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PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF ALFAXALONE IN INDIAN PEAFOWL (PAVO CRISTATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:108-115. [DOI: 10.1638/2020-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Hawkins MG, Griffenhagen GM. Raptor Sedation and Anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:135-161. [PMID: 34823689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sedation and/or anesthesia is routinely and successfully used in raptors for a wide variety of procedures from the routine such as physical examination, radiographs, or venipuncture, to the more complex, such as orthopedic surgeries. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of raptor patients who present for care, and being fully prepared before the start of any procedure, can increase the success of anesthetic procedures. Recent advances in raptor sedation and anesthesia continue to improve the health and welfare of these avian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Hawkins
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Gregg M Griffenhagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Molter C, Escobar A, Schroeder C. Backyard Poultry and Waterfowl Sedation and Anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 25:163-180. [PMID: 34823690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of backyard poultry (chickens, turkey, guinea fowl) and waterfowl (ducks and geese) is increasing in the United States, and these animals frequently present for veterinary care. Like other birds, these species have unique anatomy that should be clinically considered before anesthesia. A balanced approach to an injectable, inhalational, or combination anesthesia protocol must be taken to ensure a safe outcome for the patient and to achieve the procedural needs. A well-informed clinician may use both sedation and general anesthesia to care for backyard bird patients in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Molter
- Animal Health Department, Houston Zoo, Inc., 1513 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - André Escobar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Carrie Schroeder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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A DESCRIPTION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IN TWO SPECIES OF FLYING FOXES ( PTEROPUS VAMPYRUS AND PTEROPUS HYPOMELANUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 50:665-671. [PMID: 33517637 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure assessment is valuable during management of chronic conditions with increased risk of developing hypertension and as a standard practice for anesthetic monitoring. Normal arterial blood pressure values have not been well described in megachiropteran species. Following anesthetic induction and maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen, arterial blood pressure was obtained from the posterior tibial artery of eight large flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus) and six variable flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus), two with structural cardiac disease and four in good clinically health. Normal values reported as a median with interquartile range for systolic, diastolic, and mean (MAP) arterial pressures for P. vampyrus were 101 (94, 107), 69 (57, 80), and 86 (75, 93), respectively. Normal MAP for clinically healthy P. hypomelanus was 86 (67, 93). Placement of P. hypomelanus in a vertical head-down position did not alter blood pressure in clinically healthy bats, but significantly increased MAP in two bats with structural cardiac disease. Arterial catheterization of both the posterior tibial and median arteries in these species was easily performed without major complication.
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Santos EA, Monteiro ER, Herrera JR, Mombach VS, Boos MZ, Gutierrez LG, Alievi MM. Total intravenous anesthesia in domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) with propofol alone or in combination with methadone, nalbuphine or fentanyl for ulna osteotomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:347-355. [PMID: 32222345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the propofol infusion rate and cardiopulmonary effects during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol alone and propofol combined with methadone, fentanyl or nalbuphine in domestic chickens undergoing ulna osteotomy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, experiment trial. ANIMALS A total of 59 healthy Hissex Brown chickens weighing 1.5 ± 0.2 kg. METHODS Anesthesia was induced with propofol (9 mg kg-1) administered intravenously (IV) and maintained with propofol (1.2 mg kg-1 minute-1) for 30 minutes. Birds were intubated and supplemented with 100% oxygen through a nonrebreathing circuit under spontaneous ventilation. Thereafter, each animal was randomly assigned to one of four groups: group P, no treatment; group PM, methadone (6 mg kg-1) intramuscularly (IM); group PN, nalbuphine IM (12.5 mg kg-1); and group PF, fentanyl IV (30 μg kg-1 loading dose, 30 μg kg-1 hour-1 constant rate infusion). During the osteotomy surgery, the propofol infusion rate was adjusted to avoid movement of birds and provide adequate anesthesia. Pulse rate, invasive blood pressure, respiratory frequency, end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pe'CO2) and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded. RESULTS Data were available from 58 chickens. The mean ± standard deviation propofol infusion rate (mg kg-1 minute-1) for the duration of anesthesia was: group P, 0.81 ± 0.15; group PM, 0.66 ± 0.11; group PN, 0.60 ± 0.14; and group PF, 0.80 ± 0.07. Significant differences were P versus PM (p = 0.042), P versus PN (p = 0.002) and PF versus PN (p = 0.004). Pulse rate, blood pressure and SpO2 remained acceptable for anesthetized birds with minor differences among groups. Values of Pe'CO2 >60 mmHg (8 kPa) were observed in all groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Methadone and nalbuphine, but not fentanyl, decreased the propofol infusion rate required for anesthesia maintenance, but resulted in no obvious benefit in physiological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ar Santos
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Monteiro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - José R Herrera
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Verônica S Mombach
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Boos
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia G Gutierrez
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Alievi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Even when performed by skilled operators, locating the nerves can be challenging in small exotic pets; in such cases, the use of an electrical nerve stimulator may be useful to confirm the correct identification of the target nerve. Exotic animal anesthesia and analgesia have dramatically progressed over the past decade and continue to do so as more research and technologies develop. Technological advancements such as airway devices, endoscopic intubation techniques, positive intermittent pressure ventilators, and invasive and noninvasive blood pressure monitors have played a significant role in improving patient safety and the anesthetic outcomes of exotic animals.
