bone-fixated markers were determined with significance set at P < .05. The largest mean values recorded during rotations applied to the pelvises were for FE, (2.08° ± 0.35°) with bone-fixated sensors. AR gave the largest values recorded with skin mountings (1.70° ± 0.48°). There was a poor correlation between skin-mounted and bone-fixated markers with AR being the orthogonal plane in which results from skin mounting were closest to results from bone-fixated sensors Bony kinematics during external movement applied to the pelvis cannot be predicted from skin-mounted sensors, due to differences between skin- and bone-mounted sensors.
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Kinetic and kinematic evaluation of compensatory movements of the head, pelvis and thoracolumbar spine associated with asymmetric weight bearing of the pelvic limbs in trotting dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 27:453-60. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-14-04-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjectives: To determine ground reaction forces, head and pelvis vertical motion (HVM and PVM, respectively), and thoraco-lumbar lateral angular motion (LAM) of the spine using kinematic gait analysis in dogs with mild asymmetric weight-bearing of the pelvic limbs while trotting.Methods: Twenty-seven hound-type dogs were fitted with reflective markers placed on the sagittal crest of the skull, the ischiatic tuberosity, and thoracolumbar spine of dogs to track motion while trotting. Kinetic and kinematic data were used to characterize asymmetry between the left and right pelvic limbs, and to describe HVM, PVM and thoraco-lumbar LAM. Maximum and minimum position and total motion values were determined for each measured variable.Results: Dogs with asymmetric weight bearing of the pelvic limbs had greater PVM on the side with a greater peak vertical force (PVF), and greater thoraco-lumbar LAM toward the side with a lower PVF while trotting. No differences in mean HVM were detected, and there were no significant correlations between the magnitude of HVM, PVM and thoraco-lumbar LAM and the degree of asymmetric weight bearing.Clinical significance: Dogs with subtle asymmetric weight bearing of a pelvic limb had patterns of body motion that may be useful in identifying subtle lameness in dogs; greater PVM on the side with greater weight bearing and greater thoraco-lumbar LAM toward the side with less weight bearing while trotting. Description of these compensatory movements is valuable when evaluating dogs with subtle weight bearing asymmetry in the pelvic limbs and may improve the sensitivity of lameness detection during subjective clinical lameness examination.
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Pfau T, Simons V, Rombach N, Stubbs N, Weller R. Effect of a 4-week elastic resistance band training regimen on back kinematics in horses trotting in-hand and on the lunge. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:829-835. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
- Structure and Motion Lab; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | - V. Simons
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | | | - N. Stubbs
- Department of Equine Sports Medicine; Tierklinik Lüsche; Germany and Samorin, Napoli Slovak Equestrian Club Ślovak
| | - R. Weller
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
- Structure and Motion Lab; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
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Martin P, Cheze L, Pourcelot P, Desquilbet L, Duray L, Chateau H. Effects of the rider on the kinematics of the equine spine under the saddle during the trot using inertial measurement units: Methodological study and preliminary results. Vet J 2017; 221:6-10. [PMID: 28283082 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many factors associated with the saddle and the rider could produce pain in horses thus reducing performance. However, studies of horse-saddle-rider interactions are limited and determining their effects remains challenging. The aim of this study was to test a novel method for assessing equine thoracic and lumbar spinal movement under the saddle and collect data during trotting. Back movement was measured using inertial measurement units (n = 5) fixed at the levels of thoracic vertebrae T6, T12 and T16, and lumbar vertebrae L2 and L5. To compare unridden and ridden conditions, three horses were trotted in hand then at the rising trot (seated phase: left diagonal, rider seated; standing phase: right diagonal, rider standing). The protraction-retraction angles of the forelimbs and the hind limbs were also calculated in two dimensions (2D) using reflective markers. To compare conditions, linear mixed-effects regression models were used and estimated means (standard error) were calculated. The range of motion (ROM) of the caudal thoracic and thoracolumbar regions decreased respectively by -1.3 (0.4)° and -0.6 (0.2)° during the seated phase compared to the unridden condition. Concomitantly, the ROM of protraction and retraction angles increased in the ridden condition. This study demonstrated the ability of inertial measurement units to assess equine vertebral movements under the saddle. The rider, at the rising trot, affected the horse's global locomotion with measurable changes in the vertebral kinematics under the saddle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, Maisons-Alfort F-94704, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, Maisons-Alfort F-94704, France; CWD France-Sellerie de Nontron, Nontron F-24300, France.
