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Viterbo L, Hughes J, Milner PI, Bardell D. Arterial Blood Gas, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Values as Diagnostic and Prognostic Indicators in Equine Colic. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3241. [PMID: 37893965 PMCID: PMC10603645 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate if arterial blood analysis in conscious horses presenting with signs of colic and breathing ambient air had diagnostic or prognostic value. Arterial blood samples from 352 horses presenting with colic at a university equine referral hospital were analysed for pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), ionised calcium (Ca2+) and chloride (Cl-), actual and standardised plasma bicarbonate concentration (HCO3- (P) and HCO3- (P, st)), blood and extracellular fluid base excess (Base (B) and Base (ecf)) and anion gap (AG). Results were compared to previously reported values for healthy horses, and comparisons were made between final diagnosis, treatment and survival to hospital discharge. Significant differences were found between colic cases and healthy reference values between some primary aetiologies. Overall, surgical and non-surgical colic cases differed in Ca2+ and Cl- concentrations and Ca2+ differed between cases that survived to discharge and those that did not. PaO2 differed between small intestinal surgical cases that survived and those that did not. From these results, we developed regression models that demonstrated excellent or good predictive value in identifying the likelihood of surgical versus medical management and survival to hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Viterbo
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, The Fresian Buildings 3–4, Dairy Business Park, Brewer Street, Bletchingley RH1 4QP, UK;
| | - Jodie Hughes
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, The Fresian Buildings 3–4, Dairy Business Park, Brewer Street, Bletchingley RH1 4QP, UK;
| | - Peter I. Milner
- Department of Equine Clinical Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK; (P.I.M.); (D.B.)
| | - David Bardell
- Department of Equine Clinical Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK; (P.I.M.); (D.B.)
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2
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Barton C, Hassel DM. Critical Care of the Colic Patient: Monitoring, Fluid Therapy, and More. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00023-8. [PMID: 37169620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A successful outcome to management of the critical colic patient is highly dependent on how the patient is monitored and treated, particularly, in the perioperative period. In this article, we will provide an update on monitoring techniques, advances in fluid therapy, nutrition management and pharmacotherapeutic agents, inclusive of pain monitoring and management, prokinetics, and management of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the hypercoagulable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Barton
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biological Sciences, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Diana M Hassel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biological Sciences, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Pratt SL, Bowen M, Redpath A. Resolution of sustained ventricular tachycardia in a horse presenting with colic with magnesium sulfate. EQUINE VET EDUC 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L. Pratt
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Mark Bowen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Adam Redpath
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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4
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Sanmartí J, Robles-Guirado JA, Jose-Cunilleras E, Bassols A. Sample stability and heparin interference in ionized calcium and ionized magnesium measurements in horses using the Stat Profile Prime Plus co-oximetry electrolyte analyzer. Vet Clin Pathol 2023. [PMID: 36746672 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of iCa and iMg is important in veterinary medicine, but their immediate determination in whole blood is not always possible. Their stability in other sample types and the existence of interferences must be evaluated before its use. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze the effects of storage time on the stability of iCa, iMg, and other analytes in whole blood, plasma, and serum samples in horses and assess the interference of heparin in these measurements. METHODS Whole blood, heparin-plasma, and serum samples from 10 horses were stored at 4°C and analyzed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24, 48, and 168 hours after sample collection using the Stat Profile Prime Plus Vet equipment (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA). Results were analyzed by ANOVA or mixed-effect models. RESULTS The concentration of iCa, iMg, total calcium (tCa), total magnesium (tMg), and the ratios iCa/tCa and iMg/tMg did not differ up to 168 hours when compared to the initial time. Total Ca, iMg, and tMg were not significantly different among sample types, but iCa concentrations were slightly but significantly lower in plasma. Freezing at -20°C did not affect iCa, iMg, tCa, and tMg. The pH increased in serum and plasma after 8 hours, and a mild negative correlation existed between plasma iCa concentration and pH. A negative correlation was observed also between the ratios iCa/tCa or iMg/tMg and pH in plasma and serum. A significant decrease in iCa and iMg was detected when comparing homemade syringes at high heparin concentration (~200-300 U heparin/mL) and commercial lithium-heparin tubes (20-30 U/mL). CONCLUSIONS Samples stored at 4°C can be used to determine iCa and iMg concentrations up to 7 days after collection. Other metabolites are stable for up to 8 hours; heparin interference should be taken into account if using homemade heparin syringes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Sanmartí
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Angel Robles-Guirado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Jose-Cunilleras
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Bishop RC, Gutierrez‐Nibeyro SD, Stewart MC, McCoy AM. Performance of predictive models of survival in horses undergoing emergency exploratory laparotomy for colic. Vet Surg 2022; 51:891-902. [PMID: 35674231 PMCID: PMC9545965 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate previously published predictive survival models in a population of horses undergoing colic surgery in the midwestern United States. Study design Retrospective cohort study; single referral hospital. Animals A total of 260 horses met the inclusion criteria. Methods Medical records of horses undergoing surgical treatment for colic were reviewed. Previously published models were applied to cohort data to predict outcome. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy for prediction of short‐term survival were calculated. Results Single‐variable and multivariable models performed similarly for prediction of survival, with a mean 79% sensitivity (range: 44%–94%), 48% specificity (range: 22%–83%), 63% PPV (range: 56%–72%), 73% NPV (range: 60%–83%), and 64% accuracy (range: 59%–72%). Blood lactate ≤6 mmol/l and the colic severity score (CSS) were highly sensitive for prediction of survival; however, both had poor specificity. Conclusion Single‐variable and multivariable predictive models did not perform as well for prediction of survival in the study cohort compared to original reports, suggesting that population‐specific factors contribute to patient survival. Clinical significance Predictive models of survival developed in one population may be less reliable when used to predict outcome in horses undergoing colic surgery from an independent population. Additional model testing and refinement using data from multiple surgical centers could be considered to improve prediction of outcome for horses undergoing laparotomy for treatment of colic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
| | | | - Matthew C. Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Annette M. McCoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