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Seok SH, Jeong DH, Hong IH, Lee HC, Yeon SC. Cardiorespiratory dose-response relationship of isoflurane in Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) during spontaneous ventilation. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:160-165. [PMID: 27725351 PMCID: PMC5289254 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia is an inevitably important component of diagnosis and treatments examining the health condition of wild animals. Not only does anesthesia become an
essential tool in minimizing stress of the patients and providing an opportunity to deliver accurate and safe procedures, but it also ensures the safety of the
medical crew members. This study was conducted to investigate the dose-response cardiorespiratory effects of isoflurane during spontaneous ventilation in ten
cinereous vultures. Each bird was administered isoflurane at initial concentration of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 and then an end-tidal isoflurane concentrations
(ETiso) of 1.0% for an equilibration period of 15 min in the given order. At the end of the equilibration period, the direct blood pressure (BP), heart rate
(HR), respiratory rate (RR) and end tidal CO2 partial pressure (PETCO2) were recorded, and blood gas analysis was performed.
Increasing isoflurane concentrations during spontaneous ventilation led to dose-dependent increases in HR and PETCO2, with minimal changes
in RR, decreased arterial BP and respiratory acidosis. Overall, isoflurane for anesthesia of spontaneously breathing cinereous vultures is a suitable choice for
diagnostic or surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Seok
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery and Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kubiak
- RCVS Recognised Specialist in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Drayton Manor Zoo, Tamworth, Staffordshire B78 3TW
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Bigby SE, Carter JE, Bauquier S, Beths T. Use of Propofol for Induction and Maintenance of Anesthesia in a King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Avian Med Surg 2016; 30:237-242. [DOI: 10.1647/2015-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schnellbacher R, da Cunha A, Olson EE, Mayer J. Arterial Catheterization, Interpretation, and Treatment of Arterial Blood Pressures and Blood Gases in Birds. J Exot Pet Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hawkins MG, Malka S, Pascoe PJ, Solano AM, Kass PH, Ohmura H, Jones JH. Evaluation of the effects of dorsal versus lateral recumbency on the cardiopulmonary system during anesthesia with isoflurane in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:136-43. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.1.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Temporal pattern of locomotor activity recuperation after administration of propofol in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schnellbacher RW, da Cunha AF, Beaufrère H, Queiroz P, Nevarez JG, Tully TN. Effects of dopamine and dobutamine on isoflurane-induced hypotension in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:952-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.7.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Granone TD, de Francisco ON, Killos MB, Quandt JE, Mandsager RE, Graham LF. Comparison of three different inhalant anesthetic agents (isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane) in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 39:29-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Müller K, Holzapfel J, Brunnberg L. Total intravenous anaesthesia by boluses or by continuous rate infusion of propofol in mute swans ( Cygnus olor ). Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:286-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Coelomic Implantation of Satellite Transmitters in the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) and the Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis) Using Propofol, Bupivacaine, and Lidocaine. J Zoo Wildl Med 2011; 42:54-64. [PMID: 22946371 DOI: 10.1638/2010-0040.