| | - L Cheze
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France
| | - P Pourcelot
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, Maisons-Alfort F-94704, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, Maisons-Alfort F-94704, France
| | - L Desquilbet
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 7179, Laboratoire Mecadev, CNRS/MNHN, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort F-94704, France
| | - L Duray
- CWD France-Sellerie de Nontron, Nontron F-24300, France
| | - H Chateau
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, Maisons-Alfort F-94704, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, Maisons-Alfort F-94704, France
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Walker V, Tranquille C, Dyson S, Spear J, Murray R. Association of a Subjective Muscle Score With Increased Angles of Flexion During Sitting Trot in Dressage Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nankervis KJ, Finney P, Launder L. Water depth modifies back kinematics of horses during water treadmill exercise. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:732-736. [PMID: 26502104 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Water treadmill exercise can be incorporated into the rehabilitation programmes of horses recovering from back pathology, yet little is known about the effect of this type of exercise on thoracolumbar movement ranges. OBJECTIVES To measure the flexion-extension range of motion (FE ROM) of the thoracolumbar spine and pelvic vertical displacement during water treadmill walking at 3 water depths and compare these with the control condition. STUDY DESIGN Within-subject trial using a crossover design in healthy horses. METHODS A total of 14 horses walked at 0.8 m/s on a water treadmill for 3 min at each of the following depths; hoof (control), metatarsophalangeal joint (low), tarsal joint (medium) and femoropatellar joint (high). Skin surface markers on T6, T10, T13, T18, L3, L5 and S3 were used to obtain FE ROM and the minimum and maximum angular motion pattern values (AMPmin and AMPmax) for T10, T13, T18, L3 and L5. Markers placed on left and right tuber coxae were used to obtain pelvic vertical displacement. Friedman's tests and post hoc Wilcoxon's signed ranks tests were used to determine the effects of water depth on measured variables. RESULTS The FE ROM of T10 (8.4°), T13 (8.1°), T18 (6.9°) and L3 (6.4°) when walking at high depth was significantly greater than control (5.5, 5.7, 5.1 and 5.1°, respectively; P<0.008); T13 AMPmin was significantly lower in high water (-3.0°) than control (0.1°, P = 0.001) and L3 AMPmax significantly greater in high water (-1.9°) than control (-4.8°, P = 0.001). There was no significant association between pelvic vertical displacement and water depth. CONCLUSIONS Walking in high water causes cranial thoracic extension and thoracolumbar flexion when compared with walking in water at hoof depth. This postural change should be considered when designing rehabilitation programmes for horses with back and/or hindlimb pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Nankervis
- The Equine Therapy Centre, Hartpury College, Gloucestershire, UK.
| | - P Finney
- The Equine Therapy Centre, Hartpury College, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - L Launder
- Osteopathy for Horses, Welshpool, Powys, UK
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Bergh A, Egenvall A, Olsson E, Uhlhorn M, Rhodin M. Evaluation of skin displacement in the equine neck. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/cep143003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kinematic studies, using reflective skin markers, are commonly used to investigate equine joint motion in equitation science and for rehabilitation purposes. In order to interpret the registrations accurately, the degree of skin displacement has been described for the limbs and back, but not yet for the neck. The aim of the present study was to measure sagittal plane skin displacement in the equine neck. Radiopaque skin markers were applied to the skin over the first six cervical vertebrae of six healthy horses. Latero-lateral radiographs were taken in three standardised neck positions in the sagittal plane: control (horizontal neck), ‘on the bit’ and ‘nose to carpus’. The scales of the images were normalised and calculation of skin displacement was done by use of a coordinate system, dividing the displacement along an x-axis parallel to the vertebra's longitudinal axis and a y-axis perpendicular to the x-axis. Mixed models analysis was employed to study the differences in distances in x- and y-directions, and statistical significance was set to PÃ0.05. Between control and ‘nose to carpus’ positions, there were significant differences in skin marker locations, relative to the underlying vertebrae, in the x-direction for C1-6, and in y-direction for C3-6. Between normal and ‘on the bit’ positions, there were significant difference in both x- and y-directions for C6. Differences in marker locations along x- and y-axes, respectively, were 3±9 mm and 44±14 mm. The outcome of this study indicates that skin displacement should be considered when investigating equine neck motion with skin marker methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bergh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, SLU, P.O. Box 7011, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, SLU, P.O. Box 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E. Olsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, SLU, P.O. Box 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Uhlhorn