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Plasma-Ionized Magnesium in Hospitalized Horses with Gastrointestinal Disorders and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121479. [PMID: 35739816 PMCID: PMC9219524 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastrointestinal diseases are the most prevalent diseases in hospitalized horses. One of the predisposing factors of decreased intestinal motility in horses with colic could be low plasma calcium concentration and related magnesium imbalances. Magnesium and calcium disturbances can predispose to decreased intestinal motility in horses with colic after abdominal surgery. Plasma ionized magnesium concentrations were measured in hospitalized horses with different types of gastrointestinal disorders (i.e., colic), horses with non-gastrointestinal diseases, horses with systemic inflammatory conditions and control horses; our results allowed us to conclude that hypomagnesemia was more prevalent in horses with obstructive gastrointestinal lesions. Surprisingly, no association was found with systemic inflammatory conditions nor with mortality. These valuable results suggest to us that magnesium concentrations in horses presenting obstructive colic should be monitored. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of intravenous magnesium supplementation in horses with gastrointestinal diseases. Abstract Magnesium disorders in horses with gastrointestinal disorders or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) are scarcely characterized. The purpose of the study was to explore the association of magnesium disorders with diagnosis, SIRS and mortality in horses admitted to a referral equine hospital. In total, 75 sick horses were included in an observational prospective study and classified as: obstructive (n = 17), inflammatory (n = 10) and ischemic gastrointestinal disorders (n = 12), and other non-gastrointestinal systemic disorders (n = 36). All sick horses were also divided according to the presence (n = 26) or absence of SIRS, and survival to discharge from hospital (survivors (n = 61) and non-survivors (n = 14). In addition, 26 horses were included as controls. On admission, mean (iMg) (95% confidence interval (CI)) in the SIRS group (0.47 (0.43–0.50 mmol/L)) was within the normal range (0.4–0.6 mmol/L). The obstructive group had lower (iMg) compared to the control group (0.44 (0.38–0.51 mmol/L) vs. 0.56 (0.50–0.61 mmol/L); p = 0.001). In total, 8 out of 17 (47%) horses with obstructive lesions presented with hypomagnesemia compared to controls (4% (1/26)) (p = 0.001). In conclusion, hypomagnesemia was more prevalent on admission in horses in the obstructive group, and to a lesser extent, in the inflammatory and ischemic groups. In contrast to human ICU patients, the proportion of hospitalized horses with hypomagnesemia was not associated with mortality.
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Farrell A, Kersh K, Liepman R, Dembek KA. Development of a Colic Scoring System to Predict Outcome in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:697589. [PMID: 34692803 PMCID: PMC8531487 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.697589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute abdominal pain in the horse is a common emergency presenting to equine practices. The wide variety of etiologies makes prognosticating survival a challenge. A retrospective, multi-institutional clinical study was performed to determine clinical parameters associated with survival of horses with colic, and to use them to develop a colic survival scoring system. The scoring system was then validated using clinical data in the prospective portion of the study. Medical records from 67 horses presenting for acute abdominal pain were evaluated to develop the colic assessment score. Twenty eight variables were compared between survivors and non-survivors and entered into logistic regression models for survival. Of these, six variables were included in the colic assessment score. A total colic assessment score range was from 0 to 12, with the highest score representing the lowest probability of survival. The optimal cutoff value to predict survival was seven resulting in an 86% sensitivity and 64% specificity with a positive predictive value of 88% and a negative predictive value of 57%. Data from 95 horses presenting for abdominal pain to two equine hospitals was then collected prospectively to validate the colic assessment score. Horses from the prospective portion of the study that received a score >7 were classified as predicted to die and those with a score ≤7 were predicted to survive. The classification was compared to the actual outcome, of which the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the colic assessment score were 84, 62, 88, and 52%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Farrell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kevin Kersh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel Liepman
- Chaparral Veterinary Medical Center, Cave Creek, AZ, United States
| | - Katarzyna A Dembek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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8
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Freeman DE. Fluid therapy in horses: how much is too much? Vet Rec 2021; 188:103-105. [PMID: 34651870 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E Freeman
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Freeman DE. Effect of Feed Intake on Water Consumption in Horses: Relevance to Maintenance Fluid Therapy. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:626081. [PMID: 33732739 PMCID: PMC7956953 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.626081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance fluid therapy is challenging in horses that cannot drink or are denied feed and water because of concerns about gastrointestinal tract function and patency. Intravenous fluid delivery to meet water needs based on current recommendations for maintenance requirements were obtained in fed horses and therefore might not apply to horses that are not being fed. This is a critical flaw because of the interdependence between intestinal tract water and extracellular water to support digestion while preserving water balance, a concept explained by the enterosystemic cycle. Because horses drink less when they are not eating and hence have lower water needs than fed horses, maintenance water requirements need to be adjusted accordingly. This article reviews this topic and identifies benefits of adjusting maintenance fluid therapy to meet lower demands from gastrointestinal function, such as reduced volumes, lower cost, avoidance of overhydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Freeman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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10
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Adami C, Westwood-Hearn H, Bolt DM, Monticelli P. Prevalence of Electrolyte Disturbances and Perianesthetic Death Risk Factors in 120 Horses Undergoing Colic Surgery. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 84:102843. [PMID: 31864468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of intraoperative electrolyte disturbances and risk factors associated with perianesthetic death in horses undergoing colic surgery. The files of 120 horses meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Data retrieved from the medical records, including demographic data and the occurrence of electrolyte disturbances and other intraoperative complications, were analyzed with a two step-approach by univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Hypocalcemia was the most represented electrolyte disturbance (52.5%), followed by hypokalemia (30.0%) that was associated with intraoperative administration of salbutamol (P = .045). Perianesthetic death occurred in 46 horses, accounting for an overall mortality rate of 38.3%. Risk factors associated with death were anesthetic duration (P = .001), body weight (P = .020), presence of gastric reflux before anesthesia (P = .021), and intraoperative tachycardia (P = .043) and acidosis (P = .025). The mortality in the study population was comparable to previously reported findings. Based on the study findings, it is advisable to optimize hemodynamics prior to anesthesia, in order to prevent intraoperative tachycardia that is associated with increased risk of death. Heavier horses and those with gastric reflux may have a higher risk of fatalities, and intraoperative salbutamol administration may contribute to hypokalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Adami
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Holly Westwood-Hearn
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - David M Bolt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Paolo Monticelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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11
