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Panizzi L, Vignes M, Dittmer KE, Waterland MR, Rogers CW, Sano H, McIlwraith CW, Riley CB. Infrared Spectroscopy of Synovial Fluid Shows Accuracy as an Early Biomarker in an Equine Model of Traumatic Osteoarthritis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:986. [PMID: 38612225 PMCID: PMC11011100 DOI: 10.3390/ani14070986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of lameness and joint disease in horses. A simple, economical, and accurate diagnostic test is required for routine screening for OA. This study aimed to evaluate infrared (IR)-based synovial fluid biomarker profiling to detect early changes associated with a traumatically induced model of equine carpal osteoarthritis (OA). Unilateral carpal OA was induced arthroscopically in 9 of 17 healthy thoroughbred fillies; the remainder served as Sham-operated controls. The median age of both groups was 2 years. Synovial fluid (SF) was obtained before surgical induction of OA (Day 0) and weekly until Day 63. IR absorbance spectra were acquired from dried SF films. Following spectral pre-processing, predictive models using random forests were used to differentiate OA, Sham, and Control samples. The accuracy for distinguishing between OA and any other joint group was 80%. The classification accuracy by sampling day was 87%. For paired classification tasks, the accuracies by joint were 75% for OA vs. OA Control and 70% for OA vs. Sham. The accuracy for separating horses by group (OA vs. Sham) was 68%. In conclusion, SF IR spectroscopy accurately discriminates traumatically induced OA joints from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Panizzi
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.P.); (C.W.R.)
| | - Matthieu Vignes
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Keren E. Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.P.); (C.W.R.)
| | - Mark R. Waterland
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Chris W. Rogers
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.P.); (C.W.R.)
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Hiroki Sano
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital Hong Kong, G/F—2/F 165-171 Wan Chai Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong, China;
| | - C. Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Christopher B. Riley
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Panizzi L, Vignes M, Dittmer K, Waterland M, Rogers C, Sano H, McIlwraith C, Pemberton S, Owen M, Riley C. Infrared spectroscopy of serum fails to identify early biomarker changes in an equine model of traumatic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open 2022; 4:100297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Farooq H, Wessel RP 3rd, Brown KM, Slaven JE, Marini F, Malek S, Natoli RM. Utility of Plasma Protein Biomarkers and Mid-infrared Spectroscopy for Diagnosing Fracture-related Infections: A Pilot Study. J Orthop Trauma 2022; 36:e380-7. [PMID: 35452050 DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000002379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare a large panel of plasma protein inflammatory biomarkers and mid-infrared (MIR) spectral patterns in patients with confirmed fracture-related infections (FRIs) with those in controls without infection. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. SETTING Academic, Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS Thirteen patients meeting confirmatory FRI criteria were matched to 13 controls based on age, time after surgery, and fracture region. INTERVENTION Plasma levels of 49 proteins were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of dried films was used to obtain MIR spectra of plasma samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The main outcome measurements included plasma protein levels and MIR spectra of samples. RESULTS Multivariate analysis-based predictive model developed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based biomarkers had sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 69.2% ± 0.0%, 99.9% ± 1.0%, and 84.5% ± 0.6%, respectively, with platelet-derived growth factor-AB/BB, C-reactive protein, and MIG selected as the minimum number of variables explaining group differences ( P < 0.05). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the predictive model based on MIR spectra were 69.9% ± 6.2%, 71.9% ± 5.9%, and 70.9% ± 4.8%, respectively, with 6 wavenumbers as explanatory variables ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of using a select panel of plasma proteins and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to diagnose FRIs. Preliminary data suggest that the measurement of these select proteins and MIR spectra may be potential clinical tools to detect FRIs. Further investigation of these biomarkers in a larger cohort of patients is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Malek S, Marini F, Rochat MC, Béraud R, Wright GM, Riley CB. Infrared spectroscopy of synovial fluid as a potential screening approach for the diagnosis of naturally occurring canine osteoarthritis associated with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open 2020; 2:100120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Macotpet A, Pattarapanwichien E, Chio-Srichan S, Daduang J, Boonsiri P. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared as a primary screening method for cancer in canine serum. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e16. [PMID: 31940695 PMCID: PMC7000890 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death in dogs worldwide, and the incidence of cancer in dogs is increasing. The attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (ATR-FTIR) technique is a powerful tool for the diagnosis of several diseases. This method enables samples to be examined directly without pre-preparation. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic value of ATR-FTIR for the detection of cancer in dogs. Cancer-bearing dogs (n = 30) diagnosed by pathologists and clinically healthy dogs (n = 40) were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood was collected for clinicopathological diagnosis. ATR-FTIR spectra were acquired, and principal component analysis was performed on the full wave number spectra (4,000–650 cm−1). The leave-one-out cross validation technique and partial least squares regression analysis were used to predict normal and cancer spectra. Red blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels and white blood cell counts were significantly lower in cancer-bearing dogs than in clinically healthy dogs (p < 0.01, p < 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). ATR-FTIR spectra showed significant differences between the clinically healthy and cancer-bearing groups. This finding demonstrates that ATR-FTIR can be applied as a screening technique to distinguish between cancer-bearing dogs and healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arayaporn Macotpet