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging, University Animal Hospital, P.O. Box 7040, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Rhodin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, SLU, P.O. Box 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Olsen E, Pfau T, Ritz C. Functional limits of agreement applied as a novel method comparison tool for accuracy and precision of inertial measurement unit derived displacement of the distal limb in horses. J Biomech 2013; 46:2320-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Clayton HM, Kaiser LJ, Lavagnino M, Stubbs NC. Evaluation of intersegmental vertebral motion during performance of dynamic mobilization exercises in cervical lateral bending in horses. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1153-9. [PMID: 22849675 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify differences in intersegmental bending angles in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar portions of the vertebral column between the end positions during performance of 3 dynamic mobilization exercises in cervical lateral bending in horses. ANIMALS 8 nonlame horses. PROCEDURES Skin-fixed markers on the head, cervical transverse processes (C1-C6) and spinous processes (T6, T8, T10, T16, L2, L6, S2, and S4) were tracked with a motion analysis system with the horses standing in a neutral position and in 3 lateral bending positions to the left and right sides during chin-to-girth, chin-to-hip, and chin-to-tarsus mobilization exercises. Intersegmental angles for the end positions in the various exercises performed to the left and right sides were compared. RESULTS The largest changes in intersegmental angles were at C6, especially for the chin-to-hip and chin-to-tarsus mobilization exercises. These exercises were also associated with greater lateral bending from T6 to S2, compared with the chin-to-girth mobilization or neutral standing position. The angle at C1 revealed considerable bending in the chin-to-girth position but not in the 2 more caudal positions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The amount of bending in different parts of the cervical vertebral column differed among the dynamic mobilization exercises. As the horse's chin moved further caudally, bending in the caudal cervical and thoracolumbar regions increased, suggesting that the more caudal positions may be particularly effective for activating and strengthening the core musculature that is used to bend and stabilize the horse's back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Clayton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Zsoldos RR, Groesel M, Kotschwar A, Kotschwar AB, Licka T, Peham C. A preliminary modelling study on the equine cervical spine with inverse kinematics at walk. Equine Vet J 2011:516-22. [PMID: 21059054 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY The motion of the atlanto-occipital, cervical vertebral and cervicothoracic joints play an important role in equestrian sports and they are also common sites for lesions limiting performance in horses. OBJECTIVES To calculate inverse kinematics based on cervical vertebral motion and to develop a model close to the measured neck movements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurements were recorded in 6 horses without neck pain. Reflective markers were placed on both cristae facialis, both sides of cervical vertebra 1, 3 and 6 on the withers and hooves. The neck model was reconstructed from CT scans of the osseus structures and was developed in SIMM (Software for Interactive Musculoskeletal Modelling). Inverse kinematics calculation was done in OpenSim. Three degrees of freedom: Flexion-extension (FE), axial rotation (AR) and lateral bending (LB) were considered. The simulated motion was generated from the recorded motion of the skin markers. The differences in angular range of motion (ROM) of the joints were analysed using paired sample t tests. RESULTS From the model, the smallest FE ROM was in the C5-C6 joint (2° ± 1°) and the largest was in the C3-C4 joint (11° ± 5°). The smallest AR ROM was in the C5-C6 joint (2° ± 1°) and largest AR ROM was in the atlantoaxial joint (7° ± 2°). The smallest LB ROM was in the C5-C6 joint (2° ± 1°) and the largest LB ROM was in the cervicothoracic joint (18° ± 5°). There were significant differences between the ROM of joints in 51 of 168 comparisons (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The result of the motion of each joint gives an insight into the biomechanics of the equine neck. The small FE ROM at C5-C6 illustrates the pathogenetical relevance of the model for the development of osteoarthritis. The calculated data also provides a source for inverse dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Zsoldos
- Movement Science Group Vienna, Clinic of Orthopaedics in Ungulates, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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Warner SM, Koch TO, Pfau T. Inertial sensors for assessment of back movement in horses during locomotion over ground. Equine Vet J 2011:417-24. [PMID: 21059039 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Assessing back movement is an important part of clinical examination in the horse and objective assessment tools allow for evaluating success of treatment. OBJECTIVES Accuracy and consistency of inertial sensor measurements for quantification of back movement and movement symmetry during over ground locomotion were assessed; sensor measurements were compared to optical motion capture (mocap) and consistency of measurements focusing on movement symmetry was measured. METHODS Six nonlame horses were trotted in hand with synchronised