1
|
Cavalcanti RTC, Teixeira PAC, Levy RS, Pereira HMG, Aquino Neto FR. Detection of ESAs in equine urine and blood by SAR‐PAGE. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:772-781. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Tannuri Campos Cavalcanti
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Pedro Antônio Castelo Teixeira
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Rachel Santos Levy
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Francisco Radler Aquino Neto
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Joré C, Loup B, Garcia P, Paris AC, Popot MA, Audran M, Bonnaire Y, Varlet-Marie E, Bailly-Chouriberry L. Liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach for the detection of Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator effects in horse doping control. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1521:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
3
|
Wilkin T, Baoutina A, Hamilton N. Equine performance genes and the future of doping in horseracing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1456-1471. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Wilkin
- Vet Faculty; University of Sydney; Gunn Building, Sydney University, Camperdown NSW Australia
- Bioanalysis; The National Measurement Institute; 36 Bradfield Rd, Lindfield Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Anna Baoutina
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science; The University of Sydney; Bradfield Rd West Lindfield New South Wales Australia
| | - Natasha Hamilton
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nagasawa K, Meguro M, Sato K, Tanizaki Y, Nogawa-Kosaka N, Kato T. The influence of artificially introduced N-glycosylation sites on the in vitro activity of Xenopus laevis erythropoietin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124676. [PMID: 25898205 PMCID: PMC4405594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), the primary regulator of erythropoiesis, is a heavily glycosylated protein found in humans and several other mammals. Intriguingly, we have previously found that EPO in Xenopus laevis (xlEPO) has no N-glycosylation sites, and cross-reacts with the human EPO (huEPO) receptor despite low homology with huEPO. In this study, we introduced N-glycosylation sites into wild-type xlEPO at the positions homologous to those in huEPO, and tested whether the glycosylated mutein retained its biological activity. Seven xlEPO muteins, containing 1–3 additional N-linked carbohydrates at positions 24, 38, and/or 83, were expressed in COS-1 cells. The muteins exhibited lower secretion efficiency, higher hydrophilicity, and stronger acidic properties than the wild type. All muteins stimulated the proliferation of both cell lines, xlEPO receptor-expressing xlEPOR-FDC/P2 cells and huEPO receptor-expressing UT-7/EPO cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the muteins retained their in vitro biological activities. The maximum effect on xlEPOR-FDC/P2 proliferation was decreased by the addition of N-linked carbohydrates, but that on UT-7/EPO proliferation was not changed, indicating that the muteins act as partial agonists to the xlEPO receptor, and near-full agonists to the huEPO receptor. Hence, the EPO-EPOR binding site in X. laevis locates the distal region of artificially introduced three N-glycosylation sites, demonstrating that the vital conformation to exert biological activity is conserved between humans and X. laevis, despite the low similarity in primary structures of EPO and EPOR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Nagasawa
- Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science, TWIns building, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8480, Japan
| | - Mizue Meguro
- Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science, TWIns building, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8480, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science, TWIns building, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8480, Japan
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science, TWIns building, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8480, Japan
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science, TWIns building, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8480, Japan
| | - Nami Nogawa-Kosaka
- Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science, TWIns building, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8480, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science, TWIns building, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8480, Japan
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science, TWIns building, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8480, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bailly-Chouriberry L, Cormant F, Garcia P, Lönnberg M, Szwandt S, Bondesson U, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y. A new analytical method based on anti-EPO monolith column and LC-FAIMS-MS/MS for the detection of rHuEPOs in horse plasma and urine samples. Analyst 2012; 137:2445-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15662h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
7
|
Bailly-Chouriberry L, Noguier F, Manchon L, Piquemal D, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y. Blood cells RNA biomarkers as a first long-term detection strategy for EPO abuse in horseracing. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:339-45. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
10
|
Guan F, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Birks E, Chen J, Mitchell J, You Y, Rudy J, Xu F, Li X, Mbuy G. LC−MS/MS Method for Confirmation of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin and Darbepoetin α in Equine Plasma. Anal Chem 2007; 79:4627-35. [PMID: 17500535 DOI: 10.1021/ac070135o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) and darbepoetin alpha (DPO) are protein-based drugs for the treatment of anemia by stimulating red blood cell production. Consequently, they are abused in human and equine sports. To deter their abuse in the horse racing industry, a sensitive and reliable method for confirmation of these agents in equine plasma has been in urgent need. Such a method by LC-MS/MS is described in this paper. The method involved analyte enrichment by immunoaffinity separation using anti-rhEPO antibody linked to magnetic beads, digestion by trypsin, and analysis by LC-MS/MS. Two specific proteotypic peptides, 46VNFYAWK52 and 144VYSNFLR150 from rhEPO and DPO were employed for confirmation of the analytes based on chromatographic retention times and major product ions. The limit of confirmation of this method was 0.2 ng/mL, and the limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mL for rhEPO and DPO in equine plasma. This method was successful in confirming the presence of rhEPO and DPO in plasma samples collected from research horses to which rhEPO or DPO was administered and from racehorses following competition and in noncompetition samples in North America. To our knowledge, this is the first LC-MS method with adequate sensitivity and specificity in providing unequivocal confirmation of rhEPO and DPO in equine plasma samples. This method provides a powerful enforcement tool that was lacking in the fight against the abuse of rhEPO and DPO in the horse racing industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cooper C, Sears W, Bienzle D. Reticulocyte changes after experimental anemia and erythropoietin treatment of horses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:915-21. [PMID: 16103516 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00438.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) has facilitated use to enhance red blood cell production, and therefore aerobic performance, in human and equine athletes. Recombinant human EPO promotes growth and differentiation of equine erythroid precursor cells, but in some horses repeat administration induces immune interference with endogenous EPO resulting in fatal anemia. Although blood reticulocyte parameters acquire unique changes in humans treated with EPO, with manual enumeration methods, horses were not considered to release reticulocytes from the bone marrow into circulation, even under severe erythropoietic stress. The goals of this study were to determine whether reticulocytes could be detected and characterized in horses that are anemic or have been treated with EPO using a modern hematology analyzer. Anemia was induced in six horses by removal of 30 ml of blood/kg of body wt over 24 h. After 28 days, the horses were treated twice with 55 U/kg of EPO (Eprex), and after 65 days they were treated thrice with 73 U/kg of EPO. Blood samples were analyzed with the ADVIA120 instrument every 3–5 days and bone marrow samples 7 days after anemia and EPO treatments. Analysis of blood reticulocyte parameters by ANOVA in a randomized complete block design determined that anemia and EPO induced significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increases in red cell distribution width and reticulocyte mean cell volume. Parameters changed only after EPO treatment were cellular hemoglobin concentration mean, mean cell volume, reticulocyte concentration, proportion of macrocytic reticulocytes, and reticulocyte cellular hemoglobin. These findings indicate that horses under erythropoietic stress and after EPO treatment release reticulocytes with unique characteristics into circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cooper
- Dept. of Pathobiology, Univ. of Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | | |
Collapse
|