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Hoaglund EL, Hess AM, Hassel DM. Retrospective evaluation of the effect of intravenous fluid administration on development of postoperative reflux in horses with colic (2004-2012): 194 horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018; 28:566-572. [PMID: 30302921 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of intravenous fluid volume and electrolyte supplementation on the development of postoperative reflux (POR) in horses undergoing celiotomy for colic. DESIGN Case-control study spanning 2004-2012 for horses undergoing celiotomy for colic. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Sixty-seven client-owned horses >1 year of age with POR were each matched to 2 controls with similar surgical lesions that did not demonstrate POR. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Survival was significantly lower in cases (65.7%) than controls (96.1%). Factors found to be associated with POR included decreased net fluid volume administered on day 1 postoperatively, increased age, and performing a resection and anastomosis. Mean time until onset of POR was 20.4 hours postoperatively. PCV was significantly higher immediately following surgery and at 24 hours postoperatively in horses that developed POR compared with matched controls. There was no association between electrolyte values at presentation or administration of potassium, calcium, or magnesium in the postoperative period and the subsequent development of reflux. CONCLUSIONS In the perioperative period, IV fluid volume overload and electrolyte abnormalities were not contributing factors in the development of POR in this population of surgical colic patients. Close postoperative monitoring with consideration and correction of pre- and postoperative fluid deficits is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Hoaglund
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525
| | - Ann M Hess
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525
| | - Diana M Hassel
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525
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Lisowski ZM, Pirie RS, Blikslager AT, Lefebvre D, Hume DA, Hudson NPH. An update on equine post-operative ileus: Definitions, pathophysiology and management. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:292-303. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. M. Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush; Midlothian UK
| | - R. S. Pirie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush; Midlothian UK
| | - A. T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - D. Lefebvre
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush; Midlothian UK
| | - D. A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush; Midlothian UK
- Mater Research; The University of Queensland; Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
| | - N. P. H. Hudson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush; Midlothian UK
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Sabes A, Gravena K, Herdandez-Tovar M, Canello V, Bernardi N, Queiroz D, Oliveira J, Lacerda-Neto J. Alterações hemogasométricas em equinos submetidos à distensão do cólon menor. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a hemogasometria venosa de equinos com lesões isquêmicas induzidas experimentalmente no cólon menor. Foram utilizados oito equinos sadios, com idades entre cinco e oito anos, sem raça definida. Os animais foram submetidos à celiotomia e a quatro horas de obstrução intraluminal do cólon menor. Foram realizadas coletas de amostras de sangue imediatamente antes da indução anestésica (T0), no momento em que a anestesia foi estabilizada (T1), quatro horas após a obstrução intraluminal (T4), e, durante o pós-cirúrgico, as coletas foram realizadas em intervalos de 12 horas até completar 72 horas (T16, T28, T40, T52, T64 e T76). Notou-se em T4 alcalose metabólica, com compensação respiratória por meio da hipoventilação. Esse quadro de alcalose foi brando e transitório, retornando os valores normais para a espécie em T16, com 12 horas de desobstrução intestinal.
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14
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Barton AK, Pelli A, Rieger M, Gehlen H. Procalcitonin as a biomarker in equine chronic pneumopathies. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:281. [PMID: 27938364 PMCID: PMC5148850 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procalcitonin (PCT), a precursor protein of the hormone calcitonin, is a sensitive inflammatory marker in human medicine, which is primarily used for diagnosis of bacterial sepsis, but is also useful in diagnosis of exacerbation of asthma and COPD. In this study, PCT was evaluated as a potential biomarker for different chronic pneumopathies in the horse using an equine specific ELISA in comparison to established clinical markers and different interleukins. Sixty-four horses were classified as free of respiratory disease, recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), inflammatory airway disease (IAD) or chronic interstitial pneumopathy (CIP) using a scoring system. PCT concentrations were measured in plasma (n = 17) and in the cell-free supernatant of bronchoalveolar lavage (n = 64). PCT concentrations were correlated to interleukins IL-1ß and IL-6 in BALF, clinical findings and BALF cytology. RESULTS The median PCT concentrations in plasma were increased in respiratory disease (174.46 ng/ml, n = 7) compared to controls (13.94 ng/ml, n = 10, P = 0.05) and correlated to PCT in BALF supernatant (rs = 0.48). Compared to controls (5.49 ng/ml, n = 15), median PCT concentrations in BALF supernatant correlated to the overall clinical score (rs = 0.32, P = 0.007) and were significantly increased in RAO (13.40 ng/ml, n = 21) and IAD (16.89 ng/ml, n = 16), while no differences were found for CIP (12.02 ng/ml, n = 12). No significant increases were found for IL-1 and IL-6 between controls and respiratory disease in general as well as different disease groups. CONCLUSIONS Although some correlations were found between PCT in plasma, BALF supernatant and clinical scores, PCT in BALF does not seem to be a superior marker compared to established clinical markers. PCT in plasma seems to be more promising and a greater number of samples should be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kristin Barton
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 10163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Pelli
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 10163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Rieger
- Research unit microbe-plant interactions, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 10163 Berlin, Germany
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Repeated measurements of blood lactate concentration as a prognostic marker in horses with acute colitis evaluated with classification and regression trees (CART) and random forest analysis. Vet J 2016; 213:18-23. [PMID: 27240909 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of single and repeated measurements of blood l-lactate (Lac) and ionised calcium (iCa) concentrations, packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma total protein (TP) concentration in horses with acute colitis. A total of 66 adult horses admitted with acute colitis (<24 h) to a referral hospital in the 2002-2011 period were included. The prognostic value of Lac, iCa, PCV and TP recorded at admission and 6 h post admission was analysed with univariate analysis, logistic regression, classification and regression trees, as well as random forest analysis. Ponies and Icelandic horses made up 59% of the population, whilst the remaining 41% were horses. Blood lactate concentration at admission was the only individual parameter significantly associated with probability of survival to discharge (P < 0.001). In a training sample, a Lac cut-off value of 7 mmol/L had a sensitivity of 0.66 and a specificity of 0.92 in predicting survival. In independent test data, the sensitivity was 0.69 and the specificity was 0.76. At the observed survival rate (38%), the optimal decision tree identified horses as non-survivors when the Lac at admission was ≥4.3 mmol/L and the Lac 6 h post admission stayed at >2 mmol/L (sensitivity, 0.72; specificity, 0.8). In conclusion, blood lactate concentration measured at admission and repeated 6 h later aided the prognostic evaluation of horses with acute colitis in this population with a very high mortality rate. This should allow clinicians to give a more reliable prognosis for the horse.