mocap and inertial sensor data collection (landmarks: T6, T10, T13, L1 and S3). Inertial sensor data were processed using published methods and symmetry of dorsoventral displacement was assessed based on energy ratio, a Fourier based symmetry measure. Limits of agreement were calculated and visualised to compare mocap and sensor data. Consistency of sensor measurements was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression to investigate the effect of speed on movement symmetry. RESULTS Dorsoventral and mediolateral sensor displacement was observed to lie within ± 4-5 mm (± 2 s.d., 9-28% of movement amplitude) and energy ratio to lie within ± 0.03 of mocap data. High levels of correlation were found between strides and trials (0.86-1.0) for each horse and each sensor and variability of symmetry was lowest for T13 followed by T10, T6, L1 and S3 with no significant effect of speed at T6, T10 and T13. CONCLUSIONS Inertial sensor displacement and symmetry data showed acceptable accuracy and good levels of consistency for back movement. The small mediolateral movement amplitude means that changes of <25% in mediolateral amplitude (also unlikely to be detected by visual assessment) may go undetected. New sensor generations with improved sensor sensitivity and ease of use of equipment indicate good potential for use in a field situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Warner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
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Goff L, Van Weeren PR, Jeffcott L, Condie P, McGowan C. Quantification of equine sacral and iliac motion during gait: a comparison between motion capture with skin-mounted and bone-fixated sensors. Equine Vet J 2011:468-74. [PMID: 21059047 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Information regarding movement at the ilium and sacrum in nonlame horses during normal gait may assist in understanding the biomechanics of the equine sacroiliac joint. OBJECTIVES To determine the amount and direction of motion at the ilium and sacrum using 3D orientation sensors during walk and trot in sound Thoroughbreds. To compare results from sensors fixed to the skin with results from sensors fixed to bone-implanted pins. METHODS Three 3D wireless orientation sensors were mounted to the skin over the tuber sacrale (TS) and sacrum of 6 horses and motion at the ilium and sacrum was recorded for lateral bending (LB) flexion-extension (F-E) and axial rotation (AR) during walk and trot. This process was repeated with the orientation sensors mounted to the same pelvic landmarks via Steinmann pins. RESULTS Mean walk values were greater than trot values using pin-mounted sensors for all planes of movement (P < 0.05). Walk had 1.64 ± 0.22° (mean ± s.e.) more LB than trot (pin-mounted) yet 0.68 ± 0.22° less than trot when skin-mounted; 3.45 ± 0.15° more F-E (pin- and skin-mounted), and 4.99 ± 0.4° more AR (pin-mounted), but trot had 3.4 ± 0.40° more AR than walk with skin mounting. Using pinned sensors for trot resulted in less LB (2.47 ± 0.22°), F-E (1.12 ± 0.15°) and AR (10.62 ± 0.40°); and for walk less F-E (1.12 ± 0.15°) and AR (2.15 ± 0.40°) compared to skin-mounted. Poor correlation existed between mean values for skin- and pin-mounted data for walk and trot, for all planes of motion. CONCLUSIONS Movements were smaller at trot with bone-fixated sensors compared to walk, suggesting increased muscular control of movement at the trot. The apparent increase in skin motion at the trot and no clear correlation between skin- and bone-mounted sensors indicates inaccuracies when measuring sacral and iliac movement with skin mounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goff
- University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
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Van WEEREN PR, McGOWAN C, HAUSSLER KK. Science overview: Development of a structural and functional understanding of the equine back. Equine Vet J 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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CLAYTON HM, KAISER LJ, LAVAGNINO M, STUBBS NC. Dynamic mobilisations in cervical flexion: Effects on intervertebral angulations. Equine Vet J 2010:688-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effect of chiropractic manipulations on the kinematics of back and limbs in horses with clinically diagnosed back problems. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:153-9. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x250292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Holm KR, Wennerstrand J, Lagerquist U, Eksell R, Johnston C. Effect of local analgesia on movement of the equine back. Equine Vet J 2010; 38:65-9. [PMID: 16411589 DOI: 10.2746/042516406775374351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Diagnostic infiltration of local anaesthetic solution is commonly used in cases of equine back pain. Evaluation is subjective and it is not known how local analgesia of the back affects horses without clinical signs of back pain. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of infiltration of local anaesthetics on the movement of the back in horses without clinical signs of back pain, and to evaluate the usefulness of kinematic studies as an objective and quantitative tool in evaluating local analgesia in clinical practice. METHODS The kinematics of the back in 10 clinically sound horses were measured on 2 occasions at walk and trot before and after injections with mepivacaine and sodium chloride around the interspinous spaces between T16 and L2. The kinematics were compared between the 2 occasions before injections and before and after each injection. RESULTS The range of motion (ROM) for dorsoventral flexion-extension (FE) of the back was increased significantly in all measured segments other than T10 at walk, as was lateral bending (LB) at T10, L3 and L5 after injection of mepivacaine. For lateral excursion (LE), total movement increased at all measured segments. At trot the only affected segment was L3, where the injection with mepivacaine decreased the ROM for FE. After injection of sodium chloride the ROM for FE increased at T13 and T17 at walk. Lateral bending and LE were not affected at walk. At trot, LB increased at L3 and L5. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Diagnostic infiltration of local anaesthetic solution affects the function of the back in clinically sound horses, which must be considered when interpreting the use of this clinical aid in assessing clinical cases of back dysfunction. Kinematics can qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the effect of local analgesia of the back.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Roethlisberger Holm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala
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The effect of induced hindlimb lameness on thoracolumbar kinematics during treadmill locomotion. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:147-52. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x250184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rhodin M, Johnston C, Holm KR, Wennerstrand J, Drevemo S. The influence of head and neck position on kinematics of the back in riding horses at the walk and trot. Equine Vet J 2010; 37:7-11. [PMID: 15651727 DOI: 10.2746/0425164054406928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY A common opinion among riders and in the literature is that the positioning of the head and neck influences the back of the horse, but this has not yet been measured objectively. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of head and neck position on the kinematics of the back in riding horses. METHODS Eight Warmblood riding horses in regular work were studied on a treadmill at walk and trot with the head and neck in 3 different predetermined positions achieved by side reins attached to the bit and to an anticast roller. The 3-dimensional movement of the thoracolumbar spine was measured from the position of skin-fixed markers recorded by infrared videocameras. RESULTS Head and neck position influenced the movements of the back, especially at the walk. When the head was fixed in a high position at the walk, the flexion-extension movement and lateral bending of the lumbar back, as well as the axial rotation, were significantly reduced when compared to movements with the head free or in a low position. At walk, head and neck position also significantly influenced stride length, which was shortest with the head in a high position. At trot, the stride length was independent of head position. CONCLUSIONS Restricting and restraining the position and movement of the head and neck alters the movement of the back and stride characteristics. With the head and neck in a high position stride length and flexion and extension of the caudal back were significantly reduced. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Use of side reins in training and rehabilitation programmes should be used with an understanding of the possible effects on the horse's back.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rhodin
- Department of Anatomy, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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De Cocq P, Prinsen H, Springer NCN, van Weeren PR, Schreuder M, Muller M, van Leeuwen JL. The effect of rising and sitting trot on back movements and head-neck position of the horse. Equine Vet J 2009; 41:423-7. [PMID: 19642400 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x371387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY During trot, the rider can either rise from the saddle during every stride or remain seated. Rising trot is used frequently because it is widely assumed that it decreases the loading of the equine back. This has, however, not been demonstrated in an objective study. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of rising and sitting trot on the movements of the horse. HYPOTHESIS Sitting trot has more extending effect on the horse's back than rising trot and also results in a higher head and neck position. METHODS Twelve horses and one rider were used. Kinematic data were captured at trot during over ground locomotion under 3 conditions: unloaded, rising trot and sitting trot. Back movements were calculated using a previously described method with a correction for trunk position. Head-neck position was xpressed as extension and flexion of C1, C3 and C6, and vertical displacement of C1 and the bit. RESULTS Sitting trot had an overall extending effect on the back of horses when compared to the unloaded situation. In rising trot: the maximal flexion of the back was similar to the unloaded situation, while the maximal extension was similar to sitting trot; lateral bending of the back was larger than during the unloaded situation and sitting trot; and the horses held their heads lower than in the other conditions. The angle of C6 was more flexed in rising than in sitting trot. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The back movement during rising trot showed characteristics of both sitting trot and the unloaded condition. As the same maximal extension of the back is reached during rising and sitting trot, there is no reason to believe that rising trot was less challenging for the back.