- Division of Companion Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ekkachai Pattarapanwichien
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Chio-Srichan
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jureerut Daduang
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Biosensor Research Group for Non-Communicable Disease and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Patcharee Boonsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Malek S, Sun H, Rochat MC, Béraud R, Bailey TR, Wright GM, Riley CB. Infrared spectroscopy of serum as a potential diagnostic screening approach for naturally occurring canine osteoarthritis associated with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:231-8. [PMID: 31682906 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate infrared (IR) spectroscopy of serum as a screening tool to differentiate dogs affected by naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA) associated with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR) and controls. METHOD 104 adult dogs with CrCLR (affected group) and 50 adult control dogs were recruited for this prospective observational study. Serum samples were collected preoperatively from CrCLR dogs and from a subset of these dogs at 4-, and 12-week post-surgical intervention to stabilize the affected stifles. Serum was collected once from control dogs. Dry films were made from serum samples, and IR absorbance spectra acquired. Data preprocessing, principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance were performed to separate samples from the two groups, and to evaluate temporal differences. Weighted logistic regression with L1 regularization method was used to develop a predictive model. Model performance based on an independent test set was evaluated. RESULTS Spectral data analysis revealed significant separation between the sera of CrCLR and control dogs (P < 0.0001), but not amongst different time points in the OA group. The sensitivity, specificity, AUC and accuracy of the test set were 84.62%, 96.15%, 93.20% and 92.31% respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm the potential of IR-spectroscopy of serum with chemometrics methods to differentiate controls from dogs with OA associated with CrCLR. This is the first step in development of an economic, and comparatively simple IR-based screening serum test for OA. Utility of this tool as a clinical screening and diagnostic test requires further investigation and validation.
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Paraskevaidi M, Hook PD, Morais CLM, Anderson JR, White R, Martin-Hirsch PL, Peffers MJ, Martin FL. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to diagnose osteoarthritis in equine serum. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:46-51. [PMID: 30900769 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable and validated biomarkers for osteoarthritis (OA) are currently lacking. OBJECTIVES To develop an accurate and minimally invasive method to assess OA-affected horses and provide potential spectral markers indicative of disease. STUDY DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional study. METHODS Our cohort consisted of 15 horses with OA and 48 without clinical signs of the disease, which were used as controls. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to investigate serum samples (50 μL) collected from these horses. Spectral processing and multivariate analysis revealed differences and similarities, allowing for detection of spectral biomarkers that discriminated between the two cohorts. A supervised classification algorithm, namely principal component analysis coupled with quadratic discriminant analysis (PCA-QDA), was applied to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS Segregation between the two different cohorts, OA-affected and controls, was achieved with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The six most discriminatory peaks were attributed to proteins and lipids. Four of the spectral peaks were elevated in OA horses, which could be potentially due to an increase in lipids, protein expression levels and collagen, all of which have been previously reported in OA. Two peaks were found decreased and were tentatively assigned to the reduction of proteoglycan content that is observed during OA. MAIN LIMITATIONS The control group had a wide range of ages and breeds. Presymptomatic OA cases were not included. Therefore, it remains unknown whether this test could also be used as an early diagnostic tool. CONCLUSIONS This spectrochemical approach could provide an accurate and cost-effective blood test, facilitating point-of-care diagnosis of equine OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paraskevaidi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - P D Hook
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - C L M Morais
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - J R Anderson
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R White
- Myerscough College, Preston, UK
| | - P L Martin-Hirsch
- Sharoe Green Unit, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation, Preston, UK
| | - M J Peffers
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - F L Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, Little CB, Clegg PD, Peffers MJ, Karsdal MA, Ekman S, Laverty S, Slayden RA, Sandell LJ, Lohmander LS, Kraus VB. Biomarkers for equine joint injury and osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:823-831. [PMID: 28921609 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a symposium aimed at identifying validated biomarkers that can be used to complement clinical observations for diagnosis and prognosis of joint injury leading to equine osteoarthritis (OA). Biomarkers might also predict pre-fracture change that could lead to catastrophic bone failure in equine athletes. The workshop was attended by leading scientists in the fields of equine and human musculoskeletal biomarkers to enable cross-disciplinary exchange and improve knowledge in both. Detailed proceedings with strategic planning was written, added to, edited and referenced to develop this manuscript. The most recent information from work in equine and human osteoarthritic biomarkers was accumulated, including the use of personalized healthcare to stratify OA phenotypes, transcriptome analysis of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscal injuries in the human knee. The spectrum of "wet" biomarker assays that are antibody based that have achieved usefulness in both humans and horses, imaging biomarkers and the role they can play in equine and human OA was discussed. Prediction of musculoskeletal injury in the horse remains a challenge, and the potential usefulness of spectroscopy, metabolomics, proteomics, and development of biobanks to classify biomarkers in different stages of equine and human OA were reviewed. The participants concluded that new information and studies in equine musculoskeletal biomarkers have potential translational value for humans and vice versa. OA is equally important in humans and horses, and the welfare issues associated with catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in horses add further emphasis to the need for good validated biomarkers in the horse. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:823-831, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Barbara Cox Anthony University Chair in Orthopaedics, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Christopher E Kawcak