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Barton AK, Rieger M, Teschner D, Gehlen H. Procalcitonin—A Useful Biomarker for Pneumonia Associated with <i>Rhodococcus equi</i>? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/mri.2016.52002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mariella J, Isani G, Andreani G, Freccero F, Carpenè E, Castagnetti C. Total plasma magnesium in healthy and critically ill foals. Theriogenology 2015; 85:180-5. [PMID: 26498390 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in total Mg (tMg) concentration in plasma and/or serum are common in critically ill humans, and the association with increased mortality has been documented in several clinical studies in adults and newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Abnormalities in tMg were studied in hospitalized dogs, cats, and adult horses. Newborn foals were scarcely studied with regard to Mg concentration. The aims of the present study were: (1) to compare two analytical methods for the determination of tMg in plasma: the automated colorimetric method and the atomic absorption spectrometry; (2) to measure plasma tMg in healthy foals during the first 72 hours after birth and in sick foals during the first 72 hours of hospitalization; (3) to compare total plasma Mg concentration among healthy foals, foals affected by perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS), prematurity and/or dismaturity, and sepsis; (4) to evaluate tMg plasma concentration in surviving and non-surviving foals. One hundred seventeen foals were included in the study: 20 healthy and 97 sick foals. The automated method used in clinical practice probably overestimates plasma tMg. Due to its higher sensitivity and specificity, the atomic absorption spectrometry should be considered the method of choice from an analytical point of view, but requires an instrumentation not easily available in any laboratory and specific technical skills and competencies. Plasma tMg in healthy foals were included in the range 0.52 to 1.01 mmol/L and did not show any time-dependent change during the first 72 hours of life. In sick foals, tMg evaluated at T0 was statistically higher than tMg measured at subsequent times. Foals affected by PAS had a tMg at T0 significantly higher (P < 0.01) than healthy, septic, and premature and/or dysmature foals. The t test found significantly higher (P < 0.01) plasma tMg measured at T0 in non-surviving than in surviving foals. Plasma tMg could be a useful parameter for the diagnosis of PAS and the formulation of the prognosis in critically ill foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - G Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Andreani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Carpenè
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Kamr AM, Dembek KA, Reed SM, Slovis NM, Zaghawa AA, Rosol TJ, Toribio RE. Vitamin D Metabolites and Their Association with Calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH Concentrations, Severity of Illness, and Mortality in Hospitalized Equine Neonates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127684. [PMID: 26046642 PMCID: PMC4457534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypocalcemia is a frequent abnormality that has been associated with disease severity and outcome in hospitalized foals. However, the pathogenesis of equine neonatal hypocalcemia is poorly understood. Hypovitaminosis D in critically ill people has been linked to hypocalcemia and mortality; however, information on vitamin D metabolites and their association with clinical findings and outcome in critically ill foals is lacking. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (hypovitaminosis D) and its association with serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations, disease severity, and mortality in hospitalized newborn foals. Methods and Results One hundred newborn foals ≤72 hours old divided into hospitalized (n = 83; 59 septic, 24 sick non-septic [SNS]) and healthy (n = 17) groups were included. Blood samples were collected on admission to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH) 2D3], and PTH concentrations. Data were analyzed by nonparametric methods and univariate logistic regression. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D [defined as 25(OH)D3 <9.51 ng/mL] was 63% for hospitalized, 64% for septic, and 63% for SNS foals. Serum 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH) 2D3 concentrations were significantly lower in septic and SNS compared to healthy foals (P<0.0001; P = 0.037). Septic foals had significantly lower calcium and higher phosphorus and PTH concentrations than healthy and SNS foals (P<0.05). In hospitalized and septic foals, low 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations were associated with increased PTH but not with calcium or phosphorus concentrations. Septic foals with 25(OH)D3 <9.51 ng/mL and 1,25(OH) 2D3 <7.09 pmol/L were more likely to die (OR=3.62; 95% CI = 1.1-12.40; OR = 5.41; 95% CI = 1.19-24.52, respectively). Conclusions Low 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations are associated with disease severity and mortality in hospitalized foals. Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to a pro-inflammatory state in equine perinatal diseases. Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia together with decreased 1,25(OH)2D3 but increased PTH concentrations in septic foals indicates that PTH resistance may be associated with the development of these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Kamr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Katarzyna A. Dembek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Reed
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Nathan M. Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ahmed A. Zaghawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Thomas J. Rosol
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Holcombe SJ, Embertson RM, Kurtz KA, Roessner HA, Wismer SE, Geor RJ, Kaneene JB. Increased serum nonesterified fatty acid and low ionised calcium concentrations are associated withpost partumcolic in mares. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:39-44. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Holcombe
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | | | - K. A. Kurtz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - H. A. Roessner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - S. E. Wismer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - R. J. Geor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - J. B. Kaneene
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
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Lefebvre D, Pirie RS, Handel IG, Tremaine WH, Hudson NPH. Clinical features and management of equine post operative ileus: Survey of diplomates of the European Colleges of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) and Veterinary Surgeons (ECVS). Equine Vet J 2015; 48:182-7. [PMID: 25256601 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY There is a need for an improved understanding of equine post operative ileus (POI), in terms of both clinical definition and optimal management. Although the pharmacological strategies that are used to treat POI continue to evolve, little is known about the supplementary strategies used to prevent and manage this condition. OBJECTIVES To report the current strategies used to diagnose, prevent and manage POI following emergency abdominal surgeries. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS An electronic survey invitation was sent by email to 306 European college diplomates (European Colleges of Equine Internal Medicine, ECEIM n = 120, and Veterinary Surgeons, ECVS n = 186). RESULTS The response rate was 33% (100 of 306). The median reported estimated incidence of POI was 10-20%. The presence of reflux on nasogastric intubation was the main criterion used to define POI. Lesions involving the small intestine were thought to be the leading risk factors for developing POI. Anti-inflammatory drugs, antimicrobial drugs and i.v. fluids were the primary preventative strategies when managing cases at high risk for POI. Flunixin meglumine and lidocaine were the drugs most commonly used to treat horses with POI. Supplementary preventative and treatment strategies for POI included control of endotoxaemia, fluid therapy, early ambulation and judicious timing of post operative feeding. CONCLUSIONS Appreciation of the potential risk factors associated with the development of POI appeared to have an impact on the choice of management strategies that are implemented. The majority of ECEIM and ECVS Diplomates in the survey used flunixin meglumine and lidocaine, often in combination, to treat horses with POI, which is likely to reflect the contributory role of inflammation in its pathophysiology. Various supplementary strategies were used to prevent and manage POI risk factors intraoperatively and post operatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lefebvre
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - R S Pirie
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - I G Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - W H Tremaine