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Cocq
- Experimental Zoology, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, PO Box 338, NL 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Gradner G, Bockstahler B, Peham C, Henninger W, Podbregar I. Kinematic Study of Back Movement in Clinically Sound Malinois Dogs with Consideration of the Effect of Radiographic Changes in the Lumbosacral Junction. Vet Surg 2007; 36:472-81. [PMID: 17614929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine thoracolumbar spinal movement in dogs and the influence of subclinical radiographic changes involving the lumbosacral junction. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Clinically sound Malinois dogs (n=22). METHODS Kinematic analysis of markers on the spinal processes of C7, T6, T13, L3, L7, and S3 was performed while dogs were walking on a treadmill. Range of motion (ROM) in the transverse and vertical direction and the time of occurrence (TOO) of the maximal marker position were calculated. ROM and TOO of angulations formed by the corresponding markers were calculated. Initial kinematic analysis was performed without knowledge of the radiographic changes, and then data were reanalyzed to determine whether vertebral changes influenced back motion. Based on the results of radiographic analysis of the lumbosacral junction, dogs were divided into 3 groups: 1=no radiographic changes; 2=shortened L7 vertebra; and 3=transitional vertebrae, spondylosis, subluxations, and spondylarthrosis of the lumbosacral junction. ROM and TOO were compared using ANOVA for repeated measures and a Bonferroni's post hoc test; P<.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The highest transverse ROM was achieved by markers T6, T13, and L3, and in the vertical direction by S3; however, there were no significant differences in ROM in horizontal angulations. In the sagittal plane, T13-L3-L7 had a lower angulation than L3-L7-S3. In Group 3, transverse ROM for C7 was significantly higher than in Group 1; the horizontal angular maximum of T13-L3-L7 occurred significantly earlier. CONCLUSIONS Significant kinematic changes were detected between clinically sound dogs with radiographic lumbosacral changes and dogs with no radiographic abnormalities. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Kinematic data from clinically sound dogs can be used for comparison with data from dogs with gait disturbances associated with orthopedic or neurologic disease or changes associated with therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gradner
- Movement Science Group and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Bockstahler BA, Henninger W, Müller M, Mayrhofer E, Peham C, Podbregar I. Influence of borderline hip dysplasia on joint kinematics of clinically sound Belgian Shepherd dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:271-6. [PMID: 17331016 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect changes in joint kinematics of clinically sound dogs with or without radiographically detectable borderline hip dysplasia (HD). ANIMALS 20 Belgian Shepherd Dogs (Malinois; mean +/- SD age, 2.75 +/- 1.32 years) with no clinical signs of HD. PROCEDURES Kinematic gait analysis was performed in Malinois walking on a treadmill. On the basis of results of radiographic examination for HD and in accordance with guidelines established by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, dogs were assigned to group 1 (no radiographic signs of HD; 8 dogs) or group 2 (borderline HD; 12 dogs). Ground reaction forces and weight distribution among limbs and differences between groups were evaluated. Maximal sagittal angle during the stance and swing phases, the time at which they were detected, and angle velocities were calculated for joints of the hind limbs. RESULTS Ground reaction forces revealed no differences between groups. Dogs in group 1 had significant changes (earlier time for maximal flexion of the hip joint and less flexion and less range of motion of the stifle joint), compared with results for dogs in group 2. Maximal angle velocity of the stifle and tarsal joints was significantly lower during the swing phase in group 1 than in group 2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study revealed that dogs with borderline HD had altered joint kinematics. Our data provide basic kinematic values for clinically sound and affected dogs and can be used to investigate the long-term effects for subclinical radiographic changes of the hip joints of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Bockstahler
- Movement Science Group Vienna (Project Group Dog), Clinical Department of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A - 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Haussler KK, Hill AE, Puttlitz CM, McIlwraith CW. Effects of vertebral mobilization and manipulation on kinematics of the thoracolumbar region. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:508-16. [PMID: 17472450 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.5.