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Barbara Cox Anthony University Chair in Orthopaedics, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - David D Frisbie
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Barbara Cox Anthony University Chair in Orthopaedics, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Labs, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mandy J Peffers
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Stina Ekman
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard A Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Linda J Sandell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - L S Lohmander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Burns J, Hou S, Riley CB, Shaw RA, Jewett N, McClure JT. Use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to quantify immunoglobulin G concentrations in alpaca serum. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:639-45. [PMID: 24417433 PMCID: PMC4858009 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid, economical, and quantitative assays for measurement of camelid serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) are limited. In camelids, failure of transfer of maternal immunoglobulins has a reported prevalence of up to 20.5%. An accurate method for quantifying serum IgG concentrations is required. Objective To develop an infrared spectroscopy‐based assay for measurement of alpaca serum IgG and compare its performance to the reference standard radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. Animals One hundred and seventy‐five privately owned, healthy alpacas. Methods Eighty‐two serum samples were collected as convenience samples during routine herd visits whereas 93 samples were recruited from a separate study. Serum IgG concentrations were determined by RID assays and midinfrared spectra were collected for each sample. Fifty samples were set aside as the test set and the remaining 125 training samples were employed to build a calibration model using partial least squares (PLS) regression with Monte Carlo cross validation to determine the optimum number of PLS factors. The predictive performance of the calibration model was evaluated by the test set. Results Correlation coefficients for the IR‐based assay were 0.93 and 0.87, respectively, for the entire data set and test set. Sensitivity in the diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) ([IgG] <1,000 mg/dL) was 71.4% and specificity was 100% for the IR‐based method (test set) as gauged relative to the RID reference method assay. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study indicated that infrared spectroscopy, in combination with chemometrics, is an effective method for measurement of IgG in alpaca serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burns
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Schattka B, Alexander M, Ying SL, Man A, Shaw RA. Metabolic Fingerprinting of Biofluids by Infrared Spectroscopy: Modeling and Optimization of Flow Rates for Laminar Fluid Diffusion Interface Sample Preconditioning. Anal Chem 2010; 83:555-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102338n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schattka
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. R3B 1Y6
| | - Murray Alexander
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. R3B 1Y6
| | - Sarah Low Ying
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. R3B 1Y6
| | - Angela Man
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. R3B 1Y6
| | - R. Anthony Shaw
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. R3B 1Y6
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Shaw RA, Rigatto C, Reslerova M, Ying SL, Man A, Schattka B, Battrell CF, Matthewson J, Mansfield C. Toward point-of-care diagnostic metabolic fingerprinting: quantification of plasma creatinine by infrared spectroscopy of microfluidic-preprocessed samples. Analyst 2009; 134:1224-31. [PMID: 19475152 DOI: 10.1039/b821442e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has previously been established as a means to accurately quantify several serum and urine metabolites, based upon spectroscopy of dry films. The same technique has also provided the basis to develop certain diagnostic tests, developed in the 'metabolomics' spirit. Here, we report on the further development of an integrated microfluidic-IR technology and technique, customized with the aim of dramatically extending the capabilities of IR spectroscopy in both analytical and diagnostic (metabolomic) applications. By exploiting the laminar fluid diffusion interface (LFDI), serum specimens are processed to yield product streams that are better suited for metabolic fingerprinting; metabolites are captured within the aqueous product stream, while proteins (which otherwise dominate the spectra of films dried from serum) are present in much reduced concentration. Spectroscopy of films dried from the aqueous stream then provides enhanced diagnostic and analytical sensitivity. The manuscript introduces an LFDI card design that is customized for integration with IR spectroscopy, and details the development of a quantitative assay for serum creatinine--based upon LFDI-processed serum samples--that is substantially more accurate (standard error of calibration, SEC = 43 micromol/L) than the corresponding assay based upon unprocessed serum specimens (SEC = 138 micromol/L). Preliminary results of diffusion modeling are reported, and the prospects for further optimization of the technique, guided by accurate modeling, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anthony Shaw
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 1Y6.
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Riley CB, McClure J, Low-Ying S, Shaw RA. Use of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for the Diagnosis of Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity and Measurement of Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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