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - N P H Hudson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Humphrey S, Kirby R, Rudloff E. Magnesium physiology and clinical therapy in veterinary critical care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 25:210-25. [PMID: 25427407 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review magnesium physiology including absorption, excretion, and function within the body, causes of magnesium abnormalities, and the current applications of magnesium monitoring and therapy in people and animals. ETIOLOGY Magnesium plays a pivotal role in energy production and specific functions in every cell in the body. Disorders of magnesium can be correlated with severity of disease, length of hospital stay, and recovery of the septic patient. Hypermagnesemia is seen infrequently in people and animals with significant consequences reported. Hypomagnesemia is more common in critically ill people and animals, and can be associated with platelet, immune system, neurological, and cardiovascular dysfunction as well as alterations in insulin responsiveness and electrolyte imbalance. DIAGNOSIS Measurement of serum ionized magnesium in critically or chronically ill veterinary patients is practical and provides information necessary for stabilization and treatment. Tissue magnesium concentrations may be assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as through the application of fluorescent dye techniques. THERAPY Magnesium infusions may play a therapeutic role in reperfusion injury, myocardial ischemia, cerebral infarcts, systemic inflammatory response syndromes, tetanus, digitalis toxicity, bronchospasms, hypercoagulable states, and as an adjunct to specific anesthetic or analgesic protocols. Further veterinary studies are needed to establish the frequency and importance of magnesium disorders in animals and the potential benefit of magnesium infusions as a therapeutic adjunct to specific diseases. PROGNOSIS The prognosis for most patients with magnesium disorders is variable and largely dependent on the underlying cause of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Humphrey
- From the Animal Emergency Center and Specialty Services, Glendale, WI 52309
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22
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Hesselkilde EZ, Almind ME, Petersen J, Flethøj M, Præstegaard KF, Buhl R. Cardiac arrhythmias and electrolyte disturbances in colic horses. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:58. [PMID: 25274423 PMCID: PMC4189753 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increased focus on cardiac arrhythmias in horses, the nature and prevalence is still poorly described. Case reports suggest that arrhythmias occurring secondary to systemic disease are seen more commonly in the clinic than arrhythmias caused by cardiac disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of arrhythmias in colic horses referred for hospital treatment. Associations between electrolyte disturbances and arrhythmias were also investigated. RESULTS Heart rate was 37.4 ± 3.7 bpm in the control group, and 51.6 ± 11.8 bpm, in the colic group, which was significantly different (P < 0.0001). AV blocks and SVPCs were found in both groups, however only colic horses showed VPCs. No significant difference between the two groups was found for AV blocks, SVPCs, and VPCs (P = 0.08 - 0.76). The mean levels of potassium, sodium, ionized calcium, and chloride were significantly lower in the colic group compared to the control group at admission. Mean levels of glucose and L-lactate were significantly elevated in the colic group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study describes prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias and electrolytes concentrations in colic horses compared to healthy controls. Although we only observed VPCs in the colic horses, no significant differences between colic horses and controls were found. Despite the colic horses having electrolyte changes at admission no correlation was found between the electrolyte disturbances and cardiac arrhythmias. Although no clear conclusions can be drawn from the present study, the results indicate that relatively mild colic per se is not pro-arrhythmogenic, whereas severe colic probably are more likely to result in ventricular arrhythmia.
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Filho JD, Pessin AE, Atoji K, Souza MV, Gomes CL, Silva AR. Enteral Fluid Therapy: Biochemical Profile of Horses Treated with Hypotonic Enteral Electrolyte Solutions Associated with Energy Sources. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rioja E, Dzikiti BT, Fosgate G, Goddard A, Stegmann FG, Schoeman JP. Effects of a constant rate infusion of magnesium sulphate in healthy dogs anaesthetized with isoflurane and undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 39:599-610. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gomes C, Ribeiro Filho J, Guimarães J, Meneses R. Efeitos do polietilenoglicol 3350 e de soluções acidificantes e alcalinizantes sobre o perfil bioquímico de éguas hígidas. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se o perfil bioquímico de cinco éguas hígidas tratadas com polietilenoglicol 3350 (PEG); ou com polietilenoglicol 3350+Ringer lactato (PEG+RL); ou com solução isotônica poliônica enteral (SIPE); ou com solução isotônica poliônica enteral associada ao Ringer lactato intravenoso (SIPE+RL); ou com solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% (NaCl 0,9%). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: sódio, cloreto, potássio, cálcio ionizado, fósforo, magnésio total, proteínas totais, albumina, creatinina, ureia e osmolaridade calculada no soro de sangue venoso. O tratamento PEG não alterou os parâmetros bioquímicos. O PEG+RL diminuiu o fósforo. O SIPE diminuiu o fósforo e aumentou o cloreto. O SIPE+RL aumentou o sódio, e o NaCl 0,9% ocasionou o aumento do cloreto e a redução da osmolaridade sérica. Concluiu-se que o tratamento PEG associado ao Ringer lactato pode provocar o aparecimento de hipofosfatemia, o SIPE ocasiona hipercloremia, o NaCl 0,9% diminui a osmolaridade sérica e o SIPE+RL provoca hipernatremia.
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26
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Coelho C, Fonseca L, Souza V. Prevalência de hipocalcemia e hipomagnesemia em equinos com distúrbios gastrintestinais. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000300030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Cehak A, Wilkens MR, Guschlbauer M, Mrochen N, Schröder B, Feige K, Breves G. In vitro studies on intestinal calcium and phosphate transport in horses. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 161:259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Morgan RA, Raftery AG, Cripps P, Senior JM, McGowan CM. The prevalence and nature of cardiac arrhythmias in horses following general anaesthesia and surgery. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53:62. [PMID: 22112936 PMCID: PMC3269988 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence and nature of arrhythmias in horses following general anaesthesia and surgery is poorly documented. It has been proposed that horses undergoing emergency surgery for gastrointestinal disorders may be at particular risk of developing arrhythmias. Our primary objective was to determine the prevalence and nature of arrhythmias in horses following anaesthesia in a clinical setting and to establish if there was a difference in the prevalence of arrhythmias between horses with and without gastrointestinal disease undergoing surgery. Our secondary objective was to assess selected available risk factors for association with the development of arrhythmias following anaesthesia and surgery. Methods Horses with evidence of gastrointestinal disease undergoing an exploratory laparotomy and horses with no evidence of gastrointestinal disease undergoing orthopaedic surgery between September 2009 and January 2011 were recruited prospectively. A telemetric electrocardiogram (ECG) was fitted to each horse following recovery from anaesthesia and left in place for 24 hours. Selected electrolytes were measured before, during and after surgery and data was extracted from clinical records for analysis. Recorded ECGs were analysed and the arrhythmias characterised. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with the development of arrhythmias. Results Sixty-seven horses with gastrointestinal disease and 37 without gastrointestinal disease were recruited. Arrhythmias were very common during the post-operative period in both groups of horses. Supra-ventricular and bradyarrhythmias predominated in both groups. There were no significant differences in prevalence of any type of arrhythmias between the horses with or without gastrointestinal disease. Post-operative tachycardia and sodium derangements were associated with the development of any type of arrhythmia. Conclusions This is the first study to report the prevalence of arrhythmias in horses during the post-operative period in a clinical setting. This study shows that arrhythmias are very common in horses following surgery. It showed no differences between those horses with or without gastrointestinal disease. Arrhythmias occurring in horses during the post-anaesthetic period require further investigation.