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure passive spinal movements induced during dorsoventral mobilization and evaluate effects of induced pain and spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) on passive vertebral mobility in standing horses. ANIMALS 10 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Baseline vertical displacements, applied force, stiffness, and frequency of the oscillations were measured during dorsoventral spinal mobilization at 5 thoracolumbar intervertebral sites. As a model for back pain, fixation pins were temporarily implanted into the dorsal spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae at 2 of the intervertebral sites. Vertebral variables were recorded again after pin placement and treadmill locomotion. In a randomized crossover study, horses were allocated to control and treatment interventions, separated by a 7-day washout period. The SMT consisted of high-velocity, low-amplitude thrusts applied to the 3 non-pin-placement sites. Control horses received no treatment. RESULTS The amplitudes of vertical displacement increased from cranial to caudal in the thoracolumbar portion of the vertebral column. Pin implantation caused no immediate changes at adjacent intervertebral sites, but treadmill exercise caused reductions in most variables. The SMT induced a 15% increase in displacement and a 20% increase in applied force, compared with control measurements. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The passive vertical mobility of the trunk varied from cranial to caudal. At most sites, SMT increased the amplitudes of dorsoventral displacement and applied force, indicative of increased vertebral flexibility and increased tolerance to pressure in the thoracolumbar portion of the vertebral column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Haussler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Although the saddle is seen as one of the biggest causes of back pain, and weightbearing is seen as an important aetiological factor in 'kissing spine' syndrome (KSS), the effects of a saddle and weight on the back movements of the horse have never been studied. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of pressure on the back, exerted by tack and weight, on movements of the horse. HYPOTHESIS Weight has an extending effect on the horse's back and, as a compensatory mechanism to this extension, an alteration in pro- and retraction angles was expected. A similar but smaller effect was expected from a saddle only and a lungeing girth. METHODS Data were captured during treadmill locomotion at walk, trot and canter under 4 conditions: unloaded; with lungeing girth; saddle only; and saddle with 75 kg of weight. Data were expressed as maximal extension, maximal flexion angles, range of motion of L3 and L5 and maximal pro- and retraction angles of the limbs. RESULTS At walk and trot, there was a significant influence on back kinematics in the 'saddle with weight' situation, but not in the other conditions. Overall extension of the back increased, but the range of movement remained the same. Limb kinematics changed in the sense that forelimb retraction increased. At canter, both the 'saddle with weight' and 'saddle only' conditions had a significant extending effect on the back, but there was no effect on limb kinematics. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Weight and a saddle induce an overall extension of the back. This may contribute to soft tissue injuries and the KSS. The data from this study may help in understanding the reaction of the equine back to the challenges imposed by man when using the animal for riding.
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Affiliation(s)
- P de Cocq
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 12, NL 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Johnston C, Holm KR, Erichsen C, Eksell P, Drevemo S. Kinematic evaluation of the back in fully functioning riding horses. Equine Vet J 2004; 36:495-8. [PMID: 15460073 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044877431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Clinical history and examination are important features in diagnosis of equine back dysfunction. However, interpretation is subjective and therefore may vary substantially. OBJECTIVES To establish a clinical tool to objectively evaluate the function of the equine back, in the form of a database on the kinematics of the back at the walk and trot in fully functioning riding horses. METHODS Thirty-three fully functioning riding horses walked and trotted on a treadmill. Morphometrics and kinematics were tested for correlations to age, height, weight and stride length, and differences between gender (geldings and mares) and use (dressage and showjumping). RESULTS A database for range of movement and symmetry of movement for extension and flexion, lateral bending, lateral excursion and axial rotation was presented. Symmetry values were very high for all variables. Significant differences were observed in use and gender. Age was negatively correlated to extension and flexion of the thoracolumbar junction. CONCLUSIONS Interrelationships between use, gender and age to conformation and movement were established. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The database provides a basis for objective reference for diagnosis, therapy and rehabilitation of clinical cases of back dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Johnston