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Escobar A, Thiesen R, Vitaliano SN, Belmonte EA, Werther K, Nunes N, Valadão CAA. Some cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane in crested caracara (Caracara plancus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2009; 36:436-41. [PMID: 19709047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes induced by sevoflurane (SEV) anesthesia in the crested caracara (Caracara plancus). STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS Eight crested caracaras (Caracara plancus) weighing 1.0 (0.9-1.1) kg were used for the study. METHODS The birds were anesthetized by face mask with isoflurane for brachial artery catheterization. After recovery, anesthesia was re-induced with 6% SEV via face mask. After induction, a noncuffed endotracheal tube was placed and anesthesia was maintained with SEV (3.5% end-tidal) in oxygen (1 L minute(-1)) using an Ayre's T-piece nonrebreathing circuit, with spontaneous ventilation. Electrocardiography (ECG), direct systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (SAP, DAP, and MAP), respiratory rate (f(R)), end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe'CO(2)), and cloacal temperature (T degrees C) were measured before induction (baseline - under physical restraint) and after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 minutes of SEV anesthesia. Arterial blood samples were collected for gas analysis at baseline and then at 10, 25 and 40 minutes. RESULTS No ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the present study. Respiratory rate, SAP, DAP, MAP, T degrees C and pH decreased from pre-induction values, while arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, bicarbonate concentration, and Pe'CO(2) were significantly higher than baseline. None of the birds were apneic. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sevoflurane anesthesia is suitable for use in healthy members of this species, despite the moderate cardiovascular and respiratory depression produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Escobar
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Zehnder AM, Hawkins MG, Pascoe PJ, Kass PH. Evaluation of indirect blood pressure monitoring in awake and anesthetized red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis): effects of cuff size, cuff placement, and monitoring equipment. Vet Anaesth Analg 2009; 36:464-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Raptors may present with a variety of conditions, such as trauma, debilitation, and disease, that necessitate emergency care. Emergency treatment should prioritize stabilization of the patient. Diagnostic testing should be delayed until feasible based on patient status. This article reviews emergency medicine in raptors, including appropriate handling and restraint, hospitalization, triage and patient assessment, sample collection, supportive care, and common emergency presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Graham
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357910, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Pascoe PJ, Ilkiw JE, Frischmeyer KJ. The effect of the duration of propofol administration on recovery from anesthesia in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2006; 33:2-7. [PMID: 16412126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of induction, a 30-minute, and a 150-minute infusion of propofol on the rate of recovery in cats. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, cross-over, prospective experimental study. ANIMALS Six healthy adult spayed female cats (mean 4.3, range 2-7 years old) weighing 3.9 +/- 0.5 kg. METHODS Cats received each of three treatments: anesthetic induction with propofol (T1), induction followed by a 30-minute infusion (T30) and induction followed by a 150-minute infusion (T150). Propofol infusions were increased or decreased to maintain a sluggish pedal withdrawal reflex. Animals were monitored throughout the anesthetic period and during the recovery. Venous blood samples were collected from a central venous catheter before anesthesia and at 30 minutes for the 30-minute infusion and at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes for the 150-minute infusion. The ability of the cat to lift its head, crawl, stand and walk without ataxia was recorded at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160, 180, 210 and 240 minutes after the completion of propofol administration. Data from physiological values were analyzed using either a Student's t-test (30-minute infusion) or an anova (150-minute infusion). A nonparametric Friedman test (and post-hoc Tukey's Studentized range test) was used to determine whether there were differences in the time taken to recover. Results were considered significant if p < 0.05. RESULTS Time taken to walk without ataxia was significantly greater in T150 (148 +/- 40 minutes) compared with T1 (80 +/- 15 minutes) and T30 (74 +/- 26 minutes). (No other recovery times were significantly different). Anesthesia with propofol was accompanied by a moderate but significant respiratory depression and a decrease in PCV and total protein. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prolonged anesthesia with propofol in healthy cats may be associated with a delayed recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Pascoe
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, CA 95616, USA.
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