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Abstract
Critical illness challenges many endocrine homeostatic systems to overcome diseases, stress, and hostile conditions that threaten survival. Coordinated and consecutive responses by the autonomic nervous system, endocrine metabolic adaptations to mobilize and conserve energy and electrolytes, cardiovascular adjustments to maintain organ perfusion, and immunomodulation to overcome infections and inflammation are required. Because most admissions to equine intensive care units are related to horses with gastrointestinal disease and septic foals, most endocrine information during critical disease are generated from these populations. This article presents an overview on endocrine responses to critical illness in horses and foals and also some comparative information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential macroelement that is required for cellular energy-dependent reactions involving adenosine triphosphate and for the regulation of calcium channel function. Subclinical hypomagnesemia is common in critically ill humans and animals and increases the severity of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome; worsens the systemic response to endotoxins; and can lead to ileus, cardiac arrhythmias, refractory hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. This article discusses the clinical signs, consequences, and treatment of hypomagnesemia in horses and describes the association of Mg and endotoxemia, insulin resistance, and brain injury.
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31
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Toribio RE. Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011; 27:129-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Borer KE, Corley KTT. Electrolyte disorders in horses with colic. Part 2: calcium, sodium, chloride and phosphate. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Borer KE, Corley KTT. Electrolyte disorders in horses with colic. Part 1: potassium and magnesium. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Gastric and small intestinal ileus as a cause of acute colic in the post parturient mare. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:368-72. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x302483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Surgical manipulation of the intestines activates intestinal macrophages that release cytokines and nitric oxide, which results in inhibition of intestinal motility. Subsequent infiltration of circulating leukocytes into the intestinal wall contributes to cytokine and nitric oxide release and exacerbates ileus. Other factors contributing to ileus are endotoxemia; edema of the intestine wall subsequent to excessive fluid therapy; hypocalcemia; and long abdominal incisions. Because treatment of ileus with prokinetic drugs has not proven to be very effective, efforts should be directed at reducing its severity. Strategies which reduce the severity of ileus include pretreatment with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, minimizing the length of the abdominal incision, reducing intestinal manipulation, intraoperative lidocaine infusion, correction of hypocalcemia, limiting the volume of intravenous fluids to prevent intestinal edema, and administration of alpha(2) antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Doherty
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Prognosticating survival in horses with colic is challenging because of the number of diseases and pathophysiologic processes that can cause the behavior. Although the treatment of horses with colic has improved dramatically over the years, case fatality can still be high because of the delay in recognizing the problem, the time delay inherent in receiving veterinary care, and the lack of effective treatment for the more severe diseases. Intensive case management and surgery for these horses may be expensive and emotionally draining for owners; therefore, providing an accurate prognosis is key to decisions needed for case management. This article is dedicated to recent advances in applying a prognosis for survival in horses at higher risk for a fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dukti
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, VA 20177, USA.
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37
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Berlin D, Aroch I. Concentrations of ionized and total magnesium and calcium in healthy horses: Effects of age, pregnancy, lactation, pH and sample type. Vet J 2009; 181:305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Rourke KM, Kohn CW, Levine AL, Rosol TJ, Toribio RE. Rapid calcitonin response to experimental hypercalcemia in healthy horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2009; 36:197-201. [PMID: 19135828 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium has important physiological functions, and disorders of calcium homeostasis are frequent in horses. We have made important progress understanding equine calcium homeostasis; however, limited information on equine calcitonin (CT) is available, in part because of the lack of validated CT assays. To determine the CT response to high ionized calcium (Ca(2+)) concentrations in healthy horses, we induced hypercalcemia in 10 healthy horses using a calcium gluconate 23% solution (5mg/kg; 120 mL/500 kg horse) infused over 4 min. Four horses were infused with 120 mL of 0.9% NaCl and used as controls. We validated a human-specific CT radioimmunoassay for use in horses. Serum Ca(2+) concentrations increased from 6.2+/-0.3mg/dL to 9.9+/-0.5mg/dL (4 min; P<0.01). Serum CT increased from 16.7+/-8.0 pg/mL to 87.1+/-55.8 pg/mL at 2 min, and 102.5+/-51.1 pg/mL at 4 min (P<0.01). Serum CT returned to baseline by 20 min, whereas serum Ca(2+) returned to baseline by 40 min. Of interest, CT concentrations returned to baseline despite hypercalcemia, suggesting thyroid gland C-cell CT depletion. Resting CT values higher than 40 pg/mL were considered abnormally elevated. No significant changes in serum Ca(2+) or CT concentrations were found in control horses. The coefficients of variation for the CT radioimmunoassay were lower than 11.9%. We conclude that the equine thyroid gland C-cell responds quickly to changes in extracellular Ca(2+) concentrations by secreting large quantities of CT into the systemic circulation, indicating that CT is important in equine calcium homeostasis. The human CT radioimmunoassay can be used to measure changes in equine CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Rourke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Hurcombe SDA, Toribio RE, Slovis NM, Saville WJ, Mudge MC, Macgillivray K, Frazer ML. Calcium regulating hormones and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in septic and critically ill foals and their association with survival. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:335-43. [PMID: 19210311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of calcium regulation are frequently found in humans with critical illness, yet limited information exists in foals with similar conditions including septicemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether disorders of calcium exist in septic foals, and to determine any association with survival. HYPOTHESIS Blood concentrations of ionized calcium (Ca(2+)) and magnesium (Mg(2+)) will be lower in septic foals with concomitant increases in parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid-related peptide (PTHrP) compared with healthy foals. The magnitude of these differences will be negatively associated with survival. ANIMALS Eighty-two septic, 40 sick nonseptic, and 24 healthy foals of <or=7 days were included. METHODS Prospective, observational study. Blood was collected at initial examination for analysis. Foals with positive blood culture or sepsis score >or=14 were considered septic. Foals with disease other than sepsis and healthy foals were used as controls. Hormone concentrations were measured with validated immunoassays. RESULTS Septic foals had decreased Ca(2+) (5.6 versus 6.1 mg/dL, P < .01) and increased serum PTH (16.2 versus 3.2 pmol/L, P < .05), and phosphorus concentrations (7.1 versus 6.3 mg/dL, P < .01). No differences in serum Mg(2+), PTHrP, and CT concentrations were found. Nonsurviving septic foals (n = 42/82) had higher PTH concentrations (41.1 versus 10.7 pmol/L, P < .01) than survivors (n = 40/82). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Septic foals were more likely to have disorders of calcium regulation compared with healthy foals, where hyperparathyroidemia was associated with nonsurvival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D A Hurcombe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Costa N, Ribeiro G, Dória R, Canola P, Silva P, Jorge R, Fagliari J. Hemograma e hemogasometria de eqüinos submetidos à obstrução experimental de jejuno. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352008000600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foram utilizados oito eqüinos distribuídos em dois grupos, submetidos ou não à obstrução experimental do jejuno mediante a colocação de um balão intraluminal. Os animais do grupo 1 foram submetidos à enterotomia com colocação do balão sem distensão suficiente para provocar isquemia e os do grupo 2 à isquemia por obstrução do jejuno durante quatro horas. Para determinação do hemograma e da hemogasometria foram obtidas amostras de sangue venoso em quatro momentos: uma hora antes do procedimento cirúrgico (M1), ao final da obstrução/isquemia (M2) e uma hora (M3) e 18 horas (M4) após o início da reperfusão/desobstrução. Não houve diferença entre grupos nas contagens de hemácias, leucócitos totais, neutrófilos bastonetes, neutrófilos segmentados, linfócitos e monócitos, bem como no teor de hemoglobina. Houve diferença no volume globular em M2 e na contagem de eosinófilos em M3. Na hemogasometria, em ambos os grupos, registrou-se diminuição dos teores de sódio, potássio, cálcio ionizado e cloro, da pressão parcial de oxigênio e da saturação de oxiemoglobina. Os resultados indicam que o hemograma, isoladamente, não fornece informações conclusivas, enquanto a hemogasometria possibilita determinar, precocemente, o volume de reposição hidroeletrolítica a ser administrado em eqüino com abdômen agudo decorrente de obstrução de jejuno, auxiliando no tratamento e no melhor prognóstico da afecção intestinal.
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41
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Hackett ES, Hassel DM. Colic: Nonsurgical Complications. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008; 24:535-55, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Enteritis and colitis remain challenging and life-threatening diseases despite many recent advances. Successful treatment is largely dependent on early recognition and directed therapy, which is facilitated by obtaining a complete history and physical examination. A number of new therapies and methods of monitoring critically ill patients have become integral components of treatment success. The critical monitoring of equine foals and adults continues to be an exciting and emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darien J Feary
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Rourke KM, Levine AL, Rosol TJ. Effects of hypercalcemia on serum concentrations of magnesium, potassium, and phosphate and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:543-54. [PMID: 17472456 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.5.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of experimentally induced hypercalcemia on serum concentrations and urinary excretion of electrolytes, especially ionized magnesium (iMg), in healthy horses. ANIMALS 21 clinically normal mares. PROCEDURES Horses were assigned to 5 experimental protocols (1, hypercalcemia induced with calcium gluconate; 2, hypercalcemia induced with calcium chloride; 3, infusion with dextrose solution; 4, infusion with sodium gluconate; and 5, infusion with saline [0.9% NaCl] solution). Hypercalcemia was induced for 2 hours. Dextrose, sodium gluconate, and saline solution were infused for 2 hours. Blood samples were collected to measure serum concentrations of electrolytes, creatinine, parathyroid hormone, and insulin. Urine samples were collected to determine the fractional excretion of ionized calcium (iCa), iMg, sodium, phosphate, potassium, and chloride. RESULTS Hypercalcemia induced by administration of calcium gluconate or calcium chloride decreased serum iMg, potassium, and parathyroid hormone concentrations; increased phosphate concentration; and had no effect on sodium, chloride, and insulin concentrations. Hypercalcemia increased urinary excretion of iCa, iMg, sodium, phosphate, potassium, and chloride; increased urine output; and decreased urine osmolality and specific gravity. Dextrose administration increased serum insulin; decreased iMg, potassium, and phosphate concentrations; and decreased urinary excretion of iMg. Sodium gluconate increased the excretion of iCa, sodium, and potassium. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hypercalcemia resulted in hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, and hyperphosphatemia; increased urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphate, and chloride; and induced diuresis. This study has clinical implications because hypercalcemia and excessive administration of calcium have the potential to increase urinary excretion of electrolytes, especially iMg, and induce volume depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Brainard BM, Campbell VL, Drobatz KJ, Perkowski SZ. The effects of surgery and anesthesia on blood magnesium and calcium concentrations in canine and feline patients. Vet Anaesth Analg 2007; 34:89-98. [PMID: 17316389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effect of anesthesia and surgery on serum ionized magnesium and ionized calcium concentrations in clinical canine and feline patients. ANIMALS 37 client-owned dogs, ASA PS I-III and 10 client-owned cats, ASA PS I, all receiving anesthesia for elective or emergent surgery at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma ionized and serum total magnesium, and plasma ionized calcium were measured prior to and after a group-standardized anesthetic protocol. RESULTS Regardless of pre-operative medication (hydromorphone or butorphanol), anesthetic induction (thiopental or lidocaine/hydromorphone/diazepam (LHD) and propofol combination), or type of surgical procedure (peripheral surgery or laparotomy), post-operative plasma ionized calcium concentration decreased in all groups of dogs, while post-operative plasma ionized magnesium increased in all groups, although the changes were not always significant. The dogs who were induced with an LHD and propofol technique had a greater increase in ionized magnesium (0.36 +/- 0.07 to 0.42 +/- 0.07 mmol L(-1)) than the group in which anesthesia was induced with thiopental (0.41 +/- 0.07 to 0.42 +/- 0.07 mmol L(-1), p = 0.009). The cats showed similar changes in ionized magnesium and ionized calcium, and also had a significant increase in serum total magnesium (2.17 +/- 0.20 to 2.31 +/- 0.25 mg dL(-1), p = 0.009) CONCLUSIONS, CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A post-operative decrease in ionized calcium was demonstrated in healthy animals, as well as an increase in ionized or total magnesium after various anesthetic protocols and surgeries. These changes, while statistically significant, do not appear to be clinically significant, as values remained within reference ranges at all times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Brainard
- Section of Critical Care, Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J Ryan Hospital of the Veterinary School, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
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Lopez I, Estepa JC, Mendoza FJ, Rodriguez M, Aguilera-Tejero E. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and calciotropic hormones in donkeys. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1333-6. [PMID: 16881844 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide reference values for serum biochemical variables that are used for evaluation of mineral metabolism in donkeys and compare values with those in horses. ANIMALS 18 donkeys and 18 horses. PROCEDURES Total calcium (tCa), total magnesium (tMg), and inorganic phosphorus (P) concentrations were measured in serum samples via spectrophotometry. Ionized calcium (iCa) and magnesium (iMg) concentrations were quantified with selective electrodes. By use of a micropartition system, tCa and tMg were fractionated to separate protein-bound (pCa, pMg) and ultrafiltrable fractions. Complexed calcium (cCa) and magnesium (cMg) concentrations were calculated by substracting ionized fractions from ultrafiltrable fractions. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol (CTR) concentrations were measured via radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Serum tCa concentration in donkeys (3.37 +/- 0.21 mmol/L) was composed of pCa (1.59 +/- 0.21 mmol/L [47.0 +/- 4.2%]), iCa (1.69 +/- 0.04 mmol/L [50.4 +/- 3.0%]), and cCa (0.09 +/- 0.08 mmol/L [2.6 +/- 2.9%]). Serum tMg concentration (1.00 +/- 0.08 mmol/L) was fractioned in pMg (0.23 +/- 0.08 mmol/L [23.4 +/- 8.1%]), iMg (0.59 +/- 0.04 mmol/L [58.8 +/- 5.1%]), and cMg (0.18 +/- 0.08 mmol/L [17.8 +/- 7.2%]). Serum concentrations of P (1.14 +/- 0.30 mmol/L), PTH (20.4 +/- 21.2 pg/mL), and CTR (13.4 +/- 5.9 pg/mL) were determined. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Serum variables of mineral metabolism in donkeys were within reference ranges for horses. However, when compared with horses, donkeys had higher iCa, cMg, and CTR and lower pMg and PTH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lopez
- Department of Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Ctra Madrid-Cadiz km 396, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
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Lopez I, Estepa JC, Mendoza FJ, Mayer-Valor R, Aguilera-Tejero E. Fractionation of calcium and magnesium in equine serum. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:463-6. [PMID: 16506908 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.3.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish reference values for protein-bound, ionized, and weak-acid complexed fractions of calcium and magnesium in equine serum and determine stability of ionized calcium (iCa) and ionized magnesium (iMg) in serum samples kept under various storage conditions. ANIMALS 28 clinically normal horses. PROCEDURE Total calcium (tCa) and magnesium (tMg) in equine serum were fractionated by use of a micropartition system that allows separation of protein-bound calcium (pCa) and magnesium (pMg) and ultrafiltrable calcium (microCa) and magnesium (microMg) fractions. Serum concentrations of iCa and iMg were measured in the ultrafiltrate by use of selective electrodes. Serum concentration of complexed calcium (cCa) or magnesium (cMg) was calculated by subtracting iCa or iMg from microCa or microMg, respectively. RESULTS Mean +/-SE serum tCa concentration was 3.26 +/- 0.06 mmol/L. Calcium fractions were as follows: pCa, 1.55 +/- 0.03 mmol/L (47.4 +/- 0.9%); iCa, 1.58 +/- 0.03 mmol/L (48.5 +/- 0.7%); and cCa, 0.13 +/- 0.02 mmol/L (4.1 +/- 0.9%). Serum tMg concentration was 0.99 +/- 0.04 mmol/L. Magnesium fractions were as follows: pMg, 0.33 +/- 0.04 mmol/L (33.3 +/- 4.2%); iMg, 0.57 +/- 0.02 mmol/L (57.6 +/- 1.7%); and cMg, 0.09 +/- 0.02 mmol/L (9.1 +/- 1.9%). Refrigeration (4 degrees C) did not affect iCa values, whereas iMg declined by 8% after 120 hours. Neither iCa nor iMg was affected by freezing (-20 degrees C). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In equine serum, iMg is less stable than iCa; thus, when serum samples are not going to be analyzed promptly, freezing may be preferable to refrigeration for storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lopez
- Department of Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Ctra Madrid-Cadiz km 396, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
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Delesalle C, Dewulf J, Lefebvre R, Schuurkes J, Van Vlierbergen B, Deprez P. Use of plasma ionized calcium levels and Ca2+substitution response patterns as prognostic parameters for ileus and survival in colic horses. Vet Q 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2002.9695197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Navarro M, Monreal L, Segura D, Armengou L, Añor S. A Comparison of Traditional and Quantitative Analysis of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Imbalances in Horses with Gastrointestinal Disorders. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Alves G, Ribeiro Filho J, Oliveira H, Abreu J. Tratamento da compactação experimental do cólon maior em eqüinos: resultados de laboratório e exames bioquímicos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352005000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se ação da solução isotônica poliônica enteral da sene mais fluidoterapia intravenosa e da fluidoterapia intravenosa no tratamento da compactação no cólon maior em eqüinos. Foram utilizados 20 animais divididos em quatro grupos. Os animais dos grupos tratados eram portadores de compactação no cólon maior induzida experimentalmente. O grupo C, controle, não foi tratado, o grupo E8 foi tratado com solução isotônica poliônica enteral (8ml/kg/hora/48horas), o grupo SE recebeu sene (20mg/kg, duas doses de 24/24h) mais ringer lactato intravenoso (10ml/kg/hora/12horas, durante dois dias) e o grupo RL recebeu ringer lactato intravenoso (16ml/kg/hora/12horas, durante dois dias). O tratamento E8 provocou hipernatremia, hipercloremia e hiperglicemia. No grupo SE foi observada maior concentração dos valores de uréia, creatinina, osmolalidade e lactato plasmático. O tratamento RL não resultou em alteração no equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e foi o mais eficiente para a correção dos valores bioquímicos em eqüinos com compactação do cólon maior, seguido pelo E8. O SE foi o menos eficiente na normalização das variáveis bioquímicas.
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