- Departments of Anatomy and Histology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Faber MJ, van Weeren PR, Schepers M, Barneveld A. Long-term Follow-up of Manipulative Treatment in a Horse with Back Problems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 50:241-5. [PMID: 14567510 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to objectively quantify the effect of manipulation on back-related locomotion anomalies in the horse, a recently developed kinematic measuring technique for the objective quantification of thoracolumbar motion in the horse was applied in a dressage horse that was suffering from a back problem. In this horse, clinically, a right-convex bending (scoliosis) from the 10th thoracic vertebra to the second lumbar vertebra was diagnosed. As a result, there was a marked asymmetric movement of the thoracolumbar spine. Functionally, there was severe loss of performance. Thoracolumbar motion was measured in terms of ventrodorsal flexion, lateral flexion, and axial rotation using an automated gait analysis system. Measurements were repeated before and 2 days after treatment, before the second treatment 3 weeks later, and at 4 weeks and 8 months after the second treatment to assess long-term effect. At the same time, performance of the horse was assessed subjectively by the trainer as well. Symmetry of movement improved dramatically after the first treatment. After this, there was a slight decrease in symmetry, but 8 months after the last treatment the symmetry indexes for the various joints were still considerably better than during the first (pre-treatment) measuring session. Subjectively, the trainer did not notice improvement until after measurement session 4. Between sessions 4 and 5 (at 4 weeks and 8 months after the second treatment) there was a change of trainer. The new trainer did not report any back problem, and succeeded in bringing the horse back to its former level in competition. It is concluded that manipulation had a measurable influence on the kinematics of the thoracolumbar spine. However, it is recognized that an improvement in symmetry of motion is not equivalent to clinical improvement and that other measures, such as changes in management, may be more decisive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Faber
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Johnston C, Holmt K, Faber M, Erichsen C, Eksell P, Drevemo S. Effect of conformational aspects on the movement of the equine back. Equine Vet J 2002:314-8. [PMID: 12405707 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between structure and function is important in the judgement of the horse. Twenty sound riding horses walked and trotted on a treadmill. The movement of the backs of each of the horses was measured using a commercially available movement analysis system. Morphometric, spatiotemporal and kinematic information were correlated to investigate the effect of conformation on movement. Taller and heavier horses seem to have longer thoracic and lumbar backs, and are wider at the pelvis. Horses with longer strides extended and flexed their backs in the caudal saddle region to a greater extent at the walk, but not the trot. Horses with greater angle of L5 tend to extend and flex this region of the back more. At the walk and trot, a long thoracic back results in greater lumbar lateral bending. A negative relationship was found between the curvature of mid-thoracic back and the amount of lateral bending of L1 and L3 and axial rotation of the pelvis at the trot. There are clear relationships between back conformation and movement that may be important to the orthopaedic health of the horse. Further understanding of the relationships between conformation, movement and injury may provide an objective basis for the evaluation of future performance and soundness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Johnston
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Faber M, Johnston C, van Weeren PR, Barneveld A. Repeatability of back kinematics in horses during treadmill locomotion. Equine Vet J 2002; 34:235-41. [PMID: 12108740 DOI: 10.2746/042516402776186010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that repeatability of a standardised protocol for quantifying back kinematics is sufficiently high not to prevent its use in the clinical evaluation of horses with back problems. We investigated the extent to which differences between laboratories may affect the results when a standardised protocol is used. As a clinical tool, movement analysis techniques are helpful for the objective and quantitative assessment of kinematics. Knowledge about the repeatability of the kinematic data is very important. The present study investigates the repeatability of back kinematics in 10 sound horses over 5 successive days and in 2 laboratories (5 horses at each location). Measurements were performed on the treadmill during the walk and the trot. The between-stride, between-day and between-horse repeatability were determined. A high degree of between-stride and between-day repeatability was observed in the spatiotemporal parameters and in the time-angle diagrams of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum and the hindlimb during both the walk and trot. Much more variability was found between horses, with the highest degree of dissimilarity in the lateral bending rotation of the L1 vertebra. For range of motion values, the between-day coefficient of variability was <14% and the between-horse coefficient of variability was up to 4 times higher. Small differences were found in range of motion values between the 2 laboratories. It is concluded that an analysis of back kinematics in the horse can provide highly repeatable data, warranting clